Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.
Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cirrhosis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and bile secretion. Secondary biliary cirrhosis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.
Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.
A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.
The circulation of BLOOD through the LIVER.
A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.
Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
The first alpha-globulins to appear in mammalian sera during FETAL DEVELOPMENT and the dominant serum proteins in early embryonic life.
The venous pressure measured in the PORTAL VEIN.
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery.
Veins which drain the liver.
Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Extracts of liver tissue containing uncharacterized specific factors with specific activities; a soluble thermostable fraction of mammalian liver is used in the treatment of pernicious anemia.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Carbon tetrachloride poisoning is a condition characterized by the systemic toxicity induced by exposure to carbon tetrachloride, a volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent, causing central nervous system depression, cardiovascular collapse, and potentially fatal liver and kidney damage.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Acute or chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS due to excessive ALCOHOL DRINKING. Alcoholic pancreatitis usually presents as an acute episode but it is a chronic progressive disease in alcoholics.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).
A type of surgical portasystemic shunt to reduce portal hypertension with associated complications of esophageal varices and ascites. It is performed percutaneously through the jugular vein and involves the creation of an intrahepatic shunt between the hepatic vein and portal vein. The channel is maintained by a metallic stent. The procedure can be performed in patients who have failed sclerotherapy and is an additional option to the surgical techniques of portocaval, mesocaval, and splenorenal shunts. It takes one to three hours to perform. (JAMA 1995;273(23):1824-30)
Non-invasive imaging methods based on the mechanical response of an object to a vibrational or impulsive force. It is used for determining the viscoelastic properties of tissue, and thereby differentiating soft from hard inclusions in tissue such as microcalcifications, and some cancer lesions. Most techniques use ultrasound to create the images - eliciting the response with an ultrasonic radiation force and/or recording displacements of the tissue by Doppler ultrasonography.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.
The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.
The blood pressure in the VEINS. It is usually measured to assess the filling PRESSURE to the HEART VENTRICLE.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Surgical venous shunt between the portal and systemic circulation to effect decompression of the portal circulation. It is performed primarily in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices resulting from portal hypertension. Types of shunt include portacaval, splenorenal, mesocaval, splenocaval, left gastric-caval (coronary-caval), portarenal, umbilicorenal, and umbilicocaval.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).
Perisinusoidal cells of the liver, located in the space of Disse between HEPATOCYTES and sinusoidal endothelial cells.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
Clotting time of PLASMA recalcified in the presence of excess TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN. Factors measured are FIBRINOGEN; PROTHROMBIN; FACTOR V; FACTOR VII; and FACTOR X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with COUMARINS.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Enlargement of the liver.
Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.
Surgical procedure involving either partial or entire removal of the spleen.
A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.
Treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, gastric and esophageal varices, and peptic ulcer hemorrhage by injection or infusion of chemical agents which cause localized thrombosis and eventual fibrosis and obliteration of the vessels.
Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct.
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in East Asia. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help with those!
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The passage of viable bacteria from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the INTESTINAL MUCOSA resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies MECHANICAL VENTILATION.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. They filter bacteria and small foreign proteins out of the blood, and dispose of worn out red blood cells.
A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.
A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.
Devices for simulating the activities of the liver. They often consist of a hybrid between both biological and artificial materials.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Glycogen stored in the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).
Hemosiderin is an iron-containing pigment that originates from the breakdown of hemoglobin and accumulates in tissues, primarily in macrophages, as a result of various pathological conditions such as hemorrhage, inflammation, or certain storage diseases.
Former kingdom, located on Korea Peninsula between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea on east coast of Asia. In 1948, the kingdom ceased and two independent countries were formed, divided by the 38th parallel.
Non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients.
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
A family of flukes of the class Trematoda occurring primarily in the liver of animals and man. There are six genera: Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Fascioloides, Tenuifasciola, Parafasciolopsis, and Protofasciola. The adult form of Fasciolopsis occurs in the intestines of pigs and man.
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Examination of the portal circulation by the use of X-ray films after injection of radiopaque material.
A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS supplying the abdominal VISCERA.
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older "coffee-ground" in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Romania" is a country located in southeastern Europe, not a medical term. It is not possible to provide a medical definition for it.
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)
Surgical portasystemic shunt between the portal vein and inferior vena cava.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Enlargement of the spleen.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Solitary or multiple benign hepatic vascular tumors, usually occurring in women of 20-50 years of age. The nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as HEPATOCYTES, small BILE DUCTS, and KUPFFER CELLS among the intervening fibrous septa. The pale colored central scar represents large blood vessels with hyperplastic fibromuscular layer and narrowing lumen.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)
A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.
Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES.
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.
Administration of antineoplastic agents together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm.
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
An ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Substrates include ETHANOL; INHALATION ANESTHETICS; BENZENE; ACETAMINOPHEN and other low molecular weight compounds. CYP2E1 has been used as an enzyme marker in the study of alcohol abuse.
An imbalanced nutritional status resulted from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.

Fitzgerald factor (high molecular weight kininogen) clotting activity in human plasma in health and disease in various animal plasmas. (1/5450)

Fitzgerald factor (high molecular weight kininogen) is an agent in normal human plasma that corrects the impaired in vitro surface-mediated plasma reactions of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kinin generation observed in Fitzgerald trait plasma. To assess the possible pathophysiologic role of Fitzgerald factor, its titer was measured by a functional clot-promoting assay. Mean +/- SD in 42 normal adults was 0.99+/-0.25 units/ml, one unit being the activity in 1 ml of normal pooled plasma. No difference in titer was noted between normal men and women, during pregnancy, or after physical exercise. Fitzgerald factor activity was significantly reduced in the plasmas of eight patients with advanced hepatic cirrhosis (0.40+/-0.09 units/ml) and of ten patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (0.60+/-0.30 units/ml), but was normal in plasmas of patients with other congenital clotting factor deficiencies, nephrotic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or sarcoidosis, or under treatment with warfarin. The plasmas of 21 mammalian species tested appeared to contain Fitzgerald factor activity, but those of two avian, two repitilian, and one amphibian species did not correct the coagulant defect in Fitzgerald trait plasmas.  (+info)

Lymphocyte proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF) in alcoholic liver disease. (2/5450)

Lymphocyte proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF) was determined in the supernatants of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic liver disease. PIF was assayed by determining inhibition of DNA synthesis in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts. A two-fold greater inhibition in thymidine incorporation into DNA by lung fibroblasts was observed in supernatants of PHA stimulated lymphocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis or active Laennec's cirrhosis as compared with that found in control subjects or patients with fatty liver. It is suggested that decreased liver cell regeneration seen in some patients with alcoholic hepatitis may be due to increased elaboration of PIF.  (+info)

Effect of portal-systemic anastomosis on renal haemodynamics in cirrhosis. (3/5450)

In 12 patients with portal hypertension and repeated bleedings from oesophageal varices the central haemodynamics, portal pressure, and mean renal blood flow (RBF) were investigated immediately before and two to seven months after portal-systemic shunt. Cardiac output increased significantly, whereas arterial pressure was unchanged after operation. RBF, which was initially less than in controls, did not change. As portal pressure decreased significantly, a direct portal-renal, neural, or humoral reflex mechanism does not explain the subnormal RBF in cirrhosis. As plasma volume was large and unchanged after operation a "diminished circulating plasma volume" is an unlikely explanation. Therefore, on the basis of the present observations, previously postulated causes of renal hypoperfusion in cirrhosis need revision.  (+info)

Sulphated and unsulphated bile acids in serum, bile, and urine of patients with cholestasis. (4/5450)

Samples of serum, bile, and urine were collected simultaneously from patients with cholestasis of varying aetiology and from patients with cirrhosis; their bile acid composition was determined by gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In cholestasis, the patterns in all three body fluids differed consistently and strikingly. In serum, cholic acid was the major bile acid and most bile acids (greater than 93%) were unsulphated, whereas, in urine, chenodeoxycholic was the major bile acid, and the majority of bile acids (greater than 60%) were sulphated. Secondary bile acids were virtually absent in bile, serum, and urine. The total amount of bile acids excreted for 24 hours correlated highly with the concentration of serum bile acids; in patients with complete obstruction, urinary excretion averaged 71-6 mg/24 h. In cirrhotic patients, serum bile acids were less raised, and chenodeoxycholic acid was the predominant acid. In healthy controls, serum bile acids were consistently richer in chenodeoxycholic acid than biliary bile acids, and no bile acids were present in urine. No unusual monohydroxy bile acids were present in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, but, in several patients, there was a considerable amount of hyocholic acid present in the urinary bile acids. The analyses of individual bile acids in serum and urine did not appear to provide helpful information in the differential diagnosis of cholestasis. Thus, in cholestasis, conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid with sulphate becomes a major biochemical pathway, urine becomes a major route of bile acid excretion, and abnormal bile acids are formed.  (+info)

Risk of major liver resection in patients with underlying chronic liver disease: a reappraisal. (5/5450)

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relation of patient age, status of liver parenchyma, presence of markers of active hepatitis, and blood loss to subsequent death and complications in patients undergoing a similar major hepatectomy for the same disease using a standardized technique. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Major liver resection carries a high risk of postoperative liver failure in patients with chronic liver disease. However, this underlying liver disease may comprise a wide range of pathologic changes that have, in the past, not been well defined. METHODS: The nontumorous liver of 55 patients undergoing a right hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma was classified according to a semiquantitative grading of fibrosis. The authors analyzed the influence of this pathologic feature and of other preoperative variables on the risk of postoperative death and complications. RESULTS: Serum bilirubin and prothrombin time increased on postoperative day 1, and their speed of recovery was influenced by the severity of fibrosis. Incidence of death from liver failure was 32% in patients with grade 4 fibrosis (cirrhosis) and 0% in patients with grade 0 to 3 fibrosis. The preoperative serum aspartate transaminase (ASAT) level ranged from 68 to 207 IU/l in patients with cirrhosis who died, compared with 20 to 62 in patients with cirrhosis who survived. CONCLUSION: A major liver resection such as a right hepatectomy may be safely performed in patients with underlying liver disease, provided no additional risk factors are present. Patients with a preoperative increase in ASAT should undergo a liver biopsy to rule out the presence of grade 4 fibrosis, which should contraindicate this resection.  (+info)

Factor VII as a marker of hepatocellular synthetic function in liver disease. (6/5450)

Factor VII levels have been measured in 100 patients with liver disease following parenteral vitamin K1 therapy. There was good agreement between specific factor VII measurements and the one-stage prothrombin time apart from six patients with compensated cirrhosis in whom the prothrombin time was prolonged despite the presence of normal factor VII levels. A mean activity of 58% was found in patients with cirrhosis. Cirrhotic patients with features of hepatic decompensation had a significantly lower mean level of activity (40%) than the "contrast" patients with surgical obstruction of the major bile ducts (93%). Patients with chronic active liver disease had moderate depression of factor VII levels and those with non-cirrhotic liver damage had mean activities similar to the contrast group. Factor VII levels could not be correlated with BSP retention but there was a correlation with serum albumin concentration. It is concluded that the prothrombin time using Quick test with a standardized thromboplastin showing good sensitivity to factor VII, eg, the Manchester reagent (BCT), provides a reliable index of coagulability in chronic liver disease, and specific factor VII assays are not indicated.  (+info)

Contributions of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to glucose production in cirrhosis. (7/5450)

Net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis were examined in normal (n = 4) and cirrhotic (n = 8) subjects using two independent methods [13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and a 2H2O method]. Rates of net hepatic glycogenolysis were calculated by the change in hepatic glycogen content before ( approximately 11:00 PM) and after ( approximately 7:00 AM) an overnight fast using 13C NMR and magnetic resonance imaging. Gluconeogenesis was calculated as the difference between the rates of glucose production determined with an infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose and net hepatic glycogenolysis. In addition, the contribution of gluconeogenesis to glucose production was determined by the 2H enrichment in C-5/C-2 of blood glucose after intake of 2H2O (5 ml/kg body water). Plasma levels of total and free insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-I binding proteins-1 and -3 were significantly decreased in the cirrhotic subjects (P < 0.01 vs. controls). Postprandial hepatic glycogen concentrations were 34% lower in the cirrhotic subjects (P = 0.007). Rates of glucose production were similar between the cirrhotic and healthy subjects [9.0 +/- 0.9 and 10.0 +/- 0.8 micromol. kg body wt-1. min-1, respectively]. Net hepatic glycogenolysis was 3.5-fold lower in the cirrhotic subjects (P = 0.01) and accounted for only 13 +/- 6% of glucose production compared with 40 +/- 10% (P = 0.03) in the control subjects. Gluconeogenesis was markedly increased in the cirrhotic subjects and accounted for 87 +/- 6% of glucose production vs. controls: 60 +/- 10% (P = 0.03). Gluconeogenesis in the cirrhotic subjects, as determined from the 2H enrichment in glucose C-5/C-2, was also increased and accounted for 68 +/- 3% of glucose production compared with 54 +/- 2% (P = 0.02) in the control subjects. In conclusion, cirrhotic subjects have increased rates of gluconeogenesis and decreased rates of net hepatic glycogenolysis compared with control subjects. These alterations are likely important contributing factors to their altered carbohydrate metabolism.  (+info)

Leucocyte migration inhibition with inner and outer membranes of mitochondria and insoluble hepatocyte surface membranes prepared from rat liver in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. (8/5450)

Patients with chronic liver disease were tested for delayed hypersensitivity to the outer and the inner membranes of mitochondria (OMM and IMM) and the insoluble hepatocyte-surface membranes (IHSM), prepared from rat livers, by means of leucocyte migration inhibition technique. Positive reaction to OMM was found in 37% of patients with chronic persistent hepatitis and 35% of those with chronic active hepatitis and 43% of those with liver cirrhosis (P less than 0-05). That to IMM was 55%, 43% and 36% (P less than 0-05) and to IHSM was 37%, 47% and 45% respectively (P less than 0-05). IHSM was found to contain liver-specific components and patients with positive response to IHSM did not reveal at all a positive reaction to rat renal cell-surface membranes. The incidence of positive response to IHSM was significantly higher (54-2%) in patients with the present or previous infection with HBAg than in HBAg-non-infected patients (21-4%) (P less than 0-05). And there seemed to be a good correlation between a degree of cellular response to purified HBsAg and that to IHSM in these HBAg-infected patients. No correlation, however, was found between that to purified HBsAg and that to OMM or IMM in the same patients. This suggested that the cellular response to either HBsAg or IHSM, both related closely, may play a role in the perpetuation of chronic liver disease.  (+info)

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis is a medical condition characterized by irreversible scarring (fibrosis) and damage to the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol over an extended period. The liver's normal structure and function are progressively impaired as healthy liver tissue is replaced by scarred tissue, leading to the formation of nodules (regenerative noduli).

The condition typically develops after years of heavy drinking, with a higher risk for those who consume more than 60 grams of pure alcohol daily. The damage caused by alcoholic liver cirrhosis can be life-threatening and may result in complications such as:

1. Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen)
2. Encephalopathy (neurological dysfunction due to liver failure)
3. Esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus that can rupture and bleed)
4. Hepatorenal syndrome (kidney failure caused by liver disease)
5. Increased susceptibility to infections
6. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
7. Portal hypertension (increased blood pressure in the portal vein that supplies blood to the liver)

Abstaining from alcohol and managing underlying medical conditions are crucial for slowing down or halting disease progression. Treatment may involve medications, dietary changes, and supportive care to address complications. In severe cases, a liver transplant might be necessary.

Experimental liver cirrhosis refers to a controlled research setting where various factors and substances are intentionally introduced to induce liver cirrhosis in animals or cell cultures. The purpose is to study the mechanisms, progression, potential treatments, and prevention strategies for liver cirrhosis. This could involve administering chemicals, drugs, alcohol, viruses, or manipulating genes associated with liver damage and fibrosis. It's important to note that results from experimental models may not directly translate to human conditions, but they can provide valuable insights into disease pathophysiology and therapeutic development.

Biliary cirrhosis is a specific type of liver cirrhosis that results from chronic inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts, leading to impaired bile flow, liver damage, and fibrosis. It can be further classified into primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and secondary biliary cirrhosis. PBC is an autoimmune disease, while secondary biliary cirrhosis is often associated with chronic gallstones, biliary tract obstruction, or recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. Symptoms may include fatigue, itching, jaundice, and abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, imaging studies, and sometimes liver biopsy. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and preventing complications.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.

The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.

These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.

Portal hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the intestines, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. Normal portal venous pressure is approximately 5-10 mmHg. Portal hypertension is defined as a portal venous pressure greater than 10 mmHg.

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to scarring and narrowing of the small blood vessels in the liver, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow. Other causes include blood clots in the portal vein, inflammation of the liver or bile ducts, and invasive tumors that block the flow of blood through the liver.

Portal hypertension can lead to a number of complications, including the development of abnormal blood vessels (varices) in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which are prone to bleeding. Ascites, or the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is another common complication of portal hypertension. Other potential complications include encephalopathy, which is a condition characterized by confusion, disorientation, and other neurological symptoms, and an increased risk of bacterial infections.

Treatment of portal hypertension depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Medications to reduce pressure in the portal vein, such as beta blockers or nitrates, may be used. Endoscopic procedures to band or inject varices can help prevent bleeding. In severe cases, surgery or liver transplantation may be necessary.

Ascites is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within it. This buildup of fluid can cause the belly to swell and become distended. Ascites can be caused by various medical conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney disease. The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity can lead to complications such as infection, reduced mobility, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for ascites depends on the underlying cause and may include diuretics, paracentesis (a procedure to remove excess fluid from the abdomen), or treatment of the underlying medical condition.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with liver dysfunction and/or portosystemic shunting. It results from the accumulation of toxic substances, such as ammonia and inflammatory mediators, which are normally metabolized by the liver. HE can present with a wide range of symptoms, including changes in sleep-wake cycle, altered mental status, confusion, disorientation, asterixis (flapping tremor), and in severe cases, coma. The diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and exclusion of other causes of cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying liver dysfunction, reducing ammonia production through dietary modifications and medications, and preventing further episodes with lactulose or rifaximin therapy.

Esophageal varices and gastric varices are abnormal, enlarged veins in the lower part of the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach) and in the stomach lining, respectively. They occur as a result of increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This condition is known as portal hypertension.

Esophageal varices are more common than gastric varices and tend to be more symptomatic. They can cause bleeding, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Gastric varices may also bleed, but they are often asymptomatic until they rupture.

The most common causes of esophageal and gastric varices are cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and portal hypertension due to other liver diseases such as schistosomiasis or Budd-Chiari syndrome. Treatment options for esophageal and gastric varices include medications to reduce bleeding, endoscopic therapies to treat active bleeding or prevent recurrent bleeding, and surgical procedures to relieve portal hypertension.

Fatty liver, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. The liver's primary function is to process nutrients, filter blood, and fight infections, among other tasks. When excess fat builds up in the liver cells, it can impair liver function and lead to inflammation, scarring, and even liver failure if left untreated.

Fatty liver can be caused by various factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, and certain medications or medical conditions. NAFLD is the most common cause of fatty liver in the United States and other developed countries, affecting up to 25% of the population.

Symptoms of fatty liver may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain or discomfort, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, many people with fatty liver do not experience any symptoms, making it essential to diagnose and manage the condition through regular check-ups and blood tests.

Treatment for fatty liver depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary modifications are often recommended for people with NAFLD or alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Medications may also be prescribed to manage related conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, or metabolic syndrome. In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Chronic hepatitis is a type of liver inflammation that lasts for more than six months and can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and even liver cancer in some cases. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections such as Hepatitis B and C, autoimmune disorders, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The symptoms of chronic hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Treatment for chronic hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, immunosuppressive drugs, or lifestyle changes.

Liver regeneration is the ability of the liver to restore its original mass and function after injury or surgical resection. This complex process involves the proliferation and differentiation of mature hepatocytes, as well as the activation and transdifferentiation of various types of stem and progenitor cells located in the liver. The mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration include a variety of growth factors, hormones, and cytokines, which act in a coordinated manner to ensure the restoration of normal liver architecture and function. Liver regeneration is essential for the survival of individuals who have undergone partial hepatectomy or who have suffered liver damage due to various causes, such as viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or drug-induced liver injury.

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mild ether-like odor. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It was previously used as a solvent and refrigerant, but its use has been largely phased out due to its toxicity and ozone-depleting properties.

Inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with carbon tetrachloride can cause harmful health effects. Short-term exposure can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Long-term exposure has been linked to liver and kidney damage, as well as an increased risk of cancer.

Carbon tetrachloride is also a potent greenhouse gas and contributes to climate change. Its production and use are regulated by international agreements aimed at protecting human health and the environment.

Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the liver, often resulting in damage to liver cells. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections (such as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E), alcohol abuse, toxins, medications, and autoimmune disorders. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine. The severity of the disease can range from mild illness to severe, life-threatening conditions, such as liver failure or cirrhosis.

Liver circulation, also known as hepatic circulation, refers to the blood flow through the liver. The liver receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein.

The hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver, accounting for about 25% of the liver's blood supply. The remaining 75% comes from the portal vein, which carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver.

In the liver, these two sources of blood mix in the sinusoids, small vessels with large spaces between the endothelial cells that line them. This allows for efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the hepatocytes (liver cells). The blood then leaves the liver through the hepatic veins, which merge into the inferior vena cava and return the blood to the heart.

The unique dual blood supply and extensive sinusoidal network in the liver enable it to perform various critical functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, synthesis, storage, and secretion of numerous substances, maintaining body homeostasis.

Thioacetamide is not a medical term, but a chemical compound with the formula TAA or CH3CSNH2. It's used in research and industry, and can be harmful or fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can cause damage to the eyes, skin, respiratory system, and digestive tract, and may be harmful to the liver and kidneys with long-term exposure.

However, in a medical context, thioacetamide is sometimes used as a laboratory animal model of hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity) because it can cause centrilobular necrosis (death of cells in the center of liver lobules) and other liver damage when given repeatedly in small doses.

Microsomes, liver refers to a subcellular fraction of liver cells (hepatocytes) that are obtained during tissue homogenization and subsequent centrifugation. These microsomal fractions are rich in membranous structures known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), particularly the rough ER. They are involved in various important cellular processes, most notably the metabolism of xenobiotics (foreign substances) including drugs, toxins, and carcinogens.

The liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, that are crucial for phase I drug metabolism. These enzymes help in the oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of xenobiotics, making them more water-soluble and facilitating their excretion from the body. Additionally, liver microsomes also host other enzymes involved in phase II conjugation reactions, where the metabolites from phase I are further modified by adding polar molecules like glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetyl groups.

In summary, liver microsomes are a subcellular fraction of liver cells that play a significant role in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics, contributing to the overall protection and maintenance of cellular homeostasis within the body.

The portal vein is the large venous trunk that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (draining the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine) and the splenic vein (draining the spleen and pancreas). The portal vein then divides into right and left branches within the liver, where the blood flows through the sinusoids and gets enriched with oxygen and nutrients before being drained by the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava. This unique arrangement allows the liver to process and detoxify the absorbed nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate metabolic homeostasis.

A portal system in medicine refers to a venous system in which veins from various tissues or organs (known as tributaries) drain into a common large vessel (known as the portal vein), which then carries the blood to a specific organ for filtration and processing before it is returned to the systemic circulation. The most well-known example of a portal system is the hepatic portal system, where veins from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and stomach merge into the portal vein and then transport blood to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing. Other examples include the hypophyseal portal system, which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, and the renal portal system found in some animals.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a term that encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The three main stages of ALD are:

1. Fatty Liver: This is the earliest stage of ALD, characterized by the accumulation of fat droplets within liver cells (hepatocytes). It's often reversible with abstinence from alcohol.

2. Alcoholic Hepatitis: This is a more severe form of ALD, characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver cells. It can range from mild to severe, and severe cases can lead to liver failure. Symptoms may include jaundice, abdominal pain, and fever.

3. Cirrhosis: This is the most advanced stage of ALD, characterized by widespread scarring (fibrosis) and nodular transformation of the liver. It's irreversible and can lead to complications such as liver failure, portal hypertension, and increased risk of liver cancer.

The development and progression of ALD are influenced by various factors, including the amount and duration of alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, nutritional status, and co-existing viral hepatitis or other liver diseases. Abstaining from alcohol is the most effective way to prevent and manage ALD.

Chronic Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that lasts for more than six months. This long-term infection can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), which can cause serious health problems, such as liver failure or liver cancer, in some individuals. The infection is usually asymptomatic until complications arise, but it can be detected through blood tests that identify antibodies to the virus or viral RNA. Chronic hepatitis C is typically managed with antiviral therapy, which can help clear the virus from the body and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.

GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.

Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.

The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. In adults, AFP is normally present in very low levels in the blood. However, abnormal production of AFP can occur in certain medical conditions, such as:

* Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
* Germ cell tumors, including non-seminomatous testicular cancer and ovarian cancer
* Hepatitis or liver inflammation
* Certain types of benign liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatic adenomas

Elevated levels of AFP in the blood can be detected through a simple blood test. This test is often used as a tumor marker to help diagnose and monitor certain types of cancer, particularly HCC. However, it's important to note that an elevated AFP level alone is not enough to diagnose cancer, and further testing is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. Additionally, some non-cancerous conditions can also cause elevated AFP levels, so it's important to interpret the test results in the context of the individual's medical history and other diagnostic tests.

Portal pressure, also known as portal hypertension, refers to an increase in the pressure within the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. Normal portal pressure is usually between 5-10 mmHg.

Portal hypertension can occur as a result of various conditions that cause obstruction or narrowing of the portal vein, or increased resistance to blood flow within the liver. This can lead to the development of collateral vessels, which are abnormal blood vessels that form to bypass the blocked or narrowed vessel, and can result in complications such as variceal bleeding, ascites, and encephalopathy.

The measurement of portal pressure is often used in the diagnosis and management of patients with liver disease and portal hypertension.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) is a medical term that refers to liver damage or injury caused by the use of medications or drugs. This condition can vary in severity, from mild abnormalities in liver function tests to severe liver failure, which may require a liver transplant.

The exact mechanism of DILI can differ depending on the drug involved, but it generally occurs when the liver metabolizes the drug into toxic compounds that damage liver cells. This can happen through various pathways, including direct toxicity to liver cells, immune-mediated reactions, or metabolic idiosyncrasies.

Symptoms of DILI may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and dark urine. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as ascites, encephalopathy, and bleeding disorders.

The diagnosis of DILI is often challenging because it requires the exclusion of other potential causes of liver injury. Liver function tests, imaging studies, and sometimes liver biopsies may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending drug and providing supportive care until the liver recovers. In some cases, medications that protect the liver or promote its healing may be used.

Viral hepatitis in humans refers to inflammation of the liver caused by infection with viruses that primarily target the liver. There are five main types of human viral hepatitis, designated as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV). These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from acute self-limiting hepatitis to chronic hepatitis, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is typically spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It usually results in an acute self-limiting infection, but rarely can cause chronic hepatitis in individuals with weakened immune systems.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. It can lead to both acute and chronic hepatitis, which may result in cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated.
3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is predominantly spread through exposure to infected blood, such as through sharing needles or receiving contaminated blood transfusions. Chronic hepatitis C is common, and it can lead to serious liver complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer if not treated.
4. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an incomplete virus that requires the presence of HBV for its replication. HDV infection occurs only in individuals already infected with HBV, leading to more severe liver disease compared to HBV monoinfection.
5. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It usually results in an acute self-limiting infection but can cause chronic hepatitis in pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Prevention measures include vaccination for HAV and HBV, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles, and ensuring proper hygiene and sanitation to prevent fecal-oral transmission.

I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all complex living organisms, including humans, while the liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. They don't have a medical definition together. I can certainly provide you with separate definitions for each:

1. Mitochondria: These are double-membrane-bound cellular organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Commonly known as the "powerhouse of the cell," mitochondria convert organic substrates, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are dynamic structures that can change their shape, size, and number through fission (division) and fusion (merging) processes. They play essential roles in various cellular functions, including calcium signaling, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and the regulation of cellular metabolism.

2. Liver: The liver is a large, lobulated organ that lies mainly in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, metabolism, and nutrient storage. The liver is responsible for removing toxins from the bloodstream, producing bile to aid in digestion, regulating glucose levels, synthesizing plasma proteins, and storing glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. It also contributes to the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, helping maintain energy homeostasis in the body.

I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any further questions or need more information, please don't hesitate to ask.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby at birth.

Acute hepatitis B infection lasts for a few weeks to several months and often causes no symptoms. However, some people may experience mild to severe flu-like symptoms, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, and fatigue. Most adults with acute hepatitis B recover completely and develop lifelong immunity to the virus.

Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to serious liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B may experience long-term symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and depression. They are also at risk for developing liver failure and liver cancer.

Prevention measures include vaccination, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles or other drug injection equipment, and covering wounds and skin rashes. There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B, but chronic hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral medications to slow the progression of liver damage.

Hydrothorax is a medical term that refers to the abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the pleural space, which is the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall. This condition often results from various underlying pathological processes such as liver cirrhosis, heart failure, or kidney disease, where there is an imbalance in the body's fluid regulation leading to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. The presence of hydrothorax can cause respiratory distress and other symptoms related to lung function impairment.

Hepatectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of part or all of the liver. This procedure can be performed for various reasons, such as removing cancerous or non-cancerous tumors, treating liver trauma, or donating a portion of the liver to another person in need of a transplant (live donor hepatectomy). The extent of the hepatectomy depends on the medical condition and overall health of the patient. It is a complex procedure that requires significant expertise and experience from the surgical team due to the liver's unique anatomy, blood supply, and regenerative capabilities.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a type of enzyme found primarily in the cells of the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cells of other tissues such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to another alpha-keto acid, usually pyruvate, to form pyruvate and another amino acid, usually glutamate. This process is known as the transamination reaction.

When liver cells are damaged or destroyed due to various reasons such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury, ALT is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the level of ALT in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating liver function and detecting liver damage. Normal ALT levels vary depending on the laboratory, but typically range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L) for men and 6 to 45 U/L for women. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver injury or disease, although other factors such as muscle damage or heart disease can also cause elevations in ALT.

Chronic Hepatitis B is a persistent infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can lead to chronic inflammation and scarring of the liver over time. It is defined as the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the blood for more than six months.

The infection can be asymptomatic or may cause nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and joint pain. A small percentage of people with chronic HBV infection may develop serious complications, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B include antiviral medications that can help to suppress the virus and reduce the risk of liver damage. Vaccination is available to prevent hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It's primarily spread through contact with contaminated blood, often through sharing needles or other equipment to inject drugs. For some people, hepatitis C is a short-term illness but for most — about 75-85% — it becomes a long-term, chronic infection that can lead to serious health problems like liver damage, liver failure, and even liver cancer. The virus can infect and inflame the liver, causing symptoms like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, fatigue, and dark urine. Many people with hepatitis C don't have any symptoms, so they might not know they have the infection until they experience complications. There are effective treatments available for hepatitis C, including antiviral medications that can cure the infection in most people. Regular testing is important to diagnose and treat hepatitis C early, before it causes serious health problems.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure in which a thin needle or catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall to remove excess fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is also known as abdominal tap or paracentesis aspiration. The fluid removed, called ascites, can be analyzed for infection, malignant cells, or other signs of disease. Paracentesis may be performed to relieve symptoms caused by the buildup of excess fluid in the abdomen, such as pain, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite. It is commonly used to diagnose and manage conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney failure.

Hepatocytes are the predominant type of cells in the liver, accounting for about 80% of its cytoplasmic mass. They play a key role in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances, initiation of formation and secretion of bile, and enzyme production. Hepatocytes are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a serious complication that primarily affects people with advanced liver disease, particularly those with cirrhosis. It's characterized by functional renal failure in the absence of structural kidney damage. This means that the kidneys stop working properly, but if they were to be removed and examined, there would be no obvious physical reason for their failure.

The medical definition of hepatorenal syndrome includes specific diagnostic criteria:

1. Presence of liver cirrhosis or fulminant hepatic failure.
2. Evidence of impaired liver function, such as ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen) and elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.
3. Functional renal failure, defined as a serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dL or a doubling of the baseline creatinine to a level above 1.5 mg/dL in patients with previously normal renal function.
4. Absence of structural kidney damage, confirmed by a normal urinalysis (no protein or red blood cells in the urine), a high urine sodium concentration (greater than 10 mEq/L), and a low fractional excretion of sodium (less than 1%).
5. No alternative explanation for renal failure, such as sepsis, hypovolemia, or use of nephrotoxic medications.

Hepatorenal syndrome is further divided into two types:

- Type 1 HRS: This form is characterized by a rapid and severe decline in kidney function, with a doubling of the serum creatinine to a level greater than 2.5 mg/dL within two weeks. Type 1 HRS has a poor prognosis, with a median survival time of about two weeks if left untreated.
- Type 2 HRS: This form is characterized by a more gradual and modest decline in kidney function, with a serum creatinine level persistently above 1.5 mg/dL. Type 2 HRS has a better prognosis than type 1, but it still significantly worsens the overall survival of patients with liver cirrhosis.

Hepatorenal syndrome is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis and other forms of advanced liver disease. It requires prompt recognition and treatment to improve outcomes and prevent further deterioration of kidney function.

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a term used to describe advanced and irreversible liver damage, usually caused by chronic liver conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, or alcoholic liver disease. At this stage, the liver can no longer function properly, leading to a range of serious complications.

The symptoms of ESLD may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen)
* Encephalopathy (confusion, drowsiness, or coma caused by the buildup of toxins in the brain)
* Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract
* Infections
* Kidney failure

Treatment for ESLD typically focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary to improve survival. However, due to the shortage of available donor livers, many people with ESLD are not eligible for transplantation. The prognosis for individuals with ESLD is generally poor, with a median survival time of less than one year.

Acute liver failure is a sudden and severe loss of liver function that occurs within a few days or weeks. It can be caused by various factors such as drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, or metabolic disorders. In acute liver failure, the liver cannot perform its vital functions, including protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The symptoms of acute liver failure include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), coagulopathy (bleeding disorders), hepatic encephalopathy (neurological symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and coma), and elevated levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Acute liver failure is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospitalization and treatment, which may include medications, supportive care, and liver transplantation.

Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The most well-known member of this genus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Hepaciviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They have a small icosahedral capsid and infect a variety of hosts, including humans, non-human primates, horses, and birds. The virus enters the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface and is then internalized through endocytosis.

HCV has a high degree of genetic diversity and is classified into seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes based on differences in its RNA sequence. This genetic variability can affect the virus's ability to evade the host immune response, making treatment more challenging.

In addition to HCV, other hepaciviruses have been identified in various animal species, including equine hepacivirus (EHCV), rodent hepacivirus (RHV), and bat hepacivirus (BtHepCV). These viruses are being studied to better understand the biology of hepaciviruses and their potential impact on human health.

The splenic vein is a large, thin-walled vein that carries oxygenated blood from the spleen and pancreas to the liver. It is formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain the upper part of the stomach, the pancreas, and the left side of the colon (splenic flexure). The splenic vein runs along the top border of the pancreas and merges with the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. This venous system allows for the filtration and detoxification of blood by the liver before it is distributed to the rest of the body.

The hepatic veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver back to the heart. There are typically three major hepatic veins - right, middle, and left - that originate from the posterior aspect of the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm. These veins are responsible for returning the majority of the blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the heart. It's important to note that the hepatic veins do not have valves, which can make them susceptible to a condition called Budd-Chiari syndrome, where blood clots form in the veins and obstruct the flow of blood from the liver.

Experimental liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the liver that are intentionally created or manipulated in a laboratory setting for the purpose of studying their development, progression, and potential treatment options. These experimental models can be established using various methods such as chemical induction, genetic modification, or transplantation of cancerous cells or tissues. The goal of this research is to advance our understanding of liver cancer biology and develop novel therapies for liver neoplasms in humans. It's important to note that these experiments are conducted under strict ethical guidelines and regulations to minimize harm and ensure the humane treatment of animals involved in such studies.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

A liver abscess is a localized collection of pus within the liver tissue caused by an infection. It can result from various sources such as bacterial or amebic infections that spread through the bloodstream, bile ducts, or directly from nearby organs. The abscess may cause symptoms like fever, pain in the upper right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. If left untreated, a liver abscess can lead to serious complications, including sepsis and organ failure. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan, followed by drainage of the pus and antibiotic treatment.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver caused by excessive alcohol consumption. It is a type of hepatitis that specifically results from alcohol abuse, rather than from viral infections or other causes. The condition can vary in severity, and long-term heavy drinking increases the risk of developing alcoholic hepatitis.

The inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis can lead to symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and fever. In severe cases, it can cause liver failure, which may be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves alcohol abstinence, supportive care, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent further liver damage. In some cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family and causes the infectious disease known as hepatitis B. This virus primarily targets the liver, where it can lead to inflammation and damage of the liver tissue. The infection can range from acute to chronic, with chronic hepatitis B increasing the risk of developing serious liver complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The Hepatitis B virus has a complex life cycle, involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. It enters hepatocytes (liver cells) via binding to specific receptors and is taken up by endocytosis. The viral DNA is released into the nucleus, where it is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) form, which serves as the template for viral transcription.

HBV transcribes several RNAs, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which is used as a template for reverse transcription during virion assembly. The pgRNA is encapsidated into core particles along with the viral polymerase and undergoes reverse transcription to generate new viral DNA. This process occurs within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, resulting in the formation of immature virions containing partially double-stranded DNA.

These immature virions are then enveloped by host cell membranes containing HBV envelope proteins (known as surface antigens) to form mature virions that can be secreted from the hepatocyte and infect other cells. The virus can also integrate into the host genome, which may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic cases.

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, such as through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Prevention strategies include vaccination, safe sex practices, and avoiding needle-sharing behaviors. Treatment for hepatitis B typically involves antiviral medications that can help suppress viral replication and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic (long-term) disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the liver, leading to inflammation and damage. This results in decreased liver function over time if not treated. The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with genetic factors and exposure to certain environmental triggers, such as viral infections or medications.

There are two main types of autoimmune hepatitis:

1. Type 1 (classic) autoimmune hepatitis: This form can affect both adults and children, and it is more common in women than men. People with this type may also have other autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, or ulcerative colitis.
2. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis: This form primarily affects children and young women. It is less common than type 1 and tends to be more severe. People with this type may also have other autoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease or chronic candidiasis.

Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis can vary widely, from mild to severe. They may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and light-colored stools.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, imaging studies, and sometimes a liver biopsy to assess the extent of damage. Treatment usually includes medications that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, which can help reduce inflammation and slow or stop liver damage. In some cases, lifestyle changes and supportive care may also be necessary.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Liver extracts are preparations made from animal livers, often from cows or pigs, that contain various nutrients, vitamins, and minerals found in liver tissue. They have been used historically in medicine as a source of nutrition and to treat certain medical conditions.

Liver extracts contain high levels of vitamin B12, iron, and other essential nutrients. They were once commonly prescribed to treat anemia, pernicious anemia (a type of anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency), and other conditions related to malnutrition. However, with the advent of more modern treatments and better methods for addressing nutritional deficiencies, liver extracts are less commonly used in modern medicine.

It's important to note that while liver extracts can be a good source of nutrition, they should not be used as a substitute for a balanced diet. Moreover, individuals with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease or hemochromatosis (a condition characterized by excessive iron absorption), should avoid liver extracts or use them only under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

Liver failure is a serious condition in which the liver is no longer able to perform its normal functions, such as removing toxins and waste products from the blood, producing bile to help digest food, and regulating blood clotting. This can lead to a buildup of toxins in the body, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and an increased risk of bleeding. Liver failure can be acute (sudden) or chronic (developing over time). Acute liver failure is often caused by medication toxicity, viral hepatitis, or other sudden illnesses. Chronic liver failure is most commonly caused by long-term damage from conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

It's important to note that Liver Failure is a life threatening condition and need immediate medical attention.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Carbon tetrachloride poisoning refers to the harmful effects on the body caused by exposure to carbon tetrachloride, a volatile and toxic chemical compound. This substance has been widely used in various industrial applications, such as a solvent for fats, oils, and rubber, a fire extinguishing agent, and a refrigerant. However, due to its high toxicity, the use of carbon tetrachloride has been significantly reduced or phased out in many countries.

Ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption of carbon tetrachloride can lead to poisoning, which may cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of exposure. Acute exposure to high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride can result in:

1. Central nervous system depression: Dizziness, headache, confusion, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death.
2. Respiratory irritation: Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs).
3. Cardiovascular effects: Increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and irregular heart rhythms.
4. Gastrointestinal symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
5. Liver damage: Hepatitis, jaundice, and liver failure in severe cases.
6. Kidney damage: Acute kidney injury or failure.

Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride can lead to long-term health effects, including:

1. Liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver cancer.
2. Kidney damage and kidney disease.
3. Peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves in the limbs), causing numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Increased risk of miscarriage and birth defects in pregnant women exposed to carbon tetrachloride.

Treatment for carbon tetrachloride poisoning typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and monitoring of vital signs. In some cases, specific treatments like activated charcoal or gastric lavage may be used to remove the substance from the body. Prevention is crucial in minimizing exposure to this harmful chemical by following safety guidelines when handling it and using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a naturally occurring bile acid that is used medically as a therapeutic agent. It is commonly used to treat gallstones, particularly cholesterol gallstones, and other conditions associated with abnormal liver function, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). UDCA works by decreasing the amount of cholesterol in bile and protecting liver cells from damage. It is also known as ursodiol or Ursotan.

Alcoholic pancreatitis is a specific type of pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. This condition is caused by excessive and prolonged consumption of alcohol. The exact mechanism by which alcohol induces pancreatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that alcohol causes damage to the cells of the pancreas, leading to inflammation. This can result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate. Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis can also lead to serious complications such as diabetes, malnutrition, and pancreatic cancer. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as hydration, pain management, and nutritional support, along with abstinence from alcohol. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or to relieve blockages in the pancreas.

Cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats. When the flow of bile is blocked or reduced, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the blood, which can cause jaundice, itching, and other symptoms.

Cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including liver diseases (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer), gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, pregnancy, and genetic disorders. Depending on the underlying cause, cholestasis may be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and consequences. Treatment for cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the symptoms with supportive care.

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a pulmonary vascular disorder characterized by the abnormal dilatation of the blood vessels in the lungs and intrapulmonary shunting, leading to hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in the blood). This condition primarily affects individuals with liver diseases, particularly those with cirrhosis.

HPS is defined by the following triad of symptoms:

1. Liver dysfunction or portal hypertension
2. Intrapulmonary vascular dilatations
3. Hypoxemia (PaO2 ≤ 80 mmHg or alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient ≥ 15 mmHg in room air)

The pathophysiology of HPS involves the production and release of vasoactive substances from the liver, which cause dilation of the pulmonary vessels. This results in ventilation-perfusion mismatch and right-to-left shunting, leading to hypoxemia. Clinical manifestations include shortness of breath, platypnea (worsening dyspnea while in the upright position), orthodeoxia (decrease in oxygen saturation when changing from supine to upright position), digital clubbing, and cyanosis.

Diagnosis is confirmed through contrast-enhanced echocardiography or macroaggregated albumin lung scan, which demonstrates intrapulmonary shunting. Treatment of HPS primarily focuses on managing the underlying liver disease and improving hypoxemia with supplemental oxygen or other supportive measures. In some cases, liver transplantation may be considered as a definitive treatment option for both the liver disease and HPS.

A Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) is a medical procedure that creates an alternative pathway for blood flow from the portal vein to the hepatic vein within the liver. This shunt is composed of a stent, which is a small metal tube that is inserted into the liver using a long needle that is passed through a vein in the neck (jugular vein).

TIPS is typically used to treat complications of portal hypertension, such as variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic hydrothorax. By creating a shunt that bypasses the liver, TIPS reduces the pressure in the portal vein, which can help to alleviate these symptoms. However, because the shunt allows blood to bypass the liver, it can also impair liver function and lead to other complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy.

It is important to note that TIPS is a complex procedure that should only be performed by experienced interventional radiologists in a hospital setting with appropriate medical backup and monitoring capabilities.

Elasticity imaging techniques are non-invasive medical diagnostic methods used to evaluate the stiffness or elasticity of various tissues in the body, such as organs, muscles, and breast tissue. These techniques can help detect and diagnose abnormalities, including tumors, lesions, and other conditions that may affect tissue stiffness.

There are several types of elasticity imaging techniques, including:

1. Ultrasound Elastography: This technique uses ultrasound waves to apply pressure to tissues and measure their deformation or strain. The degree of deformation is then used to calculate the stiffness of the tissue.
2. Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE): MRE uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create images of tissue elasticity. A mechanical device is used to apply vibrations to the body, and the resulting motion is measured using MRI to determine tissue stiffness.
3. Shear Wave Elastography: This technique uses acoustic radiation force impulses to generate shear waves in tissues. The speed of these waves is then measured to calculate tissue stiffness.
4. Strain Imaging: This technique measures the amount of deformation or strain that occurs in tissues when they are compressed or stretched. It can be used to detect areas of increased stiffness, such as tumors or scar tissue.

Elasticity imaging techniques have several advantages over traditional diagnostic methods, including their non-invasive nature and ability to provide real-time images of tissue elasticity. They are also useful for monitoring changes in tissue stiffness over time, making them valuable tools for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments and monitoring disease progression.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Melena is a medical term that refers to the passage of black, tarry stools. It's not a specific disease but rather a symptom caused by the presence of digested blood in the gastrointestinal tract. The dark color results from the breakdown of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells, by gut bacteria and stomach acids.

Melena stools are often associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which can occur due to various reasons such as gastric ulcers, esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus), Mallory-Weiss tears (tears in the lining of the esophagus or stomach), or tumors.

It is essential to differentiate melena from hematochezia, which refers to the passage of bright red blood in the stool, typically indicating lower gastrointestinal bleeding. A healthcare professional should evaluate any concerns related to changes in bowel movements, including the presence of melena or hematochezia.

A platelet count is a laboratory test that measures the number of platelets, also known as thrombocytes, in a sample of blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by sticking together to form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel.

A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher than normal platelet count is known as thrombocytosis.

Abnormal platelet counts can be a sign of various medical conditions, including bleeding disorders, infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your platelet count or if you experience symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or excessive menstrual flow.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Lypressin is a synthetic analogue of a natural hormone called vasopressin, which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. The primary function of vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is to regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys.

Lypressin has similar physiological effects to vasopressin and is used in medical treatments for conditions related to the regulation of water balance, such as diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of dilute urine due to a deficiency in vasopressin or an impaired response to it.

In summary, Lypressin is a synthetic form of vasopressin, a hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys. It is used as a therapeutic agent for treating diabetes insipidus and related conditions.

Venous pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of a vein, which varies depending on several factors such as the volume and flow of blood within the vein, the contractile state of the surrounding muscles, and the position of the body. In clinical settings, venous pressure is often measured in the extremities (e.g., arms or legs) to assess the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Central venous pressure (CVP) is a specific type of venous pressure that refers to the pressure within the large veins that enter the right atrium of the heart. CVP is an important indicator of right heart function and fluid status, as it reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump it forward. Normal CVP ranges from 0 to 8 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) in adults.

Elevated venous pressure can be caused by various conditions such as heart failure, obstruction of blood flow, or fluid overload, while low venous pressure may indicate dehydration or blood loss. Accurate measurement and interpretation of venous pressure require specialized equipment and knowledge, and are typically performed by healthcare professionals in a clinical setting.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

A portosystemic shunt is a surgical procedure that creates a connection between the portal vein (the blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver) and another systemic vein (a vein that carries blood away from the liver). This procedure is typically performed in animals, particularly dogs, to treat conditions such as portal hypertension or liver disease.

In a surgical portosystemic shunt, the surgeon creates a connection between the portal vein and a systemic vein, allowing blood from the digestive organs to bypass the liver. This can help to reduce the pressure in the portal vein and improve blood flow to the liver. The specific type of shunt created and the surgical approach used may vary depending on the individual patient's needs and the surgeon's preference.

It is important to note that while a surgical portosystemic shunt can be an effective treatment for certain conditions, it is not without risks and potential complications. As with any surgical procedure, there is always a risk of infection, bleeding, or other complications. Additionally, the creation of a portosystemic shunt can have long-term effects on the liver and overall health of the patient. It is important for pet owners to carefully consider the risks and benefits of this procedure and to discuss any questions or concerns they may have with their veterinarian.

Antiviral agents are a class of medications that are designed to treat infections caused by viruses. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral agents interfere with the replication and infection mechanisms of viruses, either by inhibiting their ability to replicate or by modulating the host's immune response to the virus.

Antiviral agents are used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.

These medications can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the type of viral infection being treated. Some antiviral agents are also used for prophylaxis, or prevention, of certain viral infections.

It is important to note that antiviral agents are not effective against all types of viruses and may have significant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any antiviral therapy.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Aspartate aminotransferases (ASTs) are a group of enzymes found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, liver, and muscles. They play a crucial role in the metabolic process of transferring amino groups between different molecules.

In medical terms, AST is often used as a blood test to measure the level of this enzyme in the serum. Elevated levels of AST can indicate damage or injury to tissues that contain this enzyme, such as the liver or heart. For example, liver disease, including hepatitis and cirrhosis, can cause elevated AST levels due to damage to liver cells. Similarly, heart attacks can also result in increased AST levels due to damage to heart muscle tissue.

It is important to note that an AST test alone cannot diagnose a specific medical condition, but it can provide valuable information when used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation.

A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a graphical representation used in medical decision-making and statistical analysis to illustrate the performance of a binary classifier system, such as a diagnostic test or a machine learning algorithm. It's a plot that shows the tradeoff between the true positive rate (sensitivity) and the false positive rate (1 - specificity) for different threshold settings.

The x-axis of an ROC curve represents the false positive rate (the proportion of negative cases incorrectly classified as positive), while the y-axis represents the true positive rate (the proportion of positive cases correctly classified as positive). Each point on the curve corresponds to a specific decision threshold, with higher points indicating better performance.

The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is a commonly used summary measure that reflects the overall performance of the classifier. An AUC value of 1 indicates perfect discrimination between positive and negative cases, while an AUC value of 0.5 suggests that the classifier performs no better than chance.

ROC curves are widely used in healthcare to evaluate diagnostic tests, predictive models, and screening tools for various medical conditions, helping clinicians make informed decisions about patient care based on the balance between sensitivity and specificity.

Cholagogues and choleretics are terms used to describe medications or substances that affect bile secretion and flow in the body. Here is a medical definition for each:

1. Cholagogue: A substance that promotes the discharge of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum, often by stimulating the contraction of the gallbladder muscle. This helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Examples include chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and some herbal remedies like dandelion root and milk thistle.
2. Choleretic: A substance that increases the production of bile by the liver or its flow through the biliary system. This can help with the digestion of fats and the elimination of waste products from the body. Examples include certain medications like ursodeoxycholic acid, as well as natural substances such as lemon juice, artichoke extract, and turmeric.

It is important to note that while cholagogues and choleretics can aid in digestion, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or overuse may lead to complications like diarrhea or gallstone formation.

Hepatic stellate cells, also known as Ito cells or lipocytes, are specialized perisinusoidal cells located in the space of Disse in the liver. They play a crucial role in maintaining the normal architecture and function of the liver. In response to liver injury or disease, these cells can become activated and transform into myofibroblasts, which produce extracellular matrix components and contribute to fibrosis and scarring in the liver. This activation process is regulated by various signaling pathways and mediators, including cytokines, growth factors, and oxidative stress. Hepatic stellate cells also have the ability to store vitamin A and lipids, which they can release during activation to support hepatocyte function and regeneration.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. They are called "branched-chain" because of their chemical structure, which has a side chain that branches off from the main part of the molecule.

BCAAs are essential because they cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet or supplementation. They are crucial for muscle growth and repair, and play a role in energy production during exercise. BCAAs are also important for maintaining proper immune function and can help to reduce muscle soreness and fatigue after exercise.

Foods that are good sources of BCAAs include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, and legumes. BCAAs are also available as dietary supplements, which are often used by athletes and bodybuilders to enhance muscle growth and recovery. However, it is important to note that excessive intake of BCAAs may have adverse effects on liver function and insulin sensitivity, so it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

The hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk or abdominal aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. It typically divides into two main branches, the right and left hepatic arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels to supply different regions of the liver. The hepatic artery also gives off branches to supply other organs such as the gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum.

It's worth noting that there is significant variability in the anatomy of the hepatic artery, with some individuals having additional branches or variations in the origin of the vessel. This variability can have implications for surgical procedures involving the liver and surrounding organs.

Prothrombin time (PT) is a medical laboratory test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot. It's often used to evaluate the functioning of the extrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation system, which is responsible for blood clotting. Specifically, PT measures how long it takes for prothrombin (a protein produced by the liver) to be converted into thrombin, an enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin and helps form a clot.

Prolonged PT may indicate a bleeding disorder or a deficiency in coagulation factors, such as vitamin K deficiency or the use of anticoagulant medications like warfarin. It's important to note that PT is often reported with an international normalized ratio (INR), which allows for standardization and comparison of results across different laboratories and reagent types.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens (HBsAg) are proteins found on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus. They are present in the blood of individuals infected with the Hepatitis B virus and are used as a marker for the presence of a current Hepatitis B infection. The detection of HBsAg in the blood indicates that an individual is infectious and can transmit the virus to others. It is typically used in diagnostic tests to detect and diagnose Hepatitis B infections, monitor treatment response, and assess the risk of transmission.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Hepatomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement of the liver beyond its normal size. The liver is usually located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and can be felt during a physical examination. A healthcare provider may detect hepatomegaly by palpating (examining through touch) the abdomen, noticing that the edge of the liver extends past the lower ribcage.

There are several possible causes for hepatomegaly, including:
- Fatty liver disease (both alcoholic and nonalcoholic)
- Hepatitis (viral or autoimmune)
- Liver cirrhosis
- Cancer (such as primary liver cancer, metastatic cancer, or lymphoma)
- Infections (e.g., bacterial, fungal, or parasitic)
- Heart failure and other cardiovascular conditions
- Genetic disorders (e.g., Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, or Hunter syndrome)
- Metabolic disorders (e.g., glycogen storage diseases, hemochromatosis, or Wilson's disease)

Diagnosing the underlying cause of hepatomegaly typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the specific cause identified and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or, in some cases, surgical intervention.

Ligation, in the context of medical terminology, refers to the process of tying off a part of the body, usually blood vessels or tissue, with a surgical suture or another device. The goal is to stop the flow of fluids such as blood or other substances within the body. It is commonly used during surgeries to control bleeding or to block the passage of fluids, gases, or solids in various parts of the body.

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays several important roles in the body, including fighting certain types of infections, removing old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, and storing platelets and white blood cells.

There are several reasons why a splenectomy may be necessary, including:

* Trauma to the spleen that cannot be repaired
* Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Sickle cell disease, which can cause the spleen to enlarge and become damaged
* A ruptured spleen, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
* Certain blood disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or hemolytic anemia

A splenectomy is typically performed under general anesthesia and may be done using open surgery or laparoscopically. After the spleen is removed, the incision(s) are closed with sutures or staples. Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of surgery performed, but most people are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks.

It's important to note that following a splenectomy, individuals may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, so it's recommended that they receive vaccinations to help protect against these infections. They should also seek medical attention promptly if they develop fever, chills, or other signs of infection.

Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure of blood, which helps to regulate the fluid balance between the intravascular and extravascular spaces.

Serum albumin has a molecular weight of around 66 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. It contains several binding sites for various endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bilirubin, fatty acids, hormones, and drugs, facilitating their transport throughout the body. Additionally, albumin possesses antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative damage.

Albumin levels in the blood are often used as a clinical indicator of liver function, nutritional status, and overall health. Low serum albumin levels may suggest liver disease, malnutrition, inflammation, or kidney dysfunction.

Sclerotherapy is a medical procedure used to treat varicose veins and spider veins. It involves the injection of a solution (called a sclerosant) directly into the affected vein, which causes the vein to collapse and eventually fade away. The sclerosant works by irritating the lining of the vein, causing it to swell and stick together, which then leads to clotting and the eventual reabsorption of the vein by the body.

The procedure is typically performed in a doctor's office or outpatient setting and may require multiple sessions depending on the severity and number of veins being treated. Common side effects include bruising, swelling, and discomfort at the injection site, as well as the possibility of developing brownish pigmentation or small ulcers near the treatment area. However, these side effects are usually temporary and resolve on their own within a few weeks.

Sclerotherapy is considered a safe and effective treatment for varicose veins and spider veins, with high success rates and low complication rates. It is important to note that while sclerotherapy can improve the appearance of affected veins, it does not prevent new veins from developing in the future.

Intrahepatic bile ducts are the small tubular structures inside the liver that collect bile from the liver cells (hepatocytes). Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. The intrahepatic bile ducts merge to form larger ducts, which eventually exit the liver and join with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct then empties into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, where bile aids in digestion. Intrahepatic bile ducts can become obstructed or damaged due to various conditions such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation, leading to complications like jaundice, liver damage, and infection.

Fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by the excessive accumulation and/or altered deposition of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, in various tissues and organs. This results in the formation of fibrous scar tissue that can impair organ function and structure. Fibrosis can occur as a result of chronic inflammation, tissue injury, or abnormal repair mechanisms, and it is a common feature of many diseases, including liver cirrhosis, lung fibrosis, heart failure, and kidney disease.

In medical terms, fibrosis is defined as:

"The process of producing scar tissue (consisting of collagen) in response to injury or chronic inflammation in normal connective tissue. This can lead to the thickening and stiffening of affected tissues and organs, impairing their function."

Peritonitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum has an important role in protecting the abdominal organs and providing a smooth surface for them to move against each other.

Peritonitis can occur as a result of bacterial or fungal infection, chemical irritation, or trauma to the abdomen. The most common cause of peritonitis is a rupture or perforation of an organ in the abdominal cavity, such as the appendix, stomach, or intestines, which allows bacteria from the gut to enter the peritoneal cavity.

Symptoms of peritonitis may include abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and decreased bowel movements. In severe cases, peritonitis can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation throughout the body.

Treatment for peritonitis typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical intervention to repair any damage to the abdominal organs and remove any infected fluid or tissue from the peritoneal cavity. In some cases, a temporary or permanent drain may be placed in the abdomen to help remove excess fluid and promote healing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of an island nation located in East Asia. The official name of the country is the Republic of China (ROC). If you have any medical questions or inquiries, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Bacterial translocation is a medical condition that refers to the migration and establishment of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to normally sterile sites inside the body, such as the mesenteric lymph nodes, bloodstream, or other organs. This phenomenon is most commonly associated with impaired intestinal barrier function, which can occur in various clinical settings, including severe trauma, burns, sepsis, major surgery, and certain gastrointestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and liver cirrhosis.

The translocation of bacteria from the gut to other sites can lead to systemic inflammation, sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which can be life-threatening in severe cases. The underlying mechanisms of bacterial translocation are complex and involve several factors, such as changes in gut microbiota, increased intestinal permeability, impaired immune function, and altered intestinal motility.

Preventing bacterial translocation is an important goal in the management of patients at risk for this condition, and strategies may include optimizing nutritional support, maintaining adequate fluid and electrolyte balance, using probiotics or antibiotics to modulate gut microbiota, and promoting intestinal barrier function through various pharmacological interventions.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), also known as gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, is an enzyme found in many tissues, including the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas. GGT is involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids and plays a role in the detoxification of various substances in the body.

GGT is often measured as a part of a panel of tests used to evaluate liver function. Elevated levels of GGT in the blood may indicate liver disease or injury, bile duct obstruction, or alcohol consumption. However, it's important to note that several other factors can also affect GGT levels, so abnormal results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and diagnostic tests.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages that reside in the liver, particularly in the sinusoids of the liver's blood circulation system. They play a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying bacteria, microorganisms, and other particles that enter the liver via the portal vein. Kupffer cells also contribute to the clearance of damaged red blood cells, iron metabolism, and the regulation of inflammation in the liver. They are named after the German pathologist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer who first described them in 1876.

I am not aware of any medical definition for the term "Egypt." Egypt is a country located in the northeastern corner of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is home to various ancient artifacts and monuments, including the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx.

If you have any specific medical or health-related questions related to Egypt, such as information about diseases prevalent in the country or healthcare practices there, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a sterile, water-soluble, tricarbocyanine dye that is used as a diagnostic agent in medical imaging. It is primarily used in ophthalmology for fluorescein angiography to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid, and in cardiac surgery to assess cardiac output and perfusion. When injected into the body, ICG binds to plasma proteins and fluoresces when exposed to near-infrared light, allowing for visualization of various tissues and structures. It is excreted primarily by the liver and has a half-life of approximately 3-4 minutes in the bloodstream.

An artificial liver is not a actual organ replacement but a device designed to perform some of the functions of a liver in patients with liver failure. These devices can be divided into two types: bioartificial and non-bioartificial. Non-bioartificial devices, such as hemodialysis machines and molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS), use physical and chemical processes to remove toxins from the blood. Bioartificial livers, on the other hand, contain living cells, usually hepatocytes, which can perform more advanced liver functions such as synthesizing proteins and drugs metabolism.

It's important to note that currently there is no FDA approved artificial liver device available for use in clinical practice. However, research and development of these devices are ongoing with the hope that they may provide a bridge to transplantation or recovery for patients with acute liver failure.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Liver glycogen is the reserve form of glucose stored in hepatocytes (liver cells) for the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. It is a polysaccharide, a complex carbohydrate, that is broken down into glucose molecules when blood glucose levels are low. This process helps to maintain the body's energy needs between meals and during periods of fasting or exercise. The amount of glycogen stored in the liver can vary depending on factors such as meal consumption, activity level, and insulin regulation.

Hemochromatosis is a medical condition characterized by excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in the body, resulting in damage to various organs. It's often referred to as "iron overload" disorder. There are two main types: primary (hereditary) and secondary (acquired). Primary hemochromatosis is caused by genetic mutations that lead to increased intestinal iron absorption, while secondary hemochromatosis can be the result of various conditions such as multiple blood transfusions, chronic liver disease, or certain types of anemia.

In both cases, the excess iron gets stored in body tissues, particularly in the liver, heart, and pancreas, which can cause organ damage and lead to complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, diabetes, heart problems, and skin discoloration. Early diagnosis and treatment through regular phlebotomy (blood removal) or chelation therapy can help manage the condition and prevent severe complications.

Intrahepatic cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow within the liver. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Intrahepatic cholestasis occurs when there is a problem with the transport of bile components inside the liver cells (hepatocytes). This can lead to an accumulation of bile acids, bilirubin, and other substances in the liver, which can cause damage to liver cells and result in symptoms such as jaundice, itching, and dark urine.

Intrahepatic cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including medications, alcohol abuse, hepatitis viruses, autoimmune disorders, genetic defects, and cancer. Depending on the underlying cause, intrahepatic cholestasis can be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Hemosiderin is a golden-brown pigment that consists of iron-containing protein complexes called ferritin and ferrikinase. It is insoluble in water and forms as a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin in the reticuloendothelial system, primarily in macrophages. Hemosiderin deposits can be found in various tissues and organs, such as the spleen, liver, and brain, under conditions of increased red blood cell destruction or impaired iron metabolism. These deposits are often associated with diseases such as hemochromatosis, thalassemia, and chronic inflammation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Korea" is not a medical term. It refers to a region in East Asia that is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea).

If you're looking for medical terms, I'd be happy to help. Could you please provide more context?

A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.

Albumins are a type of protein found in various biological fluids, including blood plasma. The most well-known albumin is serum albumin, which is produced by the liver and is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Serum albumin plays several important roles in the body, such as maintaining oncotic pressure (which helps to regulate fluid balance in the body), transporting various substances (such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs), and acting as an antioxidant.

Albumins are soluble in water and have a molecular weight ranging from 65,000 to 69,000 daltons. They are composed of a single polypeptide chain that contains approximately 585 amino acid residues. The structure of albumin is characterized by a high proportion of alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which give it a stable, folded conformation.

In addition to their role in human physiology, albumins are also used as diagnostic markers in medicine. For example, low serum albumin levels may indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or inflammation, while high levels may be seen in dehydration or certain types of kidney disease. Albumins may also be used as a replacement therapy in patients with severe protein loss, such as those with nephrotic syndrome or burn injuries.

Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile into the digestive system. However, if there's an issue with bilirubin metabolism or elimination, it can accumulate in the body, leading to jaundice.

Jaundice can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis), gallbladder issues (gallstones, tumors), or blood disorders (hemolysis). It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if jaundice is observed, as it may indicate a severe health problem requiring prompt medical attention.

Fasciolidae is a family of parasitic flatworms, also known as trematodes or flukes. The two most well-known species in this family are Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which cause the disease fascioliasis in humans and animals. These flukes primarily infect the livers of their hosts, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and liver damage. They have a complex life cycle involving multiple intermediate hosts, usually snails, before reaching their definitive host.

Hyperammonemia is a medical condition characterized by an excessively high level of ammonia (a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism) in the blood. This can lead to serious neurological symptoms and complications, as ammonia is highly toxic to the brain. Hyperammonemia can be caused by various underlying conditions, including liver disease, genetic disorders that affect ammonia metabolism, certain medications, and infections. It is important to diagnose and treat hyperammonemia promptly to prevent long-term neurological damage or even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as providing supportive care such as administering medications that help remove ammonia from the blood.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Portography is a medical term that refers to an X-ray examination of the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. In this procedure, a contrast dye is injected into the patient's veins, and then X-rays are taken to visualize the flow of the dye through the portal vein and its branches. This test can help diagnose various conditions that affect the liver and surrounding organs, such as cirrhosis, tumors, or blood clots in the portal vein. It is also known as a portovenogram or hepatic venography.

Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.

In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.

Splanchnic circulation refers to the blood flow to the visceral organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, and liver. These organs receive a significant portion of the cardiac output, with approximately 25-30% of the total restingly going to the splanchnic circulation. The splanchnic circulation is regulated by a complex interplay of neural and hormonal mechanisms that help maintain adequate blood flow to these vital organs while also allowing for the distribution of blood to other parts of the body as needed.

The splanchnic circulation is unique in its ability to vasodilate and increase blood flow significantly in response to meals or other stimuli, such as stress or hormonal changes. This increased blood flow helps support the digestive process and absorption of nutrients. At the same time, the body must carefully regulate this blood flow to prevent a significant drop in blood pressure or overloading the heart with too much work.

Overall, the splanchnic circulation plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of the body's vital organs, and dysregulation of this system can contribute to various diseases, including digestive disorders, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease.

Ethanol is the medical term for pure alcohol, which is a colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste. It is the type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.

In the medical field, ethanol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is also used as a solvent for various medicinal preparations. It has central nervous system depressant properties and is sometimes used as a sedative or to induce sleep. However, excessive consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol intoxication, which can cause a range of negative health effects, including impaired judgment, coordination, and memory, as well as an increased risk of accidents, injuries, and chronic diseases such as liver disease and addiction.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Hematemesis is the medical term for vomiting blood. It can range in appearance from bright red blood to dark, coffee-ground material that results from the stomach acid digesting the blood. Hematemesis is often a sign of a serious condition, such as bleeding in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, and requires immediate medical attention. The underlying cause can be various, including gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, or tumors.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Romania" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southeastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help. Could you please clarify your question?

Rhabdomyolysis is a medical condition characterized by the breakdown and degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers, leading to the release of their intracellular contents into the bloodstream. This can result in various complications, including electrolyte imbalances, kidney injury or failure, and potentially life-threatening conditions if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The process of rhabdomyolysis typically involves three key components:

1. Muscle injury: Direct trauma, excessive exertion, prolonged immobilization, infections, metabolic disorders, toxins, or medications can cause muscle damage, leading to the release of intracellular components into the bloodstream.
2. Release of muscle contents: When muscle fibers break down, they release various substances, such as myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aldolase, and potassium ions. Myoglobin is a protein that can cause kidney damage when present in high concentrations in the bloodstream, particularly when it is filtered through the kidneys and deposits in the renal tubules.
3. Systemic effects: The release of muscle contents into the bloodstream can lead to various systemic complications, such as electrolyte imbalances (particularly hyperkalemia), acidosis, hypocalcemia, and kidney injury or failure due to myoglobin-induced tubular damage.

Symptoms of rhabdomyolysis can vary widely depending on the severity and extent of muscle damage but may include muscle pain, weakness, swelling, stiffness, dark urine, and tea-colored or cola-colored urine due to myoglobinuria. In severe cases, patients may experience symptoms related to kidney failure, such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and decreased urine output.

Diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis typically involves measuring blood levels of muscle enzymes (such as CK and LDH) and evaluating renal function through blood tests and urinalysis. Treatment generally focuses on addressing the underlying cause of muscle damage, maintaining fluid balance, correcting electrolyte imbalances, and preventing or managing kidney injury.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the cells that line the bile ducts, which are small tubes that carry digestive enzymes from the liver to the small intestine. It can occur in different parts of the bile duct system, including the bile ducts inside the liver (intrahepatic), the bile ducts outside the liver (extrahepatic), and the area where the bile ducts join the pancreas and small intestine (ampulla of Vater).

Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare cancer, but its incidence has been increasing in recent years. It can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are often nonspecific and similar to those of other conditions, such as gallstones or pancreatitis. Treatment options depend on the location and stage of the cancer, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

The term "Area Under Curve" (AUC) is commonly used in the medical field, particularly in the analysis of diagnostic tests or pharmacokinetic studies. The AUC refers to the mathematical calculation of the area between a curve and the x-axis in a graph, typically representing a concentration-time profile.

In the context of diagnostic tests, the AUC is used to evaluate the performance of a test by measuring the entire two-dimensional area underneath the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which plots the true positive rate (sensitivity) against the false positive rate (1-specificity) at various threshold settings. The AUC ranges from 0 to 1, where a higher AUC indicates better test performance:

* An AUC of 0.5 suggests that the test is no better than chance.
* An AUC between 0.7 and 0.8 implies moderate accuracy.
* An AUC between 0.8 and 0.9 indicates high accuracy.
* An AUC greater than 0.9 signifies very high accuracy.

In pharmacokinetic studies, the AUC is used to assess drug exposure over time by calculating the area under a plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t) or AUC(0-\∞)) following drug administration. This value can help determine dosing regimens and evaluate potential drug interactions:

* AUC(0-t): Represents the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration (t).
* AUC(0-\∞): Refers to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity, which estimates total drug exposure.

A portacaval shunt is a surgical procedure that creates an alternate pathway for blood flow between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava. The portal vein carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. In certain medical conditions, such as severe liver disease or portal hypertension, the blood pressure in the portal vein becomes abnormally high, which can lead to serious complications like variceal bleeding.

In a surgical portacaval shunt procedure, a surgeon creates a connection between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava, allowing a portion of the blood from the portal vein to bypass the liver and flow directly into the systemic circulation. This helps reduce the pressure in the portal vein and prevent complications associated with portal hypertension.

There are different types of portacaval shunts, including:

1. Direct portacaval shunt: In this procedure, the surgeon directly connects the portal vein to the inferior vena cava.
2. Side-to-side portacaval shunt: Here, the surgeon creates an anastomosis (connection) between a side branch of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava.
3. H-type shunt: This involves creating two separate connections between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava, forming an "H" shape.

It is important to note that while portacaval shunts can be effective in managing complications of portal hypertension, they may also have potential risks and side effects, such as worsening liver function, encephalopathy, or heart failure. Therefore, the decision to perform a portacaval shunt should be made carefully, considering the individual patient's medical condition and overall health.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

'Alcohol drinking' refers to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as the active ingredient. Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause euphoria, disinhibition, and sedation when consumed in small to moderate amounts. However, excessive drinking can lead to alcohol intoxication, with symptoms ranging from slurred speech and impaired coordination to coma and death.

Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The breakdown of ethanol produces acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that can cause damage to various organs in the body. Chronic alcohol drinking can lead to a range of health problems, including liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and increased risk of cancer.

Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, where a standard drink contains about 14 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol. However, it's important to note that there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption, and any level of drinking carries some risk to health.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Splenomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement or expansion of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen is a vital organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, fighting infections, and storing red and white blood cells and platelets.

Splenomegaly can occur due to various underlying medical conditions, including infections, liver diseases, blood disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on surrounding organs, causing discomfort or pain in the abdomen, and it may also lead to a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding.

The diagnosis of splenomegaly typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage the underlying condition.

Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.

Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.

The Chi-square distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is often used in statistical hypothesis testing. It is the distribution of a sum of squares of k independent standard normal random variables. The resulting quantity follows a chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom, denoted as χ²(k).

The probability density function (pdf) of the Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom is given by:

f(x; k) = (1/ (2^(k/2) * Γ(k/2))) \* x^((k/2)-1) \* e^(-x/2), for x > 0 and 0, otherwise.

Where Γ(k/2) is the gamma function evaluated at k/2. The mean and variance of a Chi-square distribution with k degrees of freedom are k and 2k, respectively.

The Chi-square distribution has various applications in statistical inference, including testing goodness-of-fit, homogeneity of variances, and independence in contingency tables.

Bile is a digestive fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays an essential role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile consists of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and water.

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules that help to emulsify fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing for more efficient digestion by enzymes such as lipase. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells and gives bile its characteristic greenish-brown color.

Bile is released into the small intestine in response to food, particularly fats, entering the digestive tract. It helps to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestines and transported to other parts of the body for energy or storage.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign liver mass, which means it's a non-cancerous growth. It is characterized by the presence of multiple nodules or "lesions" in the liver that are well-circumscribed and have a distinctive "stars in the sky" appearance on histopathology. These lesions are composed of abnormal arrangements of liver cells, bile ducts, and blood vessels. FNH is usually discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for unrelated reasons. It's more common in women than men, and while its cause remains unclear, it has been linked to hormonal factors. Most cases do not require treatment unless they become symptomatic or complications arise.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Medical survival rate is a statistical measure used to determine the percentage of patients who are still alive for a specific period of time after their diagnosis or treatment for a certain condition or disease. It is often expressed as a five-year survival rate, which refers to the proportion of people who are alive five years after their diagnosis. Survival rates can be affected by many factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, the effectiveness of treatment, and other health conditions that the patient may have. It is important to note that survival rates are statistical estimates and do not necessarily predict an individual patient's prognosis.

Iron overload is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of iron in the body's tissues and organs, particularly in the liver, heart, and pancreas. This occurs when the body absorbs more iron than it can use or eliminate, leading to iron levels that are higher than normal.

Iron overload can result from various factors, including hereditary hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder that affects how the body absorbs iron from food; frequent blood transfusions, which can cause iron buildup in people with certain chronic diseases such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia; and excessive consumption of iron supplements or iron-rich foods.

Symptoms of iron overload may include fatigue, joint pain, abdominal discomfort, irregular heartbeat, and liver dysfunction. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis, liver failure, diabetes, heart problems, and even certain types of cancer. Treatment typically involves regular phlebotomy (removal of blood) to reduce iron levels in the body, along with dietary modifications and monitoring by a healthcare professional.

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a potent chemical carcinogen that belongs to the class of nitrosamines. It is known to induce tumors in various organs, including the liver, kidney, and lungs, in different animal species. Diethylnitrosamine requires metabolic activation by enzymes such as cytochrome P450 to exert its carcinogenic effects.

Diethylnitrosamine is not typically used for medical purposes but may be employed in laboratory research to study the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis and cancer development. It is essential to handle this compound with care, following appropriate safety protocols, due to its potential hazards.

Multivariate analysis is a statistical method used to examine the relationship between multiple independent variables and a dependent variable. It allows for the simultaneous examination of the effects of two or more independent variables on an outcome, while controlling for the effects of other variables in the model. This technique can be used to identify patterns, associations, and interactions among multiple variables, and is commonly used in medical research to understand complex health outcomes and disease processes. Examples of multivariate analysis methods include multiple regression, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Ribavirin is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of certain viral infections, including hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. It works by interfering with viral replication, preventing the virus from multiplying within infected cells. Ribavirin is often used in combination with other antiviral drugs for more effective treatment.

It's important to note that ribavirin can have serious side effects and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of viral infections and its use should be based on a confirmed diagnosis and appropriate medical evaluation.

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a type I interferon, which is a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. IFN-α has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative effects.

IFN-α is produced naturally by various cell types, including leukocytes (white blood cells), fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, in response to viral or bacterial stimulation. It binds to specific receptors on the surface of nearby cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of genes involved in the antiviral response. This results in the production of proteins that inhibit viral replication and promote the presentation of viral antigens to the immune system, enhancing its ability to recognize and eliminate infected cells.

In addition to its role in the immune response, IFN-α has been used as a therapeutic agent for various medical conditions, including certain types of cancer, chronic hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis. However, its use is often limited by side effects such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Chronic Hepatitis D is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). It is often considered a serious form of hepatitis because it can lead to more severe liver disease than hepatitis B alone. HDV is a defective virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to replicate and cause infection. Therefore, chronic hepatitis D only occurs in individuals who have an underlying chronic hepatitis B infection.

Chronic hepatitis D is characterized by persistent inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring (fibrosis), cirrhosis, liver failure, and increased risk of liver cancer over time. Symptoms may include fatigue, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice. However, some people with chronic hepatitis D may not have any symptoms until the disease has progressed to a more advanced stage.

Chronic hepatitis D is diagnosed through blood tests that detect HDV antibodies and antigens, as well as liver function tests and imaging studies to assess liver damage. Treatment typically involves antiviral therapy to suppress the replication of both HBV and HDV, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary for individuals with advanced liver disease due to chronic hepatitis D.

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT, or α1-antiproteinase, A1AP) is a protein that is primarily produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream. It belongs to a group of proteins called serine protease inhibitors, which help regulate inflammation and protect tissues from damage caused by enzymes involved in the immune response.

Alpha 1-antitrypsin is particularly important for protecting the lungs from damage caused by neutrophil elastase, an enzyme released by white blood cells called neutrophils during inflammation. In the lungs, AAT binds to and inhibits neutrophil elastase, preventing it from degrading the extracellular matrix and damaging lung tissue.

Deficiency in alpha 1-antitrypsin can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and liver disease. The most common cause of AAT deficiency is a genetic mutation that results in abnormal folding and accumulation of the protein within liver cells, leading to reduced levels of functional AAT in the bloodstream. This condition is called alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and can be inherited in an autosomal codominant manner. Individuals with severe AATD may require augmentation therapy with intravenous infusions of purified human AAT to help prevent lung damage.

Sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic progressive disease characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the bile ducts, leading to their narrowing or obstruction. This results in impaired bile flow from the liver to the small intestine, which can cause damage to the liver cells and eventually result in cirrhosis and liver failure.

The condition often affects both the intrahepatic (within the liver) and extrahepatic (outside the liver) bile ducts. The exact cause of sclerosing cholangitis is not known, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors.

Symptoms of sclerosing cholangitis may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), itching, abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, dark urine, and light-colored stools. The diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which can visualize the bile ducts and detect any abnormalities.

Treatment for sclerosing cholangitis is aimed at managing symptoms, preventing complications, and slowing down the progression of the disease. This may include medications to relieve itching, antibiotics to treat infections, and drugs to reduce inflammation and improve bile flow. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Chemoembolization, therapeutic is a medical procedure that involves the delivery of chemotherapy drugs directly to a tumor through its blood supply, followed by the blocking of the blood vessel leading to the tumor. This approach allows for a higher concentration of the chemotherapy drug to be delivered directly to the tumor while minimizing exposure to the rest of the body. The embolization component of the procedure involves blocking the blood vessel with various substances such as microspheres, gel foam, or coils, which can help to starve the tumor of oxygen and nutrients.

Therapeutic chemoembolization is typically used in the treatment of liver cancer, including primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and metastatic liver cancer. It may also be used in other types of cancer that have spread to the liver. The procedure can help to reduce the size of the tumor, relieve symptoms, and improve survival rates in some patients. However, like all medical procedures, it carries a risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, and damage to surrounding tissues.

Cholangitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bile ducts, which are the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver that helps break down fats in food.

There are two types of cholangitis: acute and chronic. Acute cholangitis is a sudden and severe infection that can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that enters the bile ducts through a blockage or obstruction.

Chronic cholangitis, on the other hand, is a long-term inflammation of the bile ducts that can lead to scarring and narrowing of the ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, itching, and jaundice. Chronic cholangitis can be caused by various factors, including primary sclerosing cholangitis (an autoimmune disease), bile duct stones, or tumors in the bile ducts.

Treatment for cholangitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. Antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infections, and surgery may be necessary to remove blockages or obstructions in the bile ducts. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 is a specific isoform of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, which is involved in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This enzyme is primarily located in the liver and to some extent in other organs such as the lungs, brain, and kidneys.

CYP2E1 plays a significant role in the metabolic activation of several procarcinogens, including nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and certain solvents. It also contributes to the oxidation of various therapeutic drugs, such as acetaminophen, anesthetics, and anticonvulsants. Overexpression or induction of CYP2E1 has been linked to increased susceptibility to chemical-induced toxicity, carcinogenesis, and alcohol-related liver damage.

The activity of CYP2E1 can be influenced by various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, smoking status, and exposure to certain chemicals or drugs. Understanding the regulation and function of this enzyme is crucial for predicting individual susceptibility to chemical-induced toxicities and diseases, as well as for optimizing drug therapy and minimizing adverse effects.

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the body's function is not maintained. It can also refer to a deficiency or excess of vitamins, minerals, protein, energy, and/or water. This condition can have negative effects on physical and mental health. Malnutrition includes undernutrition (wasting, stunting, underweight), overnutrition (overweight, obesity) and micronutrient deficiencies or excesses.

It's important to note that malnutrition is different from malabsorption, which is the inability to absorb nutrients from food. Malabsorption can also lead to malnutrition if it results in a lack of necessary nutrients for the body's function.

Schuppan D.; Afdhal N.H. (2008). "Liver Cirrhosis". The Lancet. 371 (9615): 838-851. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60383-9. PMC ... University of Tampere German Association for the Study of the Liver (GASL) European Association for the Study of the Liver ( ... He has researched the role of the immune system in the defense against cancer, especially of the liver and the gastrointestinal ... He focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease and wheat sensitivity, fibrotic liver diseases and the immunology ...
Liver cirrhosis. Nephrocalcinosis. While it is a consequence of dRTA, it can also be a cause; related to calcium-induced damage ...
Liver cirrhosis in children; liver biopsy in diagnosis of initial stages". Revista chilena de pediatria. 23 (11-12): 474-481. ... where he worked on enzymes of liver metabolism, especially liver hexokinase. He was the first to report that this enzyme, ... Contribution to the study of metabolism in the liver cell). For a few years Niemeyer worked in paediatrics, and moved later to ... and studies of metabolism in liver cells. Hermann Niemeyer was born in Ovalle, Chile, where his father was the German consul. ...
... from cirrhosis of the liver. Australia and New Zealand announced the withdrawal their troops from South Vietnam, and an end to ...
Giannelli V, Lattanzi B, Thalheimer U, Merli M (2014). "Beta-blockers in liver cirrhosis". Annals of Gastroenterology. 27 (1): ... It has also been used to prevent migraine headaches and complications of cirrhosis. It is taken orally. Common side effects ... prevention of bleeding veins in people with portal hypertension caused by cirrhosis; and to treat people with high levels of ...
Boyer, J..; Blum, H.E.; Maier, K.P.; Sauerbruch, T.; Stalder, G.A. (March 31, 2001). Liver Cirrhosis and Its Development. ISBN ... Isabelle Rapin: A Living Legend". Albert Einstein College of Medicine. December 26, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2013. Sandomir ... Wadler, Joyce (January 11, 2000). "Public Lives - Laughter Tempers Gravity in the War on TB". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 ...
... from cirrhosis of the liver. Alonzo T. Jones, 72, Seventh Day Adventist theologian and writer Athletic Bilbao defeated ... Riots Costing 50 Lives Die Out". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2. "Daugherty's Friend Suicide in His Room- Jesse W. Smith Shoots ... British stage actor best known as the star of the play Brief Lives; in Guernsey, Channel Islands (d. 2017) Horst Tappert, ... Lenin moved from his office in the Kremlin in Moscow to his vacation dacha in the Gorki Leninskiye neighborhood and would live ...
... cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In the earlier stages of alcoholic liver disease, fat builds up in the liver's cells due to ... and other forms of liver toxicity. Cirrhosis causes chronic liver failure. Primary liver cancer most commonly manifests as ... MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Liver function tests "NHS Choices". Cirrhosis. Retrieved 6 October 2015. "Liver disease - NHS Choices ... Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver. If long-lasting it is termed chronic liver disease. ...
He suffered cirrhosis of the liver. He was flown to King's College Hospital, London, for treatment and died there. He is buried ... Deaths from cirrhosis, Irish classical composers, Irish film score composers, Irish male classical composers, Irish music ...
PMID 20050849.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) Michelli ML (2011). Liver cirrhosis : causes, diagnosis, ... Plasma protein binding is 68%. It is metabolised in the liver, mainly via the enzyme CYP3A4, but to a minor extent via CYP1A2 ...
On 28 November, the medical board formed for Zia's treatment announced that she had been suffering from liver cirrhosis. Plea ... "Doctors: Khaleda Zia has liver cirrhosis". Dhaka Tribune. 28 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021. "Bangladesh doctors fear ... The short-lived parliament hastily introduced the caretaker government by passing the 13th amendment to the constitution. The ... She also served briefly in the short-lived government in 1996, when other parties had boycotted the first election. In the next ...
Hemosiderin-pigmentation involving the liver and liver cirrhosis. Ueber Lebercirrhose, 1899 - On liver cirrhosis. [1] ... He is remembered for pathological research involving regenerative and degenerative processes that take place in liver cirrhosis ... Volume 11 Cirrhosis of the liver and associated conditions by Aller G. Ellis. (Articles with short description, Short ... On hypertrophy and regeneration of liver tissue. Hämosiderin-Pigmentirung der Leber und Lebercirrhose, 1896 - ...
While Dennis is being attended to, a doctor tells Phil that his scans showed he has cirrhosis of the liver, a disease garnered ... Phil's most prominent storylines include his battles with alcoholism and addiction; suffering from cirrhosis of the liver; ... He later researches cirrhosis online at home and when he finds out that Dennis is recovering, decides to give up drinking and ... Phil meets Aaron, the son of his friend Tony, who was meant to have the liver the Phil received, and gives him money out of ...
Cirrhosis of the liver is rare. Severe pain associated with joints and bones occurs, frequently presenting in hips and knees. ... liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Manifestations may include enlarged spleen and liver, liver malfunction, ... Symptoms may begin early in life or in adulthood and mainly affect the liver, spleen, and bone. Enlarged liver and grossly ... Patients often live into their early teen years and adulthood. For those with type-I and most type-III, enzyme replacement ...
Death from cirrhosis the liver yesterday ... "Tod Sloan, Jockey, Dead on the Coast". New York Times. December 22, 1933. p. 21. ... He was a tiny and frail child, and after his mother died when he was five, his father sent him to live with a nearby family. He ... Married and divorced twice, Sloan died of cirrhosis in 1933, aged 59, in Los Angeles, California, and was interred in the ... Deaths from cirrhosis, American jockeys, United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees, People from Miami County, ...
He was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. He was confused and had a lack of motor coordination. He also had altered sensorium and ...
... liver cirrhosis. Joe Anderson, 86, British rugby league player (Castleford, Leeds, Featherstone Rovers), kidney cancer. Seriki ... Hasta luego, maestro Joan Barril (in Spanish) Ina Bauer gone, but move lives on Professor Anthony Birch: Political scientist ... Larry Auerbach, 91, American television director (Love of Life, One Life to Live, As the World Turns), complications of ... Bobby Keys, 70, American saxophonist (The Rolling Stones), cirrhosis. Don Laws, 85, American figure skater and coach, heart ...
Boyer, J.L; Blum, H.E; Maier, K.P; Sauerbruch, T.; Stalder, G.A (31 March 2001). Liver Cirrhosis and Its Development - Google ... In other studies published during the same period, Houghton and collaborators linked hepatitis C with liver cancer. In 2013, ... Living people, People educated at Alleyn's School, Alumni of the University of East Anglia, Alumni of King's College London, ... "Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in patients with various chronic liver diseases". Hepatology. 10 (4): 581. doi: ...
He died of cirrhosis of the liver. The Ten Commandments (1945) It Takes Two to Sin in Love (1954) Songs of Italy (1955) Goodbye ... Deaths from cirrhosis, All stub articles, Italian people stubs). ...
Boyer, J.L; Blum, H.E; Maier, K.P; Sauerbruch, T.; Stalder, G.A (2001-03-31). Liver Cirrhosis and Its Development - Google ... living people), Living people, National Taiwan University alumni, Albert Einstein College of Medicine alumni, Taiwanese ...
Nicholas Fairbairn, 61, Scottish politician, liver cirrhosis. Nigel Findley, 35, Canadian game designer, editor, and science ... Thelma Hulbert, 81, English visual artist known for her still lives and landscapes. Mirosław Żuławski, 82, Polish writer, ... Donald Pleasence, 75, English actor (Halloween, You Only Live Twice, The Great Escape), BAFTA winner (1959), heart failure. ... Earring George Mayweather, 67, American electric blues and Chicago blues harmonica player, songwriter and singer, liver cancer ...
1 December 2017 Boyer, J. L.; Blum, H. E.; Maier, K. P.; Sauerbruch, T.; Stalder, G. A. (31 March 2001). Liver Cirrhosis and ... The first live broadcast of KCL Radio was in 2011 at the London Varsity. In 2013, KCL Radio relaunched as a live station with ... A papier-mâché Reggie lives outside the Great Hall at the Strand Campus. The third Reggie, given as a gift by alumnus Willie ... "The London Varsity Live". UniSportOnline. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013 ...
Süleymanoğlu suffered from cirrhosis of the liver. In 2009, he was hospitalized for nearly three months. On 25 September 2017, ... Süleymanoğlu was admitted to a hospital due to liver failure. On 6 October, a liver transplantation was made when a liver donor ... Deaths from liver failure, Burials at Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery, European Weightlifting Championships medalists, World ... Weightlifting Championships medalists, Liver transplant recipients, Friendship Games medalists). ...
Liver Cirrhosis and Its Development - Google Books. Springer. ISBN 9780792387602. Retrieved 12 January 2014. Thompson, Gilbert ... "Simon Day - Awards Hosts , Presenters , Stand Up Comedians , NMP Live Booking Agent". Nmplive.co.uk. Archived from the original ...
Liver cirrhosis is associated with decreased HRV. Decreased HRV in patients with cirrhosis has a prognostic value and predicts ... Lam E, Aratia S, Wang J, Tung J (2020-11-03). "Measuring Heart Rate Variability in Free-Living Conditions Using Consumer-Grade ... Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 296 (2): G330-G338. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90488.2008. PMC 2643913. PMID 19023029. Griffin MP ... February 2009). "Decreased heart rate variability in patients with cirrhosis relates to the presence and degree of hepatic ...
He died of cirrhosis of the liver. "Obituary for Leroy F. Youmans". Edgefield Advertiser. December 12, 1906. p. 1 - via ... Deaths from cirrhosis, People from Beaufort County, South Carolina, South Carolina Attorneys General, University of South ... and state supreme court judge who lived in Charleston, South Carolina. He was born in Beaufort County, South Carolina. He ...
Jess Barker, 88, American actor, liver cirrhosis. Luigi Bonos, 90, Italian comedian and actor. Walter Chappell, 75, American ... Alec Guinness, 86, English actor (The Bridge on the River Kwai, Star Wars, Lawrence of Arabia), Oscar winner (1958), liver ...
SHED can potentially treat liver cirrhosis. In a study conducted by Yokoyama et al. (2019), SHED were differentiated into ... They found that when hepatic cells derived from SHED were transplanted into the liver of rats, liver fibrosis was terminated, ... "Regulation of CCL4-induced liver cirrhosis by hepatically differentiated human dental pulp stem cells". Human Cell. 32 (2): 125 ... Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are stem cells present in the dental pulp, which is the soft living tissue within teeth. DPSCs ...
It may protect people from liver cirrhosis. There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. Caffeine may increase the ... Stimulants produce a fast-acting and pronounced but transient and short-lived mood lift. In relation to this, they are ... Kamiya T, Saitoh O, Yoshioka K, Nakata H (June 2003). "Oligomerization of adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living ... Muriel P, Arauz J (2010). "Coffee and liver diseases". Fitoterapia. 81 (5): 297-305. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.10.003. PMID ...
He died of cirrhosis of the liver. Peter Toole's head was banged against a wall when he arrived in Medomsley in 1985. He was ... Stoker later died of cirrhosis of the liver. 71 victims testified in three trials in 2018 and 2019 stemming from Operation ... Gazette Live. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2019. "Medomsley Detention Centre: Victims lives ... The MP Laura Pidcock described the centre in her constituency as "a living hell". The public was prevented from learning of the ...
Percent of adults with diagnosed liver disease: 1.8%. Source: Summary Health Statistics Tables for U.S. Adults: National Health ... Number of adults with diagnosed liver disease: 4.5 million. * ... Chronic liver disease/cirrhosis mortality by State *Trends in ...
Cirrhosis is caused when scar tissue replaces healthy tissue in the liver because of chronic injury. Learn how cirrhosis is ... A small number of people with cirrhosis get liver cancer.. Your doctor will diagnose cirrhosis with blood tests, imaging tests ... Cirrhosis - discharge (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Loss of brain function - liver disease (Medical Encyclopedia) ... Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue forms because of injury or long-term disease. Scar tissue cannot do what ...
... patients with well-compensated NASH cirrhosis had significant improvements in both liver- and heart-related risk factors. ... Independent of baseline cirrhosis severity, 73% of patients had a 15% or greater reduction in liver volume after 52 weeks of ... Cite this: Resmetirom Reduces Liver, CV Risk Factors in NASH With Cirrhosis - Medscape - Nov 07, 2022. ... The Liver Meeting 2022: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD): Abstract 100. Presented November 6, 2022. ...
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Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is the most advanced form of liver disease thats related to drinking alcohol. Get the facts on the ... Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (alcohol-related cirrhosis) is the most advanced form of liver disease linked to drinking alcohol. ... Alcohol and Cirrhosis of the Liver: How Much Is Too Much?. Drinking too much alcohol can lead to cirrhosis. Learn how much ... Post-necrotic cirrhosis is also called macronodular cirrhosis. Its characterized by areas of scarring in your liver called ...
... Size,Volume,Revenue Trends Analysis Report 2023-2029 - published on ... Minimally-Invasive Integrated Ultrasonic Liver Cirrhosis Detector), Clinic (Non-Invasive Integrated Ultrasonic Liver Cirrhosis ... Integrated Ultrasonic Liver Cirrhosis Detector Market Size,Volume,Revenue Trends Analysis Report 2023-2029. 09-21-2023 08:18 AM ... Global Integrated Ultrasonic Liver Cirrhosis Detector market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value, ...
... damages the liver. The scarring replaces healthy tissue and ... Cirrhosis is a potentially life-threatening condition that ... Cirrhosis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when scarring, called fibrosis, damages the liver. The ... People are living longer than ever before. Learn tips for staying healthy and meeting your health needs as you age. ... scarring replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver from working normally.. The most common causes of cirrhosis are alcohol ...
Conservative management of umbilical hernias in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites leads to a high rate of ... Management in patients with liver cirrhosis and an umbilical hernia Surgery. 2007 Sep;142(3):372-5. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.05 ... Conclusions: Conservative management of umbilical hernias in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites leads to a high rate of ... Methods: In the period between 1990 and 2004, 34 patients with an umbilical hernia combined with liver cirrhosis and ascites ...
A new non-invasive alternative to liver biopsy has proved to be very reliable for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, according ... A new non-invasive alternative to liver biopsy has proved to be very reliable for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, according ... New Alternative to Liver Biopsy may Help Detect Cirrhosis Personalised Printable Document (PDF). Please complete this form and ... New Alternative to Liver Biopsy may Help Detect Cirrhosis. .article-author__avatar{float:left;}.article-author__avatar figure ...
This advice has been updated and replaced by FibroScan for assessing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis outside secondary and ... FibroScan for assessing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in primary care. Medtech innovation briefing [MIB216]. Published: 16 June ...
Glucose tolerance after portacaval shunt in liver cirrhosis. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... AdultAgedBlood GlucoseC-PeptideFemaleGlucose Tolerance TestHumansInsulinLiver CirrhosisLiver Cirrhosis, AlcoholicMaleMiddle ... Studies of glucose intolerance in cirrhosis of the liver.. *Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in cirrhosis are ... Glucose tolerance after portacaval shunt in liver cirrhosis.. Diabete Metab. 1986 Aug; 12(4):197-202.DM ...
... patient with liver cirrhosis showing a prominent hepatic artery in 31 years old female patient with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis ... and ultimately cardiac liver cirrhosis; B: Cirrhotic livers are characterized by predominant arterial blood supply. CT ... Citation: Mueller S. Does pressure cause liver cirrhosis? The sinusoidal pressure hypothesis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(48 ... Mueller S. Does pressure cause liver cirrhosis? The sinusoidal pressure hypothesis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(48): 10482- ...
Liver cirrhosis is referred to as the scarring or fibrosis of the liver caused by different types of liver-related problems ... 5 early signs of liver cirrhosis you should not ignore. Liver cirrhosis is referred to as the scarring or fibrosis of the liver ... Liver cirrhosis is a secondary health condition that often develops because of another liver problem or disease. If you wont ... Liver diseases: 5 early signs of liver cirrhosis you should not ignore. TIMESOFINDIA.COM , Last updated on -Aug 11, 2021, 07:33 ...
... bacteria with intestinal bacteria from healthy donors in a treatment intended to help patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The ... Living donor liver transplantation improves waitlist outcomes in high-risk cirrhosis patients ... Researchers test whether feces transplantation can help patients with cirrhosis of the liver. *Download PDF Copy ... Tags: Bacteria, Cirrhosis, Doctor, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Hospital, Liver, Medicine, Microbiome, Mortality, Research, ...
Cirrhosis is caused by many forms of liver disease. ... Cirrhosis is where your liver is severely scarred and ... How Liver Diseases ProgressThe Healthy Liver. Hepatitis. Cirrhosis. Liver Cancer. Liver TransplantationEnd Stage Liver Disease ... Doctors treat liver failure with a liver transplant. Someone with cirrhosis is at a very high risk of developing liver cancer. ... Complications of Liver Disease. Fatty Liver Disease. Pediatric Liver Disease. Rare Liver DiseasesViral Hepatitis ...
Background: Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide. One of the least studied complications of liver cirrhosis ... Sleep pattern changes in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ali Mabrouk, Mohamed Nooh, Nourane Azab, Ibrahim Elmahallawy, Rawad ... Sleep pattern changes in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ali Mabrouk, Mohamed Nooh, Nourane Azab, Ibrahim Elmahallawy, Rawad ... Sleep pattern changes in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ali Mabrouk, Mohamed Nooh, Nourane Azab, Ibrahim Elmahallawy, Rawad ...
... fatty liver (where deposits of fat cause liver enlargement), liver fibrosis (where scar tissue forms and more liver cell injury ... occurs), and cirrhosis (where scar tissue makes the l ... Black and white illustration of the stages of liver damage: ... The Stages of Liver Damage: Normal Liver, Fatty Liver, Liver Fibrosis, and Cirrhosis. View full-sized image Download Media ... Illustration of the stages of liver damage: normal liver, fatty liver (where deposits of fat cause liver enlargement), liver ...
Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Purpose: The application of ... and liver cirrhosis to assess the feasibility and initial surgical outcome of laparoscopic liver resection.. Materials and ... According to Metafir fibrosing stage, sixteen patients (66.7%) revealed moderate to severe liver cirrhosis. The mean operative ... Conclusion: In carefully selected HCC patients even with liver cirrhosis, laparoscopic hepatectomy was feasible and safe. ...
Know about the best diet plan for liver cirrhosis patients. Dietary changes can be generally helpful for people with this ... DIET PLAN FOR LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS. EARLY MORNING. Herbal tea / Aloe vera juice ...
Cirrhosis is a term for advanced liver scarring. For the most part, its usually associated with drinking too much over time - ... alcohol addiction alcohol consumption badhealth cirrhosis fatty liver disease fitness liver damage liver health NAFLD obesity ... Tags: alcohol addiction, alcohol consumption, badhealth, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, fitness, liver damage, liver health, ... Cirrhosis, in its advanced stages, is life-threatening. "Cirrhosis is an advanced stage of liver scarring that begins to ...
Lysosomal Enzymes in Plasma, Liver and Spleen from Rats with Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Cirrhosis Enzyme (August,2017) ... Aldolase Isoenzymes in Liver Cirrhosis and Primary Liver Cell Cancer Digestion (January,2009) ... Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Splanchnic Vasodilation in Liver Cirrhosis Subject Area: Cardiovascular System , Further Areas ... The endocannabinoid system in advanced liver cirrhosis: pathophysiological implication and future perspectives. Liver Int 2013; ...
A CT scan of the upper abdomen showing cirrhosis of the liver. ...
What is liver cirrhosis? (and is alcohol always the cause of it?). Also, browse our large selection of articles and products ... Subject: What is liver cirrhosis? (and is alcohol always the cause of it?) Cirrhosis is the advanced scarring of liver tissue. ... Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also a factor in liver cirrhosis and it is estimated that a hundred million ... Advanced levels of scarring is cirrhosis. Excess drinking is a common cause of liver cirrhosis, but it isnt the only cause. A ...
Key Words: ICG-R15, Hepatectomy, Cirrhosis, Hepatocellular carcinoma Core Tip: Inappropriate hepatectomy might result in liver ... In "Outcomes of curative liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis", Elshaarawy et al[1] ... Comment on "Outcomes of curative liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis". World J Gastrointest ... A precise assessment of the livers functional reserve is very essential for the proper therapy of HCC patients with cirrhosis ...
The surgeon says that when they operated they also diagnosed cirrhosis - irreversible liver damage - but provided you stop ... Major campaign success as British Liver Trust helps secure £20 million pledge from UK Government to help save lives by ... Cirrhosis. So youre in hospital, recovering from what should have been a straightforward operation on the bowel, and they say ... You dont know your liver is dying until one day there is a health crisis of some sort, perhaps an operation, and it gives up. ...
Zell Oxygen as a natural remedy in cases of Cirrhosis of the liver ... This interferes with the efficiency of the liver the livers function. Cirrhosis is chronic injury of the liver. Cirrhosis ... Supplements for Cirrhosis of the liver. The supplements recommended for the treatment of Cirrhosis of the liver are listed ... You are here: Library Health Conditions Cirrhosis of the liver Get a FREE Health Guide. ...plus all the latest news and offers ...
4. Metabolism and immune response in liver cirrhosis.. 5. Role of the gut-liver axis in the development of liver cirrhosis.. 6 ... Although great advances have been made in preventing liver diseases, the worldwide morbidity and mortality of liver cirrhosis ... 1. Novel mechanisms of hepatic immune response in liver cirrhosis and its complications. 2. New cellular interactions in liver ... The mechanisms of liver cirrhosis are complex, involving different cells, signaling pathways, and the liver microenvironment. ...
Parikh ND Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study BMJ 2018 362:k2817 ... "Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study". ... CONCLUSIONS: Mortality due to cirrhosis has been increasing in the US since 2009. Driven by deaths due to alcoholic cirrhosis, ... "Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study" BMJ. 2018 Jul 22;362:k2817. ...
Total RNAs from different regions of Alzheimer diseased brain tissues, different organs of Liver Cirrhosis diseased donors, ...
J, Dr Jaffe is asked if liver cirrhosis can be reversed. Tune in to see what Dr. J has to say! ... J", Dr Jaffe is asked if liver cirrhosis can be reversed. Tune in to see what Dr. J has to say! ...
  • WASHINGTON - In patients with cirrhosis associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 1 year of treatment with the investigational oral thyromimetic agent resmetirom (MGL-3196) was safe and effective at lowering markers of both cardiovascular risk and NASH fibrosis, new research has found. (medscape.com)
  • Cirrhosis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when scarring, called fibrosis, damages the liver. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Liver cirrhosis is referred to as the scarring or fibrosis of the liver caused by different types of liver-related problems like hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. (indiatimes.com)
  • Did you have a chance to read our blog post about fibrosis and how liver disease is staged? (liverfoundation.org)
  • As a reminder, fibrosis is the process of scar tissue building up in the liver, replacing healthy functioning cells, and causing stiffening or hardening of the liver which reduces blood flow. (liverfoundation.org)
  • The final stage of fibrosis is cirrhosis. (liverfoundation.org)
  • While fibrosis is reversible there is a point where the damage becomes too great and the liver cannot repair itself. (liverfoundation.org)
  • Illustration of the stages of liver damage: normal liver, fatty liver (where deposits of fat cause liver enlargement), liver fibrosis (where scar tissue forms and more liver cell injury occurs), and cirrhosis (where scar tissue makes the liver hard). (nih.gov)
  • This, in turn, can lead to scarring in the liver -- a condition known as fibrosis. (naturalnews.com)
  • When the liver is injured, it will try repair itself, but this can lead to scarring (a.k.a. fibrosis). (vitanetonline.com)
  • High Protein Diet For Good Health I have low protein levels due to stage 4 liver disease and bridge fibrosis. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Cirrhosis results in a nodular transformation of the liver after several years to decades of inflammation and fibrosis, and, clinically, it has a compensated and a decompensated stage. (jci.org)
  • NAFLD is a spectrum of liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity that consists of simple fatty infiltration (steatosis), inflammation with steatosis (steatohepatitis or NASH), and varying degrees of fibrosis that ultimately lead to cirrhosis. (jci.org)
  • Splenectomy, prior to cell infusion, improved liver function and suppressed fibrosis progression more efficiently than cell infusion alone in the experimental cirrhosis model. (sct4me.com)
  • The infused cells integrated into liver fibrosis septa and participated in regeneration more efficiently in splenectomized rats. (sct4me.com)
  • Here, we investigated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor-treated adipose tissue-derivedmesenchymal stem cells infusion on a liver fibrosis rat model and elucidated the underlying mechanism. (sct4me.com)
  • Although adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells infusion alone slightly ameliorated liver functions and suppressed fibrosis progression, basic fibroblast growth factor-treatment significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect in association with elevated hepatocyte growth factor expression. (sct4me.com)
  • Basic fibroblast growth factor treatment enhanced the therapeutic effect of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and secretion of hepatocyte growth factor from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells plays a critical role in amelioration of liver injury and regression of fibrosis. (sct4me.com)
  • The main goals of the NHANES liver ultrasound transient elastography (variable name prefix LUX) component are to provide objective measures for two important liver disease manifestations: liver fibrosis (scarring in the liver) and hepatic steatosis (fat in the liver). (cdc.gov)
  • Liver fibrosis was measured by FibroScan ® which uses ultrasound and the vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE TM ) to derive liver stiffness. (cdc.gov)
  • Elastography has been evaluated by others for its accuracy to assess liver steatosis and liver fibrosis (Tang et al, 2015, Castéra et al, 2005, Barr et al, 2015). (cdc.gov)
  • In systematic reviews comparing vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE TM ) to biopsy (as a gold standard) for the detection of severe liver fibrosis, the mean area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.88-0.91) (Tsochatzis et al, 2011, Friedrich-Rust et al, 2008) and the overall sensitivity and specificity were 82% (95% CI, 78-86%) and 86% (95% CI 0.80-0.91). (cdc.gov)
  • Transient elastography has been FDA approved as a test for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. (cdc.gov)
  • A small number of people with cirrhosis get liver cancer . (medlineplus.gov)
  • All people with cirrhosis should avoid alcohol. (hdkino.org)
  • Many people with cirrhosis don't have any symptoms for years. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Importantly, there was a statistically significant reduction in liver volume by an average of 20%, and also the potential to monitor spleen volume as a surrogate for portal hypertension, with the caveat that further research needs to be done in this area to understand that better," said Stephen Harrison, MD, medical director for Pinnacle Clinical Research in San Antonio, Texas. (medscape.com)
  • When someone has decompensated cirrhosis the scar tissue blocks the blood meant to flow through the portal vein, causing an increase of pressure known as portal hypertension . (liverfoundation.org)
  • In liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension is a consequence of enhanced intrahepatic vascular resistance and portal blood flow. (karger.com)
  • Portal hypertension and portal vein thrombosis are the leading causes of cirrhosis-related death. (frontiersin.org)
  • The accumulation of ECM produced by HSC activation leads to increased fibrotic septa and hepatic resistance, and eventually, the development of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recently, LSECs, macrophage, neutrophils, sinusoidal communication, and hepatic immune response has been demonstrated to play a critical role in developing liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepatic immune response in liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension remain unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • The present Research Topic aims to report the most recent advances in uncovering the immune mechanisms underlying liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (frontiersin.org)
  • accompanied by insufficiency of hepatocyte functions and a change in the blood flow of the liver, which leads to jaundice, portal hypertension and ascites. (medprep.info)
  • Portal hypertension causes blood to back up in the veins connected to the liver. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This leads to progressive liver failure, impairment of the synthetic function of the liver, complications of cirrhosis related to portal hypertension, liver cancer and death. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • Portal hypertension refers to increased blood pressure in the portal vein which is the main blood vessel supplying the liver. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • Most of the symptoms and signs of liver cirrhosis stemmed from the development of portal hypertension. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • Over time, heavy alcohol use can lead to cirrhosis, a condition in which healthy tissue is replaced with scar tissue. (healthline.com)
  • Scar tissue cannot do what healthy liver tissue does - make protein, help fight infections, clean the blood, help digest food and store energy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If too much scar tissue forms, you may need to consider a liver transplant . (medlineplus.gov)
  • As the condition progresses and more healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue , the liver stops functioning properly. (healthline.com)
  • When the liver tissue starts to scar, the liver doesn't work as well as before. (healthline.com)
  • Because of this, more alcohol can reach the liver and make scar tissue. (healthline.com)
  • The scarring replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver from working normally. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • The scarred tissue gradually replaces the healthy tissue in the liver, which eventually makes it less effective. (indiatimes.com)
  • As the liver is injured and tries to heal itself, more scar tissue forms, which can impair normal liver function. (naturalnews.com)
  • Cirrhosis is the advanced scarring of liver tissue. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Cirrhosis is a condition in which scar-like tissue replaces normal tissue in the liver. (regenerativenutrition.com)
  • In the process, the existing cells are inflamed and scar tissue results, compromising the structure of the liver and hampering its function. (hdkino.org)
  • Sometimes cirrhosis results from a liver processing disorder or an autoimmune disorder that prompts the body's defense mechanisms to attack the liver tissue. (hdkino.org)
  • The scar tissue grows when your liver is damaged repeatedly over time. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rat adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells were infused into cirrhosis rats with or without splenectomy, followed by the assessment of the in vivo distribution of stem cells and pathological changes. (sct4me.com)
  • Basic fibroblast growth factor-treated adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell infusion to ameliorate liver cirrhosis via paracrine hepatocyte growth factor. (sct4me.com)
  • Two cohorts comprising a total of 180 patients with well-compensated NASH cirrhosis enrolled in an open-label arm of the phase 3 MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 trial . (medscape.com)
  • In addition, the investigators presented data on a cohort of 105 patients with well-compensated NASH cirrhosis who were treated in an open-label study, as previously reported by Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • At The Liver Meeting, Harrison presented data on the same cohort combined with data on an additional cohort of 75 patients with well-compensated NASH cirrhosis and no prior history of decompensation. (medscape.com)
  • In an attempt to mimic real-world conditions, patients in the trial did not receive a baseline biopsy but were determined to have NASH or presumed NASH with either results of a previous liver biopsy or noninvasive techniques, including FibroScan and MRI-PDFF. (medscape.com)
  • Optimal management in patients with umbilical hernias and liver cirrhosis with ascites is still under debate. (nih.gov)
  • In the period between 1990 and 2004, 34 patients with an umbilical hernia combined with liver cirrhosis and ascites were identified from our hospital database. (nih.gov)
  • Four patients underwent hernia repair during liver transplantation. (nih.gov)
  • In the 4 patients that underwent hernia correction during liver transplantation, no complications occurred and 1 patient had a recurrence. (nih.gov)
  • Conservative management of umbilical hernias in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites leads to a high rate of incarcerations with subsequent hernia repair in an emergency setting, whereas elective repair can be performed with less morbidity and is therefore advocated. (nih.gov)
  • Researchers from Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital replace sick intestinal bacteria with intestinal bacteria from healthy donors in a treatment intended to help patients with cirrhosis of the liver. (news-medical.net)
  • The goal is to improve the course of the disease and lower the mortality rates for patients with cirrhosis. (news-medical.net)
  • the first group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed as liver cirrhosis based on abdominal ultrasound and liver biopsy and the second group consisted of 10 healthy subjects served as controls. (ersjournals.com)
  • This study revealed that cirrhotic patients had disturbed sleep pattern, correlating with the degree of cirrhosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • We report the preliminary experience of 24 consecutive laparoscopic hepatectomies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and liver cirrhosis to assess the feasibility and initial surgical outcome of laparoscopic liver resection. (sages.org)
  • According to Metafir fibrosing stage, sixteen patients (66.7%) revealed moderate to severe liver cirrhosis. (sages.org)
  • In carefully selected HCC patients even with liver cirrhosis, laparoscopic hepatectomy was feasible and safe. (sages.org)
  • Battista S, Bar F, Mengozzi G, Zanon E, Grosso M, Molino G: Hyperdynamic circulation in patients with cirrhosis: direct measurement of nitric oxide levels in hepatic and portal veins. (karger.com)
  • The preoperative assessment of the liver reserve function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with cirrhosis is crucial, and there is no universal consensus on how to assess it. (wjgnet.com)
  • In his latest book he describes how administering intravenous ALA saved the lives of four patients who had severe liver damage. (regenerativenutrition.com)
  • The rapid increase in death rates among young people due to alcohol highlight new challenges for optimal care of patients with preventable liver disease. (erowid.org)
  • Patients with cirrhosis can experience worsening of liver and kidney function with NSAIDs. (hdkino.org)
  • Not all patients with cirrhosis due to chronic viral hepatitis are candidates for drug treatment. (hdkino.org)
  • Some patients may experience serious deterioration in liver function and/or intolerable side effects during treatment. (hdkino.org)
  • Removing blood from patients with hemochromatosis to reduce the levels of iron and prevent further damage to the liver. (hdkino.org)
  • Moderate thrombocytopenia (platelet count, 50,000/microL-75,000/microL) occurs in approximately 13% of patients with cirrhosis (3). (omicsonline.org)
  • Aim of the Study: To detect the efficacy of Romiplostim use in thrombocytopenic patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis preoperatively. (omicsonline.org)
  • Subjects and Methods: Our study was performed on 12 patients in the Electricity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, having chronic liver disease with liver cirrhosis and they were classified as Child-Pugh score C with thrombocytopenia. (omicsonline.org)
  • CBC, liver and kidney function tests, bone marrow aspirate and biopsy were done to all patients at start of the study and at day 90. (omicsonline.org)
  • Conclusion: Romiplostim can be used under close follow up in chronic hepatitis C patients with liver cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia preoperatively in a dose of 2 mcg/kg once weekly for four weeks. (omicsonline.org)
  • Investigate protein balance techniques to help cirrhosis patients maintain general health and minimize muscle loss. (sanmin.com.tw)
  • Acquire the skills necessary to properly plan, shop for, and prepare liver-friendly meals that are convenient for both patients and caregivers. (sanmin.com.tw)
  • The "Liver Cirrhosis" cookbook provides a comprehensive strategy for managing liver cirrhosis, making it a priceless tool for patients, caregivers, and medical professionals. (sanmin.com.tw)
  • The third paper discusses the use of the Bristol Prognostic Score (BPS) to determine mortality from cirrhosis in a Scottish cohort of patients. (bmj.com)
  • Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a common cause of death in patients with cirrhosis. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • Chronic liver disease and even cirrhosis can go unnoticed for a long time because many patients have no symptoms: the liver suffers silently. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • In the PREDICT study, led by Professor Jonel Trebicka, scientists from 15 European countries observed 1273 patients who were hospitalized with acute decompensation of their liver cirrhosis. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • The European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF Clif) is a private, non-profit Foundation whose mission is to promote study and research on Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and thus, contribute to improving both the quality of life and survival of patients with liver cirrhosis. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • In conclusion, both special formulas in the present study improved liver function and reduced oxidative stress in cirrhotic rats reflecting their potential beneficial use in patients with liver cirrhosis. (medicaljournal-ias.org)
  • For patients presenting symptoms, the disease reveals itself through fatigue, jaundice, itching and abdominal pain from liver damage, with 70-80 percent of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (most commonly ulcerative colitis). (mayoclinic.org)
  • The tele-liver frailty index (TeLeFI): development of a novel frailty tool in patients with cirrhosis via telemedicine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Frailty is a critical determinant of outcomes in cirrhosis patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, the tele- liver frailty index is a novel tool to screen frailty in liver transplant patients via telemedicine pragmatically and may be used to identify patients who require in- person frailty assessment, more frequent follow-up, or frailty intervention. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our purpose is to identify risk factors for mortality in ICU patients with liver cirrhosis. (figshare.com)
  • Methods Using reimbursement claims from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from in 2006-2012, 1,250,300 patients were identified as having ICU stays of more than 1 day, and 37,197 of these had liver cirrhosis. (figshare.com)
  • With propensity score-matching for socioeconomic status, pre-existing medical conditions, and cirrhosis-related morbidities, 37,197 ICU patients without liver cirrhosis were selected for comparison. (figshare.com)
  • Among ICU patients, liver cirrhosis was also associated with ICU mortality (aOR 144, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.51) and one-year mortality (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.46). (figshare.com)
  • Conclusions Liver cirrhosis was associated with 30-day mortality in ICU patients. (figshare.com)
  • Jaundice, ascites, hepatic coma, more than 4 admissions due to cirrhosis, and more than 30 days of hospital stay due to cirrhosis were exacerbated factors in cirrhotic ICU patients. (figshare.com)
  • Clinical studies suggest that splenectomy improves liver function in cirrhotic patients, but the influence of splenectomy onstem cell transplantation is poorly understood. (sct4me.com)
  • Stromal cell-derived factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor expression were also investigated in splenectomized cirrhosis patients and rats. (sct4me.com)
  • Ultimately, patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis or liver cancer may benefit from liver transplantation. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • Sera concentration of circulating sCD40L and IL-10 were assayed using ELISA in 30 HCV-positive patients with HCC, 30 HCV-positive patients with liver cirrhosis and 30 age-matched healthy volunteers with negative anti-HCV-Ab as a control group. (who.int)
  • The study concluded that sCD40L is a valuable diagnostic tool in early diagnosis and screening for HCV and HCC as well as routine follow up of HCV cirrhosis patients. (who.int)
  • Les concentrations sériques de sCD40L circulant et d'interleukine 10 circulante ont été analysées à l'aide de la méthode immuno-enzymatique chez 30 patients positifs pour le VHC avec un CHC, chez 30 patients patients positifs pour le VHC avec une cirrhose du foie, et chez 30 volontaires d'âge correspondant en bonne santé avec des anticorps anti-VHC négatifs servant de groupe témoin. (who.int)
  • When we talk about cirrhosis, it's important to remember that there is a big difference between liver functioning and disease progression. (liverfoundation.org)
  • Even people with chronic hepatitis B and C can substantially reduce liver damage and slow the progression towards cirrhosis with abstinence from alcohol. (hdkino.org)
  • In this Review, we focus on the possible pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic role of the gut microbiome in decompensation of cirrhosis and progression to ACLF. (ku.dk)
  • In this Review, the authors discuss the possible pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic role of the gut microbiota in decompensation of cirrhosis and progression to acute-on-chronic liver failure. (ku.dk)
  • Stages Of Cirrhosis Of The Liver - Advanced liver cirrhosis is a very serious medical condition and cannot be ignored.The right course of treatment can also slow down progression of the condition. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Cirrhosis development and progression involves several important interorgan communications, and recently, the gut microbiome has been implicated in pathophysiology of the disease. (jci.org)
  • As interventions designed to modulate oral dysbiosis may delay progression of cirrhosis, a better understanding of this process is of the utmost importance. (jci.org)
  • One of the least studied complications of liver cirrhosis is the disturbed sleep pattern. (ersjournals.com)
  • Treatment of liver cirrhosis also involves treatment of the underlying cause of liver disease but also involves treating the many complications of liver cirrhosis. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • Figure 5 Cirrhotic livers are primarily supplied with blood by the hepatic artery (arterialization). (wjgnet.com)
  • It eventually leads to a complete arterialization of the cirrhotic liver. (wjgnet.com)
  • B: Cirrhotic livers are characterized by predominant arterial blood supply. (wjgnet.com)
  • Your liver may become cirrhotic in response to a disease or toxins, such as alcohol. (hdkino.org)
  • Two special diets for liver cirrhosis have been formulated (I and II), prepared in bakery form and evaluated in liver cirrhotic rats. (medicaljournal-ias.org)
  • Feeding cirrhotic rats on either of the special formula showed improved liver function reflected by significant reduction of the activity of transaminases (ALT and AST) and total bilirubin and the significant increase in total protein and albumin in plasma. (medicaljournal-ias.org)
  • Although great advances have been made in preventing liver diseases, the worldwide morbidity and mortality of liver cirrhosis remain high. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cirrhosis is a prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, especially for those at an advanced decompensated stage. (jci.org)
  • Chronic liver disease (CLD) and cirrhosis are major sources of morbidity and mortality in the United States. (qxmd.com)
  • Annually, it causes 20 million infections and 70 000 deaths, with recent outbreaks of infection reported in Uganda, Sudan and Chad.2 Viral hepatitis is also an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV.3 It is estimated that chronic hepatitis B virus infection affects 5-20% of people living with HIV. (who.int)
  • Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality in the U.S. population. (cdc.gov)
  • Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide. (ersjournals.com)
  • To describe liver disease related mortality in the United States during 1999-2016 by age group, sex, race, cause of liver disease, and geographic region. (erowid.org)
  • Annual increases in cirrhosis related mortality were most pronounced for Native Americans (designated as "American Indians" in the census database) (4.0%, 2.2% to 5.7%, P=0.002). (erowid.org)
  • Mortality due to cirrhosis has been increasing in the US since 2009. (erowid.org)
  • Driven by deaths due to alcoholic cirrhosis, people aged 25-34 have experienced the greatest relative increase in mortality. (erowid.org)
  • Mortality due to cirrhosis is improving in Maryland but worst in Kentucky, New Mexico, and Arkansas. (erowid.org)
  • The final article from BMJOG Bower's and colleagues present data on the Bristol prognostic score for mortality in cirrhosis . (bmj.com)
  • Title : Alcohol Sales And Socioeconomic Factors Related To Cirrhosis Of The Liver Mortality In Pennsylvania Personal Author(s) : Tokuhata, G. K.;Digon, E.;Ramaswamy, K. (cdc.gov)
  • Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cirrhosis associated with 30-day, ICU, and one-year mortality were calculated. (figshare.com)
  • Associations between cirrhosis of liver and increased 30-day mortality were significant in both sexes and every age group. (figshare.com)
  • Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (alcohol-related cirrhosis) is the most advanced form of liver disease linked to drinking alcohol . (healthline.com)
  • It may start with fatty liver disease , progressing to alcohol-related hepatitis , and then to alcohol-related cirrhosis. (healthline.com)
  • Symptoms of alcohol-related cirrhosis typically develop around the mean age of 52 , with alcohol-related fatty liver disease and alcohol-related hepatitis often showing up about 4 to 8 years before this. (healthline.com)
  • According to a 2015 study of people hospitalized with alcohol-related liver disease in Sacramento, California, Hispanic people tend to develop the condition at a younger age than African Americans or people who are white. (healthline.com)
  • Obesity , a high fat diet, and hepatitis C can also increase your likelihood of developing alcohol-related liver disease. (healthline.com)
  • People who are female also have a higher chance of developing alcohol-related liver disease than people who are male. (healthline.com)
  • Altered glucose and insulin levels in peripheral blood are common findings in chronic liver disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Liver cirrhosis is a secondary health condition that often develops because of another liver problem or disease. (indiatimes.com)
  • While the word cirrhosis is most commonly heard when people discuss alcohol-induced liver disease, cirrhosis is caused by many forms of liver disease. (liverfoundation.org)
  • It is important to talk to your doctor about your risks for liver disease so you can receive imaging tests that may help diagnosis liver damage. (liverfoundation.org)
  • their symptoms of the disease may be mild or nonexistent even though the liver is severely scarred. (liverfoundation.org)
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition where the liver stores too much fat in its cells, is, in fact, the most common form of liver disease. (naturalnews.com)
  • Each time that the liver is injured -- whether by disease, excessive alcohol consumption, or fat cells that become toxins -- it will try to repair itself. (naturalnews.com)
  • People with chronic hepatitis may not develop cirrhosis, but it is still the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. (naturalnews.com)
  • It has to be said: Following a healthy lifestyle and eating the right foods are the most important steps in preventing cirrhosis, as well as other types of liver disease. (naturalnews.com)
  • A condition known as Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), actually the most common cause of liver disease in the U.S., can also lead to the disease. (vitanetonline.com)
  • One disease that is scary because of its implications is cirrhosis of the liver and it is usually associated with drinking too much alcohol. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also a factor in liver cirrhosis and it is estimated that a hundred million Americans have NAFLD. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Sally lost her husband, Mike, to alcohol-related liver disease . (britishlivertrust.org.uk)
  • 0.001), driven entirely by alcohol related liver disease. (erowid.org)
  • Liver cirrhosis results from disease or chemical-induced injuries to the liver over a sustained period. (hdkino.org)
  • In Wilson disease, medications can be used to increase the excretion of copper in the urine to reduce the levels of copper in the body and prevent further damage to the liver. (hdkino.org)
  • This condition is one of the primary causes of liver disease worldwide. (vejthani.com)
  • The common end stage of liver disease is decompensated cirrhosis and the further development towards acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). (ku.dk)
  • Hepatitis C Diet Hepatitis C is a type of liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus. (diethealthclub.com)
  • In March's blog we focus on three papers published in the last month, all concerning liver disease. (bmj.com)
  • Two of these papers focus on hepatic complications in pregnancy, with an emphasis on practical management and avoiding complications in patient with non-alcohol fatty liver disease. (bmj.com)
  • Those included were more likely to be middle-aged men and have alcohol-related liver disease. (bmj.com)
  • Have you been diagnosed with any liver disease that is causing this cirrhosis? (mayoclinic.org)
  • My statement about Ulcerative Colitis and cirrhosis comes from my own experience with the liver disease, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC). (mayoclinic.org)
  • Ulcerative Colitis- One of the possible complications of ulcerative colitis includes Liver disease (rare). (mayoclinic.org)
  • Several etiologies, with the most prevalent being viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH), can cause cirrhosis. (jci.org)
  • Therefore, it is important to understand the pathogenesis of cirrhosis and the underlying biological factors that can modulate disease outcomes to develop better preventive and treatment strategies. (jci.org)
  • Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis deaths were identified with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes K70 and K73-K74. (cdc.gov)
  • From 2000 to 2015, death rates for chronic liver disease and cirrhosis in the United States increased 31% (from 20.1 per 100,000 to 26.4) among persons aged 45-64 years. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevalence of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis by underlying cause in understudied ethnic groups: The multiethnic cohort. (qxmd.com)
  • Providers may also administer immunoglobulin to adults older than 40 years of age, if indicated, and persons who are immunocompromised or have chronic liver disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, caused by five distinct hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) whose routes of transmission, risk groups, courses of disease and control are summarized in the Annex. (who.int)
  • All the viruses can cause acute disease but the highest numbers of deaths result from liver cancer and cirrhosis which occur decades after infection with hepatitis B or C. (who.int)
  • With the obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease is considered the most common cause of chronic liver disease in U.S. adults and children. (cdc.gov)
  • Other important causes of chronic liver diseases in the general population include alcoholic liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis infections (C or B). (cdc.gov)
  • A healthy liver is usually soft and flexible, but a person with liver disease tends to have a liver that is stiff. (cdc.gov)
  • He focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease and wheat sensitivity, fibrotic liver diseases and the immunology of chronic diseases and cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • He has helped develop novel diagnostic tools and therapies for inflammatory and fibrotic (scarring) diseases of the liver (cirrhosis), intestine, and other organs, and for coeliac disease, non-coeliac/non-allergy gluten sensitivity, and associated autoimmune and systemic diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • He has researched the role of the immune system in the defense against cancer, especially of the liver and the gastrointestinal tract, and the role of nutrition in autoimmune and metabolic diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and Type 2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to one 2019 study, 20% to 25% of people who misuse alcohol by drinking heavily over many years will develop cirrhosis. (healthline.com)
  • Alcohol consumption was also estimated to cause a quarter of all cirrhosis-related deaths globally in 2019. (healthline.com)
  • A detailed description of the procedures was documented in the 2017-2018 and 2019-2020 Liver Ultrasound Transient Elastography Procedures Manuals of this component. (cdc.gov)
  • Learn about nutritional regimens that have been carefully created to address the many stages and forms of cirrhosis, including both alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. (sanmin.com.tw)
  • In many forms of cirrhosis, iron accumulates in the liver in the form of brown hemosiderin. (medprep.info)
  • Although there is no cure for cirrhosis, early detection of the health problem can delay or stop scarring and reduce complications. (indiatimes.com)
  • Is There a Cure for Cirrhosis of the Liver? (hdkino.org)
  • But you could develop alcohol-related cirrhosis without ever having alcohol-related hepatitis. (healthline.com)
  • The most common causes of cirrhosis are alcohol use disorder and some types of hepatitis. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • It is said that Milk Thistle is the best liver protector of the herbal kingdom, Milk Thistle contains Silymarin compounds - these are strong antioxidants, and have been shown to reduce damage to liver cells caused by cirrhosis, alcohol damage, prescription drugs and hepatitis . (regenerativenutrition.com)
  • Decisions to treat viral hepatitis have to be individualized, after consulting with doctors experienced in treating liver diseases (hepatologists). (hdkino.org)
  • Suppressing the immune system with drugs such as prednisone and azathioprine (Imuran) to decrease inflammation of the liver in autoimmune hepatitis . (hdkino.org)
  • Chronic Hepatitis Chronic hepatitis is inflammation (swelling) of the liver that lasts for 6 months or longer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • But a severely damaged liver can produce a fluid called ascites , which fills the abdominal cavity. (britishlivertrust.org.uk)
  • Symptoms Of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis And Cirrhosis Diet Biliary cirrhosis is liver ailment in which the bile ducts undergo gradual degeneration and fail to perform their normal functions such as detoxifying the blood, cleansing old red blood cells and ensuring proper digestion of food. (diethealthclub.com)
  • A greenish-yellow color is observed in biliary cirrhosis. (medprep.info)
  • The thyroid hormone receptor-beta pathway helps to maintain liver health through control of de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, cholesterol metabolism, and anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, Harrison said. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to avoid things that could damage your liver further, like alcohol, certain medications, and fatty food. (liverfoundation.org)
  • Of these women all were screened with an ultrasound during the 1st trimester- 90 (14%) and 234 (37%) were diagnosed as having fatty liver grade 2 and 1, respectively. (bmj.com)
  • Incidence of GDM increased with increasing fatty liver grade, from 11/100,000 in grade 0, 44/100,000 in grade 1 and 162/100,000 in grade 2. (bmj.com)
  • The authors also determined that fatty liver grade 2 was the only independent risk factor that remained significant for miscarriage after adjustment for age, parity, body mass index, blood sugar, blood pressure, and haemoglobin level, with an odds ratio of 4.2. (bmj.com)
  • The authors specifically mention acute fatty liver of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. (bmj.com)
  • Fatty degeneration of the liver is characteristic of alcoholics, brown liver - for hemochromatosis. (medprep.info)
  • Fatty Liver Fatty liver is an abnormal accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) inside liver cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with fatty liver may feel tired or have mild abdominal discomfort but otherwise have no symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mine was also not alcohol related, it was from fatty liver. (mayoclinic.org)
  • From 1999 to 2016 in the US annual deaths from cirrhosis increased by 65%, to 34 174, while annual deaths from hepatocellular carcinoma doubled to 11 073. (erowid.org)
  • I know nothing about ulcerative colitis, but I did have cirrhosis for which I had a transplant in September 2016. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Liver Int. 2016 Aug;36(8):1151-9. (sct4me.com)
  • A doctor will also run some tests that can confirm a diagnosis of alcohol-related cirrhosis. (healthline.com)
  • What symptoms are associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis? (healthline.com)
  • The symptoms of alcohol-related cirrhosis are similar to those of other alcohol-related liver conditions . (healthline.com)
  • Treatment for someone with cirrhosis often means managing the symptoms of cirrhosis and preventing further damage to avoid liver failure. (liverfoundation.org)
  • because of this, some people may not experience symptoms or have elevated liver enzyme tests even though their liver is damaged. (liverfoundation.org)
  • What's worse is that cirrhosis does not usually exhibit signs or symptoms until liver damage is extensive. (naturalnews.com)
  • Take advantage of useful advice for controlling cirrhosis-related symptoms like fatigue, nausea, and appetite loss. (sanmin.com.tw)
  • Jaundice Symptoms And Diet TreatmentJaundice is a fairly well known condition and is known to affect almost anybody at anytime of their lives. (diethealthclub.com)
  • The booklet explains the common symptoms of cirrhosis, the various medical tests people living with cirrhosis can expect, and treatment options. (catie.ca)
  • What are the symptoms of cirrhosis? (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the U.S., up to 100 million people have NAFLD , leaving them prone to life-threatening conditions such as late-stage liver failure and cirrhosis. (naturalnews.com)
  • People who are overweight are also at risk of getting NAFLD, which can lead to advanced liver scarring. (naturalnews.com)
  • People who are overweight are at risk for NAFLD, so maintaining healthy weight is one way to prevent cirrhosis. (vitanetonline.com)
  • NAFLD was the most common cause of cirrhosis in the entire cohort. (qxmd.com)
  • By ethnicity, NAFLD was the most common cause of cirrhosis in Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Latinos, accounting for 32% of cases. (qxmd.com)
  • NAFLD was the most common cause of CLD and cirrhosis in the entire cohort, and the high prevalence of NAFLD among Japanese Americans and Native Hawaiians is a novel finding, warranting further studies to elucidate the causes. (qxmd.com)
  • Cirrhosis is irreversible and currently untreatable -- avoiding alcohol altogether can prevent further liver damage. (naturalnews.com)
  • The surgeon says that when they operated they also diagnosed cirrhosis - irreversible liver damage - but provided you stop drinking entirely the damaged liver can go on operating on a reduced capacity and you can have a few more years if you are lucky. (britishlivertrust.org.uk)
  • When liver cirrhosis is confirmed , the damage to the liver is generally irreversible. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • This is a significant complication of liver cirrhosis which generally signals irreversible damage. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • Harrison presented the findings at The Liver Meeting 2022, the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. (medscape.com)
  • In particular, it can cause a weakening of the immune system, inflammation, and an increased risk of cardiovascular and liver diseases -- which cirrhosis is a part of. (naturalnews.com)
  • Cirrhosis can also be caused by the ingestion of drugs and toxins, infections, inherited medical conditions, and cardiovascular diseases. (regenerativenutrition.com)
  • Under various etiological stimulations, such as alcohol, viruses, Western diet, endotoxins from the gut microbiota, and circulating antigens, the hepatic immune homeostasis is disrupted leading to chronic liver diseases and eventually liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, the gut microbiome might play a major part in the development of liver diseases. (ku.dk)
  • Similar to the effect of gut microbiota on cirrhosis, emerging evidence also suggests that there is a possible link between a dysbiotic oral microenvironment and liver diseases. (jci.org)
  • Deaths from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, with trends evaluated using joinpoint regression. (erowid.org)
  • The triggers for acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis and an ACLF are most frequently bacterial infections, liver inflammation caused by alcohol, or a combination of both factors. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • 90%), a bacterial infection, liver inflammation caused by alcohol consumption, or both together could be identified as the trigger. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • While dysbiosis in the oral cavity could be a source of systemic inflammation, current cirrhosis treatment modalities are targeted toward the gut-liver axis and do not address the oral microbiome. (jci.org)
  • The aim of this review article is to highlight the role of gut microbiome and inflammation in the pathophysiology of cirrhosis and to introduce the oral-gut-liver axis as a new perspective to consider in future research. (jci.org)
  • This is due to chronic (long-term) inflammation in the liver. (gutcare.com.sg)
  • Burt Berkson, MD, Ph.D. believes Alpha Lipoic Acid to be an excellent therapeutic agent for many types of liver disorders. (regenerativenutrition.com)
  • 3. Novel therapeutic targets and pharmacological regulation of hepatic immune response in liver cirrhosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Splenectomy prior to cell infusion enhanced the therapeutic effect of stem cells on cirrhosis, which involved upregulation ofstromal cell-derived factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor after splenectomy. (sct4me.com)
  • Abstract Background The impact of liver cirrhosis on the outcomes of admission to intensive care unit (ICU) is not completely understood. (figshare.com)
  • When someone has cirrhosis, their liver shrinks and becomes hard, greatly impacting the liver's ability to process the massive amounts of blood for which it's responsible. (liverfoundation.org)
  • In ACLF the progressive loss of function of the scarred liver can no longer be compensated (acute decompensation). (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • This acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis can develop into acute-on-chronic liver failure with inflammatory reactions throughout the body and failure of several organs. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • The current evaluation of the study focused on the question of what can trigger acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • Lead investigator Professor Jonel Trebicka, gastroenterologist and hepatologist at the Medical Clinic I of the University Hospital Frankfurt, explains: "The acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis demands rapid and targeted action. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • The pan-European PREDICT study has monitored the clinical course of acute decompensations of liver cirrhosis to find early signs of the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • In 2013, the Consortium described a new syndrome: Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF), which is the most common cause of death in cirrhosis. (goethe-university-frankfurt.de)
  • CT angiography of a patient with liver cirrhosis showing a prominent hepatic artery in 31 years old female patient with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis Child A (courtesy of Dr. B. Radeleff, University of Heidelberg). (wjgnet.com)
  • most people who develop liver cancer have evidence of cirrhosis. (liverfoundation.org)
  • Exposed workers develop liver damage and cirrhosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Doctors treat liver failure with a liver transplant. (liverfoundation.org)
  • It is important to note, people often live with cirrhosis for a long time before the option of liver transplant is discussed. (liverfoundation.org)
  • Adults with cirrhosis in the liver transplant setting underwent ambulatory frailty testing with the liver frailty index (LFI) in- person , then virtual administration of (1) validated surveys (eg, SARC-F and Duke Activity Status Index [DASI]), (2) chair stands, and (3) balance. (bvsalud.org)
  • We examined the prevalence of CLD and cirrhosis by underlying etiologies among African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and whites in the Multiethnic Cohort. (qxmd.com)
  • White Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans experienced the greatest increase in deaths from cirrhosis. (erowid.org)
  • The device also simultaneously measures the ultrasound attenuation related to the presence of hepatic steatosis and records the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP TM ) as the indicator for the fatness in the liver. (cdc.gov)
  • In some cases, portal flow completely reverses (so called hepatofugal flow) and hepatic blood exits the liver both via hepatic and portal veins. (wjgnet.com)
  • Your doctor will diagnose cirrhosis with blood tests, imaging tests, or a biopsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Damage from prolonged alcohol misuse can lead to alcohol-related cirrhosis. (healthline.com)
  • Cirrhosis shows no sign until liver damage is extensive. (indiatimes.com)
  • Liver damage. (nih.gov)
  • Studies have shown that eating cruciferous vegetables like Brussels sprouts and broccoli can protect the liver from damage, as well as improve its enzyme levels. (naturalnews.com)
  • Finally, eating plenty of green leafy vegetables can protect the liver from damage. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Some of the factors that can lead to short-term and long-term liver damage include excessive drinking, risky sexual behavior, and injuries like vehicle crashes. (vitanetonline.com)
  • As the injuries kill liver cells, your body attempts to rebuild the damage. (hdkino.org)
  • This booklet will help people newly diagnosed with cirrhosis understand the basics of this serious form of liver damage. (catie.ca)