Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase
Organic Chemistry Processes
Fatty Acid Desaturases
Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase
Chemistry, Organic
Calendula
Linoleic Acid
Hydrogenation
Ethanolamine
Fatty Acids
Lysophosphatidylcholines
Salicylhydroxamic acid inhibits delta6 desaturation in the microalga Porphyridium cruentum. (1/92)
Treatment of the microalga Porphyridium cruentum with salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) inhibited growth and affected fatty acid composition. At a relatively low concentration (40 microM) SHAM predominantly inhibits Delta6 desaturation. The effect of the inhibitor was most intense in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine, in which the proportions of the downstream products of the Delta6 desaturase were reduced, whereas that of the substrate, 18:2, increased. As a result of the availability of 18:2, 18:3omega3, which under normal conditions is not observed, appeared predominantly in chloroplastic lipids. Pulse labeling with linoleic acid has shown that SHAM inhibits Delta6 desaturation almost immediately, suggesting an apparent inhibition of the activity of the desaturase, rather than its synthesis or that of its cofactors. Furthermore, the addition of gamma-linolenic acid to SHAM-inhibited cultures relieved the inhibition. Following exposure to the inhibitor, 18:3omega3 appeared first in chloroplastic glycolipids and only later in PC, indicating that the former are the substrates for the first dedicated step of the proposed omega3 pathway in this alga. (+info)Histidine-41 of the cytochrome b5 domain of the borage delta6 fatty acid desaturase is essential for enzyme activity. (2/92)
Unlike most other plant microsomal desaturases, the Delta6-fatty acid desaturase from borage (Borago officinalis) contains an N-terminal extension that shows homology to the small hemoprotein cytochrome (Cyt) b5. To determine if this domain serves as a functional electron donor for the Delta6-fatty acid desaturase, mutagenesis and functional analysis by expression in transgenic Arabidopsis was carried out. Although expression of the wild-type borage Delta6-fatty acid desaturase resulted in the synthesis and accumulation of Delta6-unsaturated fatty acids, this was not observed in plants transformed with N-terminally deleted forms of the desaturase. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to disrupt one of the axial heme-binding residues (histidine-41) of the Cyt b5 domain; expression of this mutant form of the Delta6-desaturase in transgenic plants failed to produce Delta6-unsaturated fatty acids. These data indicate that the Cyt b5 domain of the borage Delta6-fatty acid desaturase is essential for enzymatic activity. (+info)Cloning, expression, and fatty acid regulation of the human delta-5 desaturase. (3/92)
Arachidonic (20:4(n-6)), eicosapentaenoic (20:5(n-3)), and docosahexaenoic (22:6(n-3)) acids are major components of brain and retina phospholipids, substrates for eicosanoid production, and regulators of nuclear transcription factors. One of the two rate-limiting steps in the production of these polyenoic fatty acids is the desaturation of 20:3(n-6) and 20:4(n-3) by Delta-5 desaturase. This report describes the cloning and expression of the human Delta-5 desaturase, and it compares the structural characteristics and nutritional regulation of the Delta-5 and Delta-6 desaturases. The open reading frame of the human Delta-5 desaturase encodes a 444-amino acid peptide which is identical in size to the Delta-6 desaturase and which shares 61% identity with the human Delta-6 desaturase. The Delta-5 desaturase contains two membrane-spanning domains, three histidine-rich regions, and a cytochrome b(5) domain that all align perfectly with the same domains located in the Delta-6 desaturase. Expression of the open reading frame in Chinese hamster ovary cells instilled the ability to convert 20:3(n-6) to 20:4(n-6). Northern analysis revealed that many human tissues including skeletal muscle, lung, placenta, kidney, and pancreas expressed Delta-5 desaturase mRNA, but Delta-5 desaturase was most abundant in the liver, brain, and heart. However, in all tissues, the abundance of Delta-5 desaturase mRNA was much lower than that observed for the Delta-6 desaturase. When rats were fed a diet containing 10% safflower oil or menhaden fish oil, the level of hepatic mRNA for Delta-5 and Delta-6 desaturase was only 25% of that found in the liver of rats fed a fat-free diet or a diet containing triolein. Finally, a BLAST and Genemap search of the human genome revealed that the Delta-5 and Delta-6 desaturase genes reside in reverse orientation on chromosome 11 and that they are separated by <11,000 base pairs. (+info)Isolation and characterization of a calendic acid producing (8,11)-linoleoyl desaturase. (4/92)
For the biosynthesis of calendic acid a (8,11)-linoleoyl desaturase activity has been proposed. To isolate this desaturase, PCR-based cloning was used. The open reading frame of the isolated full-length cDNA is a 1131 bp sequence encoding a protein of 377 amino acids. For functional identification the cDNA was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and formation of calendic acid was analyzed by RP-HPLC. The expression of the heterologous enzyme resulted in a significant amount of calendic acid presumably esterified within phospholipids. The results presented here identify a gene encoding a new type of (1,4)-acyl lipid desaturase. (+info)cDNA cloning and characterization of human Delta5-desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid. (5/92)
Two human expressed sequence tag (EST) cDNA sequences with identity with Delta(5)- and Delta(6)-desaturases from a filamentous fungus, Mortierella alpina, were identified from the LifeSeq(R) database of Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.). An oligonucleotide complementary to the 3' EST cDNA sequences was used to screen human liver cDNA using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR. The amplified DNA fragment had 98% identity with a putative open reading frame (ORF) predicted from a human genomic sequence, and encoded 444 amino acids. Expression of this ORF in mouse fibroblast cells demonstrated that the encoded protein was a Delta(5)-desaturase, as determined by the conversion of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (C(20:3,n-6)) into arachidonic acid (C(20:4,n-6)). The human Delta(5)-desaturase contained a predicted N-terminal cytochrome b(5)-like domain, as well as three histidine-rich domains. A tissue expression profile revealed that this gene is highly expressed in fetal liver, fetal brain, adult brain and adrenal gland. A search of the existing databases led to localization of this ORF within a 14 kb interval flanked by the flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) and vitelliform macular dystrophy (Best's disease; VMD2) loci of chromosome 11q12. (+info)Regulation of hepatic delta-6 desaturase expression and its role in the polyunsaturated fatty acid inhibition of fatty acid synthase gene expression in mice. (6/92)
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the (n-6) and (n-3) families uniquely suppress the expression of lipogenic genes while concomitantly inducing the expression of genes encoding proteins of fatty acid oxidation. Although considerable progress has been made toward understanding the nuclear events affected by PUFA, the intracellular mediator responsible for the regulation of hepatic lipogenic gene expression remains unclear. On the basis of earlier fatty acid composition studies, we hypothesized that the Delta-6 desaturase pathway was essential for the production of the fatty acid regulator of gene expression. To address this hypothesis, male BALB/c mice (n = 8/group) were fed for 5 d a high glucose, fat-free diet (FF) or the FF plus 50 g/kg 18:2(n-6) with and without eicosa-5, 8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (ETYA) (200 mg/kg diet), a putative inhibitor of the Delta-6 desaturase pathway. ETYA had no effect on food intake or weight gain, but it completely prevented 18:2(n-6) from suppressing the hepatic abundance of fatty acid synthase mRNA. ETYA ingestion was associated with a decrease in the hepatic content of 20:4(n-6) and an increase in the amount of 18:2(n-6). The fatty acid composition changes elicited by ETYA were accompanied by a decrease in the enzymatic activity of Delta-6 desaturase. Interestingly, the hepatic abundance of Delta-6 desaturase mRNA was actually induced by ETYA one- to twofold. When the product of Delta-6 desaturase, i.e., 18:3(n-6), was added to the ETYA plus 18:2(n-6) diet, the hepatic content of 20:4(n-6) was normalized. In addition, 18:3(n-6) consumption reduced the level of hepatic Delta-6 desaturase mRNA by 50% and completely prevented the increase in fatty acid synthase mRNA that was associated with ETYA ingestion. Apparently, Delta-6 desaturation is an essential step for the PUFA regulation of the fatty acid synthase gene transcription. Finally, the suppression of Delta-6 desaturase by PUFA and its induction by ETYA suggest that the Delta-6 desaturase gene may be regulated by two different lipid-dependent mechanisms. (+info)A bifunctional delta-fatty acyl acetylenase/desaturase from the moss Ceratodon purpureus. A new member of the cytochrome b5 superfamily. (7/92)
Many plant genes have been cloned that encode regioselective desaturases catalyzing the formation of cis-unsaturated fatty acids. However, very few genes have been cloned that encode enzymes catalyzing the formation of the functional groups found in unusual fatty acids (e.g. hydroxy, epoxy or acetylenic fatty acids). Here, we describe the characterization of an acetylenase from the moss Ceratodon purpureus with a regioselectivity differing from the previously described Delta12-acetylenase. The gene encoding this protein, together with a Delta6-desaturase, was cloned by a PCR-based approach with primers derived from conserved regions in Delta5-, Delta6-fatty-acid desaturases and Delta8-sphingolipid desaturases. The proteins that are encoded by the two cloned cDNAs are likely to consist of a N-terminal extension of unknown function, a cytochrome b5-domain, and a C-terminal domain that is similar to acyl lipid desaturases with characteristic histidine boxes. The proteins were highly homologous in sequence to the Delta6-desaturase from the moss Physcomitrella patens. When these two cDNAs were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both transgenic yeast cultures desaturated Delta9-unsaturated C16- and C18-fatty acids by inserting an additional Delta6cis-double bond. One of these transgenic yeast clones was also able to introduce a Delta6-triple bond into gamma-linolenic and stearidonic acid. This resulted in the formation of 9,12,15-(Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid, the main fatty acid found in C. pupureus. These results demonstrate that the Delta6-acetylenase from C. pupureus is a bifunctional enzyme, which can introduce a Delta6cis-double bond into 9,12,(15)-C18-polyenoic acids as well as converting a Delta6cis-double bond to a Delta6-triple bond. (+info)Activity and mRNA abundance of Delta-5 and Delta-6 fatty acid desaturases in two human cell lines. (8/92)
We analyzed fatty acid biosynthesis in Chang and ZR-75-1 cells. Both cell lines could desaturate and further elongate substrates for Delta-5 desaturase. ZR-75-1 but not Chang cells showed Delta-6 desaturation of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 24:4n-6 and 24:5n-3. In both cell lines, the mRNA abundance can be related to Delta-5 or Delta-6 fatty acid desaturase activities. These results suggest that desaturase genes could have, at least in part, independent control mechanisms and that Delta-6 desaturase impairment is not specific to any particular step of the fatty acid metabolic pathways, which may diminish the rationale for the existence of at least two distinct enzymes. (+info)Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the body. Specifically, SCD catalyzes the conversion of saturated fatty acids, such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, into MUFAs by introducing a double bond into their carbon chain.
The two main isoforms of SCD in humans are SCD1 and SCD5, with SCD1 being the most well-studied. SCD1 is primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells in various tissues, including the liver, adipose tissue, and skin.
The regulation of SCD activity has important implications for human health, as MUFAs are essential components of cell membranes and play a role in maintaining their fluidity and functionality. Additionally, abnormal levels of SCD activity have been linked to several diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of SCD is an active area of research in the field of lipid metabolism and related diseases.
Organic chemistry processes refer to the chemical reactions, pathways, and mechanisms that involve organic compounds. These are primarily made up of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, often along with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, phosphorus, and silicon. Organic chemistry processes can include various types of reactions, such as substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement reactions, which may occur under mild conditions and can be influenced by factors like temperature, pressure, catalysts, and solvents.
These processes are essential in understanding the behavior and transformation of natural and synthetic organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, polymers, dyes, and materials with unique properties. They form the basis for various industrial applications and scientific research in fields such as medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, and environmental studies.
Fatty acid desaturases are enzymes that introduce double bonds into fatty acid molecules, thereby reducing their saturation level. These enzymes play a crucial role in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, which are essential components of cell membranes and precursors for various signaling molecules.
The position of the introduced double bond is specified by the type of desaturase enzyme. For example, Δ-9 desaturases introduce a double bond at the ninth carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain. This enzyme is responsible for converting saturated fatty acids like stearic acid (18:0) to monounsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid (18:1n-9).
In humans, there are several fatty acid desaturases, including Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, which introduce double bonds at the fifth and sixth carbon atoms from the methyl end, respectively. These enzymes are essential for the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3).
Disorders in fatty acid desaturase activity or expression have been linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of these enzymes is crucial for developing strategies to modulate fatty acid composition in cells and tissues, which may have therapeutic potential.
Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (LCD) is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is also known as delta-6 desaturase because it introduces a double bond into fatty acids at the delta-6 position. Specifically, LCD catalyzes the conversion of linoleoyl-CoA (a saturated fatty acid) to gamma-linolenoyl-CoA (an unsaturated fatty acid) by introducing a double bond between the sixth and seventh carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain.
LCD is an important enzyme in the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), which are essential for human health. LCPUFAs play critical roles in various physiological processes, including brain function, immune response, and inflammation. Since humans cannot synthesize linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid, we must obtain it from our diet, and LCD is necessary to convert this dietary linoleic acid into other LCPUFAs.
Deficiencies in LCD activity have been linked to various health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of LCD is an important area of research in nutrition and health.
Linoleic acid is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is essential for human health. It is one of the two essential fatty acids, meaning that it cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet.
Linoleic acid is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family and has a chemical structure with two double bonds at the sixth and ninth carbon atoms from the methyl end of the molecule. It is found in various plant sources, such as vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, corn, safflower, and sunflower oils), nuts, seeds, and whole grains.
Linoleic acid plays a crucial role in maintaining the fluidity and function of cell membranes, producing eicosanoids (hormone-like substances that regulate various bodily functions), and supporting skin health. However, excessive intake of linoleic acid can lead to an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which may contribute to inflammation and chronic diseases. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain a balanced diet with appropriate amounts of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon-containing compounds, their synthesis, reactions, properties, and structures. These compounds can include both naturally occurring substances (such as sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids) and synthetic materials (such as plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals). A key characteristic of organic molecules is the presence of covalent bonds between carbon atoms or between carbon and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The field of organic chemistry has played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of chemical processes and has led to numerous technological and medical innovations.
Calendula, also known as pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), is a plant that is part of the Asteraceae/Compositae family. It is often used in herbal medicine and has been utilized for various medicinal purposes due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Calendula extracts or ointments are sometimes applied topically to help heal wounds, burns, rashes, and other skin irritations. However, it's essential to consult a healthcare professional before using calendula for medicinal purposes, as it may interact with certain medications or have adverse effects in some individuals.
Linoleic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid, specifically an omega-6 fatty acid. It is called "essential" because our bodies cannot produce it; therefore, it must be obtained through our diet. Linoleic acid is a crucial component of cell membranes and is involved in the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that regulate various bodily functions such as inflammation, blood pressure, and muscle contraction.
Foods rich in linoleic acid include vegetable oils (such as soybean, corn, and sunflower oil), nuts, seeds, and some fruits and vegetables. It is important to maintain a balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in the diet, as excessive consumption of omega-6 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation and other health issues.
Hydrogenation, in the context of food science and biochemistry, refers to the process of adding hydrogen atoms to certain unsaturated fats or oils, converting them into saturated fats. This is typically done through a chemical reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, often a metal such as nickel or palladium.
The process of hydrogenation increases the stability and shelf life of fats and oils, but it can also lead to the formation of trans fats, which have been linked to various health issues, including heart disease. Therefore, the use of partially hydrogenated oils has been largely phased out in many countries.
Ethanolamine is an organic compound that is a primary amine and a secondary alcohol. It is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor similar to ammonia. Ethanolamine is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of products including detergents, pharmaceuticals, polishes, inks, textiles, and plastics. In the body, ethanolamine is a component of many important molecules, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, which is a major constituent of cell membranes. It is also involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and hormones.
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.
The two main types of fatty acids are:
1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).
Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.
Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) are a type of glycerophospholipids, which are major components of cell membranes. They are formed by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines, another type of glycerophospholipids, catalyzed by the enzyme phospholipase A2. LPCs contain a single fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol backbone and a choline headgroup.
In medical terms, LPCs have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, such as cell signaling, membrane remodeling, and inflammation. Elevated levels of LPCs have been found in several diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. They can also serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of these conditions.
Phosphatidylcholines (PtdCho) are a type of phospholipids that are essential components of cell membranes in living organisms. They are composed of a hydrophilic head group, which contains a choline moiety, and two hydrophobic fatty acid chains. Phosphatidylcholines are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity and function of cell membranes, and they also serve as important precursors for the synthesis of signaling molecules such as acetylcholine. They can be found in various tissues and biological fluids, including blood, and are abundant in foods such as soybeans, eggs, and meat. Phosphatidylcholines have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their role in maintaining healthy lipid metabolism and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase
Cytochrome b5
List of MeSH codes (D08)
Delta12-fatty-acid desaturase
List of EC numbers (EC 1)
Phosphatidylcholine desaturase
Linoleoyl-CoA desaturase - Wikipedia
Benjamin A. Corl - Citation Index - NCSU Libraries
Fatty Acid Desaturases | Profiles RNS
1.14.19.23: acyl-lipid (n+3)-(Z)-desaturase (ferredoxin) - BRENDA Enzyme Database
DeCS
ExplorEnz: New Enzymes
Arabidopsis Acyl-Coenzyme A-Binding Proteins
Search | Preprints.org
WATER - metabolic network
Publication Detail
Fatty acid desaturase 2 promoter mutation is not responsible for Δ6-desaturase deficiency - PubMed
Ligand view of gamma-linolenic acid (3746 - VZCCETWTMQHEPK-QNEBEIHSSA-N) - BRENDA Enzyme Database
DeCS
Code System Concept
MeSH Browser
MeSH Browser
Shih-Yi Huang - Research output - Taipei Medical University
NDF-RT Code NDF-RT Name
FADS2 - Early...
NEW (2006) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 9/3/2005
Arachidonic acid - Tuscany Diet
Lipid and protein tumor markers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma identified by imaging mass spectrometry | Oncotarget
Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Stearic acid (HMDB0000827)
A type-I diacylglycerol acyltransferase modulates triacylglycerol biosynthesis and fatty acid composition in the oleaginous...
Fatty Acid Desaturase2
- Maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2 coding regions modify the impact of prenatal supplementation with DHA on birth weight. (ouhsc.edu)
- A fatty acid desaturase that is a rate-limiting enzyme for the conversion from dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and EICOSATETRAENOATE (ETA) in the synthesis of ARACHIDONIC ACID and EICOSAPENTAENOATE (EPA). (bvsalud.org)
Delta1
- In enzymology, a linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (also Delta 6 desaturase, EC 1.14.19.3) is an enzyme that converts between types of fatty acids, which are essential nutrients in the human body. (wikipedia.org)
MeSH1
- Fatty Acid Desaturases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
Enzymes1
- Early investigations were focused on the 10-kDa ACBPs from mammals and yeast, and from these studies the 10-kDa ACBP has been implicated in biological roles ranging from acyl-CoA transport, maintenance of acyl-CoA pools within the cell and in the protection of acyl-CoAs in the cytosol from enzymes including acyl-CoA hydrolase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and acyl-CoA synthetase [reviewed in 3]. (aocs.org)
Regulation1
- Regulation of hepatic fatty acid elongase and desaturase expression in diabetes and obesity. (ouhsc.edu)
Function1
- The function of the acyl-CoA-binding domain in recombinant Arabidopsis ACBPs expressed in the bacterium Escherichia coli was established using site-directed mutagenesis followed by in vitro binding assays. (aocs.org)
1.14.19.32
- In enzymology, a linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (also Delta 6 desaturase, EC 1.14.19.3) is an enzyme that converts between types of fatty acids, which are essential nutrients in the human body. (wikipedia.org)
- The reaction is catalyzed by delta-6 desaturase (EC 1.14.19.3). (tuscany-diet.net)
Linoleic acid3
- The elongases and desaturases that catalyze the conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid and beyond, up to 22:5n6, are shared with the pathways leading to the synthesis of omega-3, omega-7 and omega-9 polyunsaturated fatty acids. (tuscany-diet.net)
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to be the preferred substrates for desaturases, although the synthesis of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids is prevalent due to the high dietary intake of linoleic acid. (tuscany-diet.net)
- In the first step of the metabolic pathway, linoleic acid is activated by being joined to coenzyme A (CoA-SH). (tuscany-diet.net)
FADS3
- Dietary essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) require fatty acid desaturases (FADS) for conversion to long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs), which are critical for many aspects of human health. (nih.gov)
- From NCBI Gene: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene family. (nih.gov)
- FADS family members are considered fusion products composed of an N-terminal cytochrome b5-like domain and a C-terminal multiple membrane-spanning desaturase portion, both of which are characterized by conserved histidine motifs. (nih.gov)
Substrates1
- The enzyme mainly catalyzes the chemical reaction linoleoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } gamma-linolenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H2O The 3 substrates of this enzyme are linoleoyl-CoA, an electron acceptor AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are gamma-linolenoyl-CoA, the reduction product A, and H2O. (wikipedia.org)
2.201
- In the last step, the thioester bond of arachidonoyl-CoA is hydrolyzed with the release of arachidonic acid and coenzyme A. The reaction is catalyzed by an acyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.20). (tuscany-diet.net)
Acyl6
- Desaturase enzymes regulate unsaturation of fatty acids through the introduction of double bonds between defined carbons of the fatty acyl chain. (nih.gov)
- 9/3/2005) TOTAL DESCRIPTORS = 935 MH - 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase UI - D051103 MN - D8.811.913.50.173 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl group transfer of ACYL COA to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to generate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (nih.gov)
- The reaction is catalyzed by a long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.3), at the expense of one molecule of ATP. (tuscany-diet.net)
- Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the last and committed step of TAG biosynthesis in the acyl-CoA-dependent pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
- In higher plants, TAG biosynthesis has been documented and is believed to be mediated mainly via two pathways, acyl-CoA independent pathway and acyl-CoA-dependent Kennedy pathway [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The latter pathway starts from glycerol-3-phosphate with three sequential acylation steps, with the last step being mediated by a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), which employs an acyl-CoA as the acyl donor and transfers the acyl moiety to the sn -3 position of DAG for TAG assembly [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acids2
- D6D is a desaturase enzyme, i.e. introduces a double bond in a specific position of long-chain fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
- The reaction is catalyzed by elongase 5 or elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5 (EC 2.3.1.199), and malonyl-CoA is the donor of the acetyl group. (tuscany-diet.net)
Donor1
- The systematic name of this enzyme class is linoleoyl-CoA,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme that catalyzes2
- An enzyme that catalyzes the syn-dehydrogenation of linoleol-CoA gamma-linolenoyl-CoA. (bvsalud.org)
- HN - 2006(1983) MH - 2-Oxoisovalerate Dehydrogenase (Acylating) UI - D050645 MN - D8.811.682.657.350.825 MS - An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate to 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA. (nih.gov)