The circulation of BLOOD through the LIVER.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
The movement of the BLOOD as it is pumped through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.
Diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the bodily circulation.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.
Extracts of liver tissue containing uncharacterized specific factors with specific activities; a soluble thermostable fraction of mammalian liver is used in the treatment of pernicious anemia.
Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.
Maintenance of blood flow to an organ despite obstruction of a principal vessel. Blood flow is maintained through small vessels.
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.
Recycling through liver by excretion in bile, reabsorption from intestines (INTESTINAL REABSORPTION) into portal circulation, passage back into liver, and re-excretion in bile.
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
Excision of all or part of the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS supplying the abdominal VISCERA.
The circulation of BLOOD, of both the mother and the FETUS, through the PLACENTA.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Devices for simulating the activities of the liver. They often consist of a hybrid between both biological and artificial materials.
Glycogen stored in the liver. (Dorland, 28th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Determination of the shortest time interval between the injection of a substance in the vein and its arrival at some distant site in sufficient concentration to produce a recognizable end result. It represents approximately the inverse of the average velocity of blood flow between two points.
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.
Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. They filter bacteria and small foreign proteins out of the blood, and dispose of worn out red blood cells.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
An emulsifying agent produced in the LIVER and secreted into the DUODENUM. Its composition includes BILE ACIDS AND SALTS; CHOLESTEROL; and ELECTROLYTES. It aids DIGESTION of fats in the duodenum.
A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A branch of the celiac artery that distributes to the stomach, pancreas, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, and greater omentum.
The channels that collect and transport the bile secretion from the BILE CANALICULI, the smallest branch of the BILIARY TRACT in the LIVER, through the bile ductules, the bile ducts out the liver, and to the GALLBLADDER for storage.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site.
Veins which drain the liver.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The circulation in a portion of the body of one individual of blood supplied from another individual.
F344 rats are an inbred strain of albino laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have been widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background, which facilitates the study of disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Pumping that aids the natural activity of the heart. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.
Non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients.
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (1/928)

In vitro and in vivo studies were made on the tissue specificity of oxidation of the ketogenic amino acids, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. In in vitro studies the abilities of slices of various tissues of rats to form 14CO2 from 14C-amino acids were examined. With liver, but not kidney slices, addition of alpha-ketoglutarate was required for the maximum activities with these amino acids. Among the various tissues tested, kidney had the highest activity for lysine oxidation, followed by liver; other tissues showed very low activity. Kidney also had the highest activity for leucine oxidation, followed by diaphragm; liver and adipose tissue had lower activities. Liver had the highest activity for tyrosine oxidation, but kidney also showed considerable activity; other tissues had negligible activity. In in vivo studies the blood flow through the liver or kidney was stopped by ligation of the blood vessels. Then labeled amino acids were injected and recovery of radioactivity in respiratory 14CO2 was measured. In contrast to results with slices, no difference was found in the respiratory 14CO2 when the renal blood vessels were or were not ligated. On the contrary ligation of the hepatic vessels suppressed the oxidations of lysine and tyrosine completely and that of leucine partially. Thus in vivo, lysine and tyrosine seem to be metabolized mainly in the liver, whereas leucine is metabolized mostly in extrahepatic tissues and partly in liver. Use of tissue slices seems to be of only limited value in elucidating the metabolisms of these amino acids.  (+info)

Pulsed Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of portal blood flow in dogs with experimental portal vein branch ligation. (2/928)

Portal blood flow was measured using pulsed Doppler ultrasound in 6 dogs before and after left portal vein branch ligation. Mean portal vein blood flow velocity and mean portal vein blood flow were significantly reduced after ligation and the congestion index was increased (p < 0.01). Pulsed Doppler ultrasound studies provide valuable physiological information which may assist the clinician with the diagnosis of canine hepatic circulatory disorders.  (+info)

Lobar decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. (3/928)

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma can obstruct hepatic ducts and involve the portal veins. Both biliary stasis and decrease in portal venous flow are known to reduce 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin (GSA) accumulation. The specific relationship between these pathological conditions due to hilar cholangiocarcinomas and 99mTc-GSA accumulation has never been clarified. METHODS: Sixteen patients with hilar cholangiocarcinomas who underwent 99mTc-GSA liver scintigraphy were reviewed. The relationship between significant decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation and lobar biliary stasis, or decrease in the portal venous flow, was evaluated. Average counts of region of interest placed in both right and left lobes were compared in the same transaxial SPECT section. Count ratios of right and left lobes were calculated. RESULTS: Significant lobar decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation was observed in 6 of the 16 patients. Ipsilateral portal venous stenosis or obstruction was seen in all these 6 patients, whereas ipsilateral portal venous stenosis or obstruction was seen in only 1 of the other 10 patients. Symmetric bile duct dilatation was seen in 13 patients, and asymmetric bile duct dilatation was seen in 3. Lobar decrease in 99mTc-GSA accumulation correlated well with decrease in ipsilateral portal venous flow (P < 0.0005). The count ratio was significantly reduced when unilateral portal venous flow decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Using 99mTc-GSA liver scintigraphy, we can predict lobar decrease in ipsilateral portal venous flow and monitor hepatic functional lateralities in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinomas.  (+info)

Preserved arterial flow secures hepatic oxygenation during haemorrhage in the pig. (4/928)

1. This study examined the extent of liver perfusion and its oxygenation during progressive haemorrhage. We examined hepatic arterial flow and hepatic oxygenation following the reduced portal flow during haemorrhage in 18 pigs. The hepatic surface oxygenation was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy and the hepatic metabolism of oxygen, lactate and catecholamines determined the adequacy of the hepatic flow. 2. Stepwise haemorrhage until circulatory collapse resulted in proportional reductions in cardiac output and in arterial, central venous and pulmonary wedge pressures. While heart rate increased, pulmonary arterial pressure remained stable. In addition, renal blood flow decreased, renal vascular resistance increased and there was elevated noradrenaline spill-over. Further, renal surface oxygenation was lowered from the onset of haemorrhage. 3. Similarly, the portal blood flow was reduced in response to haemorrhage, and, as for the renal flow, the reduced splanchnic blood flow was associated with an elevated noradrenaline spill-over. In contrast, hepatic arterial blood flow was only slightly reduced by haemorrhage, and surface oxygenation did not change. The hepatic oxygen uptake was maintained until the blood loss represented more than 30 % of the estimated blood volume. At 30 % reduced blood volume, hepatic catecholamine uptake was reduced, and the lactate uptake approached zero. 4. Subsequent reduction of cardiac output and portal blood flow elicited a selective dilatation of the hepatic arterial vascular bed. Due to this dilatation liver blood flow and hepatic cell oxygenation and metabolism were preserved prior to circulatory collapse.  (+info)

Hepatosplanchnic haemodynamics and renal blood flow and function in rats with liver failure. (5/928)

BACKGROUND: Massive liver necrosis, characteristic of acute liver failure, may affect hepatosplanchnic haemodynamics, and contribute to the alterations in renal haemodynamics and function. AIMS: To investigate the relation between hepatosplanchnic haemodynamics, including portal systemic shunting, and renal blood flow and function in rats with acute liver failure. METHODS: Liver failure was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of 1.1 g/kg of D(+)-galactosamine hydrochloride. The parameters assessed included; systemic, hepatosplanchnic, and renal blood flow (57Co microsphere method); portal-systemic shunting and intrarenal shunting (consecutive intrasplenic, intraportal, or renal arterial injections of 99mTc methylene diphosphonate and 99mTc albumin microspheres); arterial blood pressure and portal pressure; renal function; and liver function (liver function tests and 14C aminopyrine breath test). RESULTS: Progressive liver dysfunction was accompanied by the development of a hyperdynamic circulation, a highly significant decrease in renal blood flow and function, and an increase in intrarenal shunting 36, 42, and 48 hours after administration of D-galactosamine. The alterations in renal blood flow and function were accompanied by significant increases in portal pressure, portal venous inflow, and intrahepatic portal systemic shunting in galactosamine treated rats compared with controls. There was a significant correlation between changes in renal blood flow and changes in portal pressure, intrahepatic portal systemic shunting, and deterioration in liver function (r = 0.8, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that both increased intrahepatic portal systemic shunting and hepatocyte impairment may contribute to alterations in renal haemodynamics and function.  (+info)

Assessment of the mechanism of juxtacrine activation and adhesion of leukocytes in liver microcirculation. (6/928)

Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), histamine, and other mediators can induce expression of P-selectin and platelet-activating factor (PAF) on venular endothelium to recruit leukocytes in vivo and in vitro via a juxtacrine mechanism of adhesion. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of histamine and LTC4 on the leukocyte recruitment in the liver and to study the components and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. We visualized the hepatic microvasculature using intravital microscopy and we determined that LTC4 (20 nM) but not histamine (0.1, 0.3, or 1 mM) induced leukocyte recruitment in the liver microcirculation. Histamine could induce leukocyte recruitment but only in the presence of an antihistaminase. The LTC4-induced leukocyte recruitment occurred primarily in sinusoids (not venules) and was not inhibitable by three different anti-P-selectin antibodies (5H1, RMP-1, and RB40). Leukocyte recruitment in P-selectin-deficient mice, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-deficient mice, and mice treated with a PAF antagonist was of the same magnitude as in wild-type animals in response to LTC4. Although PAF alone could induce adhesion in both sinusoids and postsinusoidal venules, this chemotactic agent was not involved in LTC4-induced adhesion in the liver. Finally, an overlapping role for P-selectin and ICAM-1 was ruled out as LTC4 induced leukocyte recruitment in P-selectin and ICAM-1 double-deficient mice. These data demonstrate that LTC4 does not activate the known early mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment, including P-selectin, PAF, or ICAM-1 in the hepatic microvasculature.  (+info)

Total and functional hepatic blood flow decrease in parallel with ageing. (7/928)

OBJECTIVES: To study changes in hepatic blood flow with age. DESIGN: Functional hepatic flow (FHF) and total hepatic flow (THF) were determined by non-invasive methods in 40 normal subjects in four age groups (<45, 45-60, 61-75 and >75 years). All subjects had normal routine liver function tests and no history of liver disease. RESULTS: THF was measured by pulsed echo-Doppler, as the sum of portal and hepatic artery blood flow; FHF was measured by the hepatic clearance of D-sorbitol. THF significantly decreased with age, particularly in subjects over 75 (from 1445+/-220 ml/min to 1020+/-148; P<0.001), and a similar reduction was observed in FHF (from 1514+/-250 ml/min to 1015+/-163; P<0.001). THF and FHF were strictly correlated in the whole population (r = 0.871; P<0.001) and both correlated with age (r = -0.510 and r = -0.596; P<0.005). CONCLUSION: With ageing there is a reduction of hepatic blood flow without any additional intrahepatic shunting.  (+info)

A new sample-processing unit for the fluorescent microsphere method. (8/928)

The use of fluorescent-labeled microspheres (FM) for measurement of regional blood flow is an attractive alternative to the use of radioactive-labeled microspheres. In the FM method the FM have to be completely recovered from the tissue samples in a time- and labor-intensive process. For this reason, a considerable loss of FM is possible. The aim of this study was to develop a filtration device that allows the tissue sample to remain in a single container throughout the procedure to make the process easier and to avoid the loss of FM. The core of the sample-processing unit (SPU) is a single-tube filtration device with a polyamide wire mesh. The protocol for processing tissue from different organs (heart, kidney, liver, spleen, intestine, muscle, bone, lung, brain) was modified and thus shortened significantly. Furthermore, the SPU allows direct filtration of the blood reference sample without previous digestion. Different experiments showed that the SPU in combination with the new protocol excludes the loss of 15-micrometers FM. The modifications of the whole procedure render it faster and highly standardized.  (+info)

Liver circulation, also known as hepatic circulation, refers to the blood flow through the liver. The liver receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein.

The hepatic artery delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver, accounting for about 25% of the liver's blood supply. The remaining 75% comes from the portal vein, which carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver.

In the liver, these two sources of blood mix in the sinusoids, small vessels with large spaces between the endothelial cells that line them. This allows for efficient exchange of substances between the blood and the hepatocytes (liver cells). The blood then leaves the liver through the hepatic veins, which merge into the inferior vena cava and return the blood to the heart.

The unique dual blood supply and extensive sinusoidal network in the liver enable it to perform various critical functions, such as detoxification, metabolism, synthesis, storage, and secretion of numerous substances, maintaining body homeostasis.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

Blood circulation, also known as cardiovascular circulation, refers to the process by which blood is pumped by the heart and circulated throughout the body through a network of blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries. This process ensures that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to cells and tissues, while waste products and carbon dioxide are removed.

The circulation of blood can be divided into two main parts: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation involves the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The systemic circulation refers to the movement of blood between the heart and the rest of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues while picking up waste products for removal.

The heart plays a central role in blood circulation, acting as a pump that contracts and relaxes to move blood through the body. The contraction of the heart's left ventricle pushes oxygenated blood into the aorta, which then branches off into smaller arteries that carry blood throughout the body. The blood then flows through capillaries, where it exchanges oxygen and nutrients for waste products and carbon dioxide with surrounding cells and tissues. The deoxygenated blood is then collected in veins, which merge together to form larger vessels that eventually return the blood back to the heart's right atrium. From there, the blood is pumped into the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide, completing the cycle of blood circulation.

Microsomes, liver refers to a subcellular fraction of liver cells (hepatocytes) that are obtained during tissue homogenization and subsequent centrifugation. These microsomal fractions are rich in membranous structures known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), particularly the rough ER. They are involved in various important cellular processes, most notably the metabolism of xenobiotics (foreign substances) including drugs, toxins, and carcinogens.

The liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, that are crucial for phase I drug metabolism. These enzymes help in the oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of xenobiotics, making them more water-soluble and facilitating their excretion from the body. Additionally, liver microsomes also host other enzymes involved in phase II conjugation reactions, where the metabolites from phase I are further modified by adding polar molecules like glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetyl groups.

In summary, liver microsomes are a subcellular fraction of liver cells that play a significant role in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics, contributing to the overall protection and maintenance of cellular homeostasis within the body.

Liver regeneration is the ability of the liver to restore its original mass and function after injury or surgical resection. This complex process involves the proliferation and differentiation of mature hepatocytes, as well as the activation and transdifferentiation of various types of stem and progenitor cells located in the liver. The mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration include a variety of growth factors, hormones, and cytokines, which act in a coordinated manner to ensure the restoration of normal liver architecture and function. Liver regeneration is essential for the survival of individuals who have undergone partial hepatectomy or who have suffered liver damage due to various causes, such as viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, or drug-induced liver injury.

Fatty liver, also known as hepatic steatosis, is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver. The liver's primary function is to process nutrients, filter blood, and fight infections, among other tasks. When excess fat builds up in the liver cells, it can impair liver function and lead to inflammation, scarring, and even liver failure if left untreated.

Fatty liver can be caused by various factors, including alcohol consumption, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, and certain medications or medical conditions. NAFLD is the most common cause of fatty liver in the United States and other developed countries, affecting up to 25% of the population.

Symptoms of fatty liver may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain or discomfort, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, many people with fatty liver do not experience any symptoms, making it essential to diagnose and manage the condition through regular check-ups and blood tests.

Treatment for fatty liver depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss, exercise, and dietary modifications are often recommended for people with NAFLD or alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Medications may also be prescribed to manage related conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, or metabolic syndrome. In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is a term used in medicine to describe the process of temporarily taking over the functions of the heart and lungs by using a machine. This allows the surgeon to perform certain types of surgery, such as open-heart surgery, on a still and bloodless operating field.

During ECC, the patient's blood is circulated outside the body through a pump and oxygenator. The pump helps to maintain blood flow and pressure, while the oxygenator adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide. This allows the surgeon to stop the heart and arrest its motion, making it easier to perform delicate procedures on the heart and surrounding structures.

Extracorporeal circulation is a complex and high-risk procedure that requires careful monitoring and management by a team of healthcare professionals. It carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and injury to blood vessels or organs. However, when performed correctly, it can be a life-saving measure for patients undergoing certain types of surgery.

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.

These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.

I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all complex living organisms, including humans, while the liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. They don't have a medical definition together. I can certainly provide you with separate definitions for each:

1. Mitochondria: These are double-membrane-bound cellular organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Commonly known as the "powerhouse of the cell," mitochondria convert organic substrates, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are dynamic structures that can change their shape, size, and number through fission (division) and fusion (merging) processes. They play essential roles in various cellular functions, including calcium signaling, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and the regulation of cellular metabolism.

2. Liver: The liver is a large, lobulated organ that lies mainly in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, metabolism, and nutrient storage. The liver is responsible for removing toxins from the bloodstream, producing bile to aid in digestion, regulating glucose levels, synthesizing plasma proteins, and storing glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. It also contributes to the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, helping maintain energy homeostasis in the body.

I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any further questions or need more information, please don't hesitate to ask.

Pulmonary circulation refers to the process of blood flow through the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. This is a vital part of the overall circulatory system, which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the body's cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation returns to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood then moves into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and gets pumped into the pulmonary artery when the right ventricle contracts.

The pulmonary artery divides into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further branch into a vast network of tiny capillaries in the lungs. Here, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is exhaled through the nose or mouth.

The now oxygenated blood collects in venules, which merge to form pulmonary veins. These veins transport the oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium of the heart, where it enters the systemic circulation once again. This continuous cycle enables the body's cells to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for proper functioning while disposing of waste products.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) is a medical term that refers to liver damage or injury caused by the use of medications or drugs. This condition can vary in severity, from mild abnormalities in liver function tests to severe liver failure, which may require a liver transplant.

The exact mechanism of DILI can differ depending on the drug involved, but it generally occurs when the liver metabolizes the drug into toxic compounds that damage liver cells. This can happen through various pathways, including direct toxicity to liver cells, immune-mediated reactions, or metabolic idiosyncrasies.

Symptoms of DILI may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and dark urine. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as ascites, encephalopathy, and bleeding disorders.

The diagnosis of DILI is often challenging because it requires the exclusion of other potential causes of liver injury. Liver function tests, imaging studies, and sometimes liver biopsies may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending drug and providing supportive care until the liver recovers. In some cases, medications that protect the liver or promote its healing may be used.

Liver extracts are preparations made from animal livers, often from cows or pigs, that contain various nutrients, vitamins, and minerals found in liver tissue. They have been used historically in medicine as a source of nutrition and to treat certain medical conditions.

Liver extracts contain high levels of vitamin B12, iron, and other essential nutrients. They were once commonly prescribed to treat anemia, pernicious anemia (a type of anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency), and other conditions related to malnutrition. However, with the advent of more modern treatments and better methods for addressing nutritional deficiencies, liver extracts are less commonly used in modern medicine.

It's important to note that while liver extracts can be a good source of nutrition, they should not be used as a substitute for a balanced diet. Moreover, individuals with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease or hemochromatosis (a condition characterized by excessive iron absorption), should avoid liver extracts or use them only under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Experimental liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the liver that are intentionally created or manipulated in a laboratory setting for the purpose of studying their development, progression, and potential treatment options. These experimental models can be established using various methods such as chemical induction, genetic modification, or transplantation of cancerous cells or tissues. The goal of this research is to advance our understanding of liver cancer biology and develop novel therapies for liver neoplasms in humans. It's important to note that these experiments are conducted under strict ethical guidelines and regulations to minimize harm and ensure the humane treatment of animals involved in such studies.

Collateral circulation refers to the alternate blood supply routes that bypass an obstructed or narrowed vessel and reconnect with the main vascular system. These collateral vessels can develop over time as a result of the body's natural adaptation to chronic ischemia (reduced blood flow) caused by various conditions such as atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, or vasculitis.

The development of collateral circulation helps maintain adequate blood flow and oxygenation to affected tissues, minimizing the risk of tissue damage and necrosis. In some cases, well-developed collateral circulations can help compensate for significant blockages in major vessels, reducing symptoms and potentially preventing the need for invasive interventions like revascularization procedures. However, the extent and effectiveness of collateral circulation vary from person to person and depend on factors such as age, overall health status, and the presence of comorbidities.

Acute liver failure is a sudden and severe loss of liver function that occurs within a few days or weeks. It can be caused by various factors such as drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, or metabolic disorders. In acute liver failure, the liver cannot perform its vital functions, including protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The symptoms of acute liver failure include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), coagulopathy (bleeding disorders), hepatic encephalopathy (neurological symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and coma), and elevated levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Acute liver failure is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospitalization and treatment, which may include medications, supportive care, and liver transplantation.

A liver abscess is a localized collection of pus within the liver tissue caused by an infection. It can result from various sources such as bacterial or amebic infections that spread through the bloodstream, bile ducts, or directly from nearby organs. The abscess may cause symptoms like fever, pain in the upper right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. If left untreated, a liver abscess can lead to serious complications, including sepsis and organ failure. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scan, followed by drainage of the pus and antibiotic treatment.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a term that encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The three main stages of ALD are:

1. Fatty Liver: This is the earliest stage of ALD, characterized by the accumulation of fat droplets within liver cells (hepatocytes). It's often reversible with abstinence from alcohol.

2. Alcoholic Hepatitis: This is a more severe form of ALD, characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver cells. It can range from mild to severe, and severe cases can lead to liver failure. Symptoms may include jaundice, abdominal pain, and fever.

3. Cirrhosis: This is the most advanced stage of ALD, characterized by widespread scarring (fibrosis) and nodular transformation of the liver. It's irreversible and can lead to complications such as liver failure, portal hypertension, and increased risk of liver cancer.

The development and progression of ALD are influenced by various factors, including the amount and duration of alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, nutritional status, and co-existing viral hepatitis or other liver diseases. Abstaining from alcohol is the most effective way to prevent and manage ALD.

Enterohepatic circulation is the process by which certain substances, such as bile salts, bilirubin, and some drugs, are chemically modified and reabsorbed in the enterohepatic system. This system includes the liver, bile ducts, and small intestine.

In the case of bile salts, they are synthesized in the liver, secreted into the bile, and stored in the gallbladder. After a meal, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion. The bile salts help to emulsify fats, allowing them to be absorbed by the intestines. Once absorbed, they are transported back to the liver through the portal vein, where they can be reused for further bile production.

Similarly, bilirubin, a waste product produced from the breakdown of red blood cells, is also conjugated in the liver and excreted into the bile. In the small intestine, bacteria break down bilirubin into colorless urobilinogen, which can be reabsorbed and transported back to the liver for further processing.

Certain drugs may also undergo enterohepatic circulation, where they are metabolized in the liver, excreted into the bile, and then reabsorbed in the small intestine. This can prolong the duration of drug action and affect its overall effectiveness.

Hepatocytes are the predominant type of cells in the liver, accounting for about 80% of its cytoplasmic mass. They play a key role in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances, initiation of formation and secretion of bile, and enzyme production. Hepatocytes are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Hepatectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of part or all of the liver. This procedure can be performed for various reasons, such as removing cancerous or non-cancerous tumors, treating liver trauma, or donating a portion of the liver to another person in need of a transplant (live donor hepatectomy). The extent of the hepatectomy depends on the medical condition and overall health of the patient. It is a complex procedure that requires significant expertise and experience from the surgical team due to the liver's unique anatomy, blood supply, and regenerative capabilities.

Coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood in the coronary vessels, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) and drain deoxygenated blood from it. The coronary circulation system includes two main coronary arteries - the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery - that branch off from the aorta just above the aortic valve. These arteries further divide into smaller branches, which supply blood to different regions of the heart muscle.

The left main coronary artery divides into two branches: the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the left circumflex (LCx) artery. The LAD supplies blood to the front and sides of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the back and sides of the heart. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the lower part of the heart, including the right ventricle and the bottom portion of the left ventricle.

The veins that drain the heart muscle include the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein, which merge to form the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium, allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the right side of the heart and be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

Coronary circulation is essential for maintaining the health and function of the heart muscle, as it provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients required for proper contraction and relaxation of the myocardium. Any disruption or blockage in the coronary circulation system can lead to serious consequences, such as angina, heart attack, or even death.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the brain tissue, and remove waste products. It includes the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, circle of Willis, and the intracranial arteries that branch off from them.

The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries merge to form the circle of Willis, a polygonal network of vessels located at the base of the brain. The anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, and communicating arteries are the major vessels that branch off from the circle of Willis and supply blood to different regions of the brain.

Interruptions or abnormalities in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to various neurological conditions such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia.

Experimental liver cirrhosis refers to a controlled research setting where various factors and substances are intentionally introduced to induce liver cirrhosis in animals or cell cultures. The purpose is to study the mechanisms, progression, potential treatments, and prevention strategies for liver cirrhosis. This could involve administering chemicals, drugs, alcohol, viruses, or manipulating genes associated with liver damage and fibrosis. It's important to note that results from experimental models may not directly translate to human conditions, but they can provide valuable insights into disease pathophysiology and therapeutic development.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis is a medical condition characterized by irreversible scarring (fibrosis) and damage to the liver caused by excessive consumption of alcohol over an extended period. The liver's normal structure and function are progressively impaired as healthy liver tissue is replaced by scarred tissue, leading to the formation of nodules (regenerative noduli).

The condition typically develops after years of heavy drinking, with a higher risk for those who consume more than 60 grams of pure alcohol daily. The damage caused by alcoholic liver cirrhosis can be life-threatening and may result in complications such as:

1. Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen)
2. Encephalopathy (neurological dysfunction due to liver failure)
3. Esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus that can rupture and bleed)
4. Hepatorenal syndrome (kidney failure caused by liver disease)
5. Increased susceptibility to infections
6. Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)
7. Portal hypertension (increased blood pressure in the portal vein that supplies blood to the liver)

Abstaining from alcohol and managing underlying medical conditions are crucial for slowing down or halting disease progression. Treatment may involve medications, dietary changes, and supportive care to address complications. In severe cases, a liver transplant might be necessary.

Splanchnic circulation refers to the blood flow to the visceral organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, and liver. These organs receive a significant portion of the cardiac output, with approximately 25-30% of the total restingly going to the splanchnic circulation. The splanchnic circulation is regulated by a complex interplay of neural and hormonal mechanisms that help maintain adequate blood flow to these vital organs while also allowing for the distribution of blood to other parts of the body as needed.

The splanchnic circulation is unique in its ability to vasodilate and increase blood flow significantly in response to meals or other stimuli, such as stress or hormonal changes. This increased blood flow helps support the digestive process and absorption of nutrients. At the same time, the body must carefully regulate this blood flow to prevent a significant drop in blood pressure or overloading the heart with too much work.

Overall, the splanchnic circulation plays a critical role in maintaining the health and function of the body's vital organs, and dysregulation of this system can contribute to various diseases, including digestive disorders, liver disease, and cardiovascular disease.

Placental circulation refers to the specialized circulatory system that develops during pregnancy to allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother's blood and the fetal blood in the placenta. The placenta is a highly vascular organ that grows within the uterus and is connected to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord.

In the maternal side of the placenta, the spiral arteries branch into smaller vessels called the intervillous spaces, where they come in close contact with the fetal blood vessels within the villi (finger-like projections) of the placenta. The intervillous spaces are filled with maternal blood that flows around the villi, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the two circulations.

On the fetal side, the umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one umbilical vein that returns oxygenated blood back to the fetus. The umbilical arteries branch into smaller vessels within the villi, where they exchange gases and nutrients with the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.

Overall, the placental circulation is a crucial component of fetal development, allowing for the growing fetus to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to support its growth and development.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

An artificial liver is not a actual organ replacement but a device designed to perform some of the functions of a liver in patients with liver failure. These devices can be divided into two types: bioartificial and non-bioartificial. Non-bioartificial devices, such as hemodialysis machines and molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS), use physical and chemical processes to remove toxins from the blood. Bioartificial livers, on the other hand, contain living cells, usually hepatocytes, which can perform more advanced liver functions such as synthesizing proteins and drugs metabolism.

It's important to note that currently there is no FDA approved artificial liver device available for use in clinical practice. However, research and development of these devices are ongoing with the hope that they may provide a bridge to transplantation or recovery for patients with acute liver failure.

Liver glycogen is the reserve form of glucose stored in hepatocytes (liver cells) for the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. It is a polysaccharide, a complex carbohydrate, that is broken down into glucose molecules when blood glucose levels are low. This process helps to maintain the body's energy needs between meals and during periods of fasting or exercise. The amount of glycogen stored in the liver can vary depending on factors such as meal consumption, activity level, and insulin regulation.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a type of enzyme found primarily in the cells of the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cells of other tissues such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to another alpha-keto acid, usually pyruvate, to form pyruvate and another amino acid, usually glutamate. This process is known as the transamination reaction.

When liver cells are damaged or destroyed due to various reasons such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury, ALT is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the level of ALT in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating liver function and detecting liver damage. Normal ALT levels vary depending on the laboratory, but typically range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L) for men and 6 to 45 U/L for women. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver injury or disease, although other factors such as muscle damage or heart disease can also cause elevations in ALT.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.

The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.

Blood circulation time is the duration it takes for blood to travel throughout the body and return to the point of origin. It is typically measured from the time a substance is injected into the bloodstream until it can be detected at the original injection site after circulating through the body. This measurement can provide valuable information about an individual's cardiovascular health, as any delays in circulation time may indicate issues with the heart or blood vessels.

In medical terms, blood circulation time is often divided into two components: the pulmonary circulation time and the systemic circulation time. The pulmonary circulation time refers to the time it takes for blood to travel from the heart to the lungs and back again, while the systemic circulation time refers to the time it takes for blood to travel from the heart to the rest of the body and back again.

There are several methods for measuring blood circulation time, including injecting a dye or other substance into the bloodstream and using specialized equipment to detect its presence at various points in the body. This information can be used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as heart disease, shock, and other circulatory disorders.

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is a term used to describe advanced and irreversible liver damage, usually caused by chronic liver conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, or alcoholic liver disease. At this stage, the liver can no longer function properly, leading to a range of serious complications.

The symptoms of ESLD may include:

* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen)
* Encephalopathy (confusion, drowsiness, or coma caused by the buildup of toxins in the brain)
* Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract
* Infections
* Kidney failure

Treatment for ESLD typically focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary to improve survival. However, due to the shortage of available donor livers, many people with ESLD are not eligible for transplantation. The prognosis for individuals with ESLD is generally poor, with a median survival time of less than one year.

Tissue distribution, in the context of pharmacology and toxicology, refers to the way that a drug or xenobiotic (a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism) is distributed throughout the body's tissues after administration. It describes how much of the drug or xenobiotic can be found in various tissues and organs, and is influenced by factors such as blood flow, lipid solubility, protein binding, and the permeability of cell membranes. Understanding tissue distribution is important for predicting the potential effects of a drug or toxin on different parts of the body, and for designing drugs with improved safety and efficacy profiles.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Perfusion, in medical terms, refers to the process of circulating blood through the body's organs and tissues to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. It is a measure of the delivery of adequate blood flow to specific areas or tissues in the body. Perfusion can be assessed using various methods, including imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and perfusion scintigraphy.

Perfusion is critical for maintaining proper organ function and overall health. When perfusion is impaired or inadequate, it can lead to tissue hypoxia, acidosis, and cell death, which can result in organ dysfunction or failure. Conditions that can affect perfusion include cardiovascular disease, shock, trauma, and certain surgical procedures.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

The portal vein is the large venous trunk that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (draining the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine) and the splenic vein (draining the spleen and pancreas). The portal vein then divides into right and left branches within the liver, where the blood flows through the sinusoids and gets enriched with oxygen and nutrients before being drained by the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava. This unique arrangement allows the liver to process and detoxify the absorbed nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate metabolic homeostasis.

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages that reside in the liver, particularly in the sinusoids of the liver's blood circulation system. They play a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying bacteria, microorganisms, and other particles that enter the liver via the portal vein. Kupffer cells also contribute to the clearance of damaged red blood cells, iron metabolism, and the regulation of inflammation in the liver. They are named after the German pathologist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer who first described them in 1876.

Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the liver, often resulting in damage to liver cells. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections (such as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E), alcohol abuse, toxins, medications, and autoimmune disorders. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine. The severity of the disease can range from mild illness to severe, life-threatening conditions, such as liver failure or cirrhosis.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mild ether-like odor. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It was previously used as a solvent and refrigerant, but its use has been largely phased out due to its toxicity and ozone-depleting properties.

Inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with carbon tetrachloride can cause harmful health effects. Short-term exposure can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Long-term exposure has been linked to liver and kidney damage, as well as an increased risk of cancer.

Carbon tetrachloride is also a potent greenhouse gas and contributes to climate change. Its production and use are regulated by international agreements aimed at protecting human health and the environment.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Bile is a digestive fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays an essential role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Bile consists of bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, and water.

Bile salts are amphipathic molecules that help to emulsify fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area and allowing for more efficient digestion by enzymes such as lipase. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells and gives bile its characteristic greenish-brown color.

Bile is released into the small intestine in response to food, particularly fats, entering the digestive tract. It helps to break down large fat molecules into smaller ones that can be absorbed through the walls of the intestines and transported to other parts of the body for energy or storage.

The Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzyme system is a group of enzymes found primarily in the liver, but also in other organs such as the intestines, lungs, and skin. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism and biotransformation of various substances, including drugs, environmental toxins, and endogenous compounds like hormones and fatty acids.

The name "Cytochrome P-450" refers to the unique property of these enzymes to bind to carbon monoxide (CO) and form a complex that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm, which can be detected spectrophotometrically.

The CYP450 enzyme system is involved in Phase I metabolism of xenobiotics, where it catalyzes oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation, dealkylation, and epoxidation. These reactions introduce functional groups into the substrate molecule, which can then undergo further modifications by other enzymes during Phase II metabolism.

There are several families and subfamilies of CYP450 enzymes, each with distinct substrate specificities and functions. Some of the most important CYP450 enzymes include:

1. CYP3A4: This is the most abundant CYP450 enzyme in the human liver and is involved in the metabolism of approximately 50% of all drugs. It also metabolizes various endogenous compounds like steroids, bile acids, and vitamin D.
2. CYP2D6: This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of many psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers. It also metabolizes some endogenous compounds like dopamine and serotonin.
3. CYP2C9: This enzyme plays a significant role in the metabolism of warfarin, phenytoin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. CYP2C19: This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel.
5. CYP2E1: This enzyme metabolizes various xenobiotics like alcohol, acetaminophen, and carbon tetrachloride, as well as some endogenous compounds like fatty acids and prostaglandins.

Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 enzymes can significantly affect drug metabolism and response, leading to interindividual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. Understanding the role of CYP450 enzymes in drug metabolism is crucial for optimizing pharmacotherapy and minimizing adverse effects.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

A portal system in medicine refers to a venous system in which veins from various tissues or organs (known as tributaries) drain into a common large vessel (known as the portal vein), which then carries the blood to a specific organ for filtration and processing before it is returned to the systemic circulation. The most well-known example of a portal system is the hepatic portal system, where veins from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and stomach merge into the portal vein and then transport blood to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing. Other examples include the hypophyseal portal system, which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, and the renal portal system found in some animals.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk or abdominal aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. It typically divides into two main branches, the right and left hepatic arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels to supply different regions of the liver. The hepatic artery also gives off branches to supply other organs such as the gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum.

It's worth noting that there is significant variability in the anatomy of the hepatic artery, with some individuals having additional branches or variations in the origin of the vessel. This variability can have implications for surgical procedures involving the liver and surrounding organs.

Bile ducts are tubular structures that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage or directly to the small intestine to aid in digestion. There are two types of bile ducts: intrahepatic and extrahepatic. Intrahepatic bile ducts are located within the liver and drain bile from liver cells, while extrahepatic bile ducts are outside the liver and include the common hepatic duct, cystic duct, and common bile duct. These ducts can become obstructed or inflamed, leading to various medical conditions such as cholestasis, cholecystitis, and gallstones.

Vascular resistance is a measure of the opposition to blood flow within a vessel or a group of vessels, typically expressed in units of mmHg/(mL/min) or sometimes as dynes*sec/cm^5. It is determined by the diameter and length of the vessels, as well as the viscosity of the blood flowing through them. In general, a decrease in vessel diameter, an increase in vessel length, or an increase in blood viscosity will result in an increase in vascular resistance, while an increase in vessel diameter, a decrease in vessel length, or a decrease in blood viscosity will result in a decrease in vascular resistance. Vascular resistance is an important concept in the study of circulation and cardiovascular physiology because it plays a key role in determining blood pressure and blood flow within the body.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Metabolic clearance rate is a term used in pharmacology to describe the volume of blood or plasma from which a drug is completely removed per unit time by metabolic processes. It is a measure of the body's ability to eliminate a particular substance and is usually expressed in units of volume (e.g., milliliters or liters) per time (e.g., minutes, hours, or days).

The metabolic clearance rate can be calculated by dividing the total amount of drug eliminated by the plasma concentration of the drug and the time over which it was eliminated. It provides important information about the pharmacokinetics of a drug, including its rate of elimination and the potential for drug-drug interactions that may affect metabolism.

It is worth noting that there are different types of clearance rates, such as renal clearance rate (which refers to the removal of a drug by the kidneys) or hepatic clearance rate (which refers to the removal of a drug by the liver). Metabolic clearance rate specifically refers to the elimination of a drug through metabolic processes, which can occur in various organs throughout the body.

The hepatic veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver back to the heart. There are typically three major hepatic veins - right, middle, and left - that originate from the posterior aspect of the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava just below the diaphragm. These veins are responsible for returning the majority of the blood flow from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the heart. It's important to note that the hepatic veins do not have valves, which can make them susceptible to a condition called Budd-Chiari syndrome, where blood clots form in the veins and obstruct the flow of blood from the liver.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Intravenous injections are a type of medical procedure where medication or fluids are administered directly into a vein using a needle and syringe. This route of administration is also known as an IV injection. The solution injected enters the patient's bloodstream immediately, allowing for rapid absorption and onset of action. Intravenous injections are commonly used to provide quick relief from symptoms, deliver medications that are not easily absorbed by other routes, or administer fluids and electrolytes in cases of dehydration or severe illness. It is important that intravenous injections are performed using aseptic technique to minimize the risk of infection.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Cross circulation is a medical procedure in which blood from one person (the donor) is circulated through the body of another person (the recipient) by connecting their cardiovascular systems. This technique was first developed and used in open-heart surgery during the 1950s, before the invention of heart-lung machines.

In cross circulation, the donor's and recipient's circulatory systems are connected through anastomoses (surgical connections) between their blood vessels. The most common configuration involved connecting the donor's femoral artery to the recipient's aorta and the donor's femoral vein to the recipient's vena cava. This allowed the donor's heart to pump oxygenated blood to both the donor and the recipient during the surgery.

Cross circulation was used as a temporary measure to maintain the recipient's circulation and oxygenation while their own heart was stopped and repaired during open-heart surgery. However, this technique had several limitations and risks, including potential complications for the donor (such as bleeding, infection, or reactions to the recipient's blood) and ethical concerns related to using one person as a "human bridge" to save another.

With the development of more advanced and safer heart-lung machines in the early 1960s, cross circulation became obsolete in cardiac surgery. Nowadays, it is rarely used and mainly of historical interest.

F344 is a strain code used to designate an outbred stock of rats that has been inbreeded for over 100 generations. The F344 rats, also known as Fischer 344 rats, were originally developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and are now widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background.

Inbred strains, like the F344, are created by mating genetically identical individuals (siblings or parents and offspring) for many generations until a state of complete homozygosity is reached, meaning that all members of the strain have identical genomes. This genetic uniformity makes inbred strains ideal for use in studies where consistent and reproducible results are important.

F344 rats are known for their longevity, with a median lifespan of around 27-31 months, making them useful for aging research. They also have a relatively low incidence of spontaneous tumors compared to other rat strains. However, they may be more susceptible to certain types of cancer and other diseases due to their inbred status.

It's important to note that while F344 rats are often used as a standard laboratory rat strain, there can still be some genetic variation between individual animals within the same strain, particularly if they come from different suppliers or breeding colonies. Therefore, it's always important to consider the source and history of any animal model when designing experiments and interpreting results.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Organ specificity, in the context of immunology and toxicology, refers to the phenomenon where a substance (such as a drug or toxin) or an immune response primarily affects certain organs or tissues in the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as:

1. The presence of specific targets (like antigens in the case of an immune response or receptors in the case of drugs) that are more abundant in these organs.
2. The unique properties of certain cells or tissues that make them more susceptible to damage.
3. The way a substance is metabolized or cleared from the body, which can concentrate it in specific organs.

For example, in autoimmune diseases, organ specificity describes immune responses that are directed against antigens found only in certain organs, such as the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's disease. Similarly, some toxins or drugs may have a particular affinity for liver cells, leading to liver damage or specific drug interactions.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Bile acids and salts are naturally occurring steroidal compounds that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) in the body. They are produced in the liver from cholesterol and then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile acids, which are subsequently converted into bile salts by the addition of a sodium or potassium ion.

Bile acids and salts are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where they help emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. They also aid in the elimination of waste products from the liver and help regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Abnormalities in bile acid synthesis or transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and diarrhea. Therefore, understanding the role of bile acids and salts in the body is essential for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats. When the flow of bile is blocked or reduced, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the blood, which can cause jaundice, itching, and other symptoms.

Cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including liver diseases (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer), gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, pregnancy, and genetic disorders. Depending on the underlying cause, cholestasis may be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and consequences. Treatment for cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the symptoms with supportive care.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Assisted circulation refers to the use of mechanical devices to help maintain or improve the circulation of blood in the body. This is often used when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively on its own, such as during cardiogenic shock or during certain surgical procedures.

There are several types of assisted circulation devices, including:

1. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP): A catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted into the aorta and inflated and deflated in sync with the heartbeat to help reduce the workload on the heart and improve blood flow to the coronary arteries.
2. Ventricular assist devices (VADs): These are mechanical pumps that are implanted in the chest to help support the function of one or both ventricles of the heart. VADs can be used as a bridge to transplant, meaning they are used temporarily while a patient waits for a heart transplant, or as a destination therapy, meaning they are used as a long-term treatment option.
3. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): This is a type of life support that uses a machine to pump blood outside the body and add oxygen to it before returning it to the body. ECMO can be used to support both heart and lung function in critically ill patients.

It's important to note that while assisted circulation devices can help improve blood flow and support heart function, they are not a cure for heart disease or other underlying conditions. They are typically used as a temporary measure to help stabilize a patient until more permanent treatment options can be explored.

In the context of pharmacology, "half-life" refers to the time it takes for the concentration or amount of a drug in the body to be reduced by half during its elimination phase. This is typically influenced by factors such as metabolism and excretion rates of the drug. It's a key factor in determining dosage intervals and therapeutic effectiveness of medications, as well as potential side effects or toxicity risks.

A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.

Biotransformation is the metabolic modification of a chemical compound, typically a xenobiotic (a foreign chemical substance found within an living organism), by a biological system. This process often involves enzymatic conversion of the parent compound to one or more metabolites, which may be more or less active, toxic, or mutagenic than the original substance.

In the context of pharmacology and toxicology, biotransformation is an important aspect of drug metabolism and elimination from the body. The liver is the primary site of biotransformation, but other organs such as the kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract can also play a role.

Biotransformation can occur in two phases: phase I reactions involve functionalization of the parent compound through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis, while phase II reactions involve conjugation of the metabolite with endogenous molecules such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetate to increase its water solubility and facilitate excretion.

Lipid metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and utilizes lipids (fats) for various functions, such as energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone synthesis. This complex process involves several enzymes and pathways that regulate the digestion, absorption, transport, storage, and consumption of fats in the body.

The main types of lipids involved in metabolism include triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids. The breakdown of these lipids begins in the digestive system, where enzymes called lipases break down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, which is the main site of lipid metabolism.

In the liver, fatty acids may be further broken down for energy production or used to synthesize new lipids. Excess fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides in specialized cells called adipocytes (fat cells) for later use. Cholesterol is also metabolized in the liver, where it may be used to synthesize bile acids, steroid hormones, and other important molecules.

Disorders of lipid metabolism can lead to a range of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or a combination of both. Proper diagnosis and management of lipid metabolism disorders typically involves a combination of dietary changes, exercise, and medication.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

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Im SS, Osborne TF (April 2011). "Liver x receptors in atherosclerosis and inflammation". Circulation Research. 108 (8): 996- ... However, LXRα knockout mice develop enlarged fatty livers, degeneration of liver cells, high cholesterol levels in liver, and ... LXRα expression is restricted to liver, kidney, intestine, fat tissue, macrophages, lung, and spleen and is highest in liver, ... "Activation of liver X receptor improves glucose tolerance through coordinate regulation of glucose metabolism in liver and ...
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"ABC announces new Chairman designate". Research Live. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2018. "CEO for ABC announced". ABC. 25 ... The Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) is a non-profit organisation owned and developed by the media industry. ABC delivers ... "ABC introduces new reporting options for newsbrands - 21.05.20 - ABC , Audit Bureau of Circulations". abc.org.uk. Retrieved 28 ... of reporting their circulation figures publicly. ABC is governed by a board consisting of advertisers, media agencies, media ...
Carbohydrates that a person eats are converted by the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage. Glycogen burns rapidly to ... Circulation. 114 (22): 2325-2533. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.647461. PMID 17101848. Pappas, Stephanie (25 October 2010). " ... "Temporary Heart Damage May Explain Marathon Deaths". Live Science. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 15 ...
Robin Finn (July 10, 2001). "PUBLIC LIVES; The (Mostly Late) Greats, in New Circulation". The New York Times. Retrieved ... In 2010, We Have Always Lived in the Castle was adapted into a musical drama by Adam Bock and Todd Almond and premiered at Yale ... I was married in 1940 to Stanley Edgar Hyman, critic and numismatist, and we live in Vermont, in a quiet rural community with ... Jackson's 1962 novel, We Have Always Lived in the Castle, was adapted for the stage by Hugh Wheeler in the mid-1960s. Directed ...
"Japanoise: Music at the Edge of Circulation". PopMatters. June 6, 2013. "Adelanto de "En contra de la música", de Julio ... comments, Vasco Chaya • 23 April 2018 10:22AM • 0. "Artistes jostle for Mukanya collabo". DailyNews Live. " ... Living people, 1951 births, American musicologists, All stub articles, American academic biography stubs). ...
Circulation figures (July 2017), were 282,000 issues. From the magazine's inception in 1999 through to May 2007, 8.3 million ... "The Living Church News" (PDF). Living Church of God. January-February 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011. "The Living Church News" ( ... LCG explored accreditation for Living University's undergraduate degrees, diplomas, and certificates, but Living University was ... so it was decided to close Living University. Living University closed on May 14, 2018, after final commencement exercises for ...
"Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation" (PDF). PSA Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2016. ... Country Living is an American lifestyle and home magazine published by the Hearst Corporation since 1978. The monthly magazine ... "Country Living magazine completes move from New York to Birmingham." Birmingham News - Retrieved April 2, 2014 Linda (10 May ... The magazine hosts four Country Living Fairs a year in Rhinebeck, NY, Nashville, TN, Columbus, OH and Atlanta, GA. In 2014, the ...
According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, during the period between July and December 2019, the circulation of that's life ... "Sophie Hearsey becomes editor of That's Life!". Campaign Live. "That's Life". Bauer Media. Retrieved 2020-06-18. "That's Life ... Data - ABC , Audit Bureau of Circulations". www.abc.org.uk. Retrieved 2020-06-18. Greenslade, Roy (2015-07-31). "Ipso censures ...
The value of pound sterling banknotes in circulation increased by 29% from 2008 to 2013. The value of the euro in circulation ... "Cash Is Dead! Long Live Cash!". Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. "Banknote Statistics". Bank of England. "Banknotes and ... Cash is increasing in circulation. The value of the United States dollar in circulation increased by 42% from 2007 to 2012. ... The ratio of the cash in circulation in relation to the gross domestic product (cash to GDP ratio) is a good indicator of cash ...
Printed for private circulation only by Ferris & Leach. p. 170. samuel harrington littell. "The Living church". 1931. Retrieved ...
... liver disease; more blood and larger aneurysm on the initial CT scan; location of an aneurysm in the posterior circulation; and ... 1956). "The pathway of ventricular depolarization in the dog". Circulation Research. 4 (4): 461-469. doi:10.1161/01.res.4.4.461 ... November 2005). "Acute neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage". Circulation. 112 (21): 3314-9. doi:10.1161/ ... and posterior circulation aneurysm 25 mm or more. Screening for aneurysms is not performed on a population level; because they ...
"Top 100 U.S. Magazines by Circulation" (PDF). PSA Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. ... "Martha Stewart Living (TV Series 1996-2004) Poster Martha Stewart Living (1996-2004)". imdb.com. IMDb, Inc. Retrieved 13 June ... "Martha Stewart Living , Meredith". "What to know when collecting Martha Stewart Living Mags". eBay. 6 October 2006. Retrieved ... in 1997, and Martha Stewart Living became the flagship brand of the Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia media empire. In 2015, ...
"Daily Post (Wales)". Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK). 30 January 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023. "About Us". North Wales Live. ... Its website is branded North Wales Live. The newspaper gained independence from the Liverpool Daily Post in 2003 which later ...
As of October 2011, total circulation exceeds 19,000 subscribers. Former owner Reed Business Information sold Casual Living to ... Casual Living (ISSN 0740-8285) is a trade publication and website owned by Progressive Business Media serving the information ... Casual Living was started in 1958. The magazine is published monthly with content including industry lifestyle features, ... "Casual Living". Public Service. Retrieved 19 June 2015. "Sandow sells Furniture Today Media Group to private investor". 2013-07 ...
"Gloucester Citizen". Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK). 6 February 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023. Live, Gloucestershire (12 ...
The Living Age, Vol. 293; Boston USA. See p.291: "The German colonial postage-stamps, bearing a representation of the Imperial ... yacht Hohenzollern... were temporarily withdrawn from circulation... [and] reissued a few days later overprinted with the Royal ...
Liver with the septum transversum. Human embryo, 3 mm. long. Tail end of human embryo, twenty-five to twenty-nine days old. ... Scheme of placental circulation. Diagram of the vascular channels in a human embryo of the second week. Human embryo with heart ... More than two-thirds of fetal hepatic circulation is via the main portal vein, while the remainder is shunted from the left ... The umbilical vein provides convenient access to the central circulation of a neonate for restoration of blood volume and for ...
EPA is lipolyzed mostly in the liver. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the active metabolite of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA ... Circulation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 140 (12): e673-e691. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000709. PMID 31422671. Sweeney ME ( ... like other omega-3 fatty acid based drugs, appears to reduce production of triglycerides in the liver and to enhance clearance ... which is involved in biosynthesis of triglycerides in the liver; and increased activity of lipoprotein lipase in blood. Ethyl ...
"3.6% Fake Drugs Circulation in Nigeria, Not 70%, NADFDAC Clarifies". This day live. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2018 ... Over half of Nigeria's population lives on less than $1.90 a day ('Poverty Head-count'), making them one of the poorest ...
... is bound to albumin in the circulation. It is metabolized in the liver mainly by hydroxylation. Four hydroxylated ... It also inhibits ovarian steroidogenesis and, via activation of the AR in the liver, decreases circulating levels of sex ... chronic kidney disease or liver disease. It is also contraindicated in patients who experienced metabolic and/or vascular ...
Living people, Brown University alumni, Alpert Medical School alumni, Year of birth missing (living people)). ... Circulation. 2011 Dec 13;124(24):2761-96. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318223e230. Epub 2011 Nov 8. Khouzam RN, Naidu SS. Alcohol ... Naidu lives in Manhattan, New York. Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen ...
"RCP Heritage: Lives of the fellow". Retrieved 15 April 2017. BMA book. Young, R. A. (1940). "The Pulmonary Circulation--Before ... "RCP Heritage: Lives of the fellow". Retrieved 15 April 2017. Bedford DE (November 1968). "Harvey's Third Circulation. De ... "RCP Heritage: Lives of the fellow". Retrieved 15 April 2017. "RCP Heritage: Lives of the fellow". Retrieved 15 April 2017. " ... "RCP Heritage: Lives of the fellow". Retrieved 15 April 2017. "RCP Heritage: Lives of the fellow". Retrieved 15 April 2017. " ...
Chest compressions require a suitable platform, so an in-water assessment of circulation is pointless. If the person does not ... Rowan, Karen (14 August 2010). "Why do people often drown together?". Live Science. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. ... People who have drowned who arrive at a hospital with spontaneous circulation and breathing usually recover with good outcomes ... Starrenburg, Caleb (5 January 2014). "Would-be rescuers losing their lives". Stuff.co.nz. Archived from the original on 20 ...
Household and living in transition. Book of the exhibition at the Museum of Design. Giessen: Anabas press. 1992. p. 136 f. ... 1. circulation. Wiesbaden: GWV Fachverlage GmbH. 2009. p. 335 f. Kähler, Gert: Refrigerators, cooking islands and other icons. ... In: Spechtenhauser, Klaus (ed.): The kitchen: living environment, usage, perspectives. Basel: Birkhäuser - Architecture press. ...
However, after 3 hours of plasma circulation, hepatocyte function deteriorated rapidly. This was likely due to the toxic effect ... 2005). "Outcome from molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) liver dialysis following drug-induced liver failure". Liver ... bioartificial liver device). This system is in trial to help people with acute liver failure (ALF) or acute-on-chronic liver ... either allowing the liver to regenerate properly upon acute liver failure, or to bridge the individual's liver functions until ...
The magazine claimed circulation of 19,500 copies distributed in Southeastern Wisconsin. The editor was Robert Bundy. The ... Milwaukee Home and Fine Living was a glossy full-color magazine. It was launched in 2004. During the initial years it was ... Milwaukee Home and Fine Living published a free monthly e-newsletter, featuring a sneak peek of the upcoming issue, editors' ... Milwaukee Home and Fine Living reported on philosophies and trends that are driving the residential design movements in Greater ...
Cause Vasodilation in the systemic arterial circulation. Cause Vasoconstriction of the Liver sinusoidal and pulmonary venous ... liver fibrosis, massive Fatty liver, portal vein thrombosis, liver schistosomiasis, massive liver involvement in miliary ... have a quite different effect on the Liver sinusoidal veins than on arteries of the systemic circulation: they constrict the ... Levels of EETs in the plasma and liver of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension are reportedly elevated compared to ...
1521/29 - Erasmus lived in Basel. 1523 - Christoph Burckhardt becomes citizen. 1528/31 - Hans Holbein lived in Basel. 1529 - ... 1542 Basel thaler (currency) in circulation. Johannes Oporinus sets up printing business. 1543 - Andreas Vesalius' De humani ... 1798 - Basel frank (currency) in circulation. 1805 - Israelitische Gemeinde Basel (IGB) founded. 1815 - Evangelical Missionary ... in the British media as the Basle air crash and was the deadliest aviation disaster in Swiss history with the loss of 108 lives ...
Co-circulation of Influenza A H5, H7, and H9 Viruses and Co-infected Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Cambodia Paul F. Horwood. , ... Co-circulation of Influenza A H5, H7, and H9 Viruses and Co-infected Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Cambodia. ... Avian influenza co-infections detected in poultry from live bird markets in Cambodia, February-December 2015 ...
... giveaway after putting four notes engraved with a tiny image of the famous author into circulation ... Check your wallets and purses - four extremely rare new £5 notes have gone into circulation, and they could be worth a fortune ... The notes have consecutive serial numbers and two have already been put into circulation in Scotland and Northern Ireland by ... Four super rare Jane Austen £5 notes enter circulation - and they could be worth £50,000 EACH. ...
... has worn the circulation of combination formula on pulley (5) and has restricted. The utility model discloses simple structure ... The utility model discloses a special circulation cord rack device of distribution live working earth potential, including ... Special circulation cord rack device of distribution live working earth potential CN103746316B (en) 2016-03-02. A kind of ... Special circulation cord rack device of distribution live working earth potential - Google Patents. Special circulation cord ...
Qi Circulation and Healthy Living By Jin Sheng Tu ... Calligraphy, Painting, Qi Circulation and Healthy Living By Jin ... You ll learn the secrets of longevity, treatment of disease and healthy living at the highest level. The book includes over one ... liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys). Health secrets involving the five colors and the five phases are combined with breathing ... to promote qigong training and healthy living through the art of Chinese calligraphy and painting in accordance with the theory ...
Ischemic strokes occurring in the anterior circulation are the most common of all ischemic strokes, accounting for ... Medscape Live Events WebMD MedicineNet eMedicineHealth RxList WebMD Corporate Medscape UK Editions ... encoded search term (Anterior Circulation Stroke) and Anterior Circulation Stroke What to Read Next on Medscape ... Anterior Circulation Stroke Updated: Jan 01, 2019 * Author: Draga Jichici, MD, FRCPC, FAHA; Chief Editor: Helmi L Lutsep, MD ...
Circulation times in the splanchnic and hepatic beds in alcoholic liver disease. / Kotelanski, B.; Groszmann, R.; Cohn, J. N. ... Circulation times in the splanchnic and hepatic beds in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology. 1972 Jul;63(1):102-111. doi ... Kotelanski, B. ; Groszmann, R. ; Cohn, J. N. / Circulation times in the splanchnic and hepatic beds in alcoholic liver disease. ... Kotelanski, B, Groszmann, R & Cohn, JN 1972, Circulation times in the splanchnic and hepatic beds in alcoholic liver disease. ...
Concert Selections for Schoolhouse Rock Live!. MTI is pleased to provide the pre-approved rental materials of select songs for ... Perfect for young performers of all ages and experience levels, Schoolhouse Rock Live! JR. is a surefire hit amongst actors and ... Related shows or resources: Schoolhouse Rock Live! JR. Schoolhouse Rock Jr. Hello! ... Do the Circulation. Conjunction Junction. Great American Melting Pot. Elbow Room. Interplanet Janet. ...
Also the circulation figures for this first half of 2014 are slightly less then the first half of 2013.. So often HWA liked to ... In November 2003 they had a circulation of 313,400, and now in their latest issue (July 2014) it is 322,017.. However, this ... At present it is not possible for me to know the circulation figures after this issue until the November 2003 issue. (August ... In the December 1999 issue Gerald Flurry boasts that the magazine had doubled its circulation in the last twelve months. This ...
The Scientific Program is now live. The Scientific Program is now live! ... Hydrothermal Circulation and Seawater Chemistry Chapman Travel Grants. The Chapman Conference conveners are seeking funding to ... Hydrothermal Circulation and Seawater Chemistry: Whats the chicken and whats the egg?. Agros, Cyprus , 15-19 May 2023 ...
What is the name of your initiative?Monitoring of traffic circulation plan ... Monitoring of air quality impact of a new traffic circulation plan in the city centre using passing NO2 samplers ... Please upload a picture to illustrate your initiativehttps://integratingcities.eu/go-living-in/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/ ...
"Cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Circulation. 118 (3): ... For people with NASH and end-stage liver disease, liver failure, or liver cancer, liver transplantation is an accepted ... Cirrhosis and liver cancer induced by NAFLD were the second cause of liver transplantation in the US in 2017. Liver cancer ... NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease are types of fatty liver disease. Obtaining a sample of the liver after excluding other ...
In animal models, it has been noted that it may play a role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ... the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children. In the current study, we explored the association of circulating plasma ... 17] also showed that GDF15 infusion enhances hepatic triglycerides export into the circulation. If this is confirmed in humans ... Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in pediatrics and affects ~30% of children and ...
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Circulation. 2004;110:1761-1766.. Liver Disease. *Dong M, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences ... Children Living with Parents Who Have Alcohol Use Disorder. *Anda RF, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Chapman D, Edwards VJ, Dube SR ... Circulation. 2004;110:1761-1766.. *Anda RF, Chapman DP, Felitti VJ, Edwards V, Williamson DF, Croft JP, Giles WH. Adverse ... NSCH provides data on multiple, intersecting aspects of childrens lives including physical and mental health, access to ...
Our findings suggest that cross-circulation can serve as a complementary approach to clinical EVLP to recover injured donor ... can be recovered by cross-circulation of whole blood between explanted human lungs and a Yorkshire swine. This xenogeneic ... human lungs declined for transplantation because of their poor quality can be recuperated by connecting them to the circulation ... Live uptake of surfactant protein B by human lungs after 24 h of xenogeneic cross-circulation. ...
Live updates , Widening Israeli offensive in southern … WATCH: Students lift car off mother, her 2 children ... Las Vegas father upset with Bishop Gormans response to circulation of antisemitic meme by: Joshua Peguero, Stephanie Overton ...
Liver-gallbladder may be helpful for these symptoms and causes below. Blood and Circulation. Alcoholism ... About Liver-Gallbladder Browse Recipes. INGREDIENTS AFFECTING LIVER-GALLBLADDER View By: Dosha. Herbal Action. ... Browse Liver-gallbladder Recipes. HERBS & SUPPLEMENTS AFFECTING LIVER-GALLBLADDER View By: Dosha. Herbal Action. ... An herb that strengthens the liver. It is helpful for people with a history of substance abuse, chronic liver issues from ...
Hosiery for people with circulation problems. Certain conditions like diabetes or Raynauds can cause circulation problems, ... You may also be able to get advice on dressing techniques by visiting an Independent Living Centre. There are several of these ... Garters and stockings or socks with elastic tops should also be avoided because they may restrict the circulation. Never wear ... Avoid tight clothes or material with no give which might restrict blood circulation ...
Unissued East German notes keep popping up in circulation. Community Comments. Please enable JavaScript to view the comments ...
... another cyclonic circulation is likely to form near East India later this month said the India Meteorological Department. ... Shattered Lives Gaza Is Afraid Of Calm...: Amid Possibility Of Constant Death, Humanitarian Pause Means Little. The four-day- ... Cyclonic Circulation Likely To Form Near Odisha, West Bengal Around July 18, Says IMD Weeks after Cyclone Biparjoy damaged ... Another fresh cyclonic circulation is likely to form over the Northwest Bay of Bengal around July 18, 2023, said IMD. ...
This is called the portal circulation. The liver processes the blood before it goes back to the heart.. Hypertension means high ... This is called the portal circulation. The liver processes the blood before it goes back to the heart. "Hypertension" means ... Scarring in the liver due to cirrhosis or fibrosis. Cirrhosis occurs as liver cells are damaged and die. They are then replaced ... These veins help the blood flow back into the main circulation via a new route so the blood pressure in the portal circulation ...
... or liver disease. Also tell your doctor if you or any of your family members have or have ever had an eye disease such as ... blood circulation problems; blood cell problems such as sickle cell anemia (a disease of the red blood cells), multiple myeloma ...
... the adrenal glands and the liver, while being a main ingredient in the fatty sheath that insulates the nerves. Cholesterol is ... The body makes its own Cholesterol from the liver, producing a gram each day, or about 80% of what you need, with the rest from ... HDL picks up the extra cholesterol in the artery walls and transports it to the liver for disposal. A high HDL level can help ... Exercise lowers the level of Triglycerides, the fraction of blood fat that is converted into LDL by the liver. The goal is to ...
Circulation, September 22, 2023 * Opioid Overdose: Limitations of Naloxone While naloxone can save lives, it is not always 100 ... Quality of End-of-life Care With Non-malignant Liver Disease This study reveals that the quality of care at the end of life is ... poorer for those with non-cancer liver disease than for those with liver disease caused by cancer or other non-malignant ...
... or liver disease. Also tell your doctor if you or any of your family members have or have ever had an eye disease such as ... blood circulation problems; blood cell problems such as sickle cell anemia (a disease of the red blood cells), multiple myeloma ...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. Several studies have ... Circulation 2008, 118, 2555-2562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]. *Stefan, N.; Fritsche, A.; Weikert, C.; Boeing, H.; Joost, H.G ... Liver Dis. 2010, 42, 320-330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]. *Gastaldelli, A. Fatty liver disease: the hepatic manifestation of ... Fatty Liver and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The presence of fatty liver is strongly associated with increased CAD risk [35, ...
Healthy Living Starts with Healthy Circulation. Its no secret that heart health is key for daily wellness. It is important to ... Perfect Multi® stresses the importance of healthy blood flow with four key ingredients for circulation support:*. *Spectra™ ... We add Pomegranate, Alpha Lipoic Acid, and Grape Seed Extract for critical circulation support - along with the Spectra™ Super ... They are low on nutrients and just cover the basics - and we do not live in a "basic" world. ...
built a QL100 circulation Attritor for a large automotive accessories supplier. A number of things made this project a win- ... Union Process, Inc. built a QL100 circulation Attritor for a large automotive accessories supplier. ... Related Live From Shows. * Evonik Demonstrates Revolutionary New Digital Lab Assistant at the European Coatings Show ... 1,000-gallon pre-mix holding tank as part of the system to increase their total production capacity with only one circulation ...
produced a live-action film of the manga, which was slated to open in Japan in October 2020 but then opened on July 9. The film ... live-action Kakegurui. , Miseinen dakedo Kodomo ja Nai. ) directed the film.. Sources: Tokyo Revengers manga. s Twitter ... He lives in a crappy apartment with thin walls, and his six-years-younger boss treats him like an idiot. Plus, hes a complete ... live-action Sean Aitchison explains how Japans love of the mystery genre and manzai comedy made for the perfect environment ...
  • NAFL is less dangerous than NASH and usually does not progress towards it, but this progression may eventually lead to complications such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, or cardiovascular disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • NASH can severely impair liver function, leading to cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scarring in the liver due to cirrhosis or fibrosis. (childliverdisease.org)
  • Cirrhosis occurs as liver cells are damaged and die. (childliverdisease.org)
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and can result in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
  • In liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension is a consequence of enhanced intrahepatic vascular resistance and portal blood flow. (karger.com)
  • Battista S, Bar F, Mengozzi G, Zanon E, Grosso M, Molino G: Hyperdynamic circulation in patients with cirrhosis: direct measurement of nitric oxide levels in hepatic and portal veins. (karger.com)
  • Another fresh cyclonic circulation is likely to form over the Northwest Bay of Bengal around July 18, 2023, said IMD. (outlookindia.com)
  • In mid-August 2023, according to the monitoring of the market prices of 50 kinds of important means of production in 9 categories in the national circulation field, the prices of 25 kinds of products increased , 23 kinds decreased, and 2 kinds kept at the same level, compared with that in early August, 2023. (stats.gov.cn)
  • Circulation times in the splanchnic and hepatic beds in alcoholic liver disease. (umn.edu)
  • These diseases begin with fatty accumulation in the liver (hepatic steatosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Occasionally, a blockage of the hepatic vein draining blood from the liver can cause increased pressure in the portal vein, but this is not common in children. (childliverdisease.org)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. (mdpi.com)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • Hepatic accumulation of abnormal alpha-1 antitrypsin can cause liver disease in both children and adults. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is excessive fat build-up in the liver without another clear cause such as alcohol use. (wikipedia.org)
  • NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease are types of fatty liver disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • NAFLD is the most common liver disorder worldwide and is present in approximately 25% of the world's population. (wikipedia.org)
  • NAFLD is the leading cause of chronic liver disease and the second most common reason for liver transplantation in the US and Europe as of 2017. (wikipedia.org)
  • An abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver in the absence of secondary causes of fatty liver, such as significant alcohol use, viral hepatitis, or medications that can induce fatty liver, characterizes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (wikipedia.org)
  • The term NAFLD encompasses a continuum of liver abnormalities, from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL, simple steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (wikipedia.org)
  • In animal models, it has been noted that it may play a role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children. (nature.com)
  • An estimated 30% of adults and 10% of children and adolescents in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as liver fat content exceeding 5% (Figure 1 )[ 1 - 3 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • A liver can remain fatty without disturbing liver function (NAFL), but by various mechanisms and possible insults to the liver, it may also progress into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a state in which steatosis is combined with inflammation and sometimes fibrosis (steatohepatitis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 1 Liver histology ranging from normal liver to steatohepatitis with fibrosis. (wjgnet.com)
  • It is helpful for people with a history of substance abuse, chronic liver issues from hepatitis and hemolytic anemias. (joyfulbelly.com)
  • Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis affects approximately 3% of the lean population and 19% of obese persons, making it the most prevalent cause of chronic liver disease in the country[ 6 ]. (wjgnet.com)
  • Occlusion of the M1 segment of the MCA prior to the origin of the lenticulostriate arteries in the presence of a good collateral circulation can give rise to the large striatocapsular infarct. (medscape.com)
  • Preservation of this access site was only possible because of an unusual finding of collateral circulation, with the median cubital vein acting as a conduit to the basilic vein. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • Does High-Intensity Exercise Cause Acute Liver Injury in Patients with Fontan Circulation? (bvsalud.org)
  • Wiest R, Shah V, Sessa WC, Groszmann RJ: NO overproduction by eNOS precedes hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation in portal hypertensive rats. (karger.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that acutely injured human lungs declined for transplantation, including a lung that failed to recover on EVLP, can be recovered by cross-circulation of whole blood between explanted human lungs and a Yorkshire swine. (nature.com)
  • Our findings suggest that cross-circulation can serve as a complementary approach to clinical EVLP to recover injured donor lungs that could not otherwise be utilized for transplantation, as well as a translational research platform for immunomodulation and advanced organ bioengineering. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Maintenance of explanted human lungs using a xenogeneic cross-circulation platform. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Multiscale analyses of human lungs over the course of 24 h of xenogeneic cross-circulation. (nature.com)
  • Scrapes fats / cleanses blood vessels by 1) purging bile, 2) strengthening the liver's ability to metabolize fats, 3) by increasing uptake of cholesterol in the liver, and 4) by inhibiting fat cells. (joyfulbelly.com)
  • Cholesterol appears in the skin, the adrenal glands and the liver, while being a main ingredient in the fatty sheath that insulates the nerves. (nsc24.com)
  • The body makes its own Cholesterol from the liver, producing a gram each day, or about 80% of what you need, with the rest from dietary sources. (nsc24.com)
  • HDL picks up the extra cholesterol in the artery walls and transports it to the liver for disposal. (nsc24.com)
  • After being produced, Cholesterol leaves the liver and combines with bile to form bile salt where expulsion from the body through feces, reduces the total amount of Cholesterol and is the body's natural method of lowering Cholesterol. (nsc24.com)
  • A portion of the Cholesterol from the liver enters the blood in its journey towards the body tissues. (nsc24.com)
  • non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with the latter indicating the presence of further liver inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nettle (Urtica dioica) Seed Extract supports the immune system, circulation, detoxification functions, and balanced fluid retention. (medi-vet.com)
  • Portal hypertension is most often caused by difficulty in blood flow into the liver, which then causes a build-up of pressure. (childliverdisease.org)
  • When the pressure of the blood in the portal circulation is unusually high this is known as portal hypertension. (childliverdisease.org)
  • Quality of End-of-life Care With Non-malignant Liver Disease This study reveals that the quality of care at the end of life is poorer for those with non-cancer liver disease than for those with liver disease caused by cancer or other non-malignant diseases. (medscape.com)
  • The majority of normal-weight people affected by MAFLD ("lean MAFLD") have impaired insulin sensitivity, are sedentary, and have increased cardiovascular disease risk and increased liver lipid levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin B2 is found in the largest concentrations in the liver, kidney, and heart. (medi-vet.com)
  • You ll learn the secrets of longevity, treatment of disease and healthy living at the highest level. (martialartsmart.com)
  • A new name, metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), was proposed after 70% of a panel of experts expressed support for this name. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, NASH represents a progressive form of liver disease. (wjgnet.com)
  • This blood then takes these nutrients to the liver through a blood vessel called the portal vein. (childliverdisease.org)
  • They are low on nutrients and just cover the basics - and we do not live in a "basic" world. (purityproducts.com)
  • Cholagogues stimulate the production & release of bile from the liver & gallbladder. (joyfulbelly.com)
  • People with MAFLD often have no noticeable symptoms, and MAFLD is often only detected during routine blood tests or unrelated abdominal imaging or liver biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cases, MAFLD can cause symptoms related to liver dysfunction such as fatigue, malaise, and dull right-upper-quadrant abdominal discomfort. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reserpine is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension , schizophrenia , and some symptoms of poor circulation . (rxlist.com)
  • Vitamin B1 is an antioxidant that supports efficient kidney circulation and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins for proper energy production. (medi-vet.com)
  • Nitric oxide is a key factor for maintaining healthy circulation and blood oxygenation. (purityproducts.com)
  • The guidewire could not be successfully passed beyond the cephalic arch into central circulation because of an obstruction at the previously placed upper arm cephalic vein stent. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • Angola successfully eradicated the circulation of the wild poliovirus in 2015. (who.int)
  • Exercise lowers the level of Triglycerides, the fraction of blood fat that is converted into LDL by the liver. (nsc24.com)
  • While considered primarily an antioxidant, research has shown Alpha Lipoic Acid may support blood vessel circulation . (purityproducts.com)
  • Longitudinal surveillance of 2 live bird markets in Cambodia revealed year-round, high co-circulation of H5, H7, and H9 influenza viruses. (blogspot.com)
  • Instead, they could make a greater impact by going into high-paying careers like finance and giving away what they earn, while living modestly. (csmonitor.com)
  • Occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery occurs in less than 1% of anterior circulation strokes. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrothermal Circulation and Seawater Chemistry: What's the chicken and what's the egg? (agu.org)
  • 120 chicken-liver flavored bite-size chews. (medi-vet.com)
  • Cross-circulation for extracorporeal support and recovery of the lung. (nature.com)
  • Grape Seed and Pomegranate extracts along with Alpha Lipoic Acid and the Spectra â„¢ Super Food Blend for healthy circulation support. (purityproducts.com)
  • Folic Acid, DMG, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B6 help to support circulation, methylation and sulfuration pathways. (medi-vet.com)
  • A large variety of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate in live bird markets (LBMs) in countries where highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) viruses are endemic ( 1 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Therefore, co-circulation of a large diversity of AIVs is a risk for emergence of novel reassortant viruses affecting animals, humans, or both. (blogspot.com)
  • We investigated the circulation of potentially highly pathogenic AIV subtypes (H5, H7, and H9), that have known public health risks in Cambodia LBMs during 2015. (blogspot.com)
  • Obtaining a sample of the liver after excluding other potential causes of fatty liver can confirm the diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Opioid Overdose: Limitations of Naloxone While naloxone can save lives, it is not always 100% effective. (medscape.com)
  • This data can help save lives. (itsinternational.com)
  • According to WHO research, vaccines save millions of lives every year and are widely recognised as one of the most successful interventions for protecting people's health. (who.int)
  • please be careful, think of health workers and act for the greater good because it will save lives and livelihoods. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fig. 2: Human lung function over the course of 24 h of xenogeneic cross-circulation. (nature.com)
  • Astragalus Root Powder is an adaptogen that supports immune function and kidney circulation. (medi-vet.com)
  • It is an adaptogen that supports kidney circulation as well as kidney and liver function. (medi-vet.com)
  • L-Arginine is an amino acid that supports kidney function and circulation. (medi-vet.com)
  • However, this does not tell the full story as the magazine, for whatever reason, had a large increase in circulation in late 2007-early 2008 (May 2007-February 2008), reaching a peak of 458,700 (November-December 2007). (blogspot.com)
  • Union Process, Inc. built a QL100 circulation Attritor for a large automotive accessories supplier. (coatingsworld.com)
  • So, instead of purchasing several large batch Attritors, we recommended a large 1,000-gallon pre-mix holding tank as part of the system to increase their total production capacity with only one circulation 'Q' system Attritor. (coatingsworld.com)
  • For instance, the average annual radiation dose received by a person living in Boston, Massachusetts, is approximately 300 mrem (3 mSv), while people living in Denver, Colorado, and Kerala, India, receive average annual doses of approximately 600 mrem and 1500 mrem, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • The biological effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is due to the ability of the molecules of substances that make up the cells of living organisms to absorb radiation quanta and, as a result, to be involved in various photochemical reactions that change their structure and functions. (kalinka-store.com)
  • Ischemic strokes occurring in the anterior circulation are the most common of all ischemic strokes, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. (medscape.com)
  • Occlusion of the MCA or its branches is the most common type of anterior circulation infarct, accounting for approximately 90% of infarcts and two thirds of all first strokes. (medscape.com)
  • Check your wallets and purses - four extremely rare new £5 notes have gone into circulation, and they could be worth a fortune. (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • The notes have consecutive serial numbers and two have already been put into circulation in Scotland and Northern Ireland by the 70-year-old, who intends to spend the other two at secret locations in England and Wales on Tuesday. (getsurrey.co.uk)
  • 3893 Lives of Girls and Women 3 Historical context notes are intended to give basic and preliminary information on a topic. (litencyc.com)
  • Carefully prepared and crafted over a span of 20 years, it is the first book of its kind: to promote qigong training and healthy living through the art of Chinese calligraphy and painting in accordance with the theory of five phases (also known as theory of five elements). (martialartsmart.com)
  • In this situation the liver may be completely normal and healthy. (childliverdisease.org)
  • Scholarship that retraces the lives of transnational historical actors has flourished in recent years. (ed.ac.uk)
  • Livewire work mode, according to the difference of human-body potential, can be divided into equipotential live line work, medial potential working, earth potential Three kinds of modes of operation.Wherein, according to electric pressure and the difference of priority of protection, power distribution live-wire uses intermediate potential With two kinds of operation forms of earth potential. (google.com)
  • Circulation allows us to build muscle and helps the body recover after physical activity . (purityproducts.com)
  • Using a sample of private sector employees in Calcutta the authors analyse the nature and extent of differences in income, service conditions and levels of living across occupational groups. (epw.in)
  • How to Create a Live Event that Generates Buzz and Leaves a Lasting Impression A great live event does more than generate buzz about your business. (entrepreneur.com)
  • Weeks after Cyclone Biparjoy damaged parts of north-western India and affected the harvesting of crops there, another cyclonic circulation is likely to form near East India later this month said the India Meteorological Department. (outlookindia.com)
  • Although they may be challenging to execute, a successful live event can be a powerful opportunity to generate buzz and get people talking about your business for a long time. (entrepreneur.com)
  • A live performance, a festival, a local street fair or a networking event will all need different types of marketing and will attract other people. (entrepreneur.com)
  • If you are elderly, or have liver problems, your doctor will adjust your dose to suit you. (mydr.com.au)