Linear models. Medical search

Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.

Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.

The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.

A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.

The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The application of STATISTICS to biological systems and organisms involving the retrieval or collection, analysis, reduction, and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data.

Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.

A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.

A characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as SKIN PIGMENTATION in humans. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Continuous frequency distribution of infinite range. Its properties are as follows: 1, continuous, symmetrical distribution with both tails extending to infinity; 2, arithmetic mean, mode, and median identical; and 3, shape completely determined by the mean and standard deviation.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Mathematical procedure that transforms a number of possibly correlated variables into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

In statistics, a technique for numerically approximating the solution of a mathematical problem by studying the distribution of some random variable, often generated by a computer. The name alludes to the randomness characteristic of the games of chance played at the gambling casinos in Monte Carlo. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

The comparison of the quantity of meaningful data to the irrelevant or incorrect data.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from HEALTH EXPENDITURES, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost.

The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.

Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A hereditary disease of the hip joints in dogs. Signs of the disease may be evident any time after 4 weeks of age.

The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.

A computer architecture, implementable in either hardware or software, modeled after biological neural networks. Like the biological system in which the processing capability is a result of the interconnection strengths between arrays of nonlinear processing nodes, computerized neural networks, often called perceptrons or multilayer connectionist models, consist of neuron-like units. A homogeneous group of units makes up a layer. These networks are good at pattern recognition. They are adaptive, performing tasks by example, and thus are better for decision-making than are linear learning machines or cluster analysis. They do not require explicit programming.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

The number of units (persons, animals, patients, specified circumstances, etc.) in a population to be studied. The sample size should be big enough to have a high likelihood of detecting a true difference between two groups. (From Wassertheil-Smoller, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 1990, p95)

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.

A large or important municipality of a country, usually a major metropolitan center.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Computer-assisted interpretation and analysis of various mathematical functions related to a particular problem.

A stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for a state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system.

The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).

An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.

A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

An infant during the first month after birth.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Review of claims by insurance companies to determine liability and amount of payment for various services. The review may also include determination of eligibility of the claimant or beneficiary or of the provider of the benefit; determination that the benefit is covered or not payable under another policy; or determination that the service was necessary and of reasonable cost and quality.

The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the black groups of Africa.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.

Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat".

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.

Theory and development of COMPUTER SYSTEMS which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include speech recognition, LEARNING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; reasoning, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING, and translation of language.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.

The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.

Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Persons or animals having at least one parent in common. (American College Dictionary, 3d ed)

A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.

Particles of any solid substance, generally under 30 microns in size, often noted as PM30. There is special concern with PM1 which can get down to PULMONARY ALVEOLI and induce MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION and PHAGOCYTOSIS leading to FOREIGN BODY REACTION and LUNG DISEASES.

The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.

An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.

A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)

In INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)

The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.

A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.

The number of offspring produced at one birth by a viviparous animal.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

The confinement of a patient in a hospital.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Number of individuals in a population relative to space.

A species of SWINE, in the family Suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica.

Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.

Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.

Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).

The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.

Analysis based on the mathematical function first formulated by Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier in 1807. The function, known as the Fourier transform, describes the sinusoidal pattern of any fluctuating pattern in the physical world in terms of its amplitude and its phase. It has broad applications in biomedicine, e.g., analysis of the x-ray crystallography data pivotal in identifying the double helical nature of DNA and in analysis of other molecules, including viruses, and the modified back-projection algorithm universally used in computerized tomography imaging, etc. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Permanent deprivation of breast milk and commencement of nourishment with other food. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.

The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)

The physical measurements of a body.

The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.

A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.

The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (FEES, PHARMACEUTICAL or PRESCRIPTION FEES).

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

The prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology.

Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.

Persons who receive ambulatory care at an outpatient department or clinic without room and board being provided.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.

The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.

All deaths reported in a given population.

Groups of individuals whose putative ancestry is from native continental populations based on similarities in physical appearance.

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The personal cost of acute or chronic disease. The cost to the patient may be an economic, social, or psychological cost or personal loss to self, family, or immediate community. The cost of illness may be reflected in absenteeism, productivity, response to treatment, peace of mind, or QUALITY OF LIFE. It differs from HEALTH CARE COSTS, meaning the societal cost of providing services related to the delivery of health care, rather than personal impact on individuals.

The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

Hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of immediate medical or surgical care to the emergency patient.

Living facilities for humans.

Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.

A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.

A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.

The status of health in urban populations.

Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature. Genentech Collaborative Group. (1/13525)

BACKGROUND: Short-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature results in increases in growth rate and standard-deviation scores for height. However, the effect of long-term growth hormone therapy on adult height in these children is unknown. METHODS: We studied 121 children with idiopathic short stature, all of whom had an initial height below the third percentile, low growth rates, and maximal stimulated serum concentrations of growth hormone of at least 10 microg per liter. The children were treated with growth hormone (0.3 mg per kilogram of body weight per week) for 2 to 10 years. Eighty of these children have reached adult height, with a bone age of at least 16 years in the boys and at least 14 years in the girls, and pubertal stage 4 or 5. The difference between the predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was compared with the corresponding difference in three untreated normal or short-statured control groups. RESULTS: In the 80 children who have reached adult height, growth hormone treatment increased the mean standard-deviation score for height (number of standard deviations from the mean height for chronologic age) from -2.7 to -1.4. The mean (+/-SD) difference between predicted adult height before treatment and achieved adult height was +5.0+/-5.1 cm for boys and +5.9+/-5.2 cm for girls. The difference between predicted and achieved adult height among treated boys was 9.2 cm greater than the corresponding difference among untreated boys with initial standard-deviation scores of less than -2, and the difference among treated girls was 5.7 cm greater than the difference among untreated girls. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of growth hormone to children with idiopathic short stature can increase adult height to a level above the predicted adult height and above the adult height of untreated historical control children. (+info)

Capture-recapture models including covariate effects. (2/13525)

Capture-recapture methods are used to estimate the incidence of a disease, using a multiple-source registry. Usually, log-linear methods are used to estimate population size, assuming that not all sources of notification are dependent. Where there are categorical covariates, a stratified analysis can be performed. The multinomial logit model has occasionally been used. In this paper, the authors compare log-linear and logit models with and without covariates, and use simulated data to compare estimates from different models. The crude estimate of population size is biased when the sources are not independent. Analyses adjusting for covariates produce less biased estimates. In the absence of covariates, or where all covariates are categorical, the log-linear model and the logit model are equivalent. The log-linear model cannot include continuous variables. To minimize potential bias in estimating incidence, covariates should be included in the design and analysis of multiple-source disease registries. (+info)

The impact of a multidisciplinary approach on caring for ventilator-dependent patients. (3/13525)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and financial outcomes of a highly structured multidisciplinary care model for patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) who require prolonged mechanical ventilation. The structured model outcomes (protocol group) are compared with the preprotocol outcomes. DESIGN: Descriptive study with financial analysis. SETTING: A twelve-bed medical-surgical ICU in a non-teaching tertiary referral center in Ogden, Utah. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: During a 54 month period, 469 consecutive intensive care patients requiring mechanical ventilation for longer than 72 hours who did not meet exclusion criteria were studied. INTERVENTIONS: A multidisciplinary team was formed to coordinate the care of ventilator-dependent patients. Care was integrated by daily collaborative bedside rounds, monthly meetings, and implementation of numerous guidelines and protocols. Patients were followed from the time of ICU admission until the day of hospital discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were assigned APACHE II scores on admission to the ICU, and were divided into eight diagnostic categories. ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, costs, charges, reimbursement, and in-hospital mortality were measured. RESULTS: Mortality in the preprotocol and protocol group, after adjustment for APACHE II scores, remained statistically unchanged (21-23%). After we implemented the new care model, we demonstrated significant decreases in the mean survivor's ICU length of stay (19.8 days to 14.7 days, P= 0.001), hospital length of stay (34.6 days to 25.9 days, P=0.001), charges (US$102500 to US$78500, P=0.001), and costs (US$71900 to US$58000, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a structured multidisciplinary care model to care for a heterogeneous population of ventilator-dependent ICU patients was associated with significant reductions in ICU and hospital lengths of stay, charges, and costs. Mortality rates were unaffected. (+info)

Nonlinear tension summation of different combinations of motor units in the anesthetized cat peroneus longus muscle. (4/13525)

The purpose of this study was to examine the linearity of summation of the forces produced by the stimulation of different combinations of type identified motor units (MUs) in the cat peroneus longus muscle (PL) under isometric conditions. The muscle was fixed at its twitch optimal length, and the tension produced by the single MU was recorded during 24- and 72-Hz stimulation. The summation analysis was first carried out for MUs belonging to the same functional group, and then different combinations of fast fatigable (FF) MUs were added to the nonfatigable slow (S) and fatigue resistant (FR) group. The tension resulting from the combined stimulation of increasing numbers of MUs (measured tension) was evaluated and compared with the linearly predicted value, calculated by adding algebraically the tension produced by the individual MUs assembled in the combination (calculated tension). Tension summation displayed deviations from linearity. S and FR MUs mainly showed marked more than linear summation; FF MUs yielded either more or less than linear summation; and, when the FF units were recruited after the S and FR MUs, less than linear summation always occurred. The magnitude of the nonlinear summation appeared stimulus frequency dependent for the fatigable FF and FI group. The relationship between measured tension and calculated tension for each MU combination was examined, and linear regression lines were fitted to each set of data. The high correlation coefficients and the different slope values for the different MU-type combinations suggested that the nonlinear summation was MU-type specific. The mechanisms of nonlinear summations are discussed by considering the consequences of internal shortening and thus the mechanical interactions among MUs and shifts in muscle fiber length to a more or less advantageous portion of single MU length-tension curves. (+info)

Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: dependence on ambient vergence level. (5/13525)

Radial patterns of optic flow, such as those experienced by moving observers who look in the direction of heading, evoke vergence eye movements at short latency. We have investigated the dependence of these responses on the ambient vergence level. Human subjects faced a large tangent screen onto which two identical random-dot patterns were back-projected. A system of crossed polarizers ensured that each eye saw only one of the patterns, with mirror galvanometers to control the horizontal positions of the images and hence the vergence angle between the two eyes. After converging the subject's eyes at one of several distances ranging from 16.7 cm to infinity, both patterns were replaced with new ones (using a system of shutters and two additional projectors) so as to simulate the radial flow associated with a sudden 4% change in viewing distance with the focus of expansion/contraction imaged in or very near both foveas. Radial-flow steps induced transient vergence at latencies of 80-100 ms, expansions causing increases in convergence and contractions the converse. Based on the change in vergence 90-140 ms after the onset of the steps, responses were proportional to the preexisting vergence angle (and hence would be expected to be inversely proportional to viewing distance under normal conditions). We suggest that this property assists the observer who wants to fixate ahead while passing through a visually cluttered area (e.g., a forest) and so wants to avoid making vergence responses to the optic flow created by the nearby objects in the periphery. (+info)

Survival after breast cancer in Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. (6/13525)

BACKGROUND: Studies of survival following breast and ovarian cancers in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutation carriers have yielded conflicting results. We undertook an analysis of a community-based study of Ashkenazi Jews to investigate the effect of three founder mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 on survival among patients with breast or ovarian cancer. METHODS: We collected blood samples and questionnaire data from 5318 Ashkenazi Jewish volunteers. The blood samples were tested for 185delAG (two nucleotide deletion) and 5382insC (single nucleotide insertion) mutations in BRCA1 and the 6174delT (single nucleotide deletion) mutation in BRCA2. To estimate survival differences in the affected relatives according to their BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutation carrier status, we devised and applied a novel extension of the kin-cohort method. RESULTS: Fifty mutation carriers reported that 58 of their first-degree relatives had been diagnosed with breast cancer and 10 with ovarian cancer; 907 noncarriers reported 979 first-degree relatives with breast cancer and 116 with ovarian cancer. Kaplan-Meier estimates of median survival after breast cancer were 16 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11-40) in the relatives of carriers and 18 years (95% CI = 15-22) in the relatives of noncarriers, a difference that was not statistically significant (two-sided P = .87). There was also no difference in survival times among the 126 first-degree relatives with ovarian cancer. We found no survival difference between patients with breast or ovarian cancer who were inferred carriers of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations and noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS: Carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations appeared to have neither better nor worse survival prognosis. (+info)

Long-term results of GH therapy in GH-deficient children treated before 1 year of age. (7/13525)

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term effects of GH therapy in early diagnosed GH-deficient patients treated before 1 year of age. STUDY DESIGN: We studied all 59 patients (33 males) recorded by Association France-Hypophyse and treated with GH (0.50+/-0.15 IU/kg (S.D.) per week) before 1 year of age. Clinical presentation and growth parameters under GH treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Neonatal manifestations of hypopituitarism were frequent: hypoglycemia (n=50), jaundice (n=25) and micropenis (n=17/33). Although birth length was moderately reduced (-0.9+/-1.4), growth retardation at diagnosis (5.8+/-3.8 months) was severe (-3.5+/-1.9 standard deviation scores (SDS)). Fifty patients (85%) had thyrotropin and/or corticotropin deficiency. After a mean duration of GH therapy of 8.0+/-3.6 years, change in height SDS was +3.11+/-2.06 S.D., exceeding 4 SDS in 19 patients. Only 9 patients (15%) did not reach a height of -2 S.D. for chronological age and 20 patients (34%) exceeded their target height. Pretreatment height SDS was independently associated with total catch-up growth. CONCLUSION: Conventional doses of GH allow normalization of height in patients with early GH deficiency and treatment. (+info)

Changes in body composition and leptin levels during growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children with various GH secretory capacities. (8/13525)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to follow changes in body composition, estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in relation to changes in leptin during the first year of GH therapy in order to test the hypothesis that leptin is a metabolic signal involved in the regulation of GH secretion in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 33 prepubertal children were investigated. Their mean (S.D.) chronological age at the start of GH treatment was 11.5 (1.6) years, and their mean height was -2.33 (0.38) S.D. scores (SDS). GH was administered subcutaneously at a daily dose of 0.1 (n=26) or 0.2 (n=7) IU/kg body weight. Ten children were in the Swedish National Registry for children with GH deficiency, and twenty-three children were involved in trials of GH treatment for idiopathic short stature. Spontaneous 24-h GH secretion was studied in 32 of the children. In the 24-h GH profiles, the maximum level of GH was determined and the secretion rate estimated by deconvolution analysis (GHt). Serum leptin levels were measured at the start of GH treatment and after 10 and 30 days and 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. Body composition measurements, by DXA, were performed at baseline and 12 months after the onset of GH treatment. RESULTS: After 12 months of GH treatment, mean height increased from -2.33 to -1.73 SDS and total body fat decreased significantly by 3.0 (3.3)%. Serum leptin levels were decreased significantly at all time points studied compared with baseline. There was a significant correlation between the change in total body fat and the change in serum leptin levels during the 12 months of GH treatment, whereas the leptin concentration per unit fat mass did not change. In a multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with 12 month change in leptin levels as the dependent variable, the percentage change in fat over 12 months, the baseline fat mass (%) of body mass and GHt accounted for 24.0%, 11.5% and 12.2% of the variability respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant correlations between changes in leptin and fat and endogenous GH secretion in short children with various GH secretory capacities. Leptin may be the messenger by which the adipose tissue affects hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion. (+info)

Introduced in Section 2.3.3: Principles of experimental design; The linear model; Outline of a model) ... Fixed-effects models[edit]. Main article: Fixed effects model. The fixed-effects model (class I) of analysis of variance ... Random-effects models[edit]. Main article: Random effects model. Random-effects model (class II) is used when the treatments ... Mixed-effects models[edit]. Main article: Mixed model. A mixed-effects model (class III) contains experimental factors of both ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance

Local linear models[edit]. It is sometimes convenient to expand the architecture to include local linear models. In that case ... The second step simply fits a linear model with coefficients w. i. {\displaystyle w_{i}}. to the hidden layer's outputs with ... a hidden layer with a non-linear RBF activation function and a linear output layer. The input can be modeled as a vector of ... For local-linear-architectures gradient-descent training is e. i. j. (. t. +. 1. ). =. e. i. j. (. t. ). +. ν. [. y. (. t. ). − ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_basis_function_network

... a generalized linear model may be more appropriate to use, and moreover, when we wish not to force a parametric model onto our ... 2. Linear predictor: η. =. X. B. =. ∑. j. =. 1. p. X. i. j. T. B. j. {\displaystyle \eta =XB=\sum _{j=1}^{p}X_{ij}^{T}B_{j}}. 3 ... Generalized linear model[edit]. When a member of the exponential family has been specified, the variance function can easily be ... The generalized linear model (GLM), is a generalization of ordinary regression analysis that extends to any member of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance_function

McCullagh, Peter; John Nelder (1989). Generalized Linear Models. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-31760-5.. ... To see that the two models are equivalent, note that Pr. (. Y. =. 1. ∣. X. ). =. Pr. (. Y. ∗. ,. 0. ). =. Pr. (. X. T. β. +. ε ... Model estimation[edit]. Maximum likelihood estimation[edit]. Suppose data set {. y. i. ,. x. i. }. i. =. 1. n. {\displaystyle ... A probit model is a popular specification for an ordinal[2] or a binary response model. As such it treats the same set of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit_regression

While working at the Educational Testing Service and giving lectures at Princeton University, Jöreskog proposed a linear model ... Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1979). Advances in factor analysis and structural equation models. New York: University Press of ... Cudeck, R., Jöreskog, K. G., Du Toit, S. H. C., & Sörbom, D. (2001). Structural Equation Modeling: Present and Future : a ... Jöreskog, K. G., and Goldberger, A. S. (1975). "Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Jöreskog

Generative model[edit]. Linear noiseless ICA[edit]. The components x. i. {\displaystyle x_{i}}. of the observed random vector x ... MLE is thus based on the assumption that if the model pdf p. s. {\displaystyle p_{s}}. and the model parameters A. {\ ... is an invertible function, and is the signal model. Note that if the source signal model probability density function p. s. {\ ... The same generative model can be written in vector form as x. =. ∑. k. =. 1. n. s. k. a. k. {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}=\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_component_analysis

Christensen, Ronald (1997). Log-linear models and logistic regression. Springer Texts in Statistics (Second ed.). New York: ... Discrete Statistical Models with Social Science Applications. North Holland, 1980.. *. Bishop, Y. M. M.; Fienberg, S. E.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_table

Applied Linear Statistical Models (5th ed.). Michael H. Kutner, Christopher J. Nachtsheim, John Neter, & William Li. New York: ... in electronics, a special type of small signal model is referred to as a hybrid-pi model ... the Fourier transform of a linear response function. *a character in mathematics; especially a Dirichlet character in number ... the modular group, the group of fractional linear transformations. *the gamma distribution, a continuous probability ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering

Segal, Arthur C. (1987). "Linear Diet Model". College Mathematics Journal. 18 (1): 44-5. doi:10.2307/2686315. JSTOR 2686315.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_animal_metabolic_rate

Zelterman, Daniel (2010). Applied linear models with SAS ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN ... One can then also calculate the mean square of the model by dividing the sum of squares of the model minus the degrees of ... Then the F value can be calculated by dividing the mean square of the model by the mean square of the error, and we can then ... Weisberg, Sanford (1985). Applied Linear Regression (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 9780471879572. . Retrieved 23 February ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics

Generalized linear model‎; 14:16 . . (-1)‎ . . ‎. MichaelJM. (talk , contribs)‎ (corrected link). *(diff , hist) . . ... Generalized linear model‎; 14:16 . . (+1)‎ . . ‎. MichaelJM. (talk , contribs)‎ (corrected link). *(diff , hist) . . ... m Generalized linear model‎; 02:12 . . (-10)‎ . . ‎. Nosferican. (talk , contribs)‎ (→‎Maximum likelihood: grammatical error) ... Generalized linear model‎; 14:15 . . (+36)‎ . . ‎. MichaelJM. (talk , contribs)‎ (Added link to logistic regression.) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Least_absolute_deviations

linear tensor models such as CANDECOMP/Parafac, or. *multilinear tensor models, such as multilinear principal component ... terminology as a way to better differentiate between linear and multilinear tensor decomposition, as well as, to better ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_principal_component_analysis

approximate solutions to dynamic models (linear methods). *Фома Аквинский. *Арбитраж (экономика). *Теория арбитражного ... The New Palgrave: Dictionary of Economics, Volume 7 real balances - stochastic volatility models ...

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics

... and linear models which "do not try to reconstitute the whole melody in order of real time succession of melodic events. Linear ... Formalized analyses propose models for melodic functions or simulate music. Meyer distinguishes between global models, which " ... These are in contrast to the formalized models of Babbitt (1972) and Boretz (1969). According to Nattiez, Boretz "seems to be ... Global models are further distinguished as analysis by traits, which "identify the presence or absence of a particular variable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_analysis

In other words, if linear regression is the appropriate model for a set of data points whose sample correlation coefficient is ... such a line that minimizes the sum of squared residuals of the linear regression model. In other words, numbers α and β solve ... Linear models". Modern Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-81472-6. Francis Galton (1886). "Regression ... He quantified this trend, and in doing so invented linear regression analysis, thus laying the groundwork for much of modern ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean

He was a leader in the field of linear and mixed models in statistics, and published widely on the topics of linear models, ... Searle, S. R. (1997). "The matrix Handling of BLUE and BLUP in the mixed linear model". Linear Algebra and Its Applications. ... Searle, S. R. (1994). "Extending some results and proofs for the singular linear model". Linear Algebra and Its Applications. ... Searle, S. R.; Speed, F. M.; Milliken, G. A. (1980). "Population Marginal Means in the Linear Model: An Alternative to Least ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayle_R._Searle

"Efficient multiple hyperparameter learning for log-linear models" (PDF). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 20. ... Poorly performing models are iteratively replaced with models that adopt modified hyperparameter values from a better performer ... These measures are called hyperparameters, and have to be tuned so that the model can optimally solve the machine learning ... mlrMBO, also with mlr, is an R package for model-based/Bayesian optimization of black-box functions. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_search

Kutner, Michael; Nachtsheim, Christopher; Neter, John (204), Applied Linear Regression Models (Fourth ed.), McGraw Hill, ISBN ... the regression coefficients are affected by the other predictor variables in the model … The magnitudes of the standardized ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score

Stuart, Alan; Ord, Keith; Arnold, Steven [F.] (2010). Classical Inference and the Linear Model. Kendall's Advanced Theory of ... That is, for a non-linear function f and a mean-unbiased estimator U of a parameter p, the composite estimator f(U) need not be ... Klebanov, Lev [B.]; Rachev, Svetlozar [T.]; Fabozzi, Frank [J.] (2009). Robust and Non-Robust Models in Statistics. New York: ... with a sample of size 1. (For example, when incoming calls at a telephone switchboard are modeled as a Poisson process, and λ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biased_estimator

She has written books on the design of experiments, on association schemes, and on linear models in statistics. Bailey earned ... Bailey, R. A. (1994). Normal linear models. London: External Advisory Service, University of London. ISBN 0-7187-1176-9. Bailey ... ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. Speed, T. P.; Bailey, R. A. (1987). "Factorial Dispersion Models". International Statistical Review / ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_A._Bailey

The deviance is used to compare two models - in particular in the case of generalized linear models (GLM) where it has a ... It plays an important role in exponential dispersion models and generalized linear models. The unit deviance d ( y , μ ) {\ ... Generalized Linear Models, Second Edition. Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 0-412-31760-5. Collett, David (2003). Modelling Survival ... doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71393-9. ISBN 978-0-387-71392-2. Nelder, J.A.; Wedderburn, R.W.M. (1972). "Generalized Linear Models". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(statistics)

In statistical theory, Nelder and Wedderburn proposed the generalized linear model. Generalized linear models were formulated ... "Generalized Linear Models", J. R. Statist. Soc. A, 135 (1972) 370-384. McCullagh, P. and J.A. Nelder. 1989. Generalized Linear ... "for their monograph Generalized Linear Models (1983)". As tribute on his eightieth birthday, a festschrift Methods and Models ... Generalized Linear Models with Random Effects: Unified Analysis via H-likelihood. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nelder

He was co-developer, with John Nelder, of the generalized linear model methodology, and then expanded this subject to develop ... Nelder, John A; Wedderburn, Robert W (1972). "Generalized linear models". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Wedderburn, RWM (1974). "Quasi-likelihood functions, generalized linear models, and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wedderburn_(statistician)

McCullagh, Peter; Nelder, John A. (1989). Generalized Linear Models. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability (2nd ed ... Hosmer, David W.; Lemeshow, Stanley; May, Susanne (2008). Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time-to-Event Data ... Causal inference Instrumental variables Design of experiments Vital for epidemiological studies Generalized linear models ... proportional hazards model, Weibull distribution Accounting fraud detection (Benford's law) Airline deregulation Analysis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurimetrics

Segal, Arthur C. (1987). "Linear Diet Model". College Mathematics Journal. 18 (1): 44-5. doi:10.2307/2686315. JSTOR 2686315. ... There are two models to explain how BMR changes in response to temperature: the variable maximum model (VMM) and variable ... fraction model (VFM). The VMM states that the summit metabolism (or the maximum metabolic rate in response to the cold) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate

Stability for linear state space modelsEdit. A linear state space model ... Correspondingly, a time-discrete linear state space model x. t. +. 1. =. A. x. t. {\displaystyle {{\textbf {x}}_{t+1}}=A{\ ... For stability of linear systems, see exponential stability.. Various types of stability may be discussed for the solutions of ... The main two approaches to this analysis are BIBO stability (for linear systems) and input-to-state stability (ISS) (for ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_stability

In terms of the simple linear model below, this means that increasing x produces an increase in b.) ... For example, in adverse selection models the agent gets an information rent, while in hidden action models with a wealth- ... which is modelled as a random draw by nature).[27] In hidden action models, there is a stochastic relationship between the ... In principal-agent models, the agent often gets a strictly positive rent (i.e. his payoff is larger than his reservation ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal–agent_problem

Linear modelsEdit. Unlike the previous model, this one takes into consideration the possibility of multiple factors influencing ... Information processing models and changeEdit. These models address the fact that the responses people have to belief-relevant ... Three models of belief formation and change have been proposed: Conditional inference processEdit. When people are asked to ... For example, Robert Wyer developed a model of subjective probabilities.[18][19] When people rate the likelihood of a certain ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief

The term is most often used in the context of linear models (linear regression, analysis of variance), where certain random ... However, similar geometry and vector decompositions underlie much of the theory of linear models, including linear regression ... James S. Hodges (2014) Richly Parameterized Linear Models, CRC Press. [2] *^ Peter J. Green, B. W. Silverman (1994), ... In linear modelsEdit. The demonstration of the t and chi-squared distributions for one-sample problems above is the simplest ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_

B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modelled after the receptors of the precursor B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cells

Ecologists use simplified one trophic position food chain models (producer, carnivore, decomposer). Using these models, ... Food chains are linear (noncyclic) feeding pathways that trace monophagous consumers from a base species up to the top consumer ... Ecological Modelling. 220 (11): 1376-1382. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-07. ... Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web

Hansen, L.P., Sargent, T.J. (1980) "Formulating and Estimating Dynamic Linear Rational-Expectations Models." Journal of ... Hansen, L. P., Jagannathan, R. (1991)։ "Implications of Security Market Data for Models of Dynamic Economies", Journal of ... "Generalized Instrumental Variables Estimation of Nonlinear Rational Expectations Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, ...

https://hy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Լարս_Փիթեր_Հանսեն

Cao, W., Demeler B. Modeling Analytical Ultracentrifugation Experiments with an Adaptive Space-Time Finite Element Solution for ... This is a somewhat arbitrary approach as the RCF applied is dependent upon the radius in a linear fashion - so a 10% larger ... Sedimentation Velocity Analysis of Heterogeneous Protein-Protein Interactions: Lamm Equation Modeling and Sedimentation ... depending on the centrifuge model used, the respective angle of the rotor and the radius may vary, thus the formula gets ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugation

Feugier, François (14 December 2006). Models of Vascular Pattern Formation in Leaves (PhD Thesis). University of Paris VI.. ... Monocots typically have such linear leaves that maximize surface area while minimising self-shading. In these a high proportion ... Read and Stokes (2006) consider two basic models, the "hydrostatic" and "I-beam leaf" form (see Fig 1).[40] Hydrostatic leaves ... Branching repeatedly by regular dichotomy to give rise to a three dimensional bush-like structure consisting of linear segment ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauline

"Interaction model - Probing space weather with comets". KVI atomics physics. Archived from the original on 2006-02-13. ... C/1999 S4 (LINEAR). *C/2000 U5 (LINEAR). *C/2000 W1 (Utsunomiya-Jones) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(cometary)

According to current archaeological and genetic models, there were at least two notable expansion events subsequent to peopling ... the Provisional model suggests that bipedalism arose in pre-Paleolithic australopithecine societies as an adaptation to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic

For example, applications of measurement models in educational contexts often indicate that total scores have a fairly linear ... Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Educational ... Further progress was made by Georg Rasch (1960), who developed the probabilistic Rasch model that provides a theoretical basis ... such specification is theoretically meaningful only if it is implied by the theory and model relevant to the measurement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_data

Alternative model of replicationEdit. One of the main competing models for cpDNA asserts that most cpDNA is linear and ... Leading model of cpDNA replicationEdit. Chloroplast DNA replication via multiple D loop mechanisms. Adapted from Krishnan NM, ... Linear structureEdit. Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that ... In addition to the early microscopy experiments, this model is also supported by the amounts of deamination seen in cpDNA.[17] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

... increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model. Because of this exponential relationship ... Chrysler had made the all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, available as an option starting in fall 1955 for its new ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_transistor

First, as I recall, a covariant is something like a linear (multi-linear, polynomial) map that is invariant under the given ... I followed the model of square root of negative numbers. For comparison, Special:PrefixIndex/square roots has nothing of the ... be a generic form in n variables (that is, its coefficients are indeterminates). The group GL(n) acts on the form by linear ... So there exist more useless redirects from grammatically-faulty titles? Interesting, but not a good choice to use as a model. - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Mathematics

It has long been known that if the space of illuminants can be described as a linear model with N basis terms, the proper color ... Mark D Fairchild, Color Appearance Models. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998. *^ a b Gaurav Sharma (2003). Digital Color ... Viggiano found that white balancing in the camera's native RGB color model tended to produce less color inconstancy (i.e., less ... By Viggiano's measure, and using his model of gaussian camera spectral sensitivities, most camera RGB spaces performed better ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_balance

Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 4kb in length. The genome codes for 4 proteins. Entry into the host cell is ... Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allolevivirus

Numerical modeling also provides new insights as observations and new discoveries are integrated into our physical ... Other rich areas of research are tornadoes associated with mesovortices within linear thunderstorm structures and within ... Dotzek, Nikolai, Jürgen Grieser, Harold E. Brooks; Grieser; Brooks (2003-03-01). "Statistical modeling of tornado intensity ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes

Linear regression. *Simple linear regression. *Ordinary least squares. *General linear model. *Bayesian regression ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann-Whitney_U_test

Actual statistical analysis by the general linear model, i.e., statistical parametric mapping. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxel-based_morphometry

A new classification and linear sequence based on molecular data can be found in an article by Christenhusz et al.[7] ... Williams CG, LaDeau SL, Oren R, Katul GG., 2006, Modeling seed dispersal distances: implications for transgenic Pinus taeda, ... Christenhusz, M.J.M., Reveal, J., Farjon, A., Gardner, M.F., Mill, R.R. & Chase, M.W. (2011) A new classification and linear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniferous_forest

doctor/model-centered ←. → patient/situation-centered Professional integration: separate and distinct ←. → integrated into ... a linear algebra approach to posture in chiropractic". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 19 (8): 525-35. PMID 8902664.. ... as a model of accreditation standards with the goal of having credentials portable internationally.[177] Today, there are 18 ... which models the spine as a torsion bar), Nimmo Receptor-Tonus Technique, applied kinesiology (which emphasises "muscle testing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractors

Unit cell ball-and-stick model of lithium nitride.[118] On the basis of size a tetrahedral structure would be expected, but ... sodium and potassium form colourless azide salts involving the linear N−. 3 anion; due to the large size of the alkali metal ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

During this time, it may display a message ("Data Save", on at least some models) and the case will not open. After the audio ... Its successor, Hi-MD, would later introduce the option of linear PCM digital recording to meet audio quality comparable to that ... The size of the buffer varies by model. If the MiniDisc player were bumped, playback could continue unimpeded while the laser ... In the MiniDisc's last progression, Hi-MD, uncompressed CD-quality linear PCM audio recording and playback is offered, placing ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc

Linear astrolabe, Encyclopædia Britannica. *^ a b [[Ancient Discoveries]], Episode 11: Ancient Robots, History Channel, dicapai ... Jam ilmu falak bertenaga-air bersejarah: Al-Jazari reka jam ilmu falak bertenaga air bersejarah yang memaparkan model bergerak ... Biola, Rebec, dan Rebab: Biola model berpunca dari pelbagai alat ibu panah tali yang dibawa dari Timur Tengah sewaktu Timur ... Astrolab linear ("staff of al-Tusi"): Direka oleh Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī pada abad ke-12.[207] ...

https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_cipta_pada_zaman_pertengahan_Islam

... δ in terms of a valid physical model for n and κ. By fitting the theoretical model to the measured R or T, or ψ and δ using ... This axis is known as the optical axis of the material.[1]:230 Light with linear polarization perpendicular to this axis will ... "Non-reflecting" crystal model)". Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics. 21 (9): 916-920. doi:10.1007/BF01031726.. ... However, there does not exist an overall linear relation between the refractive index and the density for all silicate and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_refraction

World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World ... Linear acetylenic carbon. *C. 18 (cyclo[18]carbon). mixed sp3/sp2 forms. *Amorphous carbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_charcoal

Bonett, D.G.; Woodward, J.A.; Bentler, P.M. (1986). "A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population". British ... Importantly, the formula can be re-written as a linear equation in terms of f: P. =. (. 5. 10. q. −. 5. 90. (. 1. −. q. ). ). f ... There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experiments.[15] A simple model which easily ... Natural Resource Modeling 16:465-475 *^ Maunder, M.N. (2001) Integrated Tagging and Catch-at-Age Analysis (ITCAAN). In Spatial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture-recapture

Statistical methods used include structural equation modeling[47] and hierarchical linear modeling[48] (HLM; also known as ... Job demands-resources model[edit]. An alternative model, the job demands-resources (JD-R) model,[63] grew out of the DCS model ... Demand-control-support model[edit]. The most influential model in OHP research has been the original demand-control model.[1] ... Effort-reward imbalance model[edit]. After the DCS model, the, perhaps, second most influential model in OHP research has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology

Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.[23] ... Codecs like FLAC, Shorten, and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. Many of these algorithms use ... The perceptual models used to estimate what a human ear can hear are generally somewhat different from those used for music. ... Faxin Yu; Hao Luo; Zheming Lu (2010). Three-Dimensional Model Analysis and Processing. Berlin: Springer. p. 47. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_compression_

The fill was retained with a system of wood piles and cribbing, and later encased with more than 7,700 linear feet of concrete ... The PHS intended to have a companion Contagious Hospital as did the hospitals Ellis Island's were modeled after, such as Johns ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island_Immigrant_Hospital

... the decay rate is not linear: when a disk is younger and has had fewer start-stop cycles, it has a better chance of surviving ... models and the failure rate was relatively strong. Statistics in this matter are kept highly secret by most entities; Google ... though often drives of nominally exactly the same model manufactured at different times have different circuit boards that are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-disk_failure

A model is κ-saturated if whenever {. A. i. }. i. ∈. I. {\displaystyle \{A_{i}\}_{i\in I}}. is a collection of internal sets ... Abraham Robinson and Allen Bernstein used nonstandard analysis to prove that every polynomially compact linear operator on a ... As developed by him in his papers, it is based on studying models (in particular saturated models) of a theory. Since ... he proposed a model, R. Z. ,. {\displaystyle \mathbb {R^{Z_{,}}} }. , that is in some ways a simplified version of ∗. R. {\ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_analysis

"A model predicts that the world's populations will stop growing in 2050". ScienceDaily.com. April 4, 2013. Retrieved June 3, ... According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, or will ... One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate,[119] while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and ... The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population

... Lawrence E. Blume, William A. Brock, Steven N. Durlauf, Rajshri Jayaraman. NBER Working ... "Linear Social Interactions Models," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 123(2), pages 444 - 496. ... This paper provides a systematic analysis of identification in linear social interactions models. This is both a theoretical ... The equilibrium strategy profiles are linear. Standard models in the empirical social interactions literature are shown to be ...

https://www.nber.org/papers/w19212

The log-linear parameters can be transformed into multiplicative parameters, and these are... ... Graphical log-linear models, which are the basis of many current applications of log-linear models, may also be interpreted ... Next, a representation of every log-linear model as the intersection of several log-linear models is discussed, where all of ... Two special classes of log-linear models, decomposable and graphical log-linear models, are presented next. Decomposable log- ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-7693-5_11

... such as linear modelling of continuous variables, log-linear modelling for the analysis of counts and proportions, linear ... Generalised Linear Models. Module code: MA3201. This module extends the ideas used in Linear Statistical Models to a more ... This occurs in the case when the response variable is dependent through some link function on a predictor of an unknown linear ... Two prime objectives of an analysis using these models include a determination of which explanatory variables are important, ...

https://le.ac.uk/modules/2020/ma3201

... and predictor variable selection using a variety of prior models for the regression coefficients and disturbance variance ... Bayesian linear regression model with conjugate prior for data likelihood. semiconjugateblm. Bayesian linear regression model ... Models for Bayesian Variable Selection. mixconjugateblm. Bayesian linear regression model with conjugate priors for stochastic ... Bayesian linear regression model with diffuse conjugate prior for data likelihood. empiricalblm. Bayesian linear regression ...

https://www.mathworks.com/help/econ/bayesian-linear-regression-models.html

We analyze the identification and estimation of parameters β satisfying the incomplete linear moment restrictions E(z T (x β−y ... "Set Identified Linear Models," Post-Print halshs-00754590, HAL. * Bontemps, Christian & Magnac, Thierry & Maurin, Eric, 2007. " ... "Set identified linear models," CeMMAP working papers CWP13/11, Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice, Institute for Fiscal ... "Set Identified Linear Models," IDEI Working Papers 494, Institut dÉconomie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse. * Christian Bontemps ...

https://ideas.repec.org/p/tse/wpaper/22272.html

Dunn P.K., Smyth G.K. (2018) Chapter 8: Generalized Linear Models: Diagnostics. In: Generalized Linear Models With Examples in ... McCullagh, P., Nelder, J.A.: Generalized Linear Models, second edn. Chapman and Hall, London (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Pregibon, D.: Goodness of link tests for generalized linear models. Applied Statistics 29(1), 15-24 (1980)CrossRefGoogle ... Generalized Linear Models With Examples in R pp 297-331 , Cite as ... Gotway, C.A., Stroup, W.W.: A generalized linear model approach ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0118-7_8

Binary, linear classification model. ClassificationLinear. model object. Binary, linear classification model, specified as a ... train a linear classification model using the entire data set and the same options as when you trained the model. Determine the ... using the linear classification model that has regularization strength Mdl.Lambda(. j. ). . Mdl.ClassNames. stores the order of ... Train a binary, linear classification model that can identify whether the word counts in a documentation web page are from the ...

https://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/classificationlinear.predict.html

About Generalized Linear Models. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) include and extend the class of linear models described in " ... 12 Generalized Linear Models. This chapter describes Generalized Linear Models (GLM), a statistical technique for linear ... Global Model Statistics for Linear Regression. GLM regression models generate the following statistics that describe the model ... Generalized linear models accommodate responses that violate the linear model assumptions through two mechanisms: a link ...

https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/datamine.112/e16808/algo_glm.htm

yields the same linear couplings as in X. b. ∪. X. a. . After computing the dissimilarity between all linear models, we use ... 1A) and estimate whether the linear model fit in the larger window θ. k. +. 1. is significantly more likely to model the ... B) We compare linear models θ. k. and θ. k. +. 1. , found in the windows X. k. and X. k. +. 1. , by the log-likelihood ratio Λ ... To cluster the models, we note that simply using the Euclidean metric is inappropriate, since the space of linear models is ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/116/5/1501

We thus need a more general model class, which we will call non-linear models. Note that the term non-linear does not say ... As stated above, we cannot use a generalized linear model to estimate $b$ so we go ahead an specify a non-linear model. ... As a third example, we want to show how to model more advanced item-response models using the non-linear model framework of ... This vignette provides an introduction on how to fit non-linear multilevel models with brms. Non-linear models are incredibly ...

http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/brms/vignettes/brms_nonlinear.html

Linear Models. For some gene g ∈ (1,...,G) with gene expression Yg = (yg1,...,ygn) over n samples, a linear model can be ... Note that this linear model contains only main effect terms for the sake of clarity, however the model can also contain higher ... Envisage: Linear Models for Microarray Analysis Introduction and Motivation. High-throughput microarray analyses can ... Linear models allow extension ofANOVA to allow inclusion of numeric variables. ...

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/moac/people/students/2003/sam_robson/linear_models

Describe numerical procedures for estimation in generalized linear models.. *Recognize linear normal models and apply general ... important theorems in probability theory utilized in test procedures in linear normal models and in generalized linear models. ... The theory for linear normal models is looked at and applied to regression and analysis of variance. Furthermore the topics of ... Identify probability distributions belonging to an exponential family and adapt a description as a generalized linear model. ...

http://www.uib.no/en/course/STAT201

If we use Non-linear Least Squares to estimate a model that is a non-linear function of the parameters, then:. *. ? The ... If we estimate a non-linear regression model using the Non-Linear Least Squares (NLLS) estimator, and we wrongly omit one or ... If we have a non-linear regression model with additive and normally distributed errors, then:. *. ? The NLLS estimator of the ... Non-Linear Least Squares estimation has been used, and a global minimum of the objective function appears to have been found. ...

http://web.uvic.ca/~dgiles/blog/quiz6.html

Source for information on linear regression model: A Dictionary of Computing dictionary. ... Model And Modeling , Model Education and Training: None Salary: Varies-see profile Employment Outlook: Good Models pose for ... www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/linear-regression-model ... www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/linear-regression-model ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/linear-regression-model

South Africa Linear Models study abroad course, Spring 1 2020. Experience the best study abroad programs in Cape Town, South ... the linear model; maximum likelihood; estimates of parameters in the linear model; the Gauss-Markov theorem; variable selection ... This course gives an introduction to statistical modelling and the theory of linear statistical models. The student is ...

https://studiesabroad.com/destinations/africa/south-africa/cape-town/business-stem-social-sciences--liberal-arts/icps3120/linear-models-437414

... the Variance and the Mean of the Response About Loglinear Variance Models The Loglinear Variance personality of the Fit Model ... platform enables you to … - Selection from JMP 11 Fitting Linear ModelsÂ [Book] ... The log of the variance is fit to one linear model and the expected response is fit to a different linear model simultaneously. ... About Loglinear Variance Models. The Loglinear Variance personality of the Fit Model platform enables you to model both the ...

https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/jmp-11-fitting/9781612906768/FLM_09_Loglinear_Variance.xhtml

A simple linear regression problem may be modeled in two dimensions whereas multiple linear regression problems may be modeled ... Linear Hypotheses.- Model Checking and Transformation of Data.- Generalized linear models.- Solutions. ... On the other hand, Linear Regression: Linear Models in Statistics is highly suitable for a theoretical statistics course for ... "linear regression is a branch of statistics in which a dependent variable of interest is modeled as a linear combination of one ...

https://www.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/regression-linear-models-in-statistics

... and rigorous introduction to linear algebra required for statistics followed by the basic aspects of the theory of linear ... Linear Algebra and Linear Models comprises a concise ... Linear Algebra and Linear Models. Authors. * Ravindra B. Bapat ... Linear Algebra and Linear Models comprises a concise and rigorous introduction to linear algebra required for statistics ... "The author presents basic ideas and concepts of linear algebra and linear models equally from both theoretical and applications ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781447127383?wt_mc=ThirdParty.SpringerLink.3.EPR653.About_eBook

Richly Parameterized Linear Models : Additive.. [James S Hodges] -- This book covers a wide range of statistical models, ... including hierarchical, hierarchical generalized linear, linear mixed, dynamic linear, smoothing, spatial, and longitudinal. It ... 2. Richly parameterized models as mixed linear models --. 3. From linear models to richly parameterized models : mean structure ... Mixed linear models : syntax, theory, and methods -- 2. Richly parameterized models as mixed linear models -- 3. From linear ...

http://www.worldcat.org/title/richly-parameterized-linear-models-additive/oclc/863035411

title = {Limma: linear models for microarray data},. booktitle = {Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Solutions using R ... INPROCEEDINGS{Smyth05limma:linear,. author = {Gordon K. Smyth and Matthew Ritchie and Natalie Thorne and James Wettenhall and ...

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.182.2271&rank=1

Dynamic Linear Modelling. July 30, 2010 8:04 AM Subscribe. It has applications in Economics, Biology, Pharmaceuticals, and is ... is because linear markov models work quite well in well modelled/managed physical systems. If you have a smoothly varying ... Dynamic Linear Models are gaining in popularity. There exists an R package, and both a short doc and a really great (read: ... This Linear Dynamic Modelling stuff is cool. Its seems to be roughly the opposite of what I just laid out in that the systems ...

https://www.metafilter.com/94254/Dynamic-Linear-Modelling

... Francesco Bianchi, Giovanni Nicolò. NBER ... We propose a novel approach to deal with the problem of indeterminacy in Linear Rational Expectations models. The method ... We apply our method to simulated and actual data from a prototypical New-Keynesian model for both regions of the parameter ... As a result, the researcher can estimate the model by using standard packages without restricting the estimates to a certain ...

https://www.nber.org/papers/w23521

Selection from JMP 13 Fitting Linear Models, Second Edition, 2nd Edition [Book] ... Linear and logistic regression, analysis of variance and covariance, and stepwise procedures are covered ... - ... JMP 13 Fitting Linear Models focuses on the Fit Model platform and many of its personalities. ... Generalized Linear Model Fit Report Options * Additional Examples of the Generalized Linear Models Personality * Using ...

https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/jmp-13-fitting/9781629609522/

... and cointegrated VAR models. Unlike the traditional impulse response analysis, this approach does not require orthogonalisation ... "Generalised Impulse Response Analysis in Linear Multivariate Models," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 9710, Faculty of ... "Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 17-29, ... "Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number ...

https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecolet/v58y1998i1p17-29.html

Fitting Linear Models. Description. lm. is used to fit linear models. It can be used to carry out regression, single stratum ... Chambers, J. M. (1992) Linear models. Chapter 4 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & ... model, x, y, qr. logicals. If TRUE. the corresponding components of the fit (the model frame, the model matrix, the response, ... method = "model.frame". returns the model frame (the same as with model = TRUE. , see below). ...

http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-patched/library/stats/html/lm.html

General Linear Models (GLM). The general linear models (GLM) procedure works much like proc reg. except that we can combine ... proc reg; /* simple linear regression */ model y = x; proc reg; /* weighted linear regression */ model y = x; weight w; proc ... model. phrase. proc glm; /* simple linear regression */ model y = x / solution; proc glm; /* weighted linear regression */ ... proc stepwise; model y = x1 x2 x3; Here are model options for the means of selection and elimination: model y = x1 x2 x3 / ...

http://www.stat.wisc.edu/~yandell/software/sas/linmod.html

Recursive Models of Dynamic Linear Economies. Lars Peter Hansen. Hardcover ISBN: 9780691042770 $49.95/£42.00 Paperback ISBN: ... In Recursive Models of Dynamic Linear Economies, Lars Peter Hansen and Thomas Sargent use these tools to create a class of ... Recursive Models of Dynamic Linear Economies * Lars Peter Hansen and Thomas J. Sargent ... "This book is chock full of results that will be useful to all interested in dynamic linear models, including material that will ...

https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691042770/recursive-models-of-dynamic-linear-economies

More precisely, in the first stage, by a multistep adjustment, we reconstruct an unbiased model based on the correlation ... The simulation results further illustrate that the new estimator outperforms those obtained by the submodel and the full model ... one usually uses a submodel as a working model that contains significant variables. But it may be highly biased and the ... information between the covariates; in the second stage, we further reduce the adjusted model by a semiparametric variable ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aaa/2013/687151/

Supported by a large number of examples, Linear Model Methodology provides a strong foundation in the theory of linear models ... Given the importance of linear models in statistical theory and experimental research, a good understanding of their ... and mixed-effects models, heteroscedastic linear models, response surface models with random effects, and linear multiresponse ... Supported by a large number of examples, Linear Model Methodology provides a strong foundation in the theory of linear models ...

https://www.crcpress.com/Linear-Model-Methodology/Khuri/p/book/9781584884811

... log-linear models for rates, dummy variables and interactions, model selection, log-linear models for multi-way contingency ... STAT6083 Generalised Linear Models. Module Overview. To introduce the theory and apply a wide range of statistical models. ... Overview of statistical modelling, linear regression models, one-way contingency tables, quantilequantile plots, two-way ... Understand the foundation theory of Generalised Linear Models.. *Use a range of popular statistical models for continuous and ...

https://www.southampton.ac.uk/courses/modules/stat6083.page

To start a Bayesian linear regression analysis, create a standard model object that best describes your prior assumptions on the joint distribution of the regression coefficients and disturbance variance. (mathworks.com)
linear regression model See regression analysis . (encyclopedia.com)
After addressing the requisite topics in regression analysis - linear regression, analysis of variance, multiple regression, analysis of covariance, linear hypotheses and models - the reader is treated to some additional topics, including nonparametric regression and experimental design. (maa.org)
Linear and logistic regression, analysis of variance and covariance, and stepwise procedures are covered. (oreilly.com)
Linear models provide the groundwork for analysis of variance, regression analysis, response surface methodology, variance components analysis, and more, making it necessary to understand the theory behind linear modeling. (crcpress.com)
Applied Regression Analysis, Linear Models, and Related Methods. (southampton.ac.uk)

Weisberg, S.: Applied Linear Regression. (springer.com)

This occurs in the case when the response variable is dependent through some link function on a predictor of an unknown linear combination of the explanatory variables as well as an error random variable. (le.ac.uk)
Alternatively, you can perform predictor variable selection by working with the model object for Bayesian variable selection. (mathworks.com)
Combine standard Bayesian linear regression prior models and data to estimate posterior distribution features or to perform Bayesian predictor selection. (mathworks.com)
However, the structure of $\eta_n$ is always linear in the sense that the regression coefficients $b_i$ are multiplied by some predictor values and then summed up. (r-project.org)
would not be a linear predictor anymore and we could not fit it using classical techniques of generalized linear models. (r-project.org)
are parameters, and second, it specifies the linear predictor terms for each parameter. (r-project.org)
In fact, we should think of non-linear parameters as placeholders for linear predictor terms rather than as parameters themselves (see also the following examples). (r-project.org)
In these cases, a model (see below) is fit for all genes, with gene expression as the response variable and the variable(s) of interest (and their interactions if a multi-way ANOVA is used) as the predictor variables. (warwick.ac.uk)
As the authors state in their summary of the book, "linear regression is a branch of statistics in which a dependent variable of interest is modeled as a linear combination of one or more predictor variables, together with a random error. (maa.org)
this can be used to specify an a priori known component to be included in the linear predictor during fitting. (ethz.ch)
General linear model Generalized linear model Linear predictor function Linear system Linear regression Statistical model Priestley, M.B. (1988) Non-linear and Non-stationary time series analysis, Academic Press. (wikipedia.org)
To decide whether we can make a predictive model, the first step is to see if there appears to be a relationship between our predictor and response variables (in this case girth, height, and volume). (kdnuggets.com)

Improve a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sample for posterior estimation and inference of a Bayesian linear regression model. (mathworks.com)
Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models ," OUP Catalogue , Oxford University Press, number 9780198774501. (repec.org)
We have attempted to provide a uni?ed theory of inference from linear models with minimal assumptions. (springer.com)
Furthermore, some generic tools for inference in parametric models are provided. (freshports.org)
In this paper, we recommend using the empirical likelihood method to make inference for in the model ( 1 ) under right censored data. (hindawi.com)
The Viterbi algorithm that makes inference tractable for linear-chain CRFs will be covered, followed by a discus- sion of inference for general CRFs. (videolectures.net)

The aim of this paper is to propose some diagnostic methods in stochastic restricted linear regression models. (scirp.org)
A review of stochastic restricted linear regression models is given. (scirp.org)

A solid coverage of the most important parts of the theory and application of regression models, generalised linear models and the analysis of variance. (lse.ac.uk)
Bayesian linear regression models treat regression coefficients and the disturbance variance as random variables, rather than fixed but unknown quantities. (mathworks.com)
Linear models make a set of restrictive assumptions, most importantly, that the target (dependent variable y ) is normally distributed conditioned on the value of predictors with a constant variance regardless of the predicted response value. (oracle.com)
Generalized linear models accommodate responses that violate the linear model assumptions through two mechanisms: a link function and a variance function. (oracle.com)
Linear regression with the identity link and variance function equal to the constant 1 (constant variance over the range of response values). (oracle.com)
The theory for linear normal models is looked at and applied to regression and analysis of variance. (uib.no)
The Loglinear Variance personality of the Fit Model platform enables you to model both the expected value and the variance of a response using regression models. (oreilly.com)
The log of the variance is fit to one linear model and the expected response is fit to a different linear model simultaneously. (oreilly.com)
4. Beyond linear models : variance structure. (worldcat.org)
Also included are multivariate analysis of variance, mixed models, generalized models, and models based on penalized regression techniques. (oreilly.com)
Generalized linear mixed models: powerful but challenging tools Data sets in ecology and evolution (EE) Researchers faced with nonnormal data often try shortcuts such as transforming data to achieve normality and homogeneity of variance, using nonparametric tests or relying on the robustness of classical ANOVA to nonnormality for balanced designs Instead of shoehorning their data into classical statistical frameworks, researchers should use statistical approaches that match their data. (psu.edu)
Analysis of Variance, Design, and Regression: Linear Modeling for Unbalanced Data, Second Edition presents linear structures for modeling data with an emphasis on how to incorporate specific ideas (hypotheses) about the structure of the data into a linear model for the data. (routledge.com)
The fixed effects model has severe bias when the mixed effects variance is positive and the number of clusters is large. (diva-portal.org)
Linear Models, Second Edition is a textbook and a reference for upper-level undergraduate and beginning graduate-level courses on linear models, statisticians, engineers, and scientists who use multiple regression or analysis of variance in their work. (wiley.com)

returns only an estimated model and an estimation summary table. (mathworks.com)
We analyze the identification and estimation of parameters β satisfying the incomplete linear moment restrictions E(z T (x β−y)) = E(z T u(z)) where z is a set of instruments and u(z) an unknown bounded scalar function. (repec.org)
Describe numerical procedures for estimation in generalized linear models. (uib.no)
Non-Linear Least Squares estimation has been used, and a global minimum of the objective function appears to have been found. (uvic.ca)
Non-Linear Least Squares estimation has been used, but the algorithm has not really converged to a true minimum of the objective function. (uvic.ca)
Linear Algebra and Linear Models comprises a concise and rigorous introduction to linear algebra required for statistics followed by the basic aspects of the theory of linear estimation and hypothesis testing. (springer.com)
The simulation results further illustrate that the new estimator outperforms those obtained by the submodel and the full model in the sense of mean square errors of point estimation and mean square prediction errors of model prediction. (hindawi.com)
2 ]. In the paper, they proposed a nonparametric adjustment by adding a univariate nonparametric estimation to the working model ( 2 ), and it can dramatically reduce the bias of the working model. (hindawi.com)
We develop fast algorithms for estimation of generalized linear models with convex penalties. (psu.edu)
Wang and Zheng [ 1 ] and Wang and Li [ 2 ] considered the estimation problem for partly linear models based on different methods. (hindawi.com)
This paper proposes a novel regression-based approach to the estimation of Gaussian dynamic term structure models that avoids numerical optimization. (bankofcanada.ca)
The goal of the rstanarm package is to make Bayesian estimation of common regression models routine. (dotsrc.org)
In situations where a large data set is partitioned into many relativelysmall clusters, and where the members within a cluster have some common unmeasured characteristics, the number of parameters requiring estimation tends to increase with sample size if a fixed effects model is applied. (diva-portal.org)
Models with Gaussian, logistic and Cauchy distributional assumptions are used for parameter estimation on data simulated using the same three distributions. (diva-portal.org)

The various diagnostic tools for checking the model assumptions are introduced (Sect. (springer.com)
Parametric models make assumptions about the distribution of the data. (oracle.com)
When the assumptions are met, parametric models can be more efficient than non-parametric models. (oracle.com)
The challenge in developing models of this type involves assessing the extent to which the assumptions are met. (oracle.com)
Topics include an introduction to the basic two-level model for continuous outcomes, assessment of fit, checking model assumptions, single and multiparameter hypothesis testing, the extension to three-level models, and nonlinear models for binary outcomes. (umich.edu)
The approach relaxes the assumptions and avoids simplifications required by simpler modelling approaches. (nih.gov)
Model assumptions. (bristol.ac.uk)
One problem with mixed effects models is that the distributional assumptions about the random effects are not easily checked from real data. (diva-portal.org)

This text is aimed primarily at advanced undergraduate and first-year graduate students taking courses in linear algebra, linear models, multivariate analysis and design of experiments. (springer.com)
Generalised Impulse Response Analysis in Linear Multivariate Models ," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 9710, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge. (repec.org)
Recently, models for both stages have been extended with the development of distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs), a methodology for investigating simultaneously non-linear and lagged relationships, and multivariate meta-analysis, a methodology to pool estimates of multi-parameter associations. (nih.gov)
A log-linear model is a mathematical model that takes the form of a function whose logarithm equals a linear combination of the parameters of the model, which makes it possible to apply (possibly multivariate) linear regression. (wikipedia.org)
We develop a matrix linear model (MLM) framework that allows us to model relationships between mutants and conditions in a simple, yet flexible, multivariate framework. (nih.gov)

With a suitable choice of link function and error structure it is possible to cover, within a general framework, a number of techniques for analysing data, such as linear modelling of continuous variables, log-linear modelling for the analysis of counts and proportions, linear logistic regression modelling for binary data, Poisson regression. (le.ac.uk)
Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) combine the properties of two statistical frameworks that are widely used in EE, linear mixed models (which incorporate random effects) and generalized linear models (which handle nonnormal data by using link functions and exponential family [e.g. normal, Poisson or binomial] distributions). (psu.edu)
Poisson regression for contingency tables, a type of generalized linear model. (wikipedia.org)
Examples including models for exponential, binomial and Poisson data. (aber.ac.uk)
The zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial distributions are not generalized linear models. (sas.com)
This paper develops a difference-in-semielasticities (DIS) interpretation for the coefficients of dichotomous variable interaction terms in nonlinear models with exponential conditional mean functions, including but not limited to Poisson, Negative Binomial, and log linear models. (ssrn.com)

The report uses hierarchical linear models (HLMs) to examine differences between the two types of schools when multiple student and/or school characteristics are taken into account. (ed.gov)

Standard models in the empirical social interactions literature are shown to be exact or approximate special cases of our general framework, which in turn provides a basis for understanding the microeconomic foundations of those models. (nber.org)
This module extends the ideas used in Linear Statistical Models to a more general framework, which allows the possibility of including a number of analyses in one general approach. (le.ac.uk)
It presents a framework for expressing these richly parameterized models together as well as tools for exploring and interpreting the results of fitting the models to data. (worldcat.org)
The hierarchical linear model (HLM) provides a conceptual framework and a flexible set of analytic tools to study a variety of social, political, and developmental processes. (umich.edu)
The methodology and modelling framework are implemented in R through the packages dlnm and mvmeta. (nih.gov)
Chapter Three focuses on linear regression for interval-valued data within the framework of random sets, and proposes a new model that generalizes a series of existing ones. (novapublishers.com)
Revision of basic methods in a statistical modelling framework. (bristol.ac.uk)
We propose a novel framework for reformulating HW models as a set of linear equations comprising both continuous and integer variables. (aiche.org)

Further topics related to the use of log-linear models in data analysis are also considered. (springer.com)
First, the selection and interpretation of log-linear models are illustrated in regression type and non-regression type problems, using real data sets. (springer.com)
We will use statistical software to analyse data using these models. (le.ac.uk)
Then, using the model and data, you can estimate characteristics of the posterior distributions, simulate from the posterior distributions, or forecast responses using the predictive posterior distribution. (mathworks.com)
Partial Identification in Monotone Binary Models: Discrete Regressors and Interval Data ," Review of Economic Studies , Oxford University Press, vol. 75(3), pages 835-864. (repec.org)
Partial Identification in Monotone Binary Models : Discrete Regressors and Interval Data ," Working Papers 2004-11, Center for Research in Economics and Statistics. (repec.org)
Partial Identification in Monotone Binary Models: Discrete Regressors and Interval Data ," Post-Print halshs-00754272, HAL. (repec.org)
Partial Identification in Monotone Binary Models: Discrete Regressors and Interval Data ," IDEI Working Papers 280, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse, revised Jan 2005. (repec.org)
Gotway, C.A., Stroup, W.W.: A generalized linear model approach to spatial data analysis and prediction. (springer.com)
Train a binary, linear classification model using the entire data set, which can identify whether the word counts in a documentation web page are from the Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ documentation. (mathworks.com)
Oracle Data Mining GLM models are easy to interpret. (oracle.com)
Our analysis transforms dynamical data into a parameterized space of linear models, and we detail a hierarchical clustering of this space into dynamical categories. (pnas.org)
To address these difficulties, we detail an approach based on local linear models within windows determined adaptively from data. (pnas.org)
Motivated by the remarkable increase in data quantity and quality as well as growing computational power, one approach is to fit a single global model to the dynamics with properties extracted from data. (pnas.org)
Model Checking and Transformation of Data. (maa.org)
The book also examines surprising or undesirable results arising in the use of the models to analyze real data sets from collaborative research"-- Read more. (worldcat.org)
GARCH ( Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscdastisity ) models, first proposed by by Bollerslev in 1986 building upon Engle's 1982 work , by contrast, are designed specifically to properly capture the characteristics of such data generating processes. (metafilter.com)
They can model both periods of constant volatility (aka homoscedasticity , or 'same' volatility)as well as periods where the underlying data generating process exhibits sharp changes in volatility, conditional (i.e., depending upon ) volatility in prior periods. (metafilter.com)
We apply our method to simulated and actual data from a prototypical New-Keynesian model for both regions of the parameter space. (nber.org)
to a data frame) containing the variables in the model. (ethz.ch)
Modern macroeconomics relies on dynamic equilibrium modeling and the statistical analysis of time-series data. (princeton.edu)
Supported by a large number of examples, Linear Model Methodology provides a strong foundation in the theory of linear models and explores the latest developments in data analysis. (crcpress.com)
Summarise data with an appropriate statistical model. (southampton.ac.uk)
Use a range of popular statistical models for continuous and categorical data. (southampton.ac.uk)
In the final course of the statistical modeling for data science program, learners will study a broad set of more advanced statistical modeling tools. (coursera.org)
In this module, we will introduce generalized linear models (GLMs) through the study of binomial data. (coursera.org)
A special chapter is devoted to the analysis of categorical data based on logit, loglinear, and logistic regression models. (springer.com)
Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) provide a more flexible approach for analyzing nonnormal data when random effects are present. (psu.edu)
PET and MRI data from 22 normal subjects were registered to corresponding averaged PET or MRI brain atlases using several specific linear and nonlinear spatial transformation models with an automated algorithm. (nih.gov)
A collection of tests, data sets, and examples for diagnostic checking in linear regression models. (freshports.org)
Linear and non-linear regressions were employed for each of the isotherm models considered to describe the equilibrium data. (novapublishers.com)
First we found that grid workload models can consistently be discovered from the real data, and that limiting the range of models to piecewise linear time series models is sufficiently powerful. (inria.fr)
By constructing an adjusted auxiliary vector ingeniously, we propose an adjusted empirical likelihood ratio function for the parametric components of varying coefficient partially linear models with censored data. (hindawi.com)
3 ] proposed an empirical likelihood method for a partially linear single-index model with right censored data. (hindawi.com)
In this paper, we consider the empirical likelihood inferences for a varying coefficient partially linear model with right censored data. (hindawi.com)
The author has implemented his model using engineering, meteorological, industrial, and pollution data taken from the St. Louis airshed. (mit.edu)
In the article How to Create a Brief Linear Regression Model in Excel , what was not shown was how to include an ellipse surrounding the data, i.e. create a fair data boundary, which problem has now been solved. (wikihow.com)
These models account for levels of aggregation that are typical in social science data in which individuals are nested in groups, and possibly multiple groups. (concordia.ca)
The advantages of the proposed approach lies in the clustering of the data based on a common property and the utilization of the target variable during this process, which enables the development of more coherent models. (scirp.org)
Two alternative localized linear modelling approaches are developed and compared against benchmark models, one in which data are clustered based on their spatial proximity on the embedding space and one novel approach in which grouped data are described by the same linear model. (scirp.org)
The application of the developed approach on several PM10 data sets from the Greater Athens Area, Helsinki and London monitoring networks returned a significant reduction of the prediction error under all examined metrics against conventional forecasting schemes such as the linear regression and the neural networks. (scirp.org)
We are going to implement regularization techniques for linear regression of house pricing data. (kdnuggets.com)
As linear models like normally distributed data , we will transform SalePrice and make it more normally distributed. (kdnuggets.com)
See how to build models that are useful when cross-sectional data are measured repeatedly over time, measurements are correlated, or the data are hierarchically structured. (jmp.com)
I have been searching for a week to fit a simple linear model to my data. (ethz.ch)
Across the simulated and Ugandan data, narrow-sense heritability estimates were lower using the more general model. (pnas.org)
Evaluate how well the model fits the data and possibly revise the model. (dotsrc.org)
In the second paper the effect of misspecifying the distribution of the random effects in a generalised linear mixed model for binary data is studied. (diva-portal.org)
The statistical analysis of mixed effects models for binary and count data is investigated. (diva-portal.org)
Spatial Modeling for Discrete Data Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models: Application to Abundance of Lyme Disease Vectors. (rti.org)
You construct a generalized linear model by deciding on response and explanatory variables for your data and choosing an appropriate link function and response probability distribution. (sas.com)
When we fit the two-variable linear model to our data, we have an x and y score for each person in our study. (socialresearchmethods.net)
For example, data scientists could use predictive models to forecast crop yields based on rainfall and temperature, or to determine whether patients with certain traits are more likely to react badly to a new medication. (kdnuggets.com)
Before we talk about linear regression specifically, let's remind ourselves what a typical data science workflow might look like. (kdnuggets.com)
Using what you find as a guide, construct a model of some aspect of the data. (kdnuggets.com)
Linear regression is one of the simplest and most common supervised machine learning algorithms that data scientists use for predictive modeling. (kdnuggets.com)
We'll use R in this blog post to explore this data set and learn the basics of linear regression. (kdnuggets.com)
We'll use this popular data visualization package to build plots of our models. (kdnuggets.com)
This book defines a broad spectrum of statistical linear models that is useful in the analysis of data. (wiley.com)
He was the author of the first edition of Linear Models, Linear Models for Unbalanced Data, and Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models (with Charles E. McCulloch), all from Wiley. (wiley.com)
Specifically, in our previous work[1], we have shown that (nonlinear) scheduling-relevant low-order models of the process dynamic can be derived [2] using routine operating data. (aiche.org)

GLM is a parametric modeling technique. (oracle.com)
For this reason, quality diagnostics are key to developing quality parametric models. (oracle.com)
A feature of the model is that the parametric part contains both the parameter vector of interest and nuisance parameter vector. (hindawi.com)
and semi-parametric generalized additive models (GAMs). (coursera.org)
The general linear model provides the statistical basis for many well-known inferential parametric tests. (wikiversity.org)

The log-linear parameters can be transformed into multiplicative parameters, and these are useful in dealing with the regression problem for categorical variables, where this approach provides a clear and testable concept of separate effects versus joint effect of the explanatory variables. (springer.com)
Leimer, H.-G., Rudas, T.: Conversion between GLIM- and BMDP-type log-linear parameters. (springer.com)
that can be used if multiple non-linear parameters share the same formula. (r-project.org)
In contrast to generalized linear models, priors on population-level parameters (i.e., 'fixed effects') are often mandatory to identify a non-linear model. (r-project.org)
Estimate parameters and test hypotheses in generalized linear models by means of statistical software. (uib.no)
It works effectively if there are just a few parameters in the model, but not if there are many parameters. (uvic.ca)
That is, it has the general form exp ⁡ ( c + ∑ i w i f i ( X ) ) {\displaystyle \exp \left(c+\sum _{i}w_{i}f_{i}(X)\right)} , in which the fi(X) are quantities that are functions of the variable X, in general a vector of values, while c and the wi stand for the model parameters. (wikipedia.org)
To reliably assess model validity, various error functions (whose mathematical expressions contain the number of experimental measurements, the numbers of independent variables and parameters in the regression equation as well as the measured and predicted equilibrium adsorption capacities) were used. (novapublishers.com)
A linear fractional transportation problem in uncertain environment is studied in this paper where the uncertain parameters of the problem are of belief degree - based uncertainty. (ingentaconnect.com)
function in the rstanarm package is the prior for the parameters in the QR-reparameterized model. (dotsrc.org)

Common features of linear and logistic regression models. (bristol.ac.uk)

Furthermore the topics of binary variables logistic regression, log-linear models, contingency tables and life time analysis are treated. (uib.no)

Identify probability distributions belonging to an exponential family and adapt a description as a generalized linear model. (uib.no)
Explain the proofs of important theorems in probability theory utilized in test procedures in linear normal models and in generalized linear models. (uib.no)
Calculus, linear algebra, and probability theory. (coursera.org)
In generalized linear models, the response is assumed to possess a probability distribution of the exponential form. (sas.com)
In this note I demonstrate that under the simple condition that the state sequence has a mandatory end state, the probability distribution assigned by a strictly linear Boltzmann chain is identical to that assigned by a hidden Markov model. (mit.edu)

Two prime objectives of an analysis using these models include a determination of which explanatory variables are important, and exactly how these variables are related to the response variable. (le.ac.uk)
Use models to describe the relationship between a response and a set of explanatory variables. (southampton.ac.uk)

Use the statistical software package R to fit statistical models. (southampton.ac.uk)

Having great explanation with examples of linear, power, exponential and log functions. (coursera.org)
If you specify a constant scale parameter with the SCALE= option in the MODEL statement, it is also related to the exponential family dispersion parameter in the same way. (sas.com)

As solution methodology, the uncertain linear fractional transportation problem is converted to a crisp form using three approaches of expected value model, expected value and chance-constrained model, and chance-constrained model, separately. (ingentaconnect.com)

As stated above, we cannot use a generalized linear model to estimate $b$ so we go ahead an specify a non-linear model. (r-project.org)
As a result, the researcher can estimate the model by using standard packages without restricting the estimates to a certain area of the parameter space. (nber.org)
The linear mixed model (LMM) is now routinely used to estimate heritability. (pnas.org)
In the statistical computing environment R , there are a few packages that estimate models of this kind. (diva-portal.org)
The well-known structural model used to estimate market structure suffers from a severe collinearity problem if the marginal cost and demand equations are linear. (umn.edu)

By the end of this module, you should be able to perform statistical modelling of relationships between variables (continuous and categorical) with an emphasis on practical and theoretical considerations. (southampton.ac.uk)
If your response variable is continuous, you would use a linear model. (stata.com)
For a continuous-time model, the corresponding differential equations are x'(t) = A . x(t) + B . u(t) and y(t) = C . x(t) + D . u(t) , where u(t) , y(t) , and x(t) are the input, output, and state vectors, respectively, and t is the independent time variable. (maplesoft.com)

For this third edition, the material has been reorganised to develop the linear algebra in the first six chapters, to serve as a first course on linear algebra that is especially suitable for students of statistics or for those looking for a matrix theoretic approach to the subject. (springer.com)
over seventy additional problems on rank: the matrix rank is an important and rich topic with connections to many aspects of linear algebra such as generalized inverses, idempotent matrices and partitioned matrices. (springer.com)
The author presents basic ideas and concepts of linear algebra and linear models equally from both theoretical and applications perspectives. (springer.com)
After presenting the historical evolution of certain methods and techniques used in linear models, the book reviews vector spaces and linear transformations and discusses the basic concepts and results of matrix algebra that are relevant to the study of linear models. (crcpress.com)
The prerequisites for this workshop are a linear regression course and knowledge of matrix algebra. (concordia.ca)
This course assumes a solid knowledge of Calculus (I, II, III), linear algebra (Math. (utah.edu)
Linear Models, Second Edition is written in such a way as to be self-contained for a person with a background in basic statistics, calculus and linear algebra. (wiley.com)
Another of his books, Matrix Algebra for Linear Models, also published by Wiley, provides good preparation for studying Linear Models. (wiley.com)

and consider various methods for assessing the fit and predictive power of the binomial regression model. (coursera.org)

The methodology proposed here extends the use of DLNMs in two-stage analyses, obtaining meta-analytical estimates of easily interpretable summaries from complex non-linear and delayed associations. (nih.gov)

Linear Hypotheses. (maa.org)

is a matrix a linear model is fitted separately by least-squares to each column of the matrix. (ethz.ch)
Thus the least squares estimator based on model ( 2 ) may be inconsistent. (hindawi.com)
This new estimator is an asymptotic least squares estimator defined by the no-arbitrage conditions upon which these models are built. (bankofcanada.ca)

Rudas T. (2018) Log-Linear Models: Interpretation. (springer.com)
Dunn P.K., Smyth G.K. (2018) Chapter 8: Generalized Linear Models: Diagnostics. (springer.com)

SQL function to obtain the confidence bounds of a model prediction. (oracle.com)
The chapter also covers topics such as prediction (using the regression line in reverse), leverage, goodness of fit, comparison between models with and without intercept, uncertainty, polynomial regression models without intercept, and an overview of robust regression through the origin. (novapublishers.com)
The present paper discusses the application of localized linear models for the prediction of hourly PM10 concentration values. (scirp.org)
J. B Ordieres, E. P. Vergara, R. S. Capuz and R. E. Salazar, "Neural Network Prediction Model for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) on the US-Mexico Border in El Paso (Texas) and Ciudad Juαrez (Chihuahua)," Envi- ronmental Modelling & Software, Vol. 20, No. 5, 2005, pp. 547-559. (scirp.org)

If it is binary, you would want to use a logit or probit model---not a linear model. (stata.com)

Richly Parameterized Linear Models : Additive. (worldcat.org)
I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863035411 Title: Richly Parameterized Linear Models : Additive. (worldcat.org)

This paper provides a systematic analysis of identification in linear social interactions models. (nber.org)
This is both a theoretical and an econometric exercise as the analysis is linked to a rigorously delineated model of interdependent decisions. (nber.org)
Both workflows yield posterior models that are well suited for further analysis, such as forecasting. (mathworks.com)
Including more variables into the analysis when using ANOVA may result in missing a lot of interesting effects for genes whose expression changes in response to only a subset of the experiment variables, so a method must be used to fit a model to each gene individually. (warwick.ac.uk)
Admittedly, I don't understand what these models are used for in economics, but I'm worried they will be the latest fad in risk analysis, or some such nonsense. (metafilter.com)
Building on Koop, Pesaran and Potter (1996), the authors propose the `generalised' impulse response analysis for unrestricted vector autoregressive (VAR) and cointegrated VAR models. (repec.org)
Providing a thorough, authoritative, yet accessible treatment, it contains a superb analysis of the connections between various linear-quadratic dynamic programming problems, the general equilibrium properties of these economies, the type of aggregation applicable to them, and the time-series implications for quantities and prices. (princeton.edu)
Although mainly focused on classical linear models, the next several chapters also explore recent techniques for solving well-known problems that pertain to the distribution and independence of quadratic forms, the analysis of estimable linear functions and contrasts, and the general treatment of balanced random and mixed-effects models. (crcpress.com)
Special emphasis is given to sensitivity analysis and model selection. (springer.com)
Log-linear analysis General linear model Generalized linear model Boltzmann distribution Elasticity Gujarati, Damodar N. (wikipedia.org)
L. Liu , J. Wang and X. Liu , Global stability of an SEIR epidemic model with age-dependent latency and relapse, Nonlinear Analysis: RWA , 24 (2015), 18-35. (aimsciences.org)

Transparency is also a key feature: model details describe key characteristics of the coefficients, and global details provide high-level statistics. (oracle.com)
The "linear" part of the designation relates to the appearance of the regression coefficients, β j {\displaystyle \beta _{j}} in a linear way in the above relationship. (wikipedia.org)
Note that here the "linear" part of the term "linear model" is not referring to the coefficients ϕ i {\displaystyle \phi _{i}} and θ i {\displaystyle \theta _{i}} , as it would be in the case of a regression model, which looks structurally similar. (wikipedia.org)
Interpretation of model coefficients as differences in means or odds ratios. (bristol.ac.uk)
The Coeff model expresses the transfer function between a given input and output as a list of the coefficients of the numerator and a list of the coefficients of the denominator of the rational polynomial. (maplesoft.com)

and thus we just fit intercepts that represent our estimates of $b_1$ and $b_2$ in the model equation above. (r-project.org)
Reducing and meta-analysing estimates from distributed lag non-linear models. (nih.gov)
Unfortunately, as we demonstrate, LMM estimates of heritability can be inflated when using a standard model. (pnas.org)
Even when the true random effects distribution is Cauchy, models assuming a Gaussian or a logistic distribution regularly produce estimates with less bias. (diva-portal.org)
What the model estimates. (socialresearchmethods.net)

For example, deep neural networks and other machine-learning techniques ( 5 , 6 ) often produce high-dimensional nonlinear models, which can precisely represent complex dynamics and yield accurate predictions. (pnas.org)
Intersubject validation of linear and nonlinear models. (nih.gov)
Nonlinear models provide better registration than linear models but are slower. (nih.gov)

The algorithm can build and score quality models that use a virtually limitless number of predictors (attributes). (oracle.com)
The best regression models are those in which the predictors correlate highly with the target, but there is very little correlation between the predictors themselves. (oracle.com)
syntax to display the non-linear formula including predictors (i.e. (r-project.org)
We'll use this package for visualizing more complex linear regression models with multiple predictors. (kdnuggets.com)

However, the zero-inflated distributions are included in PROC GENMOD since they are useful extensions of generalized linear models. (sas.com)
See the section Zero-Inflated Models for more details about zero-inflated distributions. (sas.com)

The method consists of augmenting the original model with a set of auxiliary exogenous equations that are used to provide the adequate number of explosive roots in presence of indeterminacy. (nber.org)
The model types SS and DE are time-based and use diff-equations to express the relationships between inputs and outputs. (maplesoft.com)
The DE model uses equations to explicitly represent the differential/difference equations. (maplesoft.com)

We introduce a general method based on the simple idea that even complicated time series are locally linear. (pnas.org)
We thus need a more general model class, which we will call non-linear models. (r-project.org)
Recognize linear normal models and apply general test procedures to these models. (uib.no)
Different kinds of cogeneration planning models can be formulated as linear programming (LP) or mixed integer programming (MIP) models, for which general solution techniques exist. (actapress.com)
The General Linear Model (GLM) underlies most of the statistical analyses that are used in applied and social research. (socialresearchmethods.net)
Given this brief introduction to the two-variable case, we are able to extend the model to its most general case. (socialresearchmethods.net)

Set identified linear models ," CeMMAP working papers CWP13/11, Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice, Institute for Fiscal Studies. (repec.org)
This gem of a book not only provides a thorough review of mathematical methods and related computational issues, but also includes cutting-edge economic models. (princeton.edu)

JMP 13 Fitting Linear Models focuses on the Fit Model platform and many of its personalities. (oreilly.com)

Girard's recent system of linear logic is presented in a way that avoids the two-level structure of formulae and sequents, and that minimises the number of primitive function symbols. (rug.nl)

Interpret the results of the modelling. (southampton.ac.uk)

The tutorial will first explain what log-linear models are, with with concrete examples but also with mathematical generality. (videolectures.net)
this is the mathematical foundation of all log-linear training algorithms. (videolectures.net)

The usual F-statistic does not appear in the output because this statistic is for testing the hypothesis that there is no linear relationship between the dependent variable and the (non-constant) regressors, and here the relationship is non-linear. (uvic.ca)

Predictive models are extremely useful for forecasting future outcomes and estimating metrics that are impractical to measure. (kdnuggets.com)

This vignette provides an introduction on how to fit non-linear multilevel models with brms . (r-project.org)
This course gives an introduction to statistical modelling and the theory of linear statistical models. (studiesabroad.com)
An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. (southampton.ac.uk)
This is a brief introduction to the theory of generalized linear models. (sas.com)

To explore the resulting model space, we develop a likelihood-based hierarchical clustering, and we examine the eigenvalues of the linear dynamics. (pnas.org)
Comparing models with Wald tests and likelihood ratio tests. (bristol.ac.uk)
The random intercepts model is fitted using a maximum likelihood estimator with adaptive Gauss-Hermite and Laplace quadrature approximations of the likelihood function. (diva-portal.org)

Model ( 1 ) has proved to be very useful as it combines the flexibility of nonparametric models and the interpretation of linear models. (hindawi.com)

It extends the standard theory of linear models and illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of various theories. (worldcat.org)
Given the importance of linear models in statistical theory and experimental research, a good understanding of their fundamental principles and theory is essential. (crcpress.com)
Reflecting advances made in the last thirty years, this book offers a rigorous development of the theory underlying linear models. (crcpress.com)
To introduce the theory and apply a wide range of statistical models. (southampton.ac.uk)
Understand the foundation theory of Generalised Linear Models. (southampton.ac.uk)
It gives an up-to-date account of the theory and applications of linear models. (springer.com)
The book gives an up-to-date and comprehensive account of the theory and applications of linear models along with a number of new results. (springer.com)
The book would also function as an excellent reference for graduate students and researchers on classical and current developments in linear model theory. (springer.com)
In each case, the designation "linear" is used to identify a subclass of models for which substantial reduction in the complexity of the related statistical theory is possible. (wikipedia.org)
The dynamic terms in the valve spring reaction forces are calculated using linear vibration theory for given kinematic valve motions. (sae.org)

The reported coefficient of determination (R-squared) could not fall if we added another regressor to the model. (uvic.ca)
Consequently, $R^2 = \boldsymbol{\rho}^\top \boldsymbol{\rho}$ is the familiar coefficient of determination for the linear model. (dotsrc.org)

Further, these models admit a representation using graphs, where the nodes are the variables in the model. (springer.com)
One is the model of conditional joint independence of a group of variables, given all other variables (and graphical log-linear models) may be represented as intersections of such models only and (in the case of non-graphical models) no highest-order conditional interaction among a group of variables. (springer.com)
The problem of fitting a saturated model to all genes becomes larger as more variables are included in the model. (warwick.ac.uk)
Linear models allow extension ofANOVA to allow inclusion of numeric variables. (warwick.ac.uk)
When the dimension of covariates in the regression model is high, one usually uses a submodel as a working model that contains significant variables. (hindawi.com)
In practice we often use such a model to distinguish the main treatment variables of interest from the state variables. (hindawi.com)
From your formula it looks like you're trying to fit a model using rows as variables and columns as cases. (ethz.ch)
Our results can be applied in treatment effect models when the outcome variable is logged and the dichotomous variables indicating treatment participation and the post-treatment time period. (ssrn.com)

Firstly, review the estimators of this model. (scirp.org)
That goal can be partially accomplished by providing interfaces that are similar to the popular formula-based interfaces to frequentist estimators of those regression models. (dotsrc.org)

Williams, D.A.: Generalized linear models diagnostics using the deviance and single-case deletions. (springer.com)
Each model build generates many statistics and diagnostics. (oracle.com)
provides an excellent treatment of diagnostics for mixed models. (worldcat.org)

The advantage of linear models and their restrictions include computational simplicity, an interpretable model form, and the ability to compute certain diagnostic information about the quality of the fit. (oracle.com)
The linear models reveal fine-scaled, interpretable states in the posture behavior and global brain activity of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . (pnas.org)

They construct and apply competitive equilibria for a class of linear-quadratic-Gaussian dynamic economies with complete markets. (princeton.edu)
Specifically, in the first stage, we shall construct a remodeled model by a multistep-adjustment to correct the submodel bias based on the correlation information between the covariates. (hindawi.com)
describe the concept of a generalized linear model and, in some appropriate situations, construct and fit suitable models. (aber.ac.uk)

Anatomy7

Organisms5

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment82

Psychiatry and Psychology16

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations10

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena10

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Humanities1

Information Science19

Named Groups7

Health Care83

Geographicals9

Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature. Genentech Collaborative Group. (1/13525)

Capture-recapture models including covariate effects. (2/13525)

The impact of a multidisciplinary approach on caring for ventilator-dependent patients. (3/13525)

Nonlinear tension summation of different combinations of motor units in the anesthetized cat peroneus longus muscle. (4/13525)

Short-latency vergence eye movements induced by radial optic flow in humans: dependence on ambient vergence level. (5/13525)

Survival after breast cancer in Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. (6/13525)

Long-term results of GH therapy in GH-deficient children treated before 1 year of age. (7/13525)

Changes in body composition and leptin levels during growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children with various GH secretory capacities. (8/13525)

Linear Models

Models, Statistical

Nonlinear Dynamics

Algorithms

Computer Simulation

Data Interpretation, Statistical

Bayes Theorem

Breeding

Models, Genetic

Biostatistics

Longitudinal Studies

Regression Analysis

Models, Biological

Likelihood Functions

Least-Squares Analysis

Models, Neurological

Quantitative Trait Loci

Reproducibility of Results

Time Factors

Poisson Distribution

Quantitative Trait, Heritable

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Normal Distribution

Cross-Sectional Studies

Models, Theoretical

Biometry

Cohort Studies

Risk Factors

Age Factors

Multivariate Analysis

Principal Component Analysis

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Questionnaires

Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

United States

Parasitic Diseases, Animal

Statistics as Topic

Brain Mapping

Monte Carlo Method

Analysis of Variance

Genotype

Brain

Software

Gene Expression Profiling

Signal-To-Noise Ratio

Phenotype

Sex Factors

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

Body Mass Index

Health Care Costs

Weather

Seasons

Genetic Variation

Hip Dysplasia, Canine

Air Pollution

Neural Networks (Computer)

Logistic Models

Case-Control Studies

Air Pollutants

Retrospective Studies

Prospective Studies

Pregnancy

Sample Size

Environmental Exposure

Research Design

Cities

Aging

Mathematical Computing

Markov Chains

Environment

Cattle

Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted

Severity of Illness Index

Dairying

Confidence Intervals

Artifacts

Treatment Outcome

Quality of Life

Follow-Up Studies

Sensitivity and Specificity