An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class primarily found in PLANTS. It catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 5-hydroperoxyarachidonate (5-HPETE) which is rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate (5-HETE). The 5-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in leukocytes.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in PLATELETS.
Compounds that bind to and inhibit that enzymatic activity of LIPOXYGENASES. Included under this category are inhibitors that are specific for lipoxygenase subtypes and act to reduce the production of LEUKOTRIENES.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in NEUTROPHILS and LYMPHOCYTES.
Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates. These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- .
A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)
A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system.
A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.
Eicosatetraenoic acids substituted in any position by one or more hydroxy groups. They are important intermediates in a series of biosynthetic processes leading from arachidonic acid to a number of biologically active compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Scaffolding proteins that play an important role in the localization and activation of 5-LIPOXYGENASE.
An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.
Arachidonic acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that play a role in various physiological processes and are commonly found in cell membranes.
A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds.
A class of compounds named after and generally derived from C20 fatty acids (EICOSANOIC ACIDS) that includes PROSTAGLANDINS; LEUKOTRIENES; THROMBOXANES, and HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACIDS. They have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (RECEPTORS, EICOSANOID).
A group of LEUKOTRIENES; (LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4) that is the major mediator of BRONCHOCONSTRICTION; HYPERSENSITIVITY; and other allergic reactions. Earlier studies described a "slow-reacting substance of ANAPHYLAXIS" released from lung by cobra venom or after anaphylactic shock. The relationship between SRS-A leukotrienes was established by UV which showed the presence of the conjugated triene. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension.
A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A group of FLAVONOIDS characterized with a 4-ketone.
Trihydroxy derivatives of eicosanoic acids. They are primarily derived from arachidonic acid, however eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives also exist. Many of them are naturally occurring mediators of immune regulation.
An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.
Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
An annual legume. The SEEDS of this plant are edible and used to produce a variety of SOY FOODS.
A class of drugs designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.
Enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS from the appropriate unsaturated FATTY ACIDS, molecular OXYGEN, and a reduced acceptor.
An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.
Cell-surface receptors that bind LEUKOTRIENES with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. The leukotriene receptor subtypes have been tentatively named according to their affinities for the endogenous leukotrienes LTB4; LTC4; LTD4; and LTE4.
Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.
A class of phenolic acids related to chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, etc., which are found in plant tissues. It is involved in plant growth regulation.
A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain three double bonds.
White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).
A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Compounds based on benzeneacetamide, that are similar in structure to ACETANILIDES.
FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
Immature ERYTHROCYTES. In humans, these are ERYTHROID CELLS that have just undergone extrusion of their CELL NUCLEUS. They still contain some organelles that gradually decrease in number as the cells mature. RIBOSOMES are last to disappear. Certain staining techniques cause components of the ribosomes to precipitate into characteristic "reticulum" (not the same as the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM), hence the name reticulocytes.
A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.
Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively.
Azoles of two nitrogens at the 1,2 positions, next to each other, in contrast with IMIDAZOLES in which they are at the 1,3 positions.
A class of cell surface leukotriene receptors with a preference for leukotriene B4. Leukotriene B4 receptor activation influences chemotaxis, chemokinesis, adherence, enzyme release, oxidative bursts, and degranulation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. There are at least two subtypes of these receptors. Some actions are mediated through the inositol phosphate and diacylglycerol second messenger systems.
A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).
Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A creeping annual plant species of the CUCURBITACEAE family. It has a rough succulent, trailing stem and hairy leaves with three to five pointed lobes.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Dioxygenases that catalyze the peroxidation of methylene-interrupted UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities.
Quinolines are a class of organic compounds that have been used in the medical field as antimalarial drugs and antibiotics.
An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.
The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A plant species of the genus SOLANUM, family SOLANACEAE. The starchy roots are used as food. SOLANINE is found in green parts.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.
Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Compounds that bind to and inhibit the action of 5-LIPOXYGENASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS.
Benzopyrroles with the nitrogen at the number one carbon adjacent to the benzyl portion, in contrast to ISOINDOLES which have the nitrogen away from the six-membered ring.
One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990)
Cell surface proteins that bind eicosanoids with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Among the eicosanoid receptors are receptors for the prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.
A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.
Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the oxidation of one part of a molecule with a corresponding reduction of another part of the same molecule. They include enzymes converting aldoses to ketoses (ALDOSE-KETOSE ISOMERASES), enzymes shifting a carbon-carbon double bond (CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND ISOMERASES), and enzymes transposing S-S bonds (SULFUR-SULFUR BOND ISOMERASES). (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.3.
A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes.
Proteins, usually acting in oxidation-reduction reactions, containing iron but no porphyrin groups. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1993, pG-10)
Pyrans are a type of cyclic carbohydrate compound that can be found in various natural products, including some vitamins and pigments.
7-Hydroxycoumarins. Substances present in many plants, especially umbelliferae. Umbelliferones are used in sunscreen preparations and may be mutagenic. Their derivatives are used in liver therapy, as reagents, plant growth factors, sunscreens, insecticides, parasiticides, choleretics, spasmolytics, etc.
Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.
Zymosan is a polysaccharide derived from yeast cell walls that is used in medical research to induce an inflammatory response in animals.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.
(11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid (PGE(1)); (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGE(2)); and (5Z,11 alpha,13E,15S,17Z)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid (PGE(3)). Three of the six naturally occurring prostaglandins. They are considered primary in that no one is derived from another in living organisms. Originally isolated from sheep seminal fluid and vesicles, they are found in many organs and tissues and play a major role in mediating various physiological activities.
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.
Compounds with a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogens and a keto OXYGEN. Some are inhibitors of TNF-ALPHA production.
Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
A constitutively-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes.
Cycloheptanes are a group of cyclic hydrocarbons with seven carbon atoms in their ring structure, which have potential medicinal applications as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families.
Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.
An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Divinyl ether fatty acid synthesis in late blight-diseased potato leaves. (1/779)

We conducted a study of the patterns and dynamics of oxidized fatty acid derivatives (oxylipins) in potato leaves infected with the late-blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Two 18-carbon divinyl ether fatty acids, colneleic acid and colnelenic acid, accumulated during disease development. To date, there are no reports that such compounds have been detected in higher plants. The divinyl ether fatty acids accumulate more rapidly in potato cultivar Matilda (a cultivar with increased resistance to late blight) than in cultivar Bintje, a susceptible cultivar. Colnelenic acid reached levels of up to approximately 24 nmol (7 microgram) per g fresh weight of tissue in infected leaves. By contrast, levels of members of the jasmonic acid family did not change significantly during pathogenesis. The divinyl ethers also accumulated during the incompatible interaction of tobacco with tobacco mosaic virus. Colneleic and colnelenic acids were found to be inhibitory to P. infestans, suggesting a function in plant defense for divinyl ethers, which are unstable compounds rarely encountered in biological systems.  (+info)

Induction of monocyte binding to endothelial cells by MM-LDL: role of lipoxygenase metabolites. (2/779)

Treatment of human aortic endothelial cells (EC) with minimally oxidized LDL (or minimally modified LDL, MM-LDL) produces a specific pattern of endothelial cell activation distinct from that produced by LPS, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1, but similar to other agents that elevate cAMP. The current studies focus on the signal transduction pathways by which MM-LDL activates EC to bind monocytes. We now demonstrate that, in addition to an elevation of cAMP, lipoxygenase products are necessary for the MM-LDL response. Treatment of EC with inhibitors of the lipoxygenase pathway, 5,8,11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) or cinnamyl-3, 4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate (CDC), blocked monocyte binding in MM-LDL-treated EC (MM-LDL=118+/-13%; MM-LDL+ETYA=33+/-4%; MM-LDL+CDC=23+/-4% increase in monocyte binding) without reducing cAMP levels. To further investigate the role of the lipoxygenase pathway, cellular phospholipids were labeled with arachidonic acid. Treatment of cells for 4 hours with 50 to 100 microg/mL MM-LDL, but not native LDL, caused a 60% increase in arachidonate release into the medium and increased the intracellular formation of 12(S)-HETE (approximately 100% increase). There was little 15(S)-HETE present, and no increase in its levels was observed. We demonstrated that 12(S)-HETE reversed the inhibitory effect of CDC. We also observed a 70% increase in the formation of 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11, 12-EET) in cells treated with MM-LDL. To determine the mechanism of arachidonate release induced by MM-LDL, we examined the effects of MM-LDL on intracellular calcium levels. Treatment of EC with both native LDL and MM-LDL caused a rapid release of intracellular calcium from internal stores. However, several pieces of evidence suggest that calcium release alone does not explain the increased arachidonate release in MM-LDL-treated cells. The present studies suggest that products of 12-lipoxygenase play an important role in MM-LDL action on the induction of monocyte binding to EC.  (+info)

Conversion of cucumber linoleate 13-lipoxygenase to a 9-lipoxygenating species by site-directed mutagenesis. (3/779)

Multiple lipoxygenase sequence alignments and structural modeling of the enzyme/substrate interaction of the cucumber lipid body lipoxygenase suggested histidine 608 as the primary determinant of positional specificity. Replacement of this amino acid by a less-space-filling valine altered the positional specificity of this linoleate 13-lipoxygenase in favor of 9-lipoxygenation. These alterations may be explained by the fact that H608V mutation may demask the positively charged guanidino group of R758, which, in turn, may force an inverse head-to-tail orientation of the fatty acid substrate. The R758L+H608V double mutant exhibited a strongly reduced reaction rate and a random positional specificity. Trilinolein, which lacks free carboxylic groups, was oxygenated to the corresponding (13S)-hydro(pero)xy derivatives by both the wild-type enzyme and the linoleate 9-lipoxygenating H608V mutant. These data indicate the complete conversion of a linoleate 13-lipoxygenase to a 9-lipoxygenating species by a single point mutation. It is hypothesized that H608V exchange may alter the orientation of the substrate at the active site and/or its steric configuration in such a way that a stereospecific dioxygen insertion at C-9 may exclusively take place.  (+info)

Formation of lipoxygenase-pathway-derived aldehydes in barley leaves upon methyl jasmonate treatment. (4/779)

In barley leaves, the application of jasmonates leads to dramatic alterations of gene expression. Among the up-regulated gene products lipoxygenases occur abundantly. Here, at least four of them were identified as 13-lipoxygenases exhibiting acidic pH optima between pH 5.0 and 6.5. (13S,9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid was found to be the main endogenous lipoxygenase-derived polyenoic fatty acid derivative indicating 13-lipoxygenase activity in vivo. Moreover, upon methyl jasmonate treatment > 78% of the fatty acid hydroperoxides are metabolized by hydroperoxide lyase activity resulting in the endogenous occurrence of volatile aldehydes. (2E)-4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and (3Z)- plus (2E)-hexenal were identified as 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazones using HPLC and identification was confirmed by GC/MS analysis. This is the first proof that (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal is formed in plants under physiological conditions. Quantification of (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and hexenals upon methyl jasmonate treatment of barley leaf segments revealed that hexenals were the major aldehydes peaking at 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment. Their endogenous content increased from 1.6 nmol.g-1 fresh weight to 45 nmol.g-1 fresh weight in methyl-jasmonate-treated leaf segments, whereas (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, peaking at 48 h of methyl jasmonate treatment increased from 9 to 15 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. Similar to the hexenals, hexanal reached its maximal amount 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment, but increased from 0.6 to 3.0 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. In addition to the classical leaf aldehydes, (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal was detected, thereby raising the question of whether it functions in the degradation of chloroplast membrane constituents, which takes place after methyl jasmonate treatment.  (+info)

Cucumber cotyledon lipoxygenase during postgerminative growth. Its expression and action on lipid bodies. (5/779)

In cucumber (Cucumis sativus), high lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) activity has been detected in the soluble fraction prepared from cotyledons of germinating seeds, and the involvement of this enzyme in lipid turnover has been suggested (K. Matsui, M. Irie, T. Kajiwara, A. Hatanaka [1992] Plant Sci 85: 23-32; I. Fuessner, C. Wasternack, H. Kindl, H. Kuhn [1995] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11849-11853). In this study we have investigated the expression of the gene lox-1, corresponding to the LOX-1 enzyme. LOX-1 expression is highly coordinated with that of a typical glyoxysomal enzyme, isocitrate lyase, during the postgerminative stage of cotyledon development. In contrast, although icl transcripts accumulated in tissue during in vitro senescence, no accumulation of lox-1 mRNA could be observed, suggesting that lox-1 plays a specialized role in fat mobilization. LOX-1 is also known to be a major lipid body protein. The partial peptide sequences of purified LOX-1 and lipid body LOX-1 entirely coincided with that deduced from the lox-1 cDNA sequence. The data strongly suggest that LOX-1 and lipid body LOX-1 are derived from a single gene and that LOX-1 can exist both in the cytosol and on the lipid bodies. We constructed an in vitro oxygenation system to address the mechanism of this dual localization and to investigate the action of LOX-1 on lipids in the lipid bodies. LOX-1 cannot act on the lipids in intact lipid bodies, although degradation of lipid body proteins, either during seedling growth or by treatment with trypsin, allows lipid bodies to become susceptible to LOX-1. We discuss the role of LOX-1 in fat mobilization and its mechanism of action.  (+info)

Evidence that lipid hydroperoxides inhibit plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. (6/779)

The oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, we found that polar lipids isolated from minimally oxidized LDL produced a dramatic inhibition of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, suggesting that HDL-cholesterol transport may be impaired during early atherogenesis. In this study, we have identified molecular species of oxidized lipids that are potent inhibitors of LCAT activity. Treatment of LDL with soybean lipoxygenase generated small quantities of lipid hydroperoxides (20 +/- 4 nmol/mg LDL protein, n = 3); but when lipoxygenase-treated LDL (1 mg protein/ml) was recombined with the d > 1.063 g/ml fraction of human plasma, LCAT activity was rapidly inhibited (25 +/- 4 and 65 +/- 16% reductions by 1 and 3 h, respectively). As phospholipid hydroperoxides (PL-OOH) are the principal oxidation products associated with lipoxygenase-treated LDL, we directly tested whether PL-OOH inhibited plasma LCAT activity. Detailed dose-response curves revealed that as little as 0.2 and 1.0 mole % enrichment of plasma with PL-OOH produced 20 and 50% reductions in LCAT activity by 2 h, respectively. To gain insight into the mechanism of LCAT impairment, the enzyme's free cysteines (Cys31 and Cys184) and active site residues were "capped" with the reversible sulfhydryl compound, DTNB, during exposure to either minimally oxidized LDL or PL-OOH. Reversal of the DTNB "cap" after such exposures revealed that the enzyme was completely protected from both sources of peroxidized phospholipids. We, therefore, conclude that PL-OOH inhibited plasma LCAT activity by modifying the enzyme's free cysteine and/or catalytic residues. These studies are the first to suggest that PL-OOH may accelerate the atherogenic process by impairing LCAT activity.  (+info)

The diversity of the lipoxygenase family. Many sequence data but little information on biological significance. (7/779)

Lipoxygenases form a family of lipid peroxidising enzymes, which oxygenate free and esterified polyenoic fatty acids to the corresponding hydroperoxy derivatives. They are widely distributed in both the plant and animal kingdoms. During the last couple of years more and more lipoxygenase isoforms have been discovered but for most of them the biological significance remains unclear. This review attempts to classify the currently known mammalian lipoxygenase isoforms and critically reviews the concepts for their biological importance.  (+info)

When and why a water-soluble antioxidant becomes pro-oxidant during copper-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation: a study using uric acid. (8/779)

The inclusion of uric acid in the incubation medium during copper-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation exerted either an antioxidant or pro-oxidant effect. The pro-oxidant effect, as mirrored by an enhanced formation of conjugated dienes, lipid peroxides, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and increase in negative charge, occurred when uric acid was added late during the inhibitory or lag phase and during the subsequent extensive propagation phase of copper-stimulated LDL oxidation. The pro-oxidant effect of uric acid was specific for copper-induced LDL oxidation and required the presence of copper as either Cu(I) or Cu(II). In addition, it became much more evident when the copper to LDL molar ratio was below a threshold value of approx. 50. In native LDL, the shift between the antioxidant and the pro-oxidant activities was related to the availability of lipid hydroperoxides formed during the early phases of copper-promoted LDL oxidation. The artificial enrichment of isolated LDL with alpha-tocopherol delayed the onset of the pro-oxidant activity of uric acid and also decreased the rate of stimulated lipid peroxidation. However, previous depletion of alpha-tocopherol was not a prerequisite for unmasking the pro-oxidant activity of uric acid, since this became apparent even when alpha-tocopherol was still present in significant amounts (more than 50% of the original values) in LDL. These results suggest, irrespective of the levels of endogenous alpha-tocopherol, that uric acid may enhance LDL oxidation by reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I), thus making more Cu(I) available for subsequent radical decomposition of lipid peroxides and propagation reactions.  (+info)

Lipoxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, to produce a variety of bioactive compounds called eicosanoids. These compounds play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood clotting, and immune responses. Lipoxygenase is found in many tissues throughout the body, including the lung, liver, and immune cells. In the medical field, lipoxygenase inhibitors are sometimes used to treat conditions such as asthma and inflammation.

Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in cell membranes. 5-LOX catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), which is a precursor to other biologically active molecules such as leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are a group of inflammatory mediators that are involved in the immune response and play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including asthma, allergic reactions, and inflammatory bowel disease. 5-LOX is therefore an important target for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition to its role in inflammation, 5-LOX has also been implicated in other biological processes, such as platelet aggregation and angiogenesis.

Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is a major component of cell membranes. ALOX12 is primarily expressed in immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, and plays a role in the production of inflammatory mediators, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins. These mediators can contribute to the development of inflammation and other inflammatory-related diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. ALOX12 is also involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and has been implicated in the development of certain types of cancer.

Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is a precursor to various eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules that play important roles in inflammation, blood clotting, and other physiological processes. ALOX15 is primarily expressed in the liver, but it is also found in other tissues, including the brain, lungs, and immune cells. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), which is a potent mediator of inflammation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, asthma, and cancer. In addition to its role in the production of 15-HETE, ALOX15 has been shown to generate other eicosanoids, such as 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which have diverse biological activities. The regulation of ALOX15 activity is complex and involves multiple factors, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, as well as the availability of arachidonic acid and other substrates.

Arachidonate lipoxygenases (ALOs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, to produce various eicosanoids. These eicosanoids are signaling molecules that play important roles in regulating inflammation, blood pressure, and other physiological processes. There are several different types of ALOs, including 5-LOX, 12-LOX, and 15-LOX. Each type of ALO produces a different set of eicosanoids, which can have different effects on the body. In the medical field, ALOs and their products are often studied in relation to various diseases and conditions, such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. For example, some studies have suggested that elevated levels of certain eicosanoids produced by ALOs may contribute to the development of inflammation and other symptoms associated with these conditions. As a result, drugs that target ALOs or their products are being investigated as potential treatments for these diseases.

12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) is a bioactive lipid molecule that is produced from arachidonic acid (AA) by the action of the enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX). It is a member of the eicosanoid family of signaling molecules, which are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and cell proliferation. 12-HETE is synthesized in a variety of tissues, including platelets, endothelial cells, and immune cells, and has been implicated in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. It exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells and activating intracellular signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and cellular function. In the medical field, 12-HETE is often studied as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, as modulating its production and activity may help to regulate inflammation and other pathological processes. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role of 12-HETE in health and disease and to develop effective therapies that target this molecule.

Leukotrienes are a group of biologically active molecules that are produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) in response to inflammation. They are synthesized from arachidonic acid, which is an essential fatty acid found in cell membranes. There are several different types of leukotrienes, including leukotriene A4 (LTA4), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4), and leukotriene E4 (LTE4). These molecules have a variety of effects on the body, including: 1. Constricting blood vessels: Leukotrienes can cause blood vessels to narrow, which can increase blood pressure and contribute to inflammation. 2. Recruiting immune cells: Leukotrienes can attract immune cells to the site of inflammation, which can help to fight off infections. 3. Increasing mucus production: Leukotrienes can stimulate the production of mucus in the respiratory tract, which can lead to symptoms such as coughing and wheezing. 4. Aggravating allergic reactions: Leukotrienes can worsen allergic reactions by increasing inflammation and mucus production. Leukotrienes are involved in a number of different medical conditions, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They are also involved in the development of certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer and colon cancer. Medications that block the production or action of leukotrienes are used to treat these conditions.

Masoprocol is a medication that is used to treat certain types of stomach ulcers. It is a proton pump inhibitor, which means that it works by reducing the amount of acid that is produced by the stomach. This can help to reduce the pain and inflammation associated with ulcers, and can also help to prevent the ulcers from getting worse. Masoprocol is usually taken by mouth, and it is available in both tablet and capsule form. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking this medication, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) are a group of bioactive lipids that are derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by enzymes called lipoxygenases. HETEs are involved in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and blood clotting. There are several different HETEs, including 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). These compounds are produced by the action of lipoxygenases on AA, which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is abundant in cell membranes. HETEs can act as signaling molecules, binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells and triggering a variety of cellular responses. For example, 5-HETE has been shown to promote the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, which can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. 12-HETE has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure, while 15-HETE has been linked to the formation of blood clots. Overall, HETEs play important roles in many physiological processes, and their dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory disorders.

5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins (5-LOX-APs) are a family of proteins that activate the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), which is involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid to produce leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including asthma, allergic reactions, and inflammatory bowel disease. 5-LOX-APs are expressed in various cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages, and are thought to play a role in regulating the production of leukotrienes in these cells. Inhibition of 5-LOX-APs has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that is found in the cell membranes of all living organisms. It is an essential fatty acid, meaning that it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. In the medical field, arachidonic acid plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including inflammation, immune function, and blood clotting. It is also a precursor to the production of eicosanoids, a group of biologically active compounds that have diverse effects on the body, including vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and pain perception. Arachidonic acid is commonly found in foods such as fish, nuts, and seeds, and is also available as a dietary supplement. However, excessive consumption of arachidonic acid has been linked to an increased risk of certain health conditions, such as heart disease and cancer. Therefore, it is important to consume arachidonic acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a biologically active lipid mediator that plays a key role in the inflammatory response. It is produced by leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, in response to various stimuli such as bacterial or fungal infections, tissue damage, or allergic reactions. LTB4 acts as a chemoattractant, recruiting more leukocytes to the site of inflammation and promoting their activation and migration. It also stimulates the release of other pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and cytokines, from leukocytes and other cells. In the medical field, LTB4 is often measured in blood or other body fluids as a marker of inflammation. It is also a target for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as leukotriene receptor antagonists, which block the effects of LTB4 and reduce inflammation.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that is found in the cell membranes of all living organisms. It is an essential fatty acid, meaning that it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. In the medical field, arachidonic acid is known for its role in the production of eicosanoids, a group of signaling molecules that play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood clotting, and immune function. Eicosanoids are synthesized from arachidonic acid by enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs). Arachidonic acid is also a precursor to the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are another group of eicosanoids that have a wide range of effects on the body, including regulating blood pressure, controlling inflammation, and modulating pain and fever. In addition to its role in eicosanoid production, arachidonic acid is also important for maintaining the fluidity and integrity of cell membranes, and for regulating the activity of various enzymes and signaling molecules. Abnormal levels of arachidonic acid or disruptions in its metabolism have been linked to a number of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, and neurological disorders. As a result, arachidonic acid is an important area of research in the medical field, with efforts focused on developing new treatments and therapies for these conditions.

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) is a type of omega-6 fatty acid that is found in small amounts in some plant oils, such as evening primrose oil and black currant seed oil. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, meaning that it has multiple double bonds in its carbon chain. In the medical field, ETYA is being studied for its potential health benefits. Some research suggests that ETYA may have anti-inflammatory properties and may be beneficial for conditions such as arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. It may also have potential as an anti-cancer agent and may help to protect against heart disease by improving blood lipid profiles. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of ETYA and to determine the appropriate dosage and potential side effects. It is important to speak with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements or making changes to your diet.

Leukotriene A4 (LTA4) is a chemical compound that is produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) in response to inflammation. It is a precursor to other leukotrienes, which are signaling molecules that play a role in regulating immune responses and inflammation. LTA4 is synthesized from arachidonic acid, a fatty acid that is released from cell membranes in response to injury or infection. The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to LTA4. LTA4 has several effects on the body, including: 1. Contraction of smooth muscle cells in the airways, leading to bronchoconstriction and difficulty breathing. 2. Increased production of mucus in the airways, which can lead to coughing and difficulty breathing. 3. Increased blood vessel permeability, which can lead to swelling and inflammation. 4. Increased production of other leukotrienes, which can amplify the inflammatory response. LTA4 is involved in several inflammatory diseases, including asthma, allergic reactions, and inflammatory bowel disease. Inhibitors of 5-LOX, which block the production of LTA4, are used as medications to treat these conditions.

Linoleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is essential for human health. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family. Linoleic acid is a liquid at room temperature and is found in many plant-based oils, such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil. In the medical field, linoleic acid is considered an essential nutrient because the body cannot produce it on its own and must obtain it through the diet. It is important for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, and for supporting the immune system. Linoleic acid is also important for brain function and may help to reduce the risk of certain diseases, such as heart disease and cancer. However, it is important to note that while linoleic acid is essential for health, it is also possible to consume too much of it. Consuming large amounts of linoleic acid can increase the risk of certain health problems, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, it is important to consume linoleic acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Eicosanoids are a group of biologically active molecules derived from the 20-carbon fatty acid, arachidonic acid. They are produced by various cells in the body, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, in response to various stimuli such as injury, inflammation, or stress. Eicosanoids play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including inflammation, blood clotting, and blood pressure regulation. They are also involved in the regulation of pain, fever, and immune responses. There are several types of eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins. Each type of eicosanoid has a specific function and can have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, depending on the context in which they are produced. In the medical field, eicosanoids are often targeted for therapeutic purposes, particularly in the treatment of inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. For example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are key mediators of inflammation. Similarly, drugs that target specific eicosanoid receptors can be used to treat conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular disease.

I'm sorry, but I'm not able to find any information on a medical term called "SRS-A." It's possible that this term is used in a specific medical field or by a particular group of medical professionals. If you have any additional information or context about this term, please let me know and I'll do my best to help you.

Lipid peroxides are chemical compounds that are formed when lipids (fats and oils) are exposed to oxygen and undergo a process called oxidation. In the medical field, lipid peroxides are often measured as a biomarker of oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize them. Oxidative stress has been linked to a variety of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Linoleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is essential for human health. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family. Linoleic acid is a liquid at room temperature and is found in many plant-based oils, such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil. In the medical field, linoleic acid is considered an essential nutrient because the human body cannot produce it on its own and must obtain it through the diet. It is important for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, and for supporting the immune system. Linoleic acid is also important for brain function and may help to reduce the risk of certain diseases, such as heart disease and cancer. However, it is important to note that while linoleic acid is essential for health, it is also possible to consume too much of it. Consuming excessive amounts of linoleic acid has been linked to an increased risk of certain health problems, such as inflammation and obesity. Therefore, it is important to consume linoleic acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Flavanones are a type of flavonoid, which are naturally occurring compounds found in many fruits, vegetables, and plants. They are known for their antioxidant properties and have been studied for their potential health benefits. In the medical field, flavanones have been shown to have a number of potential health benefits, including: 1. Cardiovascular health: Flavanones have been shown to help lower blood pressure and improve blood flow, which can help reduce the risk of heart disease. 2. Anti-inflammatory effects: Flavanones have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. 3. Improved cognitive function: Some studies have suggested that flavanones may help improve cognitive function and memory. 4. Anti-cancer effects: Flavanones have been shown to have anti-cancer properties, and may help reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and colon cancer. Flavanones are found in a variety of foods, including citrus fruits, onions, and apples. They are also available as dietary supplements. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of flavanones and to determine the optimal dosage and duration of use.

Lipoxins are a class of bioactive lipids that are produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) in response to inflammation. They are synthesized from arachidonic acid, which is an omega-6 fatty acid found in cell membranes. Lipoxins have anti-inflammatory properties and play a role in resolving inflammation. They can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reduce the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation, and promote the clearance of apoptotic cells. Lipoxins have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. They have also been shown to have potential therapeutic applications in these conditions. Overall, lipoxins are an important class of molecules that play a critical role in regulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair.

Calcimycin, also known as FK506, is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is primarily used to prevent organ rejection in people who have received a transplant, such as a kidney or liver transplant. Calcimycin works by inhibiting the activity of a protein called calcineurin, which plays a key role in the activation of T-cells, a type of white blood cell that is involved in the immune response. By inhibiting calcineurin, calcimycin helps to suppress the immune system and reduce the risk of organ rejection. Calcimycin is usually given as an oral tablet or as an injection. It can cause side effects such as headache, nausea, and diarrhea, and it may interact with other medications.

Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It works by blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause pain, inflammation, and fever. Indomethacin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and suppositories. It is often prescribed for conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches. It can also be used to treat gout, kidney stones, and other inflammatory conditions. However, indomethacin can have side effects, including stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It can also increase the risk of bleeding and ulcers in the stomach and intestines. Therefore, it is important to use indomethacin only as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any side effects immediately.

Leukotriene antagonists are a class of medications that block the action of leukotrienes, which are chemical messengers produced by the immune system. These drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Leukotrienes play a role in the inflammatory response and can cause constriction of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing. By blocking the action of leukotrienes, leukotriene antagonists can help to relax the airways and improve breathing in people with asthma or COPD. There are several different types of leukotriene antagonists available, including montelukast (Singulair) and zafirlukast (Accolate). These drugs are usually taken by mouth and are generally well-tolerated. However, like all medications, they can cause side effects, such as headache, nausea, and dizziness. It is important to talk to a healthcare provider about the potential benefits and risks of leukotriene antagonists before starting treatment.

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthases, also known as cyclooxygenases (COXs), are enzymes that play a crucial role in the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which are hormone-like substances that regulate various physiological processes in the body. There are two main isoforms of COX: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is involved in the maintenance of normal physiological functions, such as platelet aggregation, gastric mucosal protection, and renal blood flow regulation. In contrast, COX-2 is induced in response to various stimuli, such as inflammation, injury, and stress, and is primarily involved in the production of prostaglandins that mediate inflammatory and pain responses. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are synthesized from arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is released from membrane phospholipids in response to various stimuli. COXs catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), which is then further metabolized to various prostaglandins and thromboxanes by other enzymes. In the medical field, COX inhibitors are commonly used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are examples of COX inhibitors that are widely used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. However, long-term use of NSAIDs can have adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system, which has led to the development of newer COX-2 selective inhibitors, such as celecoxib and rofecoxib, that are thought to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

Hydroxyurea is a medication that is used to treat certain types of blood disorders, including sickle cell anemia and myelofibrosis. It works by slowing down the production of new blood cells in the bone marrow, which can help to reduce the number of abnormal red blood cells in the body and prevent them from getting stuck in small blood vessels. Hydroxyurea is usually taken by mouth in the form of tablets or capsules, and the dosage and frequency of administration will depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's response to the medication. It is important to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to report any side effects or concerns to them right away.

Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is a chemical compound that is produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) in response to inflammation. It is a member of a larger group of compounds called leukotrienes, which are involved in the inflammatory response and play a role in the development of asthma, allergic reactions, and other inflammatory conditions. LTC4 is produced by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid, a fatty acid found in cell membranes, into LTC4 and other leukotrienes. LTC4 is then released from the leukocyte and acts on nearby cells to cause inflammation and other effects. LTC4 acts on specific receptors on the surface of cells, triggering a cascade of events that leads to the release of other inflammatory mediators, such as histamine and prostaglandins. It also causes constriction of blood vessels and smooth muscles, which can contribute to inflammation and pain. In the medical field, LTC4 is often studied as a potential target for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and allergic reactions. Inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, which are drugs that prevent the production of LTC4 and other leukotrienes, are sometimes used to treat these conditions.

Phospholipases A are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of phospholipids, releasing fatty acids and lysophospholipids. There are several types of phospholipases A, including phospholipase A1, phospholipase A2, and phospholipase A3, each with different substrate specificities and functions. In the medical field, phospholipases A play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. For example, they are involved in the metabolism of cellular membranes, the regulation of inflammation, and the activation of signaling pathways. Phospholipases A are also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacological agents that target phospholipases A have been developed for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. For example, some phospholipase A inhibitors have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects, while some phospholipase A activators have been shown to have beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease.

Receptors, Leukotriene are a type of protein found on the surface of cells in the immune system, specifically white blood cells called leukocytes. These receptors are responsible for binding to and responding to leukotrienes, which are chemical messengers produced by leukocytes in response to inflammation or injury. Activation of leukotriene receptors can cause a variety of physiological effects, including constriction of blood vessels, increased mucus production, and recruitment of more immune cells to the site of inflammation. Understanding the role of leukotriene receptors in the immune system is important for developing treatments for a variety of inflammatory and allergic conditions.

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of phospholipids, releasing fatty acids and lysophospholipids. There are several types of PLA2s, including secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s), cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s), and calcium-independent PLA2s (iPLA2s), each with distinct properties and functions. In the medical field, PLA2s have been implicated in various diseases and conditions, including inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. For example, sPLA2s are involved in the production of arachidonic acid, a precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, and have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. cPLA2s are involved in the regulation of cell signaling and have been implicated in the development of cancer. iPLA2s have been shown to play a role in the regulation of membrane fluidity and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Overall, PLA2s are important enzymes that play a role in various physiological and pathological processes, and their study has led to the development of potential therapeutic targets for a range of diseases.

Caffeic acids are a group of phenolic compounds that are naturally found in many plants, including coffee, tea, and fruits. They are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and have been studied for their potential health benefits. In the medical field, caffeic acids are used as ingredients in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. They have been shown to have potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of a variety of conditions, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Caffeic acids are also used in traditional medicine to treat a range of ailments, including digestive problems, skin conditions, and respiratory infections. They are often used in combination with other natural compounds to enhance their therapeutic effects. Overall, caffeic acids are a promising area of research in the medical field, and their potential health benefits continue to be explored.

Catechols are a class of organic compounds that contain a catechol group, which is a hydroxybenzene group with two hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a benzene ring. Catechols are found naturally in many plants and animals, and they are also synthesized in the body as part of various metabolic processes. In the medical field, catechols are often used as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. They have been shown to have a number of potential health benefits, including reducing the risk of heart disease, improving blood flow, and protecting against oxidative stress. Catechols are also used in the production of a variety of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, including drugs for treating high blood pressure, heart disease, and Parkinson's disease. They are also used in the manufacturing of dyes, pigments, and other industrial chemicals.

Linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for human health. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in plant-based oils, such as flaxseed oil, soybean oil, and canola oil. Linolenic acid is important for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails, and it also plays a role in reducing inflammation in the body. In the medical field, linolenic acid is sometimes used to treat conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and other skin disorders. It may also be used to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, as it can help to lower blood pressure and reduce inflammation in the arteries.

Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a type of leukotriene, which is a chemical substance produced by white blood cells (leukocytes) in response to inflammation. LTE4 is a potent mediator of inflammation and can cause constriction of blood vessels, increased mucus production, and recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation. It is involved in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). LTE4 is also a biomarker of inflammation and can be measured in blood or sputum samples to help diagnose and monitor these conditions.

Benzeneacetamides are a class of organic compounds that contain a benzene ring and an amide group. They are derivatives of benzene and acetamide, and are often used as intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds. In the medical field, benzeneacetamides have been studied for their potential use as anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, and anticonvulsants. Some specific benzeneacetamides, such as acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol), are widely used as over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers. However, it is important to note that the use of benzeneacetamides can also have potential side effects and risks, and should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

In the medical field, "Fatty Acids, Unsaturated" refers to a type of fatty acid that contains one or more double bonds in the carbon chain. Unsaturated fatty acids are classified into two categories: monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MUFAs have one double bond in their carbon chain, while PUFAs have two or more double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids are considered healthier than saturated fatty acids because they can lower cholesterol levels, reduce the risk of heart disease, and improve blood pressure. Some examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (a MUFA found in olive oil), linoleic acid (a PUFA found in vegetable oils), and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 PUFA found in fish oil). In medical contexts, the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids is often recommended as part of a healthy diet to promote cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that belongs to the omega-6 family. It is a derivative of linoleic acid, which is an essential fatty acid that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through the diet. In the medical field, ETA has been studied for its potential health benefits and therapeutic applications. Some research suggests that ETA may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and may be useful in the treatment of various conditions such as cardiovascular disease, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of ETA on human health and to determine its optimal dosage and potential side effects. As with any dietary supplement or medication, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before using ETA or any other supplement.

Epoxide hydrolases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxides, which are three-membered cyclic ethers. These enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of various compounds, including some drugs and environmental pollutants. In the medical field, epoxide hydrolases are of particular interest because they can modulate the activity of certain drugs by converting them into less active or inactive metabolites. For example, some anti-cancer drugs, such as tamoxifen and etoposide, are activated by epoxide hydrolases in certain tissues, while others, such as benzo[a]pyrene, are detoxified by these enzymes. Epoxide hydrolases are also involved in the metabolism of some endogenous compounds, such as fatty acids and bile acids. In addition, they have been implicated in the development of certain diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Overall, epoxide hydrolases play a critical role in the metabolism of a wide range of compounds, and their activity can have important implications for human health.

Pyrazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with one nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms. They are commonly used in the medical field as pharmaceuticals and as active ingredients in various drugs. Pyrazoles have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, and antihypertensive properties. Some examples of drugs that contain pyrazoles include: 1. Metformin: A medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. 2. Etoricoxib: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammation. 3. Ritonavir: An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV/AIDS. 4. Alendronate: A medication used to treat osteoporosis. 5. Cilostazol: A medication used to treat peripheral arterial disease. Pyrazoles are also used as research tools in the field of medicinal chemistry to develop new drugs with specific biological activities.

Receptors, Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) are a type of protein receptor found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system, such as neutrophils and macrophages. These receptors are activated by the binding of the signaling molecule leukotriene B4 (LTB4), which is produced by immune cells in response to inflammation or infection. When LTB4 binds to its receptor, it triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events that can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including the activation and recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and the promotion of tissue damage. In the medical field, the study of LTB4 receptors and their role in inflammation and immune responses is important for understanding the pathophysiology of a variety of diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and certain types of cancer. In addition, drugs that target LTB4 receptors are being developed as potential treatments for these conditions.

Thromboxane B2 is a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator that is produced by platelets and other cells in response to injury or inflammation. It plays a key role in the formation of blood clots and is involved in various cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Thromboxane B2 is also a potent stimulator of uterine contractions during pregnancy and can contribute to the development of preterm labor.

Oxylipins are a class of bioactive lipids that are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids through the action of enzymes called lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of fatty acids, leading to the formation of various oxylipins, including hydroxy fatty acids, epoxy fatty acids, and dihydroxy fatty acids. Oxylipins play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, immune response, blood pressure regulation, and cell signaling. They are also involved in the development and progression of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the medical field, oxylipins are often studied as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for these diseases. For example, some oxylipins have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, while others have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the metabolism and function of oxylipins is important for developing new treatments and improving patient outcomes.

Lipoxygenases are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, to produce a variety of bioactive compounds known as eicosanoids. These compounds play important roles in various physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and immune responses. There are several types of lipoxygenases, including 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX), each of which produces a different set of eicosanoids. For example, 5-LOX produces leukotrienes, which are involved in the inflammatory response, while 12-LOX and 15-LOX produce hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), which can have both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Lipoxygenases are found in a variety of tissues, including the lung, liver, and immune cells, and their activity is regulated by a number of factors, including the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the presence of specific inhibitors or activators. In some cases, dysregulation of lipoxygenase activity has been linked to various diseases, including asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Quinolines are a class of organic compounds that have a fused ring system consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring and a five-membered heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen. They are structurally related to quinine, which is a well-known antimalarial drug. In the medical field, quinolines have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in various diseases. Some of the most notable examples include: 1. Antimalarial activity: Quinolines have been used as antimalarial drugs for many years, with quinine being the most widely used. However, resistance to quinine has emerged in some regions, leading to the development of new quinoline-based drugs, such as chloroquine and artemisinin. 2. Antibacterial activity: Some quinolines have been found to have antibacterial activity against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. For example, nalidixic acid is a quinoline antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections caused by certain bacteria. 3. Antiviral activity: Quinolines have also been studied for their potential antiviral activity against viruses such as influenza, HIV, and herpes simplex virus. 4. Antifungal activity: Some quinolines have been found to have antifungal activity against Candida species, which are common causes of fungal infections in humans. Overall, quinolines have a diverse range of potential therapeutic applications in the medical field, and ongoing research is exploring their use in the treatment of various diseases.

Quinacrine is an antimalarial drug that was first synthesized in the early 20th century. It is a synthetic antimalarial agent that is effective against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most severe form of malaria. Quinacrine is a yellow-orange crystalline powder that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It is usually administered orally as a tablet or as a suspension in water. Quinacrine works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the Plasmodium parasite in the red blood cells of the host. It does this by interfering with the parasite's ability to synthesize heme, a vital component of hemoglobin, which is necessary for the survival of the parasite. Quinacrine has also been used to treat other parasitic infections, such as leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis. However, its use has been limited due to its side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and skin rashes. Additionally, quinacrine has been associated with an increased risk of liver damage and has been banned in some countries due to its potential carcinogenic effects.

Dinoprostone is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) medication that is used in the medical field to induce labor in pregnant women who are past their due date or who are at risk of complications during delivery. It is typically administered vaginally as a gel or tablet, and works by stimulating the muscles of the uterus to contract and push the baby out of the womb. Dinoprostone is also sometimes used to treat certain conditions that can cause bleeding in the uterus, such as uterine fibroids or abnormal bleeding during pregnancy. It is generally considered safe and effective for use in pregnant women, but like all medications, it can cause side effects in some people. These may include cramping, bleeding, and uterine contractions.

In the medical field, peroxides are chemical compounds that contain the oxygen-oxygen (O-O) bond. They are commonly used as disinfectants, bleaching agents, and oxidizing agents in various medical applications. One of the most well-known peroxides in medicine is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is used as a topical antiseptic to clean wounds and prevent infection. Hydrogen peroxide is also used as a mouthwash to treat gum disease and other oral infections. Other peroxides used in medicine include peroxyacetic acid (PAA), which is used as a disinfectant for medical equipment and surfaces, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-), which is a potent oxidizing agent that plays a role in the body's immune response. Peroxides can also be used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as the use of ozone therapy to treat chronic pain and other inflammatory conditions. However, the use of peroxides in medicine should be carefully monitored and controlled to avoid potential side effects and complications.

Benzoquinones are a class of organic compounds that contain a benzene ring with two ketone groups (-C=O) attached to adjacent carbon atoms. They are commonly found in nature and are also synthesized in the laboratory for various industrial and medicinal applications. In the medical field, benzoquinones have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects. Some benzoquinones have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial properties. For example, some benzoquinones have been shown to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells, while others have been found to have anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of inflammatory diseases. However, it is important to note that not all benzoquinones are safe or effective for medical use, and some may even be toxic or harmful. Therefore, the use of benzoquinones in medicine should be carefully evaluated and monitored by medical professionals.

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that is involved in the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that play a role in various physiological processes in the body, including inflammation, pain, and fever. COX-2 is primarily found in cells of the immune system and in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. In the medical field, COX-2 inhibitors are a class of drugs that are used to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. They are often prescribed for conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches. However, long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes, which has led to some restrictions on their use.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Indoles are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered aromatic ring with a nitrogen atom at one of the corners of the ring. They are commonly found in a variety of natural products, including some plants, bacteria, and fungi. In the medical field, indoles have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects, particularly in the treatment of cancer. Some indoles have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial properties, and are being investigated as potential drugs for the treatment of various diseases.

Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a chemical compound that belongs to a group of molecules called leukotrienes. Leukotrienes are produced by immune cells called leukocytes and are involved in the inflammatory response. LTD4 is a potent bronchoconstrictor, meaning that it can cause the airways to narrow and become more difficult to breathe. This effect makes LTD4 a key mediator in the development of asthma and other inflammatory airway diseases. In addition to its bronchoconstrictor effects, LTD4 can also cause smooth muscle contraction, increase mucus production, and recruit immune cells to the site of inflammation. As a result, LTD4 plays a central role in the pathophysiology of many inflammatory conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and allergic rhinitis.

Receptors, Eicosanoid are a type of protein molecules that are found on the surface of cells in the body. They are responsible for binding to and responding to signaling molecules called eicosanoids, which are derived from the metabolism of fatty acids. Eicosanoids play a variety of roles in the body, including regulating inflammation, blood pressure, and blood clotting. Receptors, Eicosanoid are involved in the signaling pathways that mediate the effects of eicosanoids, and they are important for maintaining normal physiological function. In the medical field, understanding the function and regulation of Receptors, Eicosanoid is important for developing treatments for a variety of diseases and conditions that are associated with abnormal eicosanoid signaling.

Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) is a signaling molecule that plays a role in the immune response and inflammation. It is produced by various cells, including platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells, and acts on a specific receptor on the surface of these cells to trigger a variety of cellular responses. PAF is involved in the recruitment and activation of immune cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, to sites of inflammation. It also promotes the release of other inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and can cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, leading to edema and tissue damage. In addition to its role in inflammation, PAF has been implicated in a variety of other conditions, including allergic reactions, asthma, and certain types of heart disease. It is also a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these conditions.

Cyclopentanes are a type of organic compound that contain a five-membered ring of carbon atoms with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. They are commonly used as solvents, intermediates in chemical reactions, and as starting materials for the synthesis of other compounds. In the medical field, cyclopentanes are not typically used as drugs or therapeutic agents. However, some cyclopentane derivatives have been studied for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer and viral infections.

Intramolecular oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions within a single molecule. These enzymes are involved in various biological processes, including metabolism, signal transduction, and gene expression. They typically contain a redox-active site that undergoes changes in oxidation state during the catalytic cycle, allowing them to transfer electrons between different parts of the molecule. Examples of intramolecular oxidoreductases include thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and peroxiredoxins. These enzymes play important roles in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protecting cells against oxidative stress.

Prostaglandins are a group of hormone-like substances that are produced in the body from fatty acids. They play a variety of roles in the body, including regulating inflammation, blood pressure, and pain. Prostaglandins are synthesized in cells throughout the body, including in the lining of the stomach, the lungs, and the reproductive organs. They are also produced in response to injury or infection, and are thought to play a role in the body's healing process. Prostaglandins are often used as medications to reduce inflammation and pain, and are also used to prevent blood clots and to induce labor in pregnant women.

Nonheme iron proteins are a class of proteins that contain iron but do not have the heme prosthetic group. Heme is a complex organic molecule that contains an iron atom coordinated to a porphyrin ring, and it is found in many proteins involved in oxygen transport, such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. Nonheme iron proteins, on the other hand, contain iron that is not coordinated to a porphyrin ring and is instead bound to other ligands, such as histidine or cysteine residues. Nonheme iron proteins play a variety of roles in biological systems. For example, they are involved in the metabolism of iron, the detoxification of reactive oxygen species, and the catalysis of various chemical reactions. Some examples of nonheme iron proteins include ferritin, transferrin, and cytochrome P450 enzymes.

In the medical field, "Pyrans" refers to a type of cyclic compound that contains a six-membered ring with five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Pyrans are a subclass of the larger group of heterocyclic compounds, which are molecules that contain at least one atom other than carbon in their ring structure. Pyrans are commonly found in nature and are often used as building blocks for the synthesis of various natural products, such as sugars, flavonoids, and alkaloids. In medicine, pyrans are used as active ingredients in various drugs and therapeutic agents, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiviral agents. One well-known example of a pyran is glucose, which is a simple sugar that is essential for energy metabolism in living organisms. Other examples of pyrans include fructose, ribose, and xanthan gum, which are used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Umbelliferones are a group of natural compounds that are found in plants, particularly in the Apiaceae family. They are also known as coumarins and are characterized by their characteristic sweet, fruity odor. Umbelliferones have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antioxidant properties. They have been studied for their potential use in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In the medical field, umbelliferones are often used as natural remedies or as ingredients in dietary supplements.

In the medical field, isoenzymes refer to different forms of enzymes that have the same chemical structure and catalytic activity, but differ in their amino acid sequence. These differences can arise due to genetic variations or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation. Isoenzymes are often used in medical diagnosis and treatment because they can provide information about the function and health of specific organs or tissues. For example, the presence of certain isoenzymes in the blood can indicate liver or kidney disease, while changes in the levels of specific isoenzymes in the brain can be indicative of neurological disorders. In addition, isoenzymes can be used as biomarkers for certain diseases or conditions, and can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. For example, drugs that inhibit specific isoenzymes can be used to treat certain types of cancer or heart disease.

Zymosan is a polysaccharide derived from the cell walls of yeasts and other fungi. It is commonly used in medical research as an activator of the immune system, particularly in the study of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. When zymosan is injected into the body, it triggers an immune response that involves the release of various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. This response can be used to study the function of immune cells and the signaling pathways involved in inflammation. Zymosan has also been used in clinical trials as a potential treatment for various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and sepsis. However, more research is needed to fully understand its therapeutic potential and potential side effects.

Dioctyl sulfosuccinic acid (DOSSA) is a chemical compound that is used in various medical applications. It is a white, odorless, and water-soluble solid that is commonly used as a surfactant, emulsifier, and solubilizer in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and personal care products. In the medical field, DOSSA is used as a solubilizing agent to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, which can enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. It is also used as a stabilizing agent to prevent the aggregation of proteins and other biomolecules, which can improve their stability and shelf-life. DOSSA is also used as a preservative in some medical products, such as eye drops and ointments, to prevent the growth of microorganisms and extend their shelf-life. It is important to note that while DOSSA is generally considered safe for use in medical products, it can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some individuals. Therefore, it is important to use caution when handling and administering products containing DOSSA, and to follow proper safety protocols to minimize the risk of adverse reactions.

Prostaglandins E (PGE) are a group of lipid signaling molecules that are produced in the body from arachidonic acid. They are synthesized by enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX) and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting. PGEs are produced in response to various stimuli, such as injury, infection, or stress, and act as messengers to regulate cellular responses. They can also act as vasodilators, increasing blood flow to tissues, and as bronchodilators, relaxing smooth muscle in the airways. In the medical field, PGEs are used as drugs to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, inflammation, and asthma. They are also used in research to study the mechanisms of these processes and to develop new treatments.

Pleurisy is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pleura, which is the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside of the chest cavity. This inflammation can cause the pleura to become thickened, sticky, and inflamed, leading to pain and difficulty breathing. There are two types of pleurisy: viral and bacterial. Viral pleurisy is usually caused by a respiratory virus, such as the flu or COVID-19, and is usually self-limiting. Bacterial pleurisy, on the other hand, is caused by bacteria and requires antibiotics to treat. Symptoms of pleurisy may include chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing, difficulty breathing, fever, and a dry cough. Treatment for pleurisy typically involves pain management, antibiotics if the cause is bacterial, and rest. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Pyrazolones are a class of organic compounds that contain a pyrazole ring with one or more hydroxyl groups attached to it. They are commonly used in the medical field as anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. One of the most well-known pyrazolones is phenylbutazone, which was introduced in the 1950s and was widely used as an anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. However, phenylbutazone was later found to have serious side effects, including liver damage and aplastic anemia, and its use has been largely discontinued. Other pyrazolones that are still used in medicine include (etoricoxib), which is used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, and (), which is used to treat allergies and other respiratory conditions.

Membrane proteins are proteins that are embedded within the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane. They play a crucial role in regulating the movement of substances across the membrane, as well as in cell signaling and communication. There are several types of membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins, which span the entire membrane, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are only in contact with one or both sides of the membrane. Membrane proteins can be classified based on their function, such as transporters, receptors, channels, and enzymes. They are important for many physiological processes, including nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and cell growth and division.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that regulate various physiological processes in the body, including inflammation, pain, and blood clotting. COX-1 is found in most tissues throughout the body, including the stomach, blood vessels, and kidneys. In the medical field, COX-1 is often targeted for the treatment of various conditions, including pain, inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen are commonly used to inhibit COX-1 activity, which can help reduce pain and inflammation. However, long-term use of high doses of NSAIDs can also lead to side effects such as stomach ulcers and increased risk of cardiovascular events. COX-1 is also involved in the production of thromboxanes, which are potent vasoconstrictors that can contribute to the formation of blood clots. As a result, COX-1 inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of conditions such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of bleeding, particularly in patients taking anticoagulant medications.

Cycloheptanes are a group of organic compounds that consist of a seven-membered ring of carbon atoms. They are typically colorless, volatile liquids with a sweet odor. In the medical field, cycloheptanes are not commonly used as drugs or medications. However, they can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds, such as pharmaceuticals. Some cycloheptanes have been studied for their potential use as insecticides or as solvents for organic compounds.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is found in fish oil and other sources. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, which means that it has multiple double bonds in its carbon chain. EPA is a type of long-chain fatty acid that is essential for human health, meaning that it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. In the medical field, EPA is often used as a dietary supplement to help reduce inflammation and lower triglyceride levels in the blood. It has also been studied for its potential benefits in treating a variety of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, depression, and certain types of cancer. Some research suggests that EPA may have anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects, which may help to reduce the risk of heart disease. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and to determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.

... soybean lipoxygenase L1 and L3, coral 8-lipoxygenase, human 5-lipoxygenase, rabbit 15-lipoxygenase and porcine leukocyte 12- ... erythrocyte type 15-lipoxygenase (or 15-lipoxygenase, erythrocyte type), reticulocyte type 15-lipoxygenase (or 15-lipoxygenase ... LOX-DB - LipOXygenases DataBase Lipoxygenases iron-binding region in PROSITE PDB: 1YGE​ - structure of lipoxygenase-1 from ... Certain types of the lipoxygenases, e.g. human and murine 15-lipoxygenase 1, 12-lipoxygenase B, and ALOXE3, are capable of ...
Linoleate+8R-lipoxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.13.11) ... Linoleate 8R-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.60, linoleic acid 8R-dioxygenase, 5,8-LDS (bifunctional enzyme), 7,8-LDS (bifunctional ... 12-dienoate Linoleate 8R-lipoxygenase contains heme. Brodhun F, Göbel C, Hornung E, Feussner I (May 2009). "Identification of ...
... (EC 1.13.11.58, 9-lipoxygenase, 9S-lipoxygenase, linoleate 9-lipoxygenase, LOX1 (gene), 9S-LOX) is an ... Linoleate+9S-lipoxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.13.11) ... Andreou AZ, Hornung E, Kunze S, Rosahl S, Feussner I (March 2009). "On the substrate binding of linoleate 9-lipoxygenases". ... Bannenberg G, Martínez M, Hamberg M, Castresana C (February 2009). "Diversity of the enzymatic activity in the lipoxygenase ...
Hamberg M, Su C, Oliw E (1998). "Manganese lipoxygenase. Discovery of a bis-allylic hydroperoxide as product and intermediate ... In enzymology, a linoleate 11-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.45) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction linoleate + O2 ... This enzyme is also called linoleate dioxygenase, manganese lipoxygenase. This enzyme participates in linoleic acid metabolism ... Su C, Oliw EH (1998). "Manganese lipoxygenase. Purification and characterization". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (21): 13072-9. doi: ...
Linoleate+10R-lipoxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.13.11 ... Linoleate 10R-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.62, 10R-DOX, (10R)-dioxygenase, 10R-dioxygenase) is an enzyme with systematic name ... 12-octadecadienoate Linoleate 10R-lipoxygenase is involved in biosynthesis of oxylipins. Garscha U, Oliw EH (May 2009). " ...
... (EC 1.13.11.61, NspLOX, (9R)-LOX, linoleate 9R-dioxygenase) is an enzyme with systematic name alpha- ... Linolenate+9R-lipoxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.13.11 ... Andreou AZ, Vanko M, Bezakova L, Feussner I (June 2008). "Properties of a mini 9R-lipoxygenase from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 and its ... Lang I, Göbel C, Porzel A, Heilmann I, Feussner I (March 2008). "A lipoxygenase with linoleate diol synthase activity from ...
... , also known as ALOX5, 5-lipoxygenase, 5-LOX, or 5-LO, is a non-heme iron-containing enzyme (EC 1.13 ... Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase is a member of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes. It transforms essential fatty acids (EFA) ... "5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein are localized in the nuclear envelope of activated human leukocytes". J. ... "Alox5 - arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase". WikiGenes. Fahel JS, de Souza MB, Gomes MT, Corsetti PP, Carvalho NB, Marinho FA, de ...
Other names in common use include 8-lipoxygenase, and 8(R)-lipoxygenase. This enzyme participates in arachidonic acid ... Bundy GL, Nidy EG, Epps DE, Mizsak SA, Wnuk RJ (1986). "Discovery of an arachidonic acid C-8 lipoxygenase in the gorgonian ... Arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.40) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction arachidonate + O2 ⇌ {\ ...
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein also known as 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, or FLAP, is a protein that in ... synthase interact with 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research ... 5-lipoxygenase-activating+protein at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human ALOX5AP genome ... Musiyenko A, Correa L, Stock N, Hutchinson JH, Lorrain DS, Bain G, Evans JF, Barik S (November 2009). "A novel 5-lipoxygenase- ...
... s are compounds that slow or stop the action of the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5- ... Lipoxygenase+inhibitors at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MeSH list of agents 82016859 ... 1. Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase ...Specific function: Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a ... Zileuton is a specific inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase and thus inhibits leukotriene (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) formation. Both ...
"Pfam entry: Lipoxygenase". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-01-25. PDBsum entry: Alpha Toxin "Pfam ...
... also termed arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, 5-LO, and 5-LOX). ALOX5 metabolizes arachidonic acid to its ... 12-Lipoxygenase (i.e. ALOX12) to metabolize 5(S)-HETE to 5(S),12(S)-diHETE. The activity of this product has not yet been fully ... by the arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase-1-based or arachidonate 15-lipoxygenased-2-based metabolism of 5-oxo-ETE; and f) conversion ...
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase "Flavocoxid". livertox.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-07-20. This article incorporates text from this ...
It is a lipoxygenase inhibitor. Gowri MS, Azhar RK, Kraemer FB, Reaven GM, Azhar S (September 2000). "Masoprocol decreases rat ...
AM-679 is a drug which acts as a selective inhibitor of 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). This protein is involved in ... "5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitors. Part 2: 3-{5-((S)-1-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-ylmethoxy)-3-tert-butylsulfanyl ... "A Novel 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein Inhibitor, AM679, Reduces Inflammation in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected ...
... possibly 15-lipoxygenase-2 (i.e. ALOX15B), 5-lipoxygenase (i.e. ALOX5), cyclooxygenase-2 (i.e. COX-2), and certain cytochrome ... The following oxygenase enzymes may be responsible for metabolizing PUFA to resolvins: 15-lipoxygenase-1 (i.e. ALOX15), ... range of cells and tissues by the initial metabolism of DHA to 7S-hydroperoxy-DHA and 4S-hydroperoxy-DHA by a 15-lipoxygenase ( ...
Lipoxygenase inhibitor "Zileuton (Oral Route)". MayoClinic. "Zyflo consumer information". Drugs.com. "Lethal Cancer Knocked ... Zileuton (trade name Zyflo) is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and thus inhibits leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, ... Krutetskaya ZI, Milenina LS, Naumova AA, Antonov VG, Nozdrachev AD (July 2016). "5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton inhibits Ca( ... Zileuton is an active oral inhibitor of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which forms leukotrienes, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, ...
... a Potent 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, Isolated from Ardisia sieboldii, and Degree of 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity of Its ... Ardisiaquinones are of research interest because they possess 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor activity and 5-LOX has clinical ... Fukuishi, N.; Takada, T.; Fukuyama, Y.; Akagi, M. (2001). "Antiallergic effect of ardisiaquinone A, a potent 5-lipoxygenase ... "Naturally Occurring 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor. II. Structures and Syntheses of Ardisianones a and B, and Maesanin, Alkenyl-1,4- ...
Pinoresinol - inhibitor of 15-lipoxygenase. Uracil - isolated from the leaf of Fadogia homblei, significant as the first ...
Cho KJ, Seo JM, Kim JH (July 2011). "Bioactive lipoxygenase metabolites stimulation of NADPH oxidases and reactive oxygen ... Speed N, Blair IA (December 2011). "Cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-mediated DNA damage". Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 30 (3 ...
For example, 5-lipoxygenase (i.e. (ALOX5) in neutrophils and 15-lipoxygenase-1 (i.e. ALOX15) in immature erythrocytes and ... The double oxygenations may be conducted within a single cell type which possesses ALOX5 and an enzyme with 15-lipoxygenase ... A lipoxin (LX or Lx), an acronym for lipoxygenase interaction product, is a bioactive autacoid metabolite of arachidonic acid ... This step is catalyzed by enzymes with 15-lipoxygenase activity which in humans includes ALOX15, ALOX12, aspirin-treated ...
Epidermis-type lipoxygenase 3 (ALOXE3 or eLOX3) is a member of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes; in humans, it is encoded by ... The epidermis-type lipoxygenases are now regarded as a distinct subclass within the multigene family of mammalian lipoxygenases ... "Entrez Gene: ALOXE3 arachidonate lipoxygenase 3". Schneider C, Brash AR (August 2002). "Lipoxygenase-catalyzed formation of R- ... "Lipoxygenase-3 (ALOXE3) and 12(R)-lipoxygenase (ALOX12B) are mutated in non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE ...
15-Lipoxygenase-2: Cells also used 15-lipoxygenase 2 (i.e. 15-LOX-2 or ALOX15B) to make 15(S)-HpETE and 15(S)-HETE. However ... 15-Lipoxygenase-1: Cells metabolize arachidonic acid with 15-lipoxygenase-1 (i.e., 15-LO-1, ALOX15) to form 15(S)-HpETE as a ... inhibitor of 12-lipoxygenase but not other human lipoxygenases. This effect could also have anti-inflammatory and anti- ... Oxygenated by 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5 to form its 5,6-trans epoxide derivative which may then rearrange to the lipoxins (LX), ...
Lipoxygenase homology domains 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the LOXHD1 gene. This gene encodes a highly conserved ... "Entrez Gene: Lipoxygenase homology domains 1". Retrieved 2012-04-10. Grillet N, Schwander M, Hildebrand MS, Sczaniecka A, ... protein consisting entirely of PLAT (polycystin/lipoxygenase/alpha-toxin) domains, thought to be involved in targeting proteins ...
The murine homolog of human 15(S)-lipoxygenase-2 (ALOX15B), 8(S)-lipoxygenase, while preferring arachidonic acid over linoleic ... However, ALOX15B, similar to human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15), metabolizes linoleic acid to 13(S)-HODE but not to 9(S)-HODEs. ... Cho, K. J.; Seo, J. M.; Kim, J. H. (2011). "Bioactive lipoxygenase metabolites stimulation of NADPH oxidases and reactive ... Speed, N.; Blair, I. A. (2011). "Cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-mediated DNA damage". Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 30 (3-4 ...
The 15-lipoxygenases (particularly ALOX15) may also act in series with 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, or aspirin-treated COX2 ... The enzymes 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1 or ALOX15) and 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LO-2, ALOX15B) metabolize arachidonic acid to the S ... Other reactions of lipoxygenases generate cellular damage; murine models implicate 15-lipoxygenase in the pathogenesis of ... Lipoxygenases (LOXs): 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX or ALOX5) initiates the metabolism of arachidonic acid to 5- ...
... cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. In addition to the maresins, this class of mediators includes: the 15-lipoxygenase (i.e. ... certain 15-lipoxygenase-derived Resolvin D series metabolites of DHA; certain other 15-lipoxygenase-derived protectin D1 and ... Maresin 1, and more recently defined maresins, are 12-lipoxygenase-derived metabolites of the omega-3 fatty acid, ... Studies implicate the following pathway in its formation: 12-lipoxygenase converts DHA to its 14-hydroxperoxy intermediate, 14( ...
12-lipoxygenase gene, see lipoxygenase#Mouse lipoxygenases) are resistant to a) streptozotocin-induced, b) high fat diet- ... express platelet type 12-lipoxygenase but also a leukocyte type 12-lipoxygenase (also termed 12/15-lipoxygenase, 12/15-LOX or ... In humans, Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO, 12-LOX, ALO12, or platelet type 12-lipoxygenase) is encoded by the ALOX12 gene ... "CDNA cloning of a 8-lipoxygenase and a novel epidermis-type lipoxygenase from phorbol ester-treated mouse skin". Biochimica et ...
Delta12-lipoxygenase, 12Delta-lipoxygenase, and C-12 lipoxygenase. ALOX12, often termed plate platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase, is ... ALOX12 (EC 1.13.11.31), also known as arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, 12S-Lipoxygenase, 12-LOX, and 12S-LOX is a ... "Entrez Gene: ALOX12 arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase". Yamamoto S, Suzuki H, Ueda N (March 1997). "Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenases". ... Other systematic names for ALOX12 include 12S-Lipoxygenase, platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase, arachidonate:oxygen 12- ...
Compositae) on soybean lipoxygenase and prostaglandin synthetase". General Pharmacology: The Vascular System. 26 (4): 815-9. ...
Lipoxygenase-3 (ALOXE3) and 12(R)-lipoxygenase (ALOX12B) are mutated in non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE ... Arachidonate lipoxygenases add oxygen molecules at different locations on the arachidonic acid molecule, producing a variety of ... This enzyme is part of a family of enzymes called arachidonate lipoxygenases. Most of these enzymes help add an oxygen molecule ... Krieg P, Furstenberger G. The role of lipoxygenases in epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014 Mar;1841(3):390-400. doi: 10.1016/ ...
In addition to discussing the physiological role of lipoxygenase in plants, plant lipoxygenases described role in food ... Lipoxygenase enzymes are widely distributed in both the plants and animals. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of ... The article discusses the structure and function of plant lipoxygenases. Also described are properties of biochemical and ... molecular reactions, including lipoxygenases which overlap with the enzyme in plant cells. Includes major and minor pathways of ...
Home / ELISA Kits / Rat / Rat 15-LO (Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase) ELISA Kit. Search for:. Search. ... Rat 15-LO (Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase) ELISA Kit. Catalog #: ABCE-EL-R1001. Full Name: Rat 15-LO (Arachidonate 15- ...
You are here: Home1 / ELISA Kits2 / Mouse Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase B (ALOX15B) ELISA Kit ... 24Mouse Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase B (ALOX15B) ELISA Kit. ... Mouse Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase B (ALOX15B) ELISA Kit. ...
Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a condition of respiratory difficulty that is related to histamine release, triggered by aerobic exercise, and lasts several minutes (see Pathophysiology). Causes include medical conditions, environmental factors, and medications (see Etiology).
Lipoxygenase (LOX) from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Ana-rLOX) offers important applications in the food industry, especially for ... From: Consensus design for improved thermostability of lipoxygenase from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 ...
... inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), which is expected to be involved in DHEA- and NALA-degradation pathway, also partially ... Chen X, Sood S, Yang CS, Li N, Sun Z. Five-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in carcino-genesis and cancer ... Meng Z, Cao R, Yang Z, Liu T, Wang Y, Wang X. Inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, zileuton, suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by ... 5-Lipoxygenase-mediated endogenous DNA damage. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(25):16799-807. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.011841. ...
Dive into the research topics of Hsp90α recruited by Sp1 is important for transcription of 12(S)-lipoxygenase in A431 cells. ... Hsp90α recruited by Sp1 is important for transcription of 12(S)-lipoxygenase in A431 cells. ...
Primary objective was to determine response rate of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer to a novel lipoxygenase and ... A phase II study of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, CV6504, in advanced pancreatic cancer: correlation of clinical data with ... A phase II study of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, CV6504, in advanced pancreatic cancer: correlation of clinical data with ... PURPOSE: Primary objective was to determine response rate of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer to a novel lipoxygenase ...
Min, S.; Min, S.K.; Zhang, Q.H. Inactivation kinetics of tomato juice lipoxygenase by pulsed electric fields. J. Food Sci. 2003 ... Deactivation of pectin methylesterase, lipoxygenase. [170,171,172]. Ultrasounds. pineapple pulp and cantaloupe melon juice. ... Many enzymes such as pectin methylesterase, lipoxygenase are deactivated by applying the PEF method at the energy around energy ...
Thermal Inactivation of Lipoxygenase and Hydroperoxytrienoic Acid Lyase in Tomatoes Gordon E. Anthon, and Diane M. Barrett ...
Mouse 5-LO (Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase) CLIA Kit , G-EC-01703 Mouse 5-LO (Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase) CLIA Kit , G-EC-01703 ...
Phosgene stimulates the synthesis of lipoxygenase-derived leukotrienes, which attract neutrophils and causes their massive ...
Lipase and Lipoxygenase* Pentosanases* Phytase* Polyphenol Oxidase* Flour Additives: Enrichment; Oxidants* Reducing agents* ...
Name: arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. Synonyms: 12-LO, L-12LO, Alox12l. Type: Gene ...
Changes by cadmium stress in lipid peroxidation and activities of lipoxygenase and antioxidant enzymes in Arabidopsis are ... Cd stress also caused significant increases in lipid peroxidation and the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and antioxidant ...
function 2. Lipoxygenase: produce ... may act on one cell type or many cell types. tightly regulated by their short half-life ...
Medscape - Indication-specific dosing for cis-resveratrol, kojo-kon, Stilbene phytoalexin, trans-resveratrol (resveratrol), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation schedules, and cost information.
These results suggest that lipoxygenase products contribute to the phosgene-induced lung damage. Because phosgene exposure did ... The current experiments were designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived mediators contribute to the ... but increased 10-fold the synthesis of lipoxygenase products. Pre- or posttreatment with indomethacin decreased thromboxane and ...
Lipoxygenase metabolism is required for interleukin-3 dependent proliferation and cell cycle progression of the human M-07e ... Effects of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors AA-863 and U-60,257 on human glioma cell lines. Gáti, I., Bergström, M., Csóka, K., ... A comparative study on the effects of inhibitors of the lipoxygenase pathway on neutrophil function. Inhibitory effects on ... Antiproliferative effects of lipoxygenase inhibitors on malignant human hematopoietic cell lines. Snyder, D.S., Castro, R., ...
Chou, V. P., Holman, T. R., & Manning-Bog, A. B. (2013). Differential contribution of lipoxygenase isozymes to nigrostriatal ...
1989) Direct modulation of Aplysia S-potassium channels by a 12-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. Nature 342:553-555 ... 1987) Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid as second messengers for presynaptic inhibition of Aplysia sensory cells. ...
Tepoxalin: a dual cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism with potent anti-inflammatory activity ...
Hoult JRS, Moroney MA, Payá M. Actions of flavonoids and coumarins on lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. Method Enzymol. 1994;234 ... or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) [15, 18]. Therefore, a comprehensive study about its chemical constituents is highly required due to ...
Deng S, Palu AK, West BJ, Su CX, Zhou BN, Jensen JC (2007). Lipoxygenase inhibitory constituents of the fruits of noni (Morinda ...
Inhibition of prostaglandins by indomethicin or pretreatment with a dual lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (BW 755C) ...
Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase decreases renal fibrosis and progression of chronic kidney disease. ... In inflammatory diseases, the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway contributes to epithelial damage and fibrosis by catalyzing the ...
  • This enzyme is part of a family of enzymes called arachidonate lipoxygenases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Arachidonate lipoxygenases add oxygen molecules at different locations on the arachidonic acid molecule, producing a variety of substances called fatty acid hydroperoxides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It acts by targeting arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Included under this category are inhibitors that are specific for lipoxygenase subtypes and act to reduce the production of LEUKOTRIENES. (bvsalud.org)
  • A phase II study of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, CV6504, in advanced pancreatic cancer: correlation of clinical data with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic endpoints. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Lipoxygenase enzymes are widely distributed in both the plants and animals. (pbkom.eu)
  • inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), which is expected to be involved in DHEA- and NALA-degradation pathway, also partially blocked the ability of DHEA and NALA to inhibit cell proliferation and phosphorylated Akt. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compounds that bind to and inhibit that enzymatic activity of LIPOXYGENASES. (bvsalud.org)
  • Also described are properties of biochemical and molecular reactions, including lipoxygenases which overlap with the enzyme in plant cells. (pbkom.eu)
  • The current experiments were designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived mediators contribute to the phosgene induced lung injury. (cdc.gov)
  • Phosgene markedly increased lung weight gain, did not appear to increase the synthesis of cyclooxygenase metabolites, but increased 10-fold the synthesis of lipoxygenase products. (cdc.gov)
  • The presence of one lipoxygenase-active electrophoretic band was detected by a lipoxygenase- specific staining procedure. (cerealsgrains.org)
  • These results suggest that lipoxygenase products contribute to the phosgene -induced lung damage. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to discussing the physiological role of lipoxygenase in plants, plant lipoxygenases described role in food technology and industry. (pbkom.eu)
  • Krieg P, Furstenberger G. The role of lipoxygenases in epidermis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutation spectrum and functional analysis of epidermis-type lipoxygenases in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The article discusses the structure and function of plant lipoxygenases. (pbkom.eu)
  • 5-Lipoxygenase is the key enzyme in the synthesis of leukotriens (LT), bioactive metabolits of the arachidonic acid (AA). (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is a member of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes that plays a key role in arachidonic acid metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • Leukotrienes, generated from arachidonic acid through the action of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), have been known for over two decades and are implicated in a variety of inflammatory disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Arachidonate lipoxygenases add oxygen molecules at different locations on the arachidonic acid molecule, producing a variety of substances called fatty acid hydroperoxides. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators derived from the oxidation of arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and are classically involved in inflammation , allergies , and asthma . (bvsalud.org)
  • Indomethacin inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism via lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase in hamster isolated lungs. (nih.gov)
  • Bengt Samuelsson found that prostaglandins are biologically synthesised from essential fatty acids via the intermediate: arachidonic acid, which takes either the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway or the lipoxygenase pathway. (soci.org)
  • This enzyme is part of a family of enzymes called arachidonate lipoxygenases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epithelium-dependent modulation of responsiveness of airways from caveolin-1 knockout mice is mediated through cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. (uchicago.edu)
  • Extracts also modulated cytochrome P450 side- chain cleavage enzyme, 11-hydroxylase, cyclooxygenase-2, urokinase, and 5-lipoxygenase activity. (nih.gov)
  • BW755C, a dual lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor, reduces mural platelet and neutrophil deposition and vasoconstriction after angioplasty injury in pigs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Compounds that bind to and inhibit the action of 5-LIPOXYGENASE-ACTIVATING PROTEINS. (jefferson.edu)
  • Fatty acids are regulated in part by 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) and our recent work has suggested inhibiting 12-LOX may be one approach to limiting platelet activity. (nih.gov)
  • Zileuton is the only commercially available inhibitor of the 5-Lipoxygenase pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Benefits from adding the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton to conventional therapy in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics. (nih.gov)
  • 1 Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) synthesized through the lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymatic pathway are involved in plant aromatic reactions. (ac.be)
  • Samples of unblanched (fresh), stannous chloride-treated, or blanched jalapeño peppers were measured for real-time generation of lipoxygenase-derived volatiles during 10 min after tissue disruption. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Frozen storage resulted in no major changes in the lipoxygenase-derived volatiles of whole and pureed blanched peppers after 9 mo. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • AU - Azcarate,Carolina, AU - Barringer,Sheryl A, Y1 - 2010/10/07/ PY - 2011/5/4/entrez PY - 2011/5/4/pubmed PY - 2011/9/13/medline SP - C710 EP - 21 JF - Journal of food science JO - J Food Sci VL - 75 IS - 9 N2 - Samples of unblanched (fresh), stannous chloride-treated, or blanched jalapeño peppers were measured for real-time generation of lipoxygenase-derived volatiles during 10 min after tissue disruption. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The metabolites were analysed from the nonrecirculating perfusion effluent, which was extracted with ethyl acetate first at pH 7.4 (to extract unmetabolized AA, metabolites of lipoxygenase and HHT) and then at pH 3.5 for prostaglandins and thromboxanes. (nih.gov)
  • Peptides derived from the longest loop region (L159-M325) of PEDF-R were screened for the effect on soybean lipoxygenase-V (LOX-V) in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • The objective of this study was tof evaluate physical, chemical and sensorial differences between the two soy cultivar, with and without lipoxygenases (cultivars BRS 232 and BRS 257, of Embrapa, respectively) and to analyze the possible changes promoted by different radiation doses (0, 4 and 8 kGy) in raw and cooked soybean grains. (usp.br)
  • Lipoxygenase enzymatic pathway is a widely studied mechanism in the plant kingdom. (ac.be)
  • The 5-Lipoxygenase pathway results in the formation of leukotrienes, including leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetranoic acid and the cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC(4), LTD(4) and LTE(4)) and activates all four leukotriene receptors, BLT1, BLT2, cysLT(1) and cysLT(2). (nih.gov)
  • Multi-walled carbon nanotube s stimulate arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-dependent M1 polarization of macrophages to promote proinflammatory response in vitro. (cdc.gov)
  • Das Enzym 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) spielt eine essentielle Rolle in der Biosynthese der Leukotriene, bioaktiver Metabolite der Arachidonsäure (AA), die an einer Vielzahl entzündlicher und allergischer Erkrankungen beteiligt sind. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Krieg P, Furstenberger G. The role of lipoxygenases in epidermis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutation spectrum and functional analysis of epidermis-type lipoxygenases in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase" by people in this website by year, and whether "Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)