AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHealth Care
LigninBenzyl AlcoholsBasidiomycotaPeroxidasesWoodPolyporaceaeLaccasePhanerochaetePopulusPlant StemsXylemBiodegradation, EnvironmentalCell WallTrans-Cinnamate 4-MonooxygenaseCelluloseVanillic AcidEucalyptusPinus taedaPhenolsPhenylalanine Ammonia-LyasePolyporalesGuaifenesinSasaSelaginellaceaeCoumaric AcidsTrametesPinusCleomePlants, Genetically ModifiedAcaciaGene Expression Regulation, PlantPleurotusBiofuelsFungiMethyltransferasesInflorescence
Lignin
The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Benzyl Alcohols
Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.
Basidiomycota
A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
Peroxidases
Wood
A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.
Polyporaceae
A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
Laccase
A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
Phanerochaete
A genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae, order Stereales, that degrades lignin. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research.
Populus
A plant genus of the family SALICACEAE. Balm of Gilead is a common name used for P. candicans, or P. gileadensis, or P. jackii, and sometimes also used for ABIES BALSAMEA or for COMMIPHORA.
Plant Stems
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Xylem
Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.
Biodegradation, Environmental
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
Cell Wall
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
Trans-Cinnamate 4-Monooxygenase
A member of the P450 superfamily, this enzyme catalyzes the first oxidative step of the phenylpropanoid pathway in higher PLANTS by transforming trans-cinnamate into p-coumarate.
Cellulose
A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.
Vanillic Acid
A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).
Eucalyptus
A genus of trees of the Myrtaceae family, native to Australia, that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics.
Pinus taeda
A plant species of the genus PINUS which is the subject of genetic study.
Phenols
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of PHENYLALANINE to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia.
Polyporales
An order of fungi in the phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA having macroscopic basidiocarps. The members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of CELLULOSE and LIGNIN. A large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (From Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)
Guaifenesin
An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.
Sasa
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. Folin is the water-soluble extract from Sasa albomarginata. Sasa kurinensis is an ingredient of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine.
Selaginellaceae
A plant family of the order Selaginellales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta. Members contain bilobetin. The rarely used common name of resurrection plant is mainly used with CRATEROSTIGMA.
Coumaric Acids
Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.
Trametes
A genus of fungi in the family Coriolaceae.
Pinus
A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates.
Cleome
A plant genus of the family CAPPARACEAE that contains cleogynol and 15alpha-acetoxycleomblynol (dammaranes) and 1-epibrachyacarpone (a triterpene), and ISOTHIOCYANATES.
Plants, Genetically Modified
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Acacia
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called GUM ARABIC. The common name of catechu is more often used for Areca catechu (ARECA).
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
Pleurotus
A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family POLYPORACEAE, order POLYPORALES, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)
Biofuels
Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).
Fungi
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Methyltransferases
A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
Inflorescence
A cluster of FLOWERS (as opposed to a solitary flower) arranged on a main stem of a plant.

Direct interaction of lignin and lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. (1/871)

Binding properties of lignin peroxidase (LiP) from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium against a synthetic lignin (dehydrogenated polymerizate, DHP) were studied with a resonant mirror biosensor. Among several ligninolytic enzymes, only LiP specifically binds to DHP. Kinetic analysis revealed that the binding was reversible, and that the dissociation equilibrium constant was 330 microM. The LiP-DHP interaction was controlled by the ionization group with a pKa of 5.3, strongly suggesting that a specific amino acid residue plays a role in lignin binding. A one-electron transfer from DHP to oxidized intermediates LiP compounds I and II (LiPI and LiPII) was characterized by using a stopped-flow technique, showing that binding interactions of DHP with LiPI and LiPII led to saturation kinetics. The dissociation equilibrium constants for LiPI-DHP and LiPII-DHP interactions were calculated to be 350 and 250 microM, and the first-order rate constants for electron transfer from DHP to LiPI and to LiPII were calculated to be 46 and 16 s-1, respectively. These kinetic and spectral studies strongly suggest that LiP is capable of oxidizing lignin directly at the protein surface by a long-range electron transfer process. A close look at the crystal structure suggested that LiP possesses His-239 as a possible lignin-binding site on the surface, which is linked to Asp-238. This Asp residue is hydrogen-bonded to the proximal His-176. This His-Asp...proximal-His motif would be a possible electron transfer route to oxidize polymeric lignin.  (+info)

Evolution of plant defense mechanisms. Relationships of phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases to pinoresinol-lariciresinol and isoflavone reductases. (2/871)

Pinoresinol-lariciresinol and isoflavone reductase classes are phylogenetically related, as is a third, the so-called "isoflavone reductase homologs." This study establishes the first known catalytic function for the latter, as being able to engender the NADPH-dependent reduction of phenylcoumaran benzylic ethers. Accordingly, all three reductase classes are involved in the biosynthesis of important and related phenylpropanoid-derived plant defense compounds. In this investigation, the phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase from the gymnosperm, Pinus taeda, was cloned, with the recombinant protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme reduces the benzylic ether functionalities of both dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol and dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, with a higher affinity for the former, as measured by apparent Km and Vmax values and observed kinetic 3H-isotope effects. It abstracts the 4R-hydride of the required NADPH cofactor in a manner analogous to that of the pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases and isoflavone reductases. A similar catalytic function was observed for the corresponding recombinant reductase whose gene was cloned from the angiosperm, Populus trichocarpa. Interestingly, both pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases and isoflavone reductases catalyze enantiospecific conversions, whereas the phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase only shows regiospecific discrimination. A possible evolutionary relationship among the three reductase classes is proposed, based on the supposition that phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases represent the progenitors of pinoresinol-lariciresinol and isoflavone reductases.  (+info)

Regiochemical control of monolignol radical coupling: a new paradigm for lignin and lignan biosynthesis. (3/871)

BACKGROUND: Although the lignins and lignans, both monolignol-derived coupling products, account for nearly 30% of the organic carbon circulating in the biosphere, the biosynthetic mechanism of their formation has been poorly understood. The prevailing view has been that lignins and lignans are produced by random free-radical polymerization and coupling, respectively. This view is challenged, mechanistically, by the recent discovery of dirigent proteins that precisely determine both the regiochemical and stereoselective outcome of monolignol radical coupling. RESULTS: To understand further the regulation and control of monolignol coupling, leading to both lignan and lignin formation, we sought to clone the first genes encoding dirigent proteins from several species. The encoding genes, described here, have no sequence homology with any other protein of known function. When expressed in a heterologous system, the recombinant protein was able to confer strict regiochemical and stereochemical control on monolignol free-radical coupling. The expression in plants of dirigent proteins and proposed dirigent protein arrays in developing xylem and in other lignified tissues indicates roles for these proteins in both lignan formation and lignification. CONCLUSIONS: The first understanding of regiochemical and stereochemical control of monolignol coupling in lignan biosynthesis has been established via the participation of a new class of dirigent proteins. Immunological studies have also implicated the involvement of potential corresponding arrays of dirigent protein sites in controlling lignin biopolymer assembly.  (+info)

Lignocellulose degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification and characterization of the main alpha-galactosidase. (4/871)

The main alpha-galactosidase was purified to homogeneity, in 30% yield, from a solid culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on 1 part wheat bran/2 parts thermomechanical softwood pulp. It is a glycosylated tetramer of 50 kDa peptide chains, which gives the N-terminal sequence ADNGLAITPQMG(?W)NT(?W)NHFG(?W)DIS(?W)DTI. It is remarkably stable, with crude extracts losing no activity over 3 h at 80 degrees C, and the purified enzyme retaining its activity over several months at 4 degrees C. The kinetics of hydrolysis at 25 degrees C of various substrates by this retaining enzyme were measured, absolute parameters being obtained by active-site titration with 2',4',6'-trinitrophenyl 2-deoxy-2, 2-difluoro-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The variation of kcat/Km for 1-naphthyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside with pH is bell-shaped, with pK1=1.91 and pK2=5.54. The alphaD(V/K) value for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside is 1.031+/-0.007 at the optimal pH of 3.75 and 1.114+/-0.006 at pH7.00, indicating masking of the intrinsic effect at optimal pH. There is no alpha-2H effect on binding galactose [alphaD(Ki)=0.994+/-0.013]. The enzyme hydrolyses p-nitrophenyl beta-L-arabinopyranoside approximately 510 times slower than the galactoside, but has no detectable activity on the alpha-D-glucopyranoside or alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Hydrolysis of alpha-galactosides with poor leaving groups is Michaelian, but that of substrates with good leaving groups exhibits pronounced apparent substrate inhibition, with Kis values similar to Km values. We attribute this to the binding of the second substrate molecule to a beta-galactopyranosyl-enzyme intermediate, forming an E.betaGal. alphaGalX complex which turns over slowly, if at all. 1-Fluoro-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl fluoride, unlike alpha-D-galactopyranosyl fluoride, is a Michaelian substrate, indicating that the effect of 1-fluorine substitution is greater on the first than on the second step of the enzyme reaction.  (+info)

Aromatic ring cleavage of a non-phenolic beta-O-4 lignin model dimer by laccase of Trametes versicolor in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. (5/871)

The novel cleavage products, 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-formyloxypropane (II) and 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropane-2,3-cyclic carbonate (III) were identified as products of a non-phenolic beta-O-4 lignin model dimer, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-(2,6-dimethoxylphenoxy)-1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxypheny l)propane (I), by a Trametes versicolor laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT). An isotopic experiment with a 13C-labeled lignin model dimer, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-(2,6-[U-ring-13C] dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane (I-13C) indicated that the formyl and carbonate carbons of products II and III were derived from the beta-phenoxy group of beta-O-4 lignin model dimer I as aromatic ring cleavage fragments. These results show that the laccase-1-HBT couple could catalyze the aromatic ring cleavage of non-phenolic beta-O-4 lignin model dimer in addition to the beta-ether cleavage, Calpha-Cbeta cleavage, and Calpha-oxidation.  (+info)

Description of a versatile peroxidase involved in the natural degradation of lignin that has both manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase substrate interaction sites. (6/871)

Two major peroxidases are secreted by the fungus Pleurotus eryngii in lignocellulose cultures. One is similar to Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese-dependent peroxidase. The second protein (PS1), although catalyzing the oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ by H2O2, differs from the above enzymes by its manganese-independent activity enabling it to oxidize substituted phenols and synthetic dyes, as well as the lignin peroxidase (LiP) substrate veratryl alcohol. This is by a mechanism similar to that reported for LiP, as evidenced by p-dimethoxybenzene oxidation yielding benzoquinone. The apparent kinetic constants showed high activity on Mn2+, but methoxyhydroquinone was the natural substrate with the highest enzyme affinity (this and other phenolic substrates are not efficiently oxidized by the P. chrysosporium peroxidases). A three-dimensional model was built using crystal models from four fungal peroxidase as templates. The model suggests high structural affinity of this versatile peroxidase with LiP but shows a putative Mn2+ binding site near the internal heme propionate, involving Glu36, Glu40, and Asp181. A specific substrate interaction site for Mn2+ is supported by kinetic data showing noncompetitive inhibition with other peroxidase substrates. Moreover, residues reported as involved in LiP interaction with veratryl alcohol and other aromatic substrates are present in peroxidase PS1 such as His82 at the heme-channel opening, which is remarkably similar to that of P. chrysosporium LiP, and Trp170 at the protein surface. These residues could be involved in two different hypothetical long range electron transfer pathways from substrate (His82-Ala83-Asn84-His47-heme and Trp170-Leu171-heme) similar to those postulated for LiP.  (+info)

Comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound. (7/871)

Several fungal laccases have been compared for the oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin dimer, 1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-1,3-diol (I), and a phenolic lignin model compound, phenol red, in the presence of the redox mediators 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT) or violuric acid. The oxidation rates of dimer I by the laccases were in the following order: Trametes villosa laccase (TvL) > Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase (PcL) > Botrytis cinerea laccase (BcL) > Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MtL) in the presence of either 1-HBT or violuric acid. The order is the same if the laccases are used at the same molar concentration or added to the same activity (with ABTS [2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] as a substrate). During the oxidation of dimer I, both 1-HBT and violuric acid were to some extent consumed. Their consumption rates also follow the above order of laccases, i.e., TvL > PcL > BcL > MtL. Violuric acid allowed TvL and PcL to oxidize dimer I much faster than 1-HBT, while BcL and violuric acid oxidized dimer I more slowly than BcL and 1-HBT. The oxidation rate of dimer I is dependent upon both kcat and the stability of the laccase. Both 1-HBT and violuric acid inactivated the laccases, violuric acid to a greater extent than 1-HBT. The presence of dimer I or phenol red in the reaction mixture slowed down this inactivation. The inactivation is mainly due to the reaction of the redox mediator free radical with the laccases. We did not find any relationship between the carbohydrate content of the laccases and their inactivation. When the redox potential of the laccases is in the range of 750 to 800 mV, i.e., above that of the redox mediator, it does not affect kcat and the oxidation rate of dimer I.  (+info)

Characterization of the meta-cleavage compound hydrolase gene involved in degradation of the lignin-related biphenyl structure by Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6. (8/871)

Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 has the ability to transform a lignin-related biphenyl compound, 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-5, 5'-dicarboxybiphenyl (DDVA), to 5-carboxyvanillic acid (5CVA) via 2, 2',3-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-5,5'-dicarboxybiphenyl (OH-DDVA). In the 4.9-kb HindIII fragment containing the OH-DDVA meta-cleavage dioxygenase gene (ligZ), we found a novel hydrolase gene (ligY) responsible for the conversion of the meta-cleavage compound of OH-DDVA to 5CVA. Incorporation of 18O from H218O into 5CVA indicated there was a hydrolytic conversion of the OH-DDVA meta-cleavage compound to 5CVA. LigY exhibited hydrolase activity only toward the meta-cleavage compound of OH-DDVA, suggesting its restricted substrate specificity.  (+info)

Frontiers | Current Understanding of the Correlation of Lignin Structure with Biomass Recalcitrance | ChemistryFrontiers | Current Understanding of the Correlation of Lignin Structure with Biomass Recalcitrance | Chemistry
Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer in terrestrial plants, contributes significantly to biomass recalcitrance to microbial and/or enzymatic deconstruction. To reduce biomass recalcitrance, substantial endeavors have been exerted on pretreatment and lignin engineering in the past few decades. Lignin removal and/or alteration of lignin structure have been shown to result in reduced biomass recalcitrance with improved cell wall digestibility. While high lignin content is usually a barrier to a cost-efficient application of bioresource to biofuels, the direct correlation of lignin structure and its concomitant properties with biomass remains unclear due to the complexity of cell wall and lignin structure. Advancement in application of biorefinery to production of biofuels, chemicals, and biomaterials necessitates a fundamental understanding of the relationship of lignin structure and biomass recalcitrance. In this mini-review, we focus on recent investigations on the influence of lignin chemical properties
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2016.00045/full
New routes for lignin biosynthesis defined by biochemical characterization of recombinant ferulate 5-hydroxylase, a...New routes for lignin biosynthesis defined by biochemical characterization of recombinant ferulate 5-hydroxylase, a...
This new route to syringyl monolignols may explain enigmatic results obtained through enzymologic studies and the generation of transgenic plants in which the expression of lignin biosynthetic pathway genes was either up- or down-regulated. First, the long-accepted pathway for syringyl monomer biosynthesis, in which sinapic acid is activated to its corresponding CoA ester by 4-(hydroxy)cinnamoyl CoA ligase (4CL), has recently been called into question because 4CL in Arabidopsis and other plants has no activity toward sinapic acid, suggesting that a 4CL-independent pathway to syringyl lignin monomers must exist (21-24). If syringyl lignin monomers are instead synthesized from coniferaldehyde and/or coniferyl alcohol, a sinapoyl CoA ligase activity is not necessary. Second, an alternative pathway to guaiacyl subunits has recently been elucidated in which p-coumaroyl CoA is hydroxylated and subsequently methylated to give feruloyl CoA (25, 26). The importance of this route of lignin monomer ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/96/18/10045
Lignin characterization - WikipediaLignin characterization - Wikipedia
The term Lignin characterization (or Lignin analysis) refers to a group of activities within lignin research aiming at describing the characteristics of a lignin by determination of its most important properties. Most often, this term is used to describe the characterization of technical lignins by means of chemical or thermo-chemical analysis. Technical lignins are lignins isolated from various biomasses during various kinds of technical processes such as wood pulping. The most common technical lignins include lignosulphonates (isolated from sulfite pulping), kraft lignins (isolated from kraft pulping black liquor), organosolv lignins (isolated from organosolv pulping), soda lignins (isolated from soda pulping) and lignin residue after enzymatic treatment of biomass. Lignins can be characterized by determination of their purity, molecular structure and thermal properties. For certain applications, other properties such as electrical properties or color may be relevant to determine. The dry ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin_characterization
Plus itPlus it
One new trend in lignin research is to steer biosynthetic pathways toward the biosynthesis of molecules that, upon incorporation into the lignin polymer, will improve lignin degradation. This idea stems from the growing list of newly discovered lignin monomers, from the observation that lignin is able to readily copolymerize alternative units that derive from incomplete monolignol biosynthesis in plants with pathway perturbations, and from examples in which plants with altered lignin structures are shown to be viable and more easily processed (Pilate et al., 2002; Huntley et al., 2003; Ralph et al., 2006; Leplé et al., 2007). This concept of copolymerizing alternative lignin monomers into the polymer has already been demonstrated in a biomimetic system by polymerizing coniferyl ferulate together with normal monolignols into maize primary cell walls (Grabber et al., 2008). The resulting lignin, now strongly enriched in easily breakable ester bonds in the lignin backbone, degrades at lower ...
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/153/3/895
Effects of Temperature on Anaerobic Lignin Degradation in Bioreactor LandfillsEffects of Temperature on Anaerobic Lignin Degradation in Bioreactor Landfills
Bioreactor landfills have become a feasible alternative to the typical â dry tombâ landfill. By recirculating leachate and/or adding additional liquid wastes, bioreactor landfills operate to rapidly degrade and transform organic wastes. The reactions within a bioreactor landfill create elevated temperatures. The intent of this study was to determine the effect of elevated temperature on the degradation of lignocellulose compounds. In order to observe the effects of temperature on lignin, small bioreactors were created in the laboratory. Several experiments were performed by the authors. Solubility of lignin based on temperature and time of thermal exposure were conducted. In addition, degradation studies were conducted based on biological treatment of lignin as well as a combination of biological and thermal treatment. Samples were collected at specified intervals to determine the amount of water soluble lignin (WSL), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), lignin monomers, and/or methane present. Lignin ...
https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/36051
Lignin - WikipediaLignin - Wikipedia
The conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin test, which is standardized according to TAPPI[37] or NREL[38] procedure. The cellulose is first decrystallized and partially depolymerized into oligomers by keeping the sample in 72% sulfuric acid at 30 °C for 1 h. Then, the acid is diluted to 4% by adding water, and the depolymerization is completed by either boiling (100 °C) for 4 h or pressure cooking at 2 bar (124 °C) for 1 h. The acid is washed out and the sample dried. The residue that remains is termed Klason lignin. A part of the lignin, acid-soluble lignin (ASL) dissolves in the acid. ASL is quantified by the intensity of its UV absorption peak at 280 nm. The method is suited for wood lignins, but not equally well for varied lignins from different sources. The carbohydrate composition may be also analyzed from the Klason liquors, although there may be sugar breakdown products (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). A ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin
Lignin | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers | scientific...
The conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin test, which is standardized according to SCAN or NREL procedure. The cellulose is first decrystallized and partially depolymerized into oligomers by keeping the sample in 72% sulfuric acid at 30 C for 1 h. Then, the acid is diluted to 4% by adding water, and the depolymerization is completed by either boiling (100 C) for 4 h or pressure cooking at 2 bar (124 C) for 1 h. The acid is washed out and the sample dried. The residue that remains is termed Klason lignin. A part of the lignin, acid-soluble lignin (ASL) dissolves in the acid. ASL is quantified by the intensity of its UV absorption peak at 280 nm. The method is suited for wood lignins, but not equally well for varied lignins from different sources. The carbohydrate composition may be also analyzed from the Klason liquors, although there may be sugar breakdown products (furan and hydroxymethylfuran). A solution of hydrochloric ...
http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Lignin
About the Cover - July 01, 2001, 13 (7) | Plant CellAbout the Cover - July 01, 2001, 13 (7) | Plant Cell
Lignin is a polymer of monolignols and a major cell wall component in all vascular plants. It plays an important role in water/nutrient transport, imparting cell wall rigidity and impeding microorganism invasion. It has been thought for more than 30 years that the biosynthesis of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) monolignols from coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde, respectively, in angiosperms is mediated by a single type of enzyme, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). In contrast to this traditional model, on page 1567 of this issue, Li et al. discovered a novel aspen (Populus tremuloides) gene encoding sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SAD) and demonstrated that SAD is sinapaldehyde-specific for syringyl monolignol biosynthesis while CAD is in fact coniferaldehyde-specific for guaiacyl monolignol biosynthesis. The protein immunolocalization and lignin histochemistry verified that, in aspen stem vascular cells, SAD is spatiotemporally linked to S-lignin formation while CAD is associated with G-lignin ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/13/7.cover-expansion
Lignin concentration in oat (Avena byzantina L.) aerial part as measured by four analytical methods | Brazilian Journal...Lignin concentration in oat (Avena byzantina L.) aerial part as measured by four analytical methods | Brazilian Journal...
The current analytical methods to quantify lignin in forages are not satisfactory. A spectrophotometric method, the acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), has been employed to determine lignin concentration in forages; however, it suffers from the lack of an ideal standard with which the optical density readings of samples are compared to. A lignin, extracted from the plant with a solution of acidic dioxane, was employed to build a calibration curve for this method. This procedure was then compared with other methods (acid detergent lignin - ADL, Klason lignin - KL and potassium permanganate lignin - PerL) to determine lignin content on different fractions (stem, leaf and whole plant) of eight oat cultivars (Avena byzantina L.). There was no agreement among the four methods. In general, ABL and KL methods yielded the highest values while ADL method yielded the lowest, particularly for the young plants. Lignin concentration was higher in the stem fraction as compared to leaf. It was detected influence of ...
http://www.revistas.usp.br/bjvras/article/view/26489
RNAi downregulation of three key lignin genes in sugarcane improves glucose release without reduction in sugar production ...RNAi downregulation of three key lignin genes in sugarcane improves glucose release without reduction in sugar production ...
Sugarcane is a subtropical crop that produces large amounts of biomass annually. It is a key agricultural crop in many countries for the production of sugar and other products. Residual bagasse following sucrose extraction is currently underutilized and it has potential as a carbohydrate source for the production of biofuels. As with all lignocellulosic crops, lignin acts as a barrier to accessing the polysaccharides, and as such, is the focus of transgenic efforts. In this study, we used RNAi to individually reduce the expression of three key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway in sugarcane. Furthermore, these genes, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase ( CCoAOMT), ferulate 5-hydroxylase ( F5H) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase ( COMT), impact lignin content and/or composition. ...
https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1363952-rnai-downregulation-three-key-lignin-genes-sugarcane-improves-glucose-release-without-reduction-sugar-production
Estimation and comparison of acid detergent lignin and acetyl bro...: Ingenta ConnectEstimation and comparison of acid detergent lignin and acetyl bro...: Ingenta Connect
Several analytical methods have been developed to measure the lignin content corresponding to different plant species and different regions. The sulphuric acid method is commonly used for objective determinations of lignin content using near-infrared spectroscopy. Lignin is a complex polymer of lignin units. The types and ratios of lignin units vary among taxonomic classes of plants. To compare the lignin content as determined by different methods of chemical analysis, fallen leaves of different species were analysed using both the acid detergent and acetyl bromide procedures. Near-infrared reflectance spectra were obtained for each sample of dried ground leaves, and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were performed to compare the amounts of lignin determined using acid detergent and acetyl bromide. In monocotyledonous herbaceous plants, the lignin content determined by acetyl bromide was more than twice that determined by acid detergent. Despite the difference in the values, ...
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tres/2004/00000025/00000024/art00004
Laccase-natural mediator systems for green synthesis of phenolic monomers from alkali lignin - Sustainable Energy & Fuels ...Laccase-natural mediator systems for green synthesis of phenolic monomers from alkali lignin - Sustainable Energy & Fuels ...
Lignin, as highly cross-linked and three-dimensional organic polymer, is the second most abundant in nature following cellulose.1 Due to its complex and rigid structure, lignin is hard to decompose.2 Over 50-60 million tons of lignin are produced annually in the world, most of which come from the black liquor of the paper industry.3 Lignin waste is usually burned resulting in low heat and power energy generation efficiency. Therefore, new approaches for lignin utilization,4 for example production of high value-added products from lignin, are required.5 Microbes are known to naturally decompose lignin.6 Among them, white rot fungi is known as the most efficient microbe for lignin degradation that produces three peroxidases7 and laccase enzymes.8 The copper-containing laccase (p-diphenol oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) is able to catalyze the one-electron oxidation of phenolic substrates9 that supply electrons to the laccase molecule for the four electron reduction of oxygen to water.10 This ...
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/se/c7se00209b
pub H-BRS | Antimicrobial Activity of Lignin and Lignin-Derived Cellulose and Chitosan Composites Against Selected Pathogenic...pub H-BRS | Antimicrobial Activity of Lignin and Lignin-Derived Cellulose and Chitosan Composites Against Selected Pathogenic...
The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. The polyphenolic structure of lignin in addition to the presence of O-containing functional groups is potentially responsible for these activities. This study used DPPH assays to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. The scavenging activity (SA) of both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems was affected by the percentage of the added lignin: the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the 30% addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source showing the following trend: organosolv of softwood | kraft of softwood | organosolv of grass. Testing the antimicrobial activities of lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low
https://pub.h-brs.de/frontdoor/index/index/searchtype/authorsearch/author/%22H%C3%BCwe%2C+Carina%22/rows/10/start/0/subjectfq/chitosan/docId/4458
Lignin recovery from alkaline hydrolysis and glycerolysis of oil palm fiber<...
TY - GEN. T1 - Lignin recovery from alkaline hydrolysis and glycerolysis of oil palm fiber. AU - Hassan, Nur Syakilla. AU - Badri, Khairiah. PY - 2014/1/1. Y1 - 2014/1/1. N2 - In the present work, two types of treatment namely alkaline hydrolysis and glycerolysis have been conducted for lignin extraction from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber. Lignin has been retrieved from two sequential methods, which was the klason lignin from residue and lignin from precipitation of the filtrate. Alkaline hydrolysis was performed using 10% NaOH solution at room condition. This has extracted 13.0 % lignin. On the other hand, glycerolysis was carried out using 70% glycerol catalyzed with 5% of 1 M NaOH at 60-70 °C. This has successfully extracted 16.0% lignin. The SEM micrographs exhibited some physical changes on the surface where the impurities and waxes have been removed, exposing the,lumen. Besides that, FTIR analysis was conducted on untreated EFB, treated EFB and extracted lignin. Delignification ...
https://ukm.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/lignin-recovery-from-alkaline-hydrolysis-and-glycerolysis-of-oil-
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase modulates methyl metabolism and lignin monomer methylation in maize, Journal of...Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase modulates methyl metabolism and lignin monomer methylation in maize, Journal of...
Read Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase modulates methyl metabolism and lignin monomer methylation in maize, Journal of Experimental Botany on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips.
https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ou_press/methylenetetrahydrofolate-reductase-modulates-methyl-metabolism-and-pTw96b0fCc
Difference between revisions of Enzymatic decomposition of plant litter - microbewiki
Lignin decomposition involves a series of enzymes that oxidize phenolic] and non-phenolic lignin units. The first step in lignin decomposition produces aromatic radicals by oxidizing the lignin polymer. Laccases and lignin peroxidases (e.g. lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase) are extracellular enzymes involved in this first step. Laccases directly oxidize phenolic lignin units using molecular oxygen. However, phenolic lignin units comprise less than 10% of the lignin polymer, with non-phenolic units making up to 90% of the polymer. Lignin peroxidase (LiP) degrades non-phenolic lignin units by first being oxidized by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), then oxidizing aromatic nuclei of soluble lignin units. LiP can be recycled through oxidation by H2O2. The oxidized aromatic radical species are further involved in non-enzymatic radical reactions resulting in polymer cleavages[1][8]. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) oxidizes Mn2+ to Mn3+, Mn2+ being a commonly available element in soils and ...
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Enzymatic_decomposition_of_plant_litter&diff=93254&oldid=93250
Optimised recovery of lignin-derived phenols in a Scottish fjord by the CuO oxidation method<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Optimised recovery of lignin-derived phenols in a Scottish fjord by the CuO oxidation method. AU - Loh, Pei Sun. AU - Miller, Axel E. J.. AU - Reeves, Alison D.. AU - Harvey, S. Martyn. AU - Overnell, Julian. PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. N2 - Lignin is found only in vascular plant tissues, hence monitoring of lignin in aquatic environments is important in the determination of the sources and fate of terrestrial organic matter (OM). Concentrations of lignin-derived phenols provide an estimate of the amount of terrestrial OM in a system. Other lignin parameters such as the ratios of syringyl to vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl to vanillyl (C/V) phenols provide information on vegetation sources; and the ratios of vanillic acid to vanillin, (Ad/Al)v, and syringic acid to syringaldehyde, (Ad/Al)s, indicate the degradation stage of lignin materials. Concentrations of lignin-derived phenols were determined for the surface and subsurface sediments of a Scottish sea loch, Loch Creran, using a CuO ...
https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/optimised-recovery-of-lignin-derived-phenols-in-a-scottish-fjord-
Optimised recovery of lignin-derived phenols in a Scottish fjord by the CuO oxidation method.<...Optimised recovery of lignin-derived phenols in a Scottish fjord by the CuO oxidation method.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Optimised recovery of lignin-derived phenols in a Scottish fjord by the CuO oxidation method.. AU - Loh, Pei Sun. AU - Miller, Axel. AU - Reeves, Alison. AU - Harvey, S Martyn. AU - Overnell, Julian. N1 - Description Published October 2008 PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. N2 - Lignin is found only in vascular plant tissues, hence monitoring of lignin in aquatic environments is important in the determination of the sources and fate of terrestrial organic matter (OM). Concentrations of lignin-derived phenols provide an estimate of the amount of terrestrial OM in a system. Other lignin parameters such as the ratios of syringyl to vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl to vanillyl (C/V) phenols provide information on vegetation sources; and the ratios of vanillic acid to vanillin, (Ad/Al)v, and syringic acid to syringaldehyde, (Ad/Al)s, indicate the degradation stage of lignin materials. Concentrations of lignin-derived phenols were determined for the surface and subsurface sediments of a Scottish sea ...
https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/en/publications/optimised-recovery-of-lignin-derived-phenols-in-a-scottish-fjord-
Effect of transition metal catalyst on lignin oxidation during alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment<...
TY - CHAP. T1 - Effect of transition metal catalyst on lignin oxidation during alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. AU - Li,Zhenglun. AU - Hodge,David. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. N2 - Biomass lignocellulose can be used as feedstock for bioethanol production, and a pretreatment is necessary for achieving high ethanol yield and economical feasibility. As a method to increase enzyme digestibility of biomass by selective delignification, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment has been proposed and studied. The lignin recalcitrance in lignocellulose biomass can be removed by H 2O 2 oxidation and the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of the polysaccharides can be greatly improved. However, a big issue with AHP pretreatment is the high cost of hydrogen peroxide during the pretreatment, and the selectivity of the oxidant need to be improved, i.e. to achieve highest pretreatment efficiency with low level of H 2O 2 loading. In 1890s, Fenton discovered that iron ion can catalyze the oxidation of ...
https://scholars.opb.msu.edu/en/publications/effect-of-transition-metal-catalyst-on-lignin-oxidation-during-al-3
Lignin - WikipediaLignin - Wikipedia
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. Chemically, lignins are cross-linked phenolic polymers. Lignin was first mentioned in 1813 by the Swiss botanist A. P. de Candolle, who described it as a fibrous, tasteless material, insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in weak alkaline solutions, and which can be precipitated from solution using acid. He named the substance lignine, which is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood. It is one of the most abundant organic polymers on Earth, exceeded only by cellulose. Lignin constitutes 30% of non-fossil organic carbon and 20-35% of the dry mass of wood. The Carboniferous Period (geology) is in part defined by the evolution of lignin. The composition of lignin varies from species to species. An ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin
Synthesis of lignin based composites of TiO 2 for potential application as radical scavengers in sunscreen formulation | BMC...Synthesis of lignin based composites of TiO 2 for potential application as radical scavengers in sunscreen formulation | BMC...
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is added in sunscreens due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. However, upon irradiation of UV light, reactive oxygen species particularly hydroxyl radical which can damage human skin will be generated. In this study, lignin/TiO2 composites were employed to quench the hydroxyl radicals generated by the TiO2. The lignin was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) via kraft and soda pulping processes. The kraft lignin composite was labelled as KL/TiO2 whereas the soda lignin composite was labelled as SL/TiO2. The lignins and the composites were characterized by FTIR, UV spectroscopy, 13C NMR, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The relative hydroxyl radical production of composites and TiO2 were compared through photo-oxidation of coumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin as a test medium. The effect of types and amounts of lignin used were studied. The KL/TiO2 composite showed the least radical production due to higher phenolic hydroxyl content of kraft lignin. The activity of the
https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13065-019-0537-3/figures/20
Evidence supporting dissimilatory and assimilatory lignin degradation in Enterobacter lignolyticus SCF1. | Microbiology...
Lignocellulosic biofuels are promising as sustainable alternative fuels, but lignin inhibits access of enzymes to cellulose, and by-products of lignin degradation can be toxic to cells. The fast growth, high efficiency and specificity of enzymes employed in the anaerobic litter deconstruction carried out by tropical soil bacteria make these organisms useful templates for improving biofuel production. The facultative anaerobe Enterobacter lignolyticus SCF1 was initially cultivated from Cloud Forest soils in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico, based on anaerobic growth on lignin as sole carbon source. The source of the isolate was tropical forest soils that decompose litter rapidly with low and fluctuating redox potentials, where bacteria using oxygen-independent enzymes likely play an important role in decomposition. We have used transcriptomics and proteomics to examine the observed increased growth of SCF1 grown on media amended with lignin compared to unamended growth. Proteomics ...
https://www.micro.umass.edu/faculty-and-research/publications/evidence-supporting-dissimilatory-and-assimilatory-lignin
Lignin reduction in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) does not affect foliar disease resistanceLignin reduction in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) does not affect foliar disease resistance
Disruptions in the lignin biosynthetic pathway have been shown to reduce disease resistance in a number of crops. Recently, genetically modified alfalfa (Medicago sativa) varieties have been marketed with reduced lignin and improved forage quality traits, including increased digestibility by ruminants at later stages of plant maturity. The objective of this study was to compare foliar disease resistance in three reference alfalfa varieties, 54R02, DKA43-22RR, WL355.RR, and the reduced lignin variety, 54HVX41, to evaluate the effect of the reduced lignin trait on foliar disease resistance. Alfalfa plants in research plots at three locations in Minnesota were evaluated for percent defoliation caused by foliar pathogens at four maturity stages; early bud, bud, early flower, and flowering; with natural inoculum. Spring black stem and leaf spot, Leptosphaerulina leaf spot, and common leaf spot were observed from June through September in all locations on all varieties. Summer black stem and leaf spot ...
https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/202991
A PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL - PRAJ INDUSTRIES LIMITEDA PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL - PRAJ INDUSTRIES LIMITED
This invention relates to a process for production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material. Lignocellulosic material treated with dicarboxylic acid, preferably with oxalic acid, separating hemicellulosic fraction to ferment pentose sugar. The lignin is dissolve in alkali, preferably with NaOH, separating cellulose fraction for further enzymatic treatment with one or more than one cellulytic enzymes capable of hydrolyzing cellulose. Enzyme hydrolyasate further subjected to fermentation in presence of ethanol producing yeast, preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermented broth further subjected to distillation followed by dehydration to yield ethanol.
http://www.sumobrain.com/patents/wipo/Process-production-ethanol-from-lignocellulosic/WO2010029568.html
Mendeley Data - Compositional patterns of lignin derived phenols in bottom sediments and subsea permafrost from the Buor-Khaya...Mendeley Data - Compositional patterns of lignin derived phenols in bottom sediments and subsea permafrost from the Buor-Khaya...
Current set contains data on the molecular composition of lignin derived phenols and organic carbon content in bottom sediments and subsea permafrost rocks from five sediment cores obtained in the Buor-Khaya Bay (Laptev Sea). The substantially irregular distribution of lignin concentration and lignin-based molecular proxies revealed in the investigated samples reflect drastic environmental and depositional changes in the study area of the Laptev Sea. The increased OC content (2-5%) at some horizons and the highest concentrations (up to 23%) are related to the presence of vegetable residues such as wood and moss. Riverine flux and coastal thermoabrasion are considerable in lignin supply. Vanillyl and syringyl phenols dominate the lignin pool. Gymnosperm wood accounts for a significant fraction of the lignin. Concentration of lignin in sediments varies in five orders of magnitude. Strong share of lignin consists of biochemically unaltered compounds. Distribution of specific lignin phenols and related
https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/7dfh5v7k8b
Lignosulfonate and elevated pH can enhance enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses | Biotechnology for Biofuels | Full...Lignosulfonate and elevated pH can enhance enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses | Biotechnology for Biofuels | Full...
Nonspecific (nonproductive) binding (adsorption) of cellulase by lignin has been identified as a key barrier to reduce cellulase loading for economical sugar and biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome Recalcitrance of Lignocelluloses (SPORL) is a relatively new process, but demonstrated robust performance for sugar and biofuel production from woody biomass especially softwoods in terms of yields and energy efficiencies. This study demonstrated the role of lignin sulfonation in enhancing enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses - lignosulfonate from SPORL can improve enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses, contrary to the conventional belief that lignin inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis due to nonspecific binding of cellulase. The study found that lignosulfonate from SPORL pretreatment and from a commercial source inhibits enzymatic hydrolysis of pure cellulosic substrates at low concentrations due to nonspecific binding of cellulase. Surprisingly, the
https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1754-6834-6-9
Read Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials on-line - lifearebooks HOUSE
Is the book influence the visitors future? Of course certainly. This book shows the visitors many references and knowledge that bring positive affect in the future. That gives the readers good spirit. Although the content on this book are difficult to be performed in the real life, but it is still give great idea. It makes the viewers feel enjoy and still positive thinking. This e book really gives you good thought that will very influence for the viewers future. How to get this book? Getting this guide is simple and easy. You can down load the soft file on this book in this website. Additionally book entitled Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials by . you can also download other attractive online book in this excellent website. This website is available with pay and free online books. You can begin in searching the reserve in titled Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials by in the search menu. Then down load it. Wait for some minutes until the down load is finish. This ...
http://lifearebooks.blogspot.com/2016/01/read-chemical-modification-of.html
Determination of lignin content in pressurised hot water extracts using different lignin determination methods - CONVERIS...Determination of lignin content in pressurised hot water extracts using different lignin determination methods - CONVERIS...
Different conventional lignin determination methods have been applied to hemicellulose-rich extracts from spruce and birch obtained by pressurised hot-water extraction and subsequent membrane ultrafiltration. Mass balances of the overall processes were calculated in respect to dry solids content and lignin content. The different lignin determination methods were evaluated according to the lignin mass balances obtained by the applied methods. The amount of lignin in the raw extracts and filtrates varied significantly depending on the used method. Nevertheless, ...
https://research.abo.fi/converis/portal/Publication/663682?auxfun=&lang=en_GB
Polymorphisms in O-methyltransferase genes are associated with stover cell wall digestibility in European maize ( Zea mays L.) ...Polymorphisms in O-methyltransferase genes are associated with stover cell wall digestibility in European maize ( Zea mays L.) ...
OMT (O-methyltransferase) genes are involved in lignin biosynthesis, which relates to stover cell wall digestibility. Reduced lignin content is an important determinant of both forage quality and ethanol conversion efficiency of maize stover. Variation in genomic sequences coding for COMT, CCoAOMT1, and CCoAOMT2 was analyzed in relation to stover cell wall digestibility for a panel of 40 European forage maize inbred lines, and re-analyzed for a panel of 34 lines from a published French study. Different methodologies for association analysis were performed and compared. Across association methodologies, a total number of 25, 12, 1, 6 COMT polymorphic sites were significantly associated with DNDF, OMD, NDF, and WSC, respectively. Association analysis for CCoAOMT1 and CCoAOMT2 identified substantially fewer polymorphic sites (3 and 2, respectively) associated with the investigated traits. Our re-analysis on the 34 lines from a published French dataset identified 14 polymorphic sites significantly
https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2229-10-27
MOESM1 of Oxidation of a non-phenolic lignin model compound by two Irpex lacteus manganese peroxidases: evidence for...MOESM1 of Oxidation of a non-phenolic lignin model compound by two Irpex lacteus manganese peroxidases: evidence for...
MOESM1 of Oxidation of a non-phenolic lignin model compound by two Irpex lacteus manganese peroxidases: evidence for implication of carboxylate and radicals
https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/MOESM1_of_Oxidation_of_a_non-phenolic_lignin_model_compound_by_two_Irpex_lacteus_manganese_peroxidases_evidence_for_implication_of_carboxylate_and_radicals/4902368
Structural characterization of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated grasses exhibiting diverse lignin phenotypes<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Structural characterization of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated grasses exhibiting diverse lignin phenotypes. AU - Li,Muyang. AU - Foster,Cliff. AU - Kelkar,Shantanu. AU - Pu,Yunqiao. AU - Holmes,Daniel. AU - Ragauskas,Arthur. AU - Saffron,Christopher M.. AU - Hodge,David B.. PY - 2012. Y1 - 2012. N2 - Background: For cellulosic biofuels processes, suitable characterization of the lignin remaining within the cell wall and correlation of quantified properties of lignin to cell wall polysaccharide enzymatic deconstruction is underrepresented in the literature. This is particularly true for grasses which represent a number of promising bioenergy feedstocks where quantification of grass lignins is particularly problematic due to the high fraction of phydroxycinnamates. The main focus of this work is to use grasses with a diverse range of lignin properties, and applying multiple lignin characterization platforms, attempt to correlate the differences in these lignin properties to ...
https://scholars.opb.msu.edu/en/publications/structural-characterization-of-alkaline-hydrogen-peroxide-pretrea-3
Analytical Py-GC/MS of Genetically Modified Poplar for the Increased Production of Bio-aromatics<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Analytical Py-GC/MS of Genetically Modified Poplar for the Increased Production of Bio-aromatics. AU - SriBala, Gorugantu. AU - Toraman, Hilal Ezgi. AU - Symoens, Steffen. AU - Déjardin, Annabelle. AU - Pilate, Gilles. AU - Boerjan, Wout. AU - Ronsse, Frederik. AU - Van Geem, Kevin M.. AU - Marin, Guy B.. PY - 2019. Y1 - 2019. N2 - Genetic engineering is a powerful tool to steer bio-oil composition towards the production of speciality chemicals such as guaiacols, syringols, phenols, and vanillin through well-defined biomass feedstocks. Our previous work demonstrated the effects of lignin biosynthesis gene modification on the pyrolysis vapour compositions obtained from wood derived from greenhouse-grown poplars. In this study, field-grown poplars downregulated in the genes encoding CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) and CAFFEOYL-CoA O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (CCoAOMT), and their corresponding wild type were pyrolysed in a Py-GC/MS. This work ...
https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/analytical-py-gcms-of-genetically-modified-poplar-for-the-increas
635f) Comparison of the Biochemical and Thermochemical Ways for Use of Lignin | AIChE635f) Comparison of the Biochemical and Thermochemical Ways for Use of Lignin | AIChE
Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is nowadays an important raw material due to its cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content. These materials can be used to obtain high value-added products. The annual production of these materials is of approximately 200 million tonnes. The main lignin producer is the paper industry. For 2010 this industry produced 50 millions of tonnes of lignin represented as black liquor that is obtained in pulping paper. Only the 5% was used to produce adhesives, dispersants, surfactants, antioxidants and rubbers, while the remaining 95% was used to produce energy in cogeneration systems. Lignin is an organic polymer which alike the cellulose has an important production in the vegetable world. Some high value-added compounds that can be derived from lignin correspond to the binders and cosmetic, among others. These compounds have important uses in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Lignin is commonly used to produce bioenergy in cogeneration system. However, ...
https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2014/proceeding/paper/635f-comparison-biochemical-and-thermochemical-ways-use-lignin-1
Tailoring the Molecular and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Kraft Lignin by UltrafiltrationTailoring the Molecular and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Kraft Lignin by Ultrafiltration
The forest is alarge and important natural resourcein Sweden, and approximately 70% of the countrys land area is woodland. Wood is an excellent raw material for the replacement of oil-based products because it is renewable, biodegradable and carbon neutral. Furthermore, the forest industry is searching for new processes and methods to utilise by-product streams in a so-called integrated biorefinery. A key to the success of producing new products from wood could be pure and homogenous raw materials. Because wood contains a large variety of components with different characteristics and sizes, cross-flow filtration (CFF) will be a key separation technique to obtain homogenous and pure raw materials in the biorefinery concept.. Different wood material components have been studied in this thesis. The first part of this work focuses on kraft lignin. Kraft lignin is interesting because approximately 3.5-4 million metric tonnes are produced in Sweden annually (~7million tonnes of kraft pulp/year in ...
http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:709862
413b) Tailoring the Molecular Weight of Purified Lignins for Materials Applications | AIChE413b) Tailoring the Molecular Weight of Purified Lignins for Materials Applications | AIChE
Lignin is like any other polymer in that the molecular weight (MW) can have a dramatic impact on its suitability for a given application. Furthermore, polymer purity can be an equally important factor if the desired materials properties are to be achieved. Two large and growing markets have been identified for lignin use, where both MW and purity can play an important role: (1) high-performance carbon fibers for automotive applications and (2) rigid polyurethane foams for spray insulation for buildings. In both cases, we hypothesize that todayâ s commercial lignins have too broad a molecular weight (MW) distribution and are too low in purity to give acceptable performance. Preliminary results with lignins of controlled MW and high purity are encouraging. For example, very clean, high-MW lignins isolated via ALPHA were converted into carbon fibers almost 40% stronger than any previously reported from lignin. For rigid polyurethane foams, preliminary data suggest that very clean lignins of low ...
https://www.aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2019/proceeding/paper/413b-tailoring-molecular-weight-purified-lignins-materials-applications
An ideal lignin facilitates full biomass utilization | Science AdvancesAn ideal lignin facilitates full biomass utilization | Science Advances
Lignin, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, is crucial to plant growth and development but is a major impediment to efficient biomass utilization in various processes. Valorizing lignin is increasingly realized as being essential. However, rapid condensation of lignin during acidic extraction leads to the formation of recalcitrant condensed units that, along with similar units and structural heterogeneity in native lignin, drastically limits product yield and selectivity. Catechyl lignin (C-lignin), which is essentially a benzodioxane homopolymer without condensed units, might represent an ideal lignin for valorization, as it circumvents these issues. We discovered that C-lignin is highly acid-resistant. Hydrogenolysis of C-lignin resulted in the cleavage of all benzodioxane structures to produce catechyl-type monomers in near-quantitative yield with a selectivity of 90% to a single monomer. ...
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/9/eaau2968.abstract
Relationships between lignin content and fermentability of intact and chemically treated big bluestem fiberRelationships between lignin content and fermentability of intact and chemically treated big bluestem fiber
An accurate assessment of forage quality is required to allow prediction of animal performance. One of the most commonly used methods of forage evaluation is to measure lignin content, with more heavily lignified materials being considered less digestible. Two measures of lignin, acid detergent lignin (ADL) and acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), were assessed with regard to their ability to predict forage digestibility. Big bluestem forage samples were collected from three ungrazed, annually burned pastures at 38, 58, and 97 days postburn. These times were selected to represent a broad range of forage quality. Cell wall material was treated chemically by: 1) partial delignification (chlorite), 2) isolation o f - cellulose, or 3) NaOH extraction. Control and treated cell-w all material was analyzed for ABL and ADL and 24 and 72 hr in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). ABL increased with advancing maturity for intact fibers, whereas ADL was highest in the most mature forage but lowest for the ...
http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/handle/2097/4981
Structural changes to aspen wood lignin during autohydrolysis pretreatment :: BioResourcesStructural changes to aspen wood lignin during autohydrolysis pretreatment :: BioResources
Structural Changes to Aspen Wood Lignin during Autohydrolysis Pretreatment. Peng Wang,a Yingjuan Fu,a,* Zhiyong Shao,a Fengshan Zhang,b and Menghua Qin a,b,c,*. Aspen wood was subjected to autohydrolysis as a pre-treatment to characterize the structural changes occurring in lignin fractions during the pre-treatment process. Milled wood lignin (MWL) was isolated from both the native aspen wood and hydrolyzed wood chips, and its structural features were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), quantitative 13C, two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D HSQC), and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, gel permeation chromatography/multi-angle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS), and thermal analysis. The lignin remaining in the hydrolyzed wood chips revealed more phenolic OH groups, fewer aliphatic OH groups, higher syringyl/guaiacyl ratios (S/G), higher molecular weights, and narrower polydispersities than the native lignin of aspen wood. The inter-unit ...
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/structural-changes-to-aspen-wood-lignin-during-autohydrolysis-pretreatment/
Frontiers | Sources and Transformations of Dissolved Lignin Phenols and Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Otsuchi Bay,...Frontiers | Sources and Transformations of Dissolved Lignin Phenols and Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Otsuchi Bay,...
Dissolved lignin phenols and optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were measured to investigate the sources and transformations of terrigenous DOM (tDOM) in Otsuchi Bay, Japan. Three rivers discharge into the bay, and relatively high values of syringyl:vanillyl phenols (0.73 ± 0.07) and cinnamyl:vanillyl phenols (0.33 ± 0.10) indicated large contributions of non-woody angiosperm tissues to lignin and tDOM. The physical mixing of river and seawater played an important role in controlling the concentrations and distributions of lignin phenols and chromophoric DOM (CDOM) optical properties in the bay. Lignin phenol concentrations and the CDOM absorption coefficient at 350 nm, a(350), were strongly correlated in river and bay waters. Measurements of lignin phenols and CDOM in bay waters indicated a variety of photochemical and biological transformations of tDOM, including oxidation reactions, photobleaching and a decrease in molecular weight. Photodegradation and biodegradation of lignin
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2016.00085/full
cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase Summary Report | CureHuntercinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase Summary Report | CureHunter
cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase: NADP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of p-hydroxycinnamaldehydes to their corresponding alcohols, leading to the biosynthesis of lignin in plants
http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryC018656-cinnamyl-alcohol-dehydrogenase.do
Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductases | Plant PhysiologyStructural and Biochemical Characterization of Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductases | Plant Physiology
Figure 2. A, The observed NADP+ in the binding pocket of SbCCR1. NADP+ and all interacting residues are represented as stick models. The backbone of SbCCR1 is represented as a ribbon diagram, and dashed lines represent hydrogen bonds or ionic interactions. All residues that contribute to NADP+ binding are labeled according to their single-letter abbreviations and numbered according to sequence positions. The catalytic triad, composed of Ser-149, Tyr-183, and Lys-187, is in close proximity to the nicotinamide ring and serves to promote hydride transfer to hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA substrates. B, Coniferaldehyde docked into the putative phenylpropanoid-binding region of SbCCR1. The backbone of SbCCR1 is represented by a ribbon diagram, with protruding side chains that contribute to coniferaldehyde binding modeled as sticks. Coniferaldehyde, which is the product of the reaction with the preferred substrate feruloyl-CoA, is shown in gray. Kinetics experiments with T154A and Y310F mutants revealed that ...
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/173/2/1031/tab-figures-data
Modeling and analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substratesModeling and analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation (SSCF) are two process options for production of ethanol from lignocellulosic substrates that are superior to separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). The principal benefits of performing the enzymatic hydrolysis together with the fermentation, instead of in a separate step after the hydrolysis as SHF does, are the reduced end-product inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis, and the reduced investment costs. The principal drawbacks, on the other hand, are the need to find favorable conditions (e.g. temperature and pH) for both the enzymatic hydrolysis and the fermentation and the difficulty to recycle the fermenting organism and the enzymes. In order to enhance the efficiency of the lignocellulose-to-ethanol conversion, optimization of the hydrolysis (also called saccharification) process step to achieve an optimal conversion of crystalline domains of cellulose is crucial. Towards this ...
https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2099.1/14503
Smooth model surfaces from lignin derivatives : I. Preparation and characterizationSmooth model surfaces from lignin derivatives : I. Preparation and characterization
Lignin model surfaces were prepared from aqueous alkaline solutions by spin-coating on silica wafers. Films of thicknesses between 20 and 140 nm were easily made by variations in the spinning rate or in the lignin concentration. The roughnesses of the lignin surfaces were relatively low, approximately 1.1 nm (rms) on an area of 25 μm2, as determined by atomic force microscopy imaging. The stability of the lignin films in aqueous solutions was found to be excellent. No changes in the thickness of model surfaces immersed in slightly alkaline solutions (pH 9.2) could be detected even after 5 h soaking. A 10 percent reduction in the thickness of the lignin film was observed after 5 h of exposure to a solution containing 0. M NaCl. This novel preparation method opens great possibilities for further fundamental studies, where interactions between lignin and other substances are of interest to investigate.. ...
http://miun.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:30204
Disruption of LACCASE4 and 17 Results in Tissue-Specific Alterations to Lignification of Arabidopsis thaliana Stems | Plant CellDisruption of LACCASE4 and 17 Results in Tissue-Specific Alterations to Lignification of Arabidopsis thaliana Stems | Plant Cell
Peroxidases have been shown to be involved in the polymerization of lignin precursors, but it remains unclear whether laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) participate in constitutive lignification. We addressed this issue by studying laccase T-DNA insertion mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified two genes, LAC4 and LAC17, which are strongly expressed in stems. LAC17 was mainly expressed in the interfascicular fibers, whereas LAC4 was expressed in vascular bundles and interfascicular fibers. We produced two double mutants by crossing the LAC17 (lac17) mutant with two LAC4 mutants (lac4-1 and lac4-2). The single and double mutants grew normally in greenhouse conditions. The single mutants had moderately low lignin levels, whereas the stems of lac4-1 lac17 and lac4-2 lac17 mutants had lignin contents that were 20 and 40% lower than those of the control, respectively. These lower lignin levels resulted in higher saccharification yields. Thioacidolysis revealed that disrupting LAC17 principally affected ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/23/3/1124.abstract
China Wood Pulp Powder Sodium Lignin for Concrete Admixure (lignolphonate) - China Sodium Lignin Price, Sodium Lignin MSDSChina Wood Pulp Powder Sodium Lignin for Concrete Admixure (lignolphonate) - China Sodium Lignin Price, Sodium Lignin MSDS
China Wood Pulp Powder Sodium Lignin for Concrete Admixure (lignolphonate), Find details about China Sodium Lignin Price, Sodium Lignin MSDS from Wood Pulp Powder Sodium Lignin for Concrete Admixure (lignolphonate) - Shandong Jufu Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
http://jfchemtech.en.made-in-china.com/product/nBRQoqlWOApb/China-Wood-Pulp-Powder-Sodium-Lignin-for-Concrete-Admixure-lignolphonate-.html
Reaktivität von aktiviertem Lignin und Humus - eDissReaktivität von aktiviertem Lignin und Humus - eDiss
The woody cell wall is the most developed biological composite material existing today. Its components, phenols and carbohydrates, in combination with phenoloxidase were already used in the antique to produce lacquerwork. To allow the use at an industrial scale of these processes today, there must be a cheap phenol, as for example technical lignins produced in the paper industry that can be transformed into active radicals by using the enzyme laccase. This study used activated lignins that had a high density of phenoxy radicals. They were used because they proved to be more active than non-activated lignin and could even react with nucleophiles as cellulose and starch. The chemical properties leading towards this reaction allows for innovative use of lignin in biotechnology. The thesis analysed the reaction of activated lignin, water-soluble lignin and water insoluble indulin with maize starch to allow an improvement of the water solubility. Furthermore, the influence of an addition of mediators ...
https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B106-3
Biomolecules | Free Full-Text | Fungal Beta-Glucosidases: A Bottleneck in Industrial Use of Lignocellulosic MaterialsBiomolecules | Free Full-Text | Fungal Beta-Glucosidases: A Bottleneck in Industrial Use of Lignocellulosic Materials
Profitable biomass conversion processes are highly dependent on the use of efficient enzymes for lignocellulose degradation. Among the cellulose degrading enzymes, beta-glucosidases are essential for efficient hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass as they relieve the inhibition of the cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases by reducing cellobiose accumulation. In this review, we discuss the important role beta-glucosidases play in complex biomass hydrolysis and how they create a bottleneck in industrial use of lignocellulosic materials. An efficient beta-glucosidase facilitates hydrolysis at specified process conditions, and key points to consider in this respect are hydrolysis rate, inhibitors, and stability. Product inhibition impairing yields, thermal inactivation of enzymes, and the high cost of enzyme production are the main obstacles to commercial cellulose hydrolysis. Therefore, this sets the stage in the search for better alternatives to the currently available enzyme preparations either by improving
http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/3/3/612
Catabolism of coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields less toxic products |...Catabolism of coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields less toxic products |...
Lignocellulosic substrates are increasingly gaining attention as raw materials for biofuels and chemicals although numerous challenges on fermentability confront their usage as production platforms [1, 2]. Lignocellulosic substrates are primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin [3]. To disintegrate and make lignocellulosic biomass structurally accessible to enzymatic hydrolysis before fermentation, it is first subjected to a pre-treatment process [4, 5].. Also, the concept of chemical and fuel production in an integrated biorefinery is driving the interest in pulping process streams which are often rich in derivatives of lignin and hemicellulose [6, 7].. Pulping is a well-established technology for biomass disintegration and fractionation to make wood pulps [8]. Chemical pulping is a widespread process, the four classical methods principally used in chemical pulping are the kraft, sulfite, soda, and neutral sulfite semi-chemical pulping (NSSC) processes [9]. Pulping involves ...
https://microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12934-015-0338-x
Lignin structural alterations in thermochemical pretreatments with limited delignification (Journal Article) | DOE PAGESLignin structural alterations in thermochemical pretreatments with limited delignification (Journal Article) | DOE PAGES
Lignocellulosic biomass has a complex and rigid cell wall structure that makes biomass recalcitrant to biological and chemical degradation. Among the three major structural biopolymers (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) in plant cell walls, lignin is considered the most recalcitrant component and generally plays a negative role in the biochemical conversion of biomass to biofuels. The conversion of biomass to biofuels through a biochemical platform usually requires a pretreatment stage to reduce the recalcitrance. Pretreatment renders compositional and structural changes of biomass with these changes ultimately govern the efficiency of the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Dilute acid, hot water, steam explosion, and ammonia fiber expansion pretreatments are among the leading thermochemical pretreatments with a limited delignification that can reduce biomass recalcitrance. Practical applications of these pretreatment are rapidly developing as illustrated by recent commercial scale ...
https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1265704-lignin-structural-alterations-thermochemical-pretreatments-limited-delignification
GCEP Research » Blog Archive » Efficient Biomass Conversion: Delineating the Best Lignin Monomer-SubstitutesGCEP Research » Blog Archive » Efficient Biomass Conversion: Delineating the Best Lignin Monomer-Substitutes
PDF version. Investigators. John Ralph, Xuejun Pan, and Sara Patterson, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Objective. To delineate a set of approaches for successfully altering lignin structure, in a way that allows plant cell wall breakdown to produce biofuels in more energy-efficient manner, by providing alternative plant-compatible monomers to the lignification process.. Background. Over the past decade it has become apparent that the metabolic malleability of lignification, the process of polymerization of phenolic monomers to produce lignin polymers, provides enormous potential for engineering the resistant polymer to be more amenable to processing. Massive compositional changes can be realized by perturbing single genes in the monolignol pathway, particularly the hydroxylases. More strikingly, monomer substitution in the process of lignification, particularly in cases where a plants ability to biosynthesize the usual complement of monolignols is compromised, has been observed. These ...
http://web.stanford.edu/group/gcep/cgi-bin/gcep-research/all/efficient-biomass-conversion-delineating-the-best-lignin-monomer-substitutes/
LigninLignin
"Lignin and its Properties: Glossary of Lignin Nomenclature". Dialogue/Newsletters Volume 9, Number 1. Lignin Institute. July ... The conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin test, which ... Lignin constitutes 30% of non-fossil organic carbon on Earth, and 20 to 35% of the dry mass of wood.[citation needed] Lignin is ... Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin
Lignin characterizationLignin characterization
The term "Lignin characterization" (or "Lignin analysis") refers to a group of activities within lignin research aiming at ... soda lignins (isolated from soda pulping) and lignin residue after enzymatic treatment of biomass. Lignins can be characterized ... Technical lignins are lignins isolated from various biomasses during various kinds of technical processes such as wood pulping ... Aldaeus, Fredrik; Sjöholm, Elisabeth (December 2011). "COST Action FP0901 Round Robins of lignin samples Part 1: Lignin content ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin_characterization
Lignin peroxidaseLignin peroxidase
Lignin is found to be degraded by enzyme lignin peroxidases produced by some fungi like Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The ... Hans E. Schoemaker; Klaus Piontek (1996). "On the interaction of lignin peroxidase with lignin". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 68 ... Lignin is highly resistant to biodegradation and only higher fungi and some bacteria are capable of degrading the polymer via ... In enzymology, a lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin_peroxidase
Lignin-modifying enzymeLignin-modifying enzyme
... s benefit industry as they can break down lignin; a common waste product of the paper and pulp industry ... as lignin inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis of treated poplar and Lignin-modifying enzymes can efficiently degrade the lignin ... Lignin-modifying enzymes have been actively used in the paper and pulp industry for the last decade. They were used in the ... Another use of lignin modifying enzymes is the optimization of plant biomass use. Historically, only a small fraction of plant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin-modifying_enzyme
Areca nutAreca nut
The areca nut contains the tannins arecatannin and gallic acid; a fixed oil gum; a little terpineol; lignin; various saline ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_nut
Oxidative couplingOxidative coupling
ISBN 978-0-471-41782-8. Lebo, Stuart E. Jr.; Gargulak, Jerry D.; McNally, Timothy J. (2001). "Lignin". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_coupling
LignosulfonatesLignosulfonates
Kraft lignin from black liquor, which is produced in much higher amounts, may be processed into sulfonated lignin. The lignin ... which connect many of the constituents of lignin. Sulfonated lignin (SL) refers to other forms of lignin by-product, such as ... Sulfonated Kraft lignin tends to have smaller molecules at 2,000-3,000 Da. SL and LS are non-toxic, non-corrosive, and ... The groups R1 and R2 can be a wide variety of groups found in the structure of lignin. Sulfonation occurs on the side chains, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignosulfonates
WoodWood
Lignin is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic ... Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from ... A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made. In chemical ... These cells then go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Where ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood
Caffeic acidCaffeic acid
It is found in all plants because it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, one of the principal components of woody ... Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie (2003). "Lignin biosynthesis". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 519-546. doi: ... all of which are significant building blocks in lignin. The transformation to ferulic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme caffeate ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeic_acid
Chlorogenic acidChlorogenic acid
... (CGA) is the ester of caffeic acid and (−)-quinic acid, functioning as an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis ... Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie (2003). "Lignin biosynthesis". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 519-546. doi: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid
Methoxy groupMethoxy group
Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie (2003). "Lignin Biosynthesis". Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519-46. doi:10.1146/ ... lignins, are generated via catalysis by caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase. Organic methoxides are often produced by methylation ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxy_group
MonolignolMonolignol
... whereas paracoumaryl alcohol is the main monomer of lignin in grasses. Even within one plant, the monomer composition of lignin ... Lignin is a polymer with an inert nature that forms the structures of woody plants. The ratio of the three monolignols as well ... The difference between lignans and lignin is the number of monolignols they are composed of. Lignans are typically dimers and ... Monolignols, also called lignols, are the source materials for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin and consist mainly of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolignol
Sinapyl alcoholSinapyl alcohol
This phytochemical is one of the monolignols, which are precursor to lignin or lignans. It is also a biosynthetic precursor to ... "Lignin Biosynthesis". Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 519-46. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938. PMID 14503002. (Articles ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapyl_alcohol
DemethylationDemethylation
W. Boerjan; J. Ralph; M. Baucher (June 2003). "Lignin biosynthesis". Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519-549. doi:10.1146/ ... Aryl methyl ethers are pervasive in lignin and many derived compounds. The demethylation of these materials has been the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demethylation
CelluloseCellulose
Energy crops: The major combustible component of non-food energy crops is cellulose, with lignin second. Non-food energy crops ... Plant-derived cellulose is usually found in a mixture with hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and other substances, while bacterial ... Gluconic acid Isosaccharinic acid, a degradation product of cellulose Lignin Zeoform Nishiyama, Yoshiharu; Langan, Paul; Chanzy ... 0110". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Crawford, R. L. (1981). Lignin biodegradation and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose
NootkatoneNootkatone
Jan Suszkiw (January 2011). "Lignin + Nootkatone = Dead Ticks". USDA. Norris, Edmund J.; Gross, Aaron D.; Kimber, Michael J.; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootkatone
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductaseCinnamoyl-CoA reductase
Monocots and dicots, for example, tend to have very different lignin patterns: lignin found in monocots typically has a higher ... By reducing lignin content, the cellulose is more easily accessible to the chemical and biological reagents used to break it ... Lignin is troublesome for biofuel production because it is the main contributor to plant biomass recalcitrance due to its ... Zhou J, Lee C, Zhong R, Ye ZH (January 2009). "MYB58 and MYB63 are transcriptional activators of the lignin biosynthetic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamoyl-CoA_reductase
Dirigent proteinDirigent protein
Sarkanen, Simo; Lewis, Norman (1998). Lignin and lignan biosynthesis. Columbus, OH: American Chemical Society. ISBN 0-8412-3566 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigent_protein
Pulp (paper)Pulp (paper)
In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme lignin peroxidase selectively digests lignin to leave remaining cellulose fibres. ... stronger fibers and their lower lignin content. Lignin, present in virtually all plant materials, contributes to the ... Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibres. Strength is impaired because the fibres may be cut. There are a number of ... This process gives a high yield of fibre from the timber (around 95 percent) and as the lignin has not been removed, the fibres ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)
Xian Jun LohXian Jun Loh
ISBN 978-1-78262-295-6. "Functional Materials from Lignin". blackwells.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-05-25. Loh, Xian Jun; Young, David ... Royal Society of Chemistry Functional Materials from Lignin; Editor: Xian Jun Loh; Publisher: World Scientific Biodegradable ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xian_Jun_Loh
Microbial consortiumMicrobial consortium
Brown, Margaret E.; Chang, Michelle CY (2014). "Exploring bacterial lignin degradation". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_consortium
CellulaseCellulase
Enzymes that cleave lignin have occasionally been called cellulases, but this old usage is deprecated; they are lignin- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulase
Geniculate (alga)Geniculate (alga)
Martone, P.; Estevez, J.; Lu, F.; Ruel, K.; Denny, M.; Somerville, C.; Ralph, J. (2009). "Discovery of Lignin in Seaweed ... The genuculae sometimes contain lignin. Genucila have probably evolved at least three times, evidenced by the three different ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniculate_(alga)
BioasphaltBioasphalt
... lignin, cellulose, palm oil waste, coconut waste, peanut oil waste, canola oil waste, dried sewerage effluent and so on. ... ". "Bioasphalt with lignin in Zeeland". www.wur.nl. 28 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved ... is running a pilot in the Dutch province of Zeeland with bioasphalt in which the binder of bitumen was substituted by lignin. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioasphalt
UBQ MaterialsUBQ Materials
... lignin, sugar, cellulose, and fibers. These components are reconstituted into a homogenous matrix with the melted plastics to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBQ_Materials
PolyphenolPolyphenol
The autofluorescence of polyphenols can also be used, especially for localisation of lignin and suberin. Where fluorescence of ... Popa VI, Dumitru M, Volf I, Anghel N (2008). "Lignin and polyphenols as allelochemicals". Industrial Crops and Products. 27 (2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol
CinnamaldehydeCinnamaldehyde
... occurs widely, and closely related compounds give rise to lignin. All such compounds are biosynthesized starting ... Wengenmayer, Herta; Ebel, Jurgen; Grisebach, Hans (1976). "Enzymic Synthesis of Lignin Precursors. Purification and Properties ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenaseCinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
Wyrambik D, Grisebach H (1979). "Enzymic synthesis of lignin precursors. Further studies on cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamyl-alcohol_dehydrogenase
Hypoxia (environmental)Hypoxia (environmental)
... and the electron dismantles a C-C or C-O bond to release one phenylpropane from the lignin. As the size of a lignin molecule ... This breakdown of lignin includes an oxidative mechanism, and requires the presence of dissolved oxygen to take place by ... This electron moves onto a C-C or C-O bond to break one phenylpropane molecule from the lignin, breaking it down by removing ... LiP disrupts C-C bonds and C-O bonds within lignin's three-dimensional structure, causing it to break down. LiP consists of ten ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)
Raffaella OconeRaffaella Ocone
Adam, M; Ocone, R (2013). "Kinetics Investigations of Kraft Lignin Pyrolysis". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 52 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaella_Ocone
Lignin as a feedstock for renewable marine fuelsLignin as a feedstock for renewable marine fuels
This will be achieved by the strategy to first extract lignin from lignocellulosic biomass as a Crude Lignin Oil (CLO) and to ... The overall goal of IDEALFUEL is to enable the utilization of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass as maritime fuel in a ...
https://www.tue.nl/en/research/research-groups/power-flow/projects/lignin-as-a-feedstock-for-renewable-marine-fuels/
Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications - 1st EditionLignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications - 1st Edition
Purchase Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780128203033, ... 10 Lignin-based materials for drug and gene delivery. 11 Fabrication of lignin-based hydrogels and their. applications. 12 ... 2 Lignin: an innovative, complex, and highly flexible plant. material/component. 3 Lignin extraction and isolation methods. 4 ... 8 Lignin-based materials with UV-blocking property. 9 Lignin-based materials with antioxidant and. antimicrobial properties. ...
https://www.elsevier.com/books/lignin-based-materials-for-biomedical-applications/figueiredo/978-0-12-820303-3
Catalytic process with lignin could enable 10 | EurekAlert!Catalytic process with lignin could enable 10 | EurekAlert!
Lignin makes up the rigid parts of the cell walls of plants. Other parts of plants are used for biofuels, but lignin has been ... Specifically, the lignin pathway described in this new work allows the SAF to have fuel system compatibility at higher blend ... Previous research has yielded lignin oils with high oxygen contents ranging from 27% to 34%, but to be used as a jet fuel that ... Catalytic process with lignin could enable 100% sustainable aviation fuel NREL, MIT, Washington State University collaboration ...
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/966105
Lignin from plants boosts the effectiveness of sunscreen - American Chemical SocietyLignin from plants boosts the effectiveness of sunscreen - American Chemical Society
The researchers showed that out of five types of lignin tested, organosolv lignin improved the sun protection factor (SPF) of ... Scientists report their findings on what kind of lignin works well for this purpose in the journal ACS Sustainable Chemistry & ... Someday, those products could be enhanced with lignin, a natural material in plants and a major waste product of the paper ... Sunscreen Performance of Lignin from Different Technical Resources and Their General Synergistic Effect with Synthetic ...
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2016/acs-presspac-june-8-2016/lignin-from-plants-boosts-the-effectiveness-of-sunscreen.html?_ga=2.10539956.1453576309.1495981464-627003104.1463141779
Oxygen Stress Tolerance and Lignin Biosynthesis | University of HelsinkiOxygen Stress Tolerance and Lignin Biosynthesis | University of Helsinki
In our xylem and lignin related projects we study lignin biosynthesis in developing woody tissue of Norway spruce and Silver ...
https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/oxygen-stress-tolerance-and-lignin-biosynthesis
Lignin Isolation by Acid Hydrolysis<...Lignin Isolation by Acid Hydrolysis<...
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https://www.anton-paar.com/corp-en/services-support/document-finder/synthesis-applications/lignin-isolation-by-acid-hydrolysis/
Basics of ligninBasics of lignin
Webinar - Lignin Bioeconomy: The Path Forward - PAPTACWebinar - Lignin Bioeconomy: The Path Forward - PAPTAC
Challenges and complexity of dealing with diverse lignins. • Knowledge gaps to enhance lignin applications. • Lignin recovery ... Lignin, regardless of its origin, is increasingly playing a leading role in the forest bioeconomy. With the global lignin ... Webinar - Lignin Bioeconomy: The Path Forward. By PAPTAC4 January 2021July 9th, 2021No Comments ... Creating value from lignin requires considering a broad range of technical and non-technical factors and the relationship ...
https://www.paptac.ca/webinar/webinar-lignin-bioeconomy-the-path-forward
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Lignin for Bioeconomy: The Present and Future Role of Technical LigninIJMS | Free Full-Text | Lignin for Bioeconomy: The Present and Future Role of Technical Lignin
... and lignin-centric investigations must be carried out. The alternate upcoming approach is to develop lignin-centric or lignin ... Protolignin or lignin in the cell wall is entirely different from the commercially available technical lignin due to changes ... We start with existing knowledge of the lignin/protolignin structure in its native form and move to the technical lignin from ... Special attention is given to the patents and lignin-based commercial products. We observed that the technical lignin-based ...
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/1/63/htm
ORNL: Unlocking lignin for sustainable biofuel | Biomassmagazine.com
In nature, lignin adds strength to cellulosic fibers and protects the plant from predators and disease. Lignin molecules ... Using a molecular dynamics code called NAMD, the team ran simulations of the wild lignin and the genetically modified lignin in ... A comparison of the simulations showed weaker interaction between hemicellulose and the modified lignin than with wild lignin, ... "It took a decade of work to determine all the steps of lignin biosynthesis and find ways to manipulate genes. In the future, we ...
https://biomassmagazine.com/articles/12149/ornl-unlocking-lignin-for-sustainable-biofuel
Production and deploying of high purity lignin and affordable platform chemicals through wood-based sugars | SWEETWOODS Project...Production and deploying of high purity lignin and affordable platform chemicals through wood-based sugars | SWEETWOODS Project...
... of the SWEETWOODS project is to demonstrate on an industrial level successful and profitable production of high purity lignin ... Lignin and its novel enzyme upgraded derivatives will be used in biocomposites, insulation panels and polymer compounds ... The EU-funded SWEETWOODS flagship project will ensure this by turning wood into high-purity lignin and wood sugars to ... Specifically, the project will demonstrate the production of high-purity lignin and C5 and C6 carbohydrates from hardwood. ...
https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/792061
In Vitro Enzymatic Depolymerization of Lignin with Release of Syringyl, Guaiacyl, and Tricin Units (Journal Article) | DOE PAGESIn Vitro Enzymatic Depolymerization of Lignin with Release of Syringyl, Guaiacyl, and Tricin Units (Journal Article) | DOE PAGES
Lignin is a combinatorial polymer comprising monoaromatic units that are linked via covalent bonds. Although lignin is a ... The presence of lignin hampers conversion of plant biomass into biofuels; plants with modified lignin are therefore being ... Degradation of lignin β-aryl ether units in Arabidopsis thaliana expressing LigD , LigF and LigG from Sphingomonas paucimobilis ... Lignin chemistry?past, present and future journal, January 1977 * Adler, Erich * Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 11, Issue 3 ...
https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1499013-vitro-enzymatic-depolymerization-lignin-release-syringyl-guaiacyl-tricin-units
Lignin-based concrete plasticizer technology LigniOx to be scaled-up | VITOLignin-based concrete plasticizer technology LigniOx to be scaled-up | VITO
The technology will be scaled-up, and the lignin-based concrete admixtures will be developed with ... lignin by-products from pulp mills and other biorefineries are converted into concrete plasticizers. These can compete with the ... The lignin oxidation process is easy to integrate into existing biorefineries owing to compatible and safe bulk chemicals. ... LigniOx project (Lignin oxidation technology for versatile dispersants): www.ligniox.eu. Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking ...
https://vito.be/en/news/lignin-based-concrete-plasticizer-technology-ligniox-be-scaled
Self Assembly for Lignin Biopolymersor ProteinSelf Assembly for Lignin Biopolymersor Protein
In many solution studies of lignin the need to invoke association and aggregation phenomena has become apparent. ... For these experiments, a new method for lignin isolation was developed aimed at producing lignin that was representative of the ... Carefully prepared lignin solutions (0.02 to 2.0 mg/mL) were then conditioned and their dn/dc values determined using the ... Observing these details allowed the determination of highly accurate Mw values for lignin solutions to be obtained as a ...
https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/self-assembly-lignin-biopolymersor-protein
Lignin Valorisation Opportunities from Cellulosic Sugar Production - International Council on Clean TransportationLignin Valorisation Opportunities from Cellulosic Sugar Production - International Council on Clean Transportation
... but also with the conventional lignins that currently dominate the lignin market (i.e. kraft lignins and lignosulfonates). ... The suitability of the lignin for the given application (i.e. do the properties of lignin match up to those required for the ... steam explosion and organosolv pretreatments produce lower molecular weight lignins. In general, all lignin fractions display a ... The properties of lignins derived from pretreatment appear to be compatible with this function. However, this is a low-value ...
https://theicct.org/publication/lignin-valorisation-opportunities-from-cellulosic-sugar-production/
Characterization of PLA/Lignin Biocomposites for 3D PrintingCharacterization of PLA/Lignin Biocomposites for 3D Printing
... lignin concentration are presented. Results indicates that lignin, a low-cost waste product of pulping for the paper industry ... Various blends of PLA/Organosolv lignin were extruded for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process. The processing ...
https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/90414
Cosolvent pretreatment in cellulosic biofuel production: effect of tetrahydrofuran-water on lignin structure and dynamics -...Cosolvent pretreatment in cellulosic biofuel production: effect of tetrahydrofuran-water on lignin structure and dynamics -...
However, the presence of lignin hinders this process. Recently, a novel cosolvent based biomass pretreatment method called CELF ... lignin and lignin : lignin interactions are approximately equivalent in strength. Under these conditions, polymers do not ... Whereas pure water is a bad solvent for lignin, the THF : water cosolvent acts as a "theta" solvent, in which solvent : ... Cosolvent pretreatment in cellulosic biofuel production: effect of tetrahydrofuran-water on lignin structure and dynamics† ...
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/GC/C5GC01952D
CARSON DELLOSA Stickers Pumpkins 120/Pk Acid & Lignin Free CD-0626 - TeachersParadiseCARSON DELLOSA Stickers Pumpkins 120/Pk Acid & Lignin Free CD-0626 - TeachersParadise
Acid free and lignin free. 1in. x 1in. ... CARSON DELLOSA Stickers Pumpkins 120/Pk Acid & Lignin Free CD- ... Teacher Store > CARSON DELLOSA > CARSON DELLOSA Stickers Pumpkins 120/Pk Acid & Lignin Free CD-0626 ...
https://www.teachersparadise.com/co/p/carson-dellosa-stickers-pumpkins-120-pk-acid-lignin-free-cd-0626/
Dairy School: The Lowdown on Low-Lignin Alfalfa - RealAgricultureDairy School: The Lowdown on Low-Lignin Alfalfa - RealAgriculture
Stevanus notes that the low-lignin variety also allows farmers to push back harvest dates. "You can take it to 10% bloom, which ... A growing body of research shows that low-lignin varieties make alfalfa forage more digestible in the cows rumen. In trials, ... Dairy School: The Lowdown on Low-Lignin Alfalfa. December 14, 2016. December 14, 2016. by Bernard Tobin ... Martin harvested his first crop HarvXtra low-lignin alfalfa with Roundup Ready technology this year. ...
https://www.realagriculture.com/2016/12/dairy-school-the-lowdown-on-low-lignin-alfalfa/
Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk : part I : Lignin as...Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk : part I : Lignin as...
Both fibre and pith are extremely high in lignin and phenolic content. The lignin is typically for monocotyledonous plants rich ... The coir fibre is composed for at least one third of Mason lignin while lower molecular weight phenolics can be found as ... This property,of, the coconut husk lignin was explored for application as intrinsic resin in board production, utilising whole ... Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk : part I : Lignin as ...
https://www.wur.nl/en/publication-details.htm?publicationId=publication-way-333238303835
New lignin based material to replace fossil plastics and adhesives - Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable...New lignin based material to replace fossil plastics and adhesives - Stockholm University Center for Circular and Sustainable...
Researchers at Stockholm University have developed a resource-efficient method to produce new lignin-based materials that can ... The team used lignin as the renewable raw material in a catalyst-free reaction with a non-toxic chemical derived from ethylene ... Lignin is a by-product from the pulp and paper industry, where it is mainly burned to recover chemicals and heat. However, ... The new lignin-based materials can be used several times, which is central to futures circular materials. To demonstrate this ...
https://www.su.se/stockholm-university-center-for-circular-and-sustainable-systems/news/new-lignin-based-material-to-replace-fossil-plastics-and-adhesives-1.584455
Winter warming in Alaska accelerates lignin decomposition contributed by Proteobacteria | Microbiome | Full TextWinter warming in Alaska accelerates lignin decomposition contributed by Proteobacteria | Microbiome | Full Text
Consistently, Burkholderia isolated from our tundra soils could grow with lignin as the sole C source. A 2.2 °C increase of ... In addition to Burkholderia, α-Proteobacteria capable of lignin decomposition (e.g. Bradyrhizobium and Methylobacterium genera ... The β-Proteobacteria genus Burkholderia accounted for 95.1% of total abundance of potential lignin decomposers. ... the identity of microbial decomposers of lignin and, their responses to warming were revealed. ...
https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-020-00838-5
Chemical Modification of Lignin into Advanced Materials by Soheil Hajirahimkhan"Chemical Modification of Lignin into Advanced Materials" by Soheil Hajirahimkhan
In this thesis, kraft lignin is modified into methacrylated lignin (ML), lignin grafted with methacrylate functionalities at ... As the worlds second most abundant polymer, more than 98% of the annually produced lignin is under-utilized either as an on- ... The inevitable demise of these resources has created significant interest in the field of biomass and particularly, lignin ... In this thesis, kraft lignin is modified into methacrylated lignin (ML), lignin grafted with methacrylate functionalities at ...
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5604/
Kraft Lignin: From Pulping Waste to Bio-Based Dielectric Polymer for Organic Field-Effect Transistors - JASCOKraft Lignin: From Pulping Waste to Bio-Based Dielectric Polymer for Organic Field-Effect Transistors - JASCO
Kraft Lignin: From Pulping Waste to Bio-Based Dielectric Polymer for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. By Rosarita DOrsi, ... Lignin is an abundant biopolymer deriving from industrial pulping processes of lignocellulosic biomass. Despite the huge amount ... So far, the use of lignin in materials science is limited by the scarce knowledge of its molecular structure and properties, ... Kraft Lignin: From Pulping Waste to Bio-Based Dielectric Polymer for Organic Field-Effect Transistors ...
https://jascoinc.com/knowledgebase/kraft-lignin-from-pulping-waste-to-bio-based-dielectric-polymer-for-organic-field-effect-transistors/
Pretreatment optimization from rapeseed straw and lignin characterization - Université de LorrainePretreatment optimization from rapeseed straw and lignin characterization - Université de Lorraine
Pretreatment optimization from rapeseed straw and lignin characterization M. Brahim 1 N. Boussetta 1 N. Grimi 1 E. Vorobiev 1 I ... Pretreatment optimization from rapeseed straw and lignin characterization. Industrial Crops and Products, 2017, 95, pp.643-650 ...
https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-03099180
Sustainable afterglow materials from lignin inspired by wood phosphorescence<...
Yuan, J, Zhai, Y, Wan, K, Liu, S, Li, J, Li, S, Chen, Z & James, TD 2021, Sustainable afterglow materials from lignin inspired ... keywords = "lignin RTP materials, RTP of natural wood, sustainability, tunable lifetime",. author = "Jingwen Yuan and Yingxiang ... Afterglow RTP emission could also be produced by embedding different types of lignin in a variety of 3D polymeric networks, ... As an illustration of potential applications, the lignin-based RTP materials are used to coat cotton fibers, which are then ...
https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/sustainable-afterglow-materials-from-lignin-inspired-by-wood-phos
Enzymatic lignin biorefining by cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate complexes - Projects - Welcome to DTU Research DatabaseEnzymatic lignin biorefining by cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate complexes - Projects - Welcome to DTU Research Database
Enzymatic lignin biorefining by cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Mosbech, C., Meyer, A. S., Agger, J. W., Hachem, M. ...
https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/enzymatic-lignin-biorefining-by-cleavage-of-lignin-carbohydrate-c/projects/?status=FINISHED
Journal of Renewable Materials | Valorization of Kraft Lignin as Thickener in Castor Oil for Lubricant ApplicationsJournal of Renewable Materials | Valorization of Kraft Lignin as Thickener in Castor Oil for Lubricant Applications
A new alternative for Kraft lignin valorization, which consists of first a chemical modification using a diisocyanate and then ... Moreover, the NCO-functionalized lignin gel-like dispersions studied show lower friction coefficients than traditional ... Linear viscoelasticity functions are affected by the lignin/diisocyanate ratio and thickener concentration. The ... It is known that large amounts of residual lignin are generated in the pulp and paper industry. ...
https://www.techscience.com/jrm/v6n4/28844
Bacterial conversion of depolymerized Kraft lignin | Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts | Full TextBacterial conversion of depolymerized Kraft lignin | Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts | Full Text
However, the microbial degradation rate of native or technical lignin is low, and chemical depolymerization is needed to obtain ... Further evaluation of P. fluorescens and R. opacus was made in liquid cultivations with depolymerized softwood Kraft lignin (DL ... These findings will be of relevance for designing bioconversion of softwood Kraft lignin. ... to the Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus genera were evaluated for their ability to grow on alkaline-treated softwood lignin as a ...
https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-019-1397-8
Lignin--from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: a review | BioEnergy Lists: Biochar Mailing ListsLignin--from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: a review | BioEnergy Lists: Biochar Mailing Lists
Lignin--from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: a review. Lignin--from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: a review. ... The present review compiles the work done over the last few decades on the use of lignin and lignin-based chars and activated ... Moreover, the review also examines the textural and surface chemical properties of lignin-based activated carbons. The work so ... Adsorption, Carbon/ chemistry, Forecasting, Lignin/ chemistry/isolation & purification, Models, Molecular, Molecular Weight, ...
https://terrapreta.bioenergylists.org/node/1346
CellulosePhenolicValorizationLignocellulosic biomassFeedstockHemicelluloseTechnical ligninBiomassDepolymerizationIndustrial-scaleNanoparticlesInterest in thriviPolymerCharacterizationGlobal lignin marketIsolationCompoundsSustainableBiofuelsTypes of ligninProperties of ligninProducts from ligninMaterials from ligninIndicates that ligninKraft ligninsSoftwood ligninUtilizationBiopolymerCellulosicOrganosolvCompositionPlantPolymersFibersBioeconomyAcid HydrolysisEnvironmentally friendlyProcessesRenewable raw materialChemicalsMicrobialBiomaterialsCatalyticChemicallyFractionsCarbonBioproductsMonomerLignosulfonateCleavagePathwaysAromaticsEnzymaticWater solubleBiorefineriesFREEConcentrationPulp and papeTissuesHydroxylCarbohydrates
Cellulose23
  • Unraveling the tightly wound network of molecules-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin-that make up the cell wall of plants for easier biofuel processing. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • The study is important because lignin-which is critical to the survival of plants in the wild-poses a problem for ethanol production, preventing enzymes from breaking down cellulose into simple sugars for fermentation. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • This problem can be traced to the molecular makeup of the plant cell wall, where lignin and hemicellulose bond to form a tangled mesh around cellulose. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • To break down cellulose, one must get past lignin, a waste product of biofuel production that requires expensive treatments to isolate and remove. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • Under these conditions, polymers do not aggregate, thus providing a mechanism for the observed lignin solubilization that facilitates unfettered access of celluloytic enzymes to cellulose. (rsc.org)
  • Among the three principal polymers in plants (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), lignin has the most heterogeneous and complex composition and structure, which makes its efficient utilization a major technological challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is woody part of plant called as lignin and combination with cellulose is called ligno-cellulose. (agriinfo.in)
  • This study proposes to find a novel approach involving steam explosion for the production of lignin-containing micro- and nano-fibrillated cellulose (L-MNFCs) using Eucalyptus globulus bark as a new lignocellulosic feedstock. (researchsquare.com)
  • Meanwhile, in the last years, isolation of lignin-containing micro and nanofibrillated cellulose (L-MNFC) was also investigated: different lignocellulosic feedstocks have been experimented, such as banana, pineapple, jute (Abraham et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • Percent crystallinity of cellulose from dilute acid pretreated poplar with reduced lignin contents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After cellulose, lignin is second most abundant organic substance in higher plants. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Lignin, the "glue" which holds cellulose fibers together in wood, gets its name from the Latin word lignum, which, unsurprisingly, means "wood. (valmet.com)
  • Lignin makes up around 25 to 35 percent of the dry mass of wood, depending on the species, and is the second most abundant organic polymer on Earth, exceeded only by cellulose itself. (valmet.com)
  • Pulp and paper makers are of course very familiar with lignin, because it is the complex cross-linked phenolic polymer that must be removed from wood in the pulping process, while leaving the cellulose fibers intact for papermaking. (valmet.com)
  • Lignocellulosic biomass, or biomass that is made up of lignin and cellulose, tends to produce bio-oil that is high in oxygen, water and acid content due to the high oxygen content of the lignin and cellulose. (usda.gov)
  • For example microalgae contain little to no lignin or cellulose and are made up of mostly lipids and or proteins. (usda.gov)
  • It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. (easierwithpractice.com)
  • Figure: Atomic-detailed model of lignin (brown) coating a cellulose microfibril (green) inside a water box. (isroi.com)
  • And the relative content of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin was determined to be higher in the transgenic plants than that in the control plants. (researchsquare.com)
  • Furthermore, the relative expression level of a few lignin- and cellulose-related genes was significantly higher in the TLs than that in the CLs. (researchsquare.com)
  • For example, 4% of 5,692 ESTs from two poplars were identified to be involved in various processes of cell wall formation, such as lignin and cellulose synthesis [7]. (researchsquare.com)
  • A unique tissue-specific transcript analysis revealed that lignin and cellulose biosynthetic-related genes, transcription factors (TFs) and other potential regulators of xylogenesis were under strict developmental stage-specific transcriptional regulation in poplar [10]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Plant feedstocks are very common and based on their building blocks, the feedstocks can be categorized into plant oils, cellulose, and lignin. (researchwithrowan.com)
Phenolic11
  • The phenolic properties of lignin make it an ideal candidate to replace fossil-derived phenol. (theicct.org)
  • Both fibre and pith are extremely high in lignin and phenolic content. (wur.nl)
  • The phenolic hydroxyl groups in the lignin model compounds, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone, were removed by first converting the hydroxyl groups to the trifluoromethanesulfonates (triflates) and then cleaving the triflate substituents via catalytic hydrogen transfer. (ubc.ca)
  • A novel approach for the quantification of the degree of condensation at the C₅ position of etherified and phenolic phenylpropane (C-9) units of in situ lignin is described. (waikato.ac.nz)
  • Analysis of milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from the same wood by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy before and after thioacidolysis showed that the phenolic guaiacyl C-9 units were more condensed than those in the in situ lignin. (waikato.ac.nz)
  • This is likely due to partial cleavage of the more condensed etherified linkages during the lignin isolation, leading to a relative increase in condensed phenolic guaiacyl C-9 units. (waikato.ac.nz)
  • Lignin is highly complex and branched polymer of simple phenolic compounds with C 6 - C 3 basic carbon skeleton. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Instead of phenol from fossil resources, environmental protection and excellent properties of lignin-based phenolic resin adhesive were successfully developed. (sunaswan.com)
  • Recently, the national invention patent, a lignin-based environmental friendly phenolic resin adhesive, was successfully transferred. (sunaswan.com)
  • Different types o phenolic units in lignins. (isroi.com)
  • while the use of histochemical techniques on the leaf blade showed evidence of the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, triterpenes and steroids, lipophilic compounds, starch, lignin and calcium oxalate crystals. (bvsalud.org)
Valorization5
  • In this paper, we assess the status of lignin valorization in terms of commercial products. (mdpi.com)
  • The inevitable demise of these resources has created significant interest in the field of biomass and particularly, lignin valorization. (uwo.ca)
  • A new alternative for Kraft lignin valorization, which consists of first a chemical modification using a diisocyanate and then the efficient dispersion in castor oil to achieve stable gel-like systems, is proposed in this work. (techscience.com)
  • Lignin Valorization: Two Hybrid Biochemical Routes for the Conversion of Polymeric Lignin into Value-added Chemicals. (escholarship.org)
  • This study reports a direct process for converting lignin into ccMA and pyrogallol as value-added chemicals, and more importantly demonstrates benign methods for valorization of polymeric lignin that is inherently heterogeneous and recalcitrant. (escholarship.org)
Lignocellulosic biomass5
  • The overall goal of IDEALFUEL is to enable the utilization of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass as maritime fuel in a sustainable manner. (tue.nl)
  • This will be achieved by the strategy to first extract lignin from lignocellulosic biomass as a Crude Lignin Oil (CLO) and to convert the CLO - in a second chemical step - into a Bio-HFO. (tue.nl)
  • Recently, a novel cosolvent based biomass pretreatment method called CELF (Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation) which employs tetrahydrofuran (THF) in a single phase mixture with water, was found to be highly effective at solubilizing and extracting lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and achieving high yields of fermentable sugars. (rsc.org)
  • Lignin is an abundant biopolymer deriving from industrial pulping processes of lignocellulosic biomass. (jascoinc.com)
  • In addition, there are different techniques for the separation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and the resultant lignin vary in terms of bond structures, building block composition, added functional groups, and molecular weight distribution depending on the separation process. (biomedcentral.com)
Feedstock5
  • This is an excellent demonstration of the possibilities that lignin holds as a valuable feedstock. (su.se)
  • However, lignin represents an intriguing feedstock of organic material. (jascoinc.com)
  • Lignin is a potential feedstock for microbial conversion into various chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This collaboration will create a high value market for lignin while providing the biochemical industry a consistent lignin stream to be used as a sustainable feedstock for the production of bioPET (bio based thermoplastic polymer). (pulpapernews.com)
  • Hydrolysis of untreated lignocellulosic feedstock is independent of S-lignin composition in newly classified anaerobic fungal isolate, Piromyces sp. (purdue.edu)
Hemicellulose3
  • The team's conclusion-that hydrophobic, or water repelling, lignin binds less with hydrophilic, or water attracting, hemicellulose-points researchers toward a promising way to engineer better plants for biofuel. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • His team's simulation of a genetically modified lignin molecule linked to a hemicellulose molecule adds context to work conducted by researchers at DOE's BioEnergy Science Center , who demonstrated that genetic modification of lignin can boost the amount of biofuel derived from plant material without compromising the structural integrity of the plant. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • We wanted to see if there was a difference in the lignin-hemicellulose network if you substituted water-resisting aldehydes in the lignin for water-attracting alcohols," said Loukas Petridis, an ORNL staff scientist. (biomassmagazine.com)
Technical lignin4
  • Protolignin or lignin in the cell wall is entirely different from the commercially available technical lignin due to changes during the delignification process. (mdpi.com)
  • We start with existing knowledge of the lignin/protolignin structure in its native form and move to the technical lignin from various sources. (mdpi.com)
  • We observed that the technical lignin-based commercial products utilize coarse properties of the technical lignin in marketed formulations. (mdpi.com)
  • However, the microbial degradation rate of native or technical lignin is low, and chemical depolymerization is needed to obtain reasonable conversion rates. (biomedcentral.com)
Biomass4
  • Despite this, most large-scale industrial facilities that exploit plant polysaccharides (e.g., from wood) have almost exclusively incinerated the co-produced lignin to generate heat and power for biomass conversion and/or product drying, and have not aimed for higher-value products [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The emergence of biorefineries, which predominately convert the carbohydrate part of cellulosic biomass into liquid fuels, will generate substantially more lignin than needed for process heat or for power generation to the operation, which will add to the lignin volumes already generated in the pulp and paper industry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lignin, a by-product of pulp and paper making and biomass refining, was used as raw material, which was cheap, non-toxic and renewable. (sunaswan.com)
  • In recent years, the core technology, 'preparation Technology of Biomass lignin High strength weathering adhesive', has been authorized to four enterprises in Shandong, Guangxi and Jiangsu provinces of China's main wood-based panel production bases in the form of technology transfer. (sunaswan.com)
Depolymerization3
  • The presence of β-O-4 linkages and other labile bonds tends to correspond with the degree of lignin depolymerization, i.e. smaller lignin fragments generally contain less of these reactive sites as they have been more extensively degraded. (theicct.org)
  • In this study, two hybrid biochemical routes combining lignin chemical depolymerization, plant metabolic engineering, and synthetic pathway reconstruction were demonstrated for valorizing lignin into value-added products. (escholarship.org)
  • Aromatic lignin monomers of recognized relevance are in particular vanillin, and to a lesser extent vanillate, because they are accessible at high yield from softwood-lignin using industrially operated alkaline oxidative depolymerization. (bvsalud.org)
Industrial-scale1
  • Now among the largest and most modern bio-materials companies in the world, Stora Enso decided to invest in an industrial-scale LignoBoostR kraft lignin production plant from Valmet, which started up in late 2015. (valmet.com)
Nanoparticles2
  • AFM images of SteamEx L-MNFC gels showed a web-like structure containing lignin nanoparticles. (researchsquare.com)
  • The SRL in 1st step, with high hydrophobicity and uniform dispersity, was used to prepare lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), which showed tailored size (100-200 nm diameters) and morphology in solid or hollow structure with single hole. (bvsalud.org)
Interest in thrivi1
  • With the global lignin market size expected to exceed US $ 1 billion by 2027 and anticipated to expand at a revenue-based CAGR of about 2%, there is a strong interest in thriving lignin biorefinery-based value chains, as a key step in the transition towards a sustainable bioeconomy. (paptac.ca)
Polymer6
  • Instead of a hydrophilic alcohol group (an oxygen-hydrogen molecule bound to a hydrogen-saturated carbon atom), the final lignin polymer contained a hydrophobic aldehyde group (a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom). (biomassmagazine.com)
  • Lignin and its novel enzyme upgraded derivatives will be used in biocomposites, insulation panels and polymer compounds intended for injection moulding. (europa.eu)
  • Lignin, an abundant polymer in terrestrial plants comprised predominantly of guaiacyl and syringyl monoaromatic phenylpropanoid units, is a potential natural source of aromatic compounds. (osti.gov)
  • As the world's second most abundant polymer, more than 98% of the annually produced lignin is under-utilized either as an on-site heat source, or as landfill. (uwo.ca)
  • Today, we use state-of-the-art extruding equipment to deliver commercial-grade lignin in dried, compounded and modified lignin granules/pellets , as well as lignin-polymer blends. (domtar.com)
  • A reaction that cuts the hardy carbon-carbon bond between aromatic rings could be used to make valuable chemicals out of lignin , the major polymer in wood. (chemistryworld.com)
Characterization2
  • Lignin-based Materials for Biomedical Applications: Preparation, Characterization, and Implementation explores the emerging area of lignin-based materials as a platform for advanced biomedical applications, guiding the reader from source through to implementation. (elsevier.com)
  • Professor Sun Runicang, Institute of Materials Science and Technology of Beijing Forestry University, and Associate Professor Yuan Tongqi, through years of basic research, technological innovation and promotion, A new method for quantitative characterization of effective active functional groups of industrial lignin, combined with HSQC quantitative characterization, and a new technology of quantitative and efficient activation of lignin in alkaline medium were developed. (sunaswan.com)
Global lignin market2
  • Global Lignin Market Research Report 2018 contains historic data that spans 2013 to 2016, and then continues to forecast to 2025. (marketersmedia.com)
  • Global Lignin Market report is replete with detailed analysis from a thorough research, especially on questions that border on market size, development environment, futuristic developments, operation situation, pathways and trend of Lignin. (marketersmedia.com)
Isolation1
  • So far, the use of lignin in materials science is limited by the scarce knowledge of its molecular structure and properties, depending also on its isolation method. (jascoinc.com)
Compounds13
  • Lignin, the term commonly used in literature, represents a group of heterogeneous aromatic compounds of plant origin. (mdpi.com)
  • Previous studies have shown that bacterial β-etherase pathway enzymes catalyze glutathione-dependent cleavage of β-ether bonds in dimeric β-ether lignin model compounds. (osti.gov)
  • Guaiacyl, syringyl, and tricin derivatives were identified as reaction products when different model compounds or lignin fractions were used as substrates. (osti.gov)
  • These results demonstrate anin vitroenzymatic system that can recycle cosubstrates while releasing aromatic monomers from model compounds as well as natural and engineered lignin oligomers. (osti.gov)
  • These findings can improve the ability to produce valuable aromatic compounds from a renewable resource like lignin. (osti.gov)
  • The β-etherase pathway present in sphingomonad bacteria could cleave the abundant β-O-4-aryl ether bonds in plant lignin, releasing a biobased source of aromatic compounds for the chemical industry. (osti.gov)
  • These observations provide critical evidence for the use and future optimization of these bacterial β-etherase pathway enzymes for industrial-level biotechnological applications designed to derive high-value monomeric aromatic compounds from lignin. (osti.gov)
  • Higher molecular weight lignins are therefore, typically more reactive than lower molecular weight compounds. (theicct.org)
  • Further evaluation of P. fluorescens and R. opacus was made in liquid cultivations with depolymerized softwood Kraft lignin (DL) at a concentration of 1 g/L. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed that R. opacus consumed most of the available lower-molecular weight compounds (approximately 0.1-0.4 kDa) in the DL, but the weight distribution of larger fractions was almost unaffected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enzymatic treatment diminished the leachability of the compounds in accordance with the EN 84 standard. (eurekamag.com)
  • With this investment, we will help commercialize the process of using lignin to make engineered plastic compounds, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and other high-value applications. (domtar.com)
  • The proportion, of these three compounds in lignin varies among species, plant organs and even in different regions of the same cell wall. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • For binders and adhesives, lignin can substitute for a wide variety of petroleum-derived compounds. (valmet.com)
Sustainable7
  • Researchers at three institutions-the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Washington State University-report success in using lignin as a path toward a drop-in 100% sustainable aviation fuel. (eurekalert.org)
  • Scientists report their findings on what kind of lignin works well for this purpose in the journal ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering . (acs.org)
  • New sustainable and cost-competitive lignin-based, high-performance concrete plasticizers will enter the market soon after that. (vito.be)
  • Herein, inspired by the afterglow RTP of natural basswood, we prepare a series of sustainable afterglow RTP materials by confining lignin within a 3D poly(acrylic acid) network that mimics the wood matrix. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Afterglow RTP emission could also be produced by embedding different types of lignin in a variety of 3D polymeric networks, thus demonstrating the generality of our strategy for preparing sustainable lignin-based RTP materials. (bath.ac.uk)
  • We are continuously developing new sustainable technologies for increasing the value of lignin. (pulpapernews.com)
  • Domtar's Biomaterials team and research partners have been focusing time and resources on lignin development - specifically, developing lignin-based materials that could eventually serve as sustainable and biodegradable alternatives to petroleum and other fossil fuel-based products. (domtar.com)
Biofuels4
  • Other parts of plants are used for biofuels, but lignin has been largely overlooked because of the difficulties in breaking it down chemically and converting it into useful products. (eurekalert.org)
  • Moghi in turn is Biochemtex's proprietary technology for the conversion of lignin into biofuels and biochemicals. (pulpapernews.com)
  • The overall goal of the LIGNOHtL project is to study the potential compatibility of different lignin sources for the production of second generation biofuels, as a concept providing complementary sources of bio-carbon to refineries, and to estimate its technical potential in Europe. (era-learn.eu)
  • the process includes separate or co-upgrading of pulping black liquor with lignin residues from e.g. bioethanol plants into higher value biofuels and chemicals. (era-learn.eu)
Types of lignin1
  • The researchers showed that out of five types of lignin tested, organosolv lignin improved the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunblock the most. (acs.org)
Properties of lignin2
  • The suitability of the lignin for the given application (i.e. do the properties of lignin match up to those required for the application? (theicct.org)
  • Moreover, the review also examines the textural and surface chemical properties of lignin-based activated carbons. (bioenergylists.org)
Products from lignin2
  • Furthermore we demonstrate biodegradation of lignin polymers using a minimal set of β-etherase pathway enzymes, the ability to recycle needed cofactors (glutathione and NAD + )in vitro, and the release of guaiacyl, syringyl, and tricin as depolymerized products from lignin. (osti.gov)
  • Stora Enso is working on its own ideas to develop products from lignin, as well as delivering it as a raw material for other companies to process for their own uses. (valmet.com)
Materials from lignin1
  • We recently took another step forward in lignin development and the process of commercializing lignin-based applications by investing in Prisma Renewable Composites , which is developing advanced materials from lignin and other natural resources. (domtar.com)
Indicates that lignin2
  • Results indicates that lignin, a low-cost waste product of pulping for the paper industry and bioethanol fuel production could serve as a key component of new biocomposite polymers for 3D printing applications. (utexas.edu)
  • The work so far carried out indicates that lignin is relatively non-reactive and probably the component of lignocellulosic precursors primarily responsible for the microporosity of activated carbons. (bioenergylists.org)
Kraft lignins2
  • and 2) to establish new applications based on those currently under development for kraft lignins. (theicct.org)
  • Here, the structural and chemical-physical characteristics of two kraft lignins, L1 and L2, are analyzed. (jascoinc.com)
Softwood lignin1
  • In the current study, nine bacterial strains belonging to the Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus genera were evaluated for their ability to grow on alkaline-treated softwood lignin as a sole carbon source. (biomedcentral.com)
Utilization2
  • Some of the hurdles limiting the widespread adoption and utilization of lignin include variability of chemical structure and functional complexity when dealing with diverse lignins, knowledge gaps with respect to emerging valorisation pathways, as well as market development despite product and geographical segmentation. (paptac.ca)
  • It has overcome the international technical problems of high formaldehyde emission and difficult utilization of industrial lignin in wood-based panel industry. (sunaswan.com)
Biopolymer3
  • This effort when coupled to additional work using static measurements and Zimm plots for the same solutions as well as independent size exclusion runs, offers insight into the self-assembly processes operating within the lignin biopolymer (Figure 2). (chromatographyonline.com)
  • Here, using all-atom molecular-dynamics simulation, we find that THF preferentially solvates lignin, and in doing so, shifts the equilibrium configurational distribution of the biopolymer from a crumpled globule to coil, independent of temperature. (rsc.org)
  • The lignin biopolymer is built of phenyl propanoid units which are substituted at different positions and connected together by ether and C-C cross-links/bonds [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellulosic1
  • In nature, lignin adds strength to cellulosic fibers and protects the plant from predators and disease. (biomassmagazine.com)
Organosolv4
  • A lotion with 10 percent organosolv lignin increased SPF even further, from 15 to almost 92, but excessive amounts of hydrophilic lignin such as lignosulfonate caused the product to start separating. (acs.org)
  • In terms of lignin recovery, steam explosion, organosolv, and alkaline pretreatments demonstrate the highest attainable yields. (theicct.org)
  • Those that produce higher molecular weight lignins include dilute acid, concentrated acid and AFEX pretreatments, whereas alkaline, liquid hot water, steam explosion and organosolv pretreatments produce lower molecular weight lignins. (theicct.org)
  • Various blends of PLA/Organosolv lignin were extruded for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process. (utexas.edu)
Composition1
  • The first part of the book introduces the basics of lignin, including extraction methods, chemical modifications, structure and composition, and properties that make lignin suitable for biomedical applications. (elsevier.com)
Plant8
  • By throwing a wrench in the plant cell's lignin assembly line, BESC scientists found they could boost biofuel production by 38 percent. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • However, the activity of these enzymes on the complex aromatic oligomers found in plant lignin is unknown. (osti.gov)
  • Ontario dairy farmers had their first opportunity to plant low-lignin alfalfa in 2016. (realagriculture.com)
  • The thermal behaviour of the original (chemically unmodified) lignin in the plant tissues at temperatures above 140degreesC, where it melts and shows thermosetting properties, has been investigated. (wur.nl)
  • As a complex aromatic heteropolymer in plant cell walls and litters, lignin is an important component of chemically recalcitrant C [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lignin development and the use of lignin as a biomaterial has gained momentum in the past few years, beginning with our installation of a commercial-scale lignin separation plant in Plymouth, North Carolina, in 2013. (domtar.com)
  • We also recently installed a demonstration plant at a mill in Ontario to showcase lignin pellets as a potential bioalternative to plastic, chemicals and other industrial products. (domtar.com)
  • Primary function of lignin is to provide mechanical support to plant. (biologydiscussion.com)
Polymers1
  • To date, however, it remains unclear whether the known β-etherase enzymes are active on lignin polymers. (osti.gov)
Fibers3
  • As an illustration of potential applications, the lignin-based RTP materials are used to coat cotton fibers, which are then incorporated into luminescent textiles. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Results obtained showed that steam explosion produced pulps with slightly higher lignin content (≈ 9 %), containing shorter fibers (≈ 400 µm) and higher amounts of fine elements (≈ 86 %) compared to conventional alkali cooking (≈ 5 %, ≈ 560 µm and 66 %, respectively). (researchsquare.com)
  • Lignin, the natural glue that holds wood fibers together, is a byproduct of the kraft pulping process. (domtar.com)
Bioeconomy2
  • Lignin, regardless of its origin, is increasingly playing a leading role in the forest bioeconomy. (paptac.ca)
  • Employing this microbial approach offers a potential solution for valorizing lignin into valuable chemicals for a potential lignocellulosic biorefinery and enabling bioeconomy. (escholarship.org)
Acid Hydrolysis1
  • Reason (r) : The condensed tannin- are resistant to acid hydrolysis, therefore stain the lignin present in match stick. (pharmatutor.org)
Environmentally friendly1
  • After the project, the techno-economically viable and environmentally friendly lignin upgrading technology will be ready for installations of commercial scale. (vito.be)
Processes4
  • The membrane processes developed, directly integrated with the lignin oxidation, will be demonstrated through longer term pilot trials at several pulp mills and biorefineries. (vito.be)
  • Despite the huge amount of yearly produced lignin waste, it finds scarce application as a fine material and is usually destined to be combusted in thermochemical plants to feed, with low efficiency, other industrial processes. (jascoinc.com)
  • the concept is based on the co-processing of crude oil distillates in conventional refineries together with blended bio-liquids obtained from various lignin-based conversion processes. (era-learn.eu)
  • Until today, almost all the lignin separated during pulping has been used as a non-fossil-based fuel which is combusted in the recovery boiler to generate steam and power for the mill processes and local communities. (valmet.com)
Renewable raw material1
  • The team used lignin as the renewable raw material in a catalyst-free reaction with a non-toxic chemical derived from ethylene glycol. (su.se)
Chemicals4
  • The lignin oxidation process is easy to integrate into existing biorefineries owing to compatible and safe bulk chemicals. (vito.be)
  • Lignin is a by-product from the pulp and paper industry, where it is mainly burned to recover chemicals and heat. (su.se)
  • Tailored designs, features and material selections to meet the most demanding pumping, mixing, and agitation challenges in the production and preparation of chemicals, tall oil production, and lignin processing. (sulzer.com)
  • Although chemists would like to be able to transform wood into fuels or other useful chemicals , lignin proved very resilient to being chopped up into smaller molecules. (chemistryworld.com)
Microbial3
  • Using stable isotope probing of the active layer of Arctic tundra soils after depleting soil labile C through a 975-day laboratory incubation, the identity of microbial decomposers of lignin and, their responses to warming were revealed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rhodococcus opacus and P. fluorescens were identified as two potential microbial candidates for the conversion/consumption of base-catalyzed depolymerized lignin, acting on low- and high-molecular weight lignin fragments, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 81 to 22.32±2.48, COD 213136±583.59 to 60.40±6.34, total phenol 386±71.24 to 0.43±0.0, lignin 26312±258.59 to 73.67±31.81and microbial quality i.e. (who.int)
Biomaterials3
  • The EU-funded SWEETWOODS flagship project will ensure this by turning wood into high-purity lignin and wood sugars to industrialise innovative biomaterials and bioproducts. (europa.eu)
  • Domtar Biomaterials is a bridge between science and commercialization, and we're very excited by the numerous opportunities we see in lignin. (domtar.com)
  • This entry was posted in Our Company and tagged biomaterials , lignin . (domtar.com)
Catalytic1
  • Ivan worked as postdoctoral researcher in the group during 2021, carrying out method development for catalytic functionalization of straw-derived lignin for material purposes. (kth.se)
Chemically1
  • In the biochemical route 1, alkali lignin was chemically depolymerized into vanillin and syringate as major products, which were further bio-converted into cis, cis-muconic acid (ccMA) and pyrogallol, respectively, using engineered Escherichia coli strains. (escholarship.org)
Fractions1
  • In general, all lignin fractions display a high number of phenol and hydroxyl groups. (theicct.org)
Carbon6
  • Lignin molecules consist of multiple chemical groups made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that are assembled within the cell during a process called biosynthesis. (biomassmagazine.com)
  • Although less developed than phenol formaldehyde resins, the production of carbon fiber for use in composites is also considered an attractive target for lignin product development. (theicct.org)
  • However, there is a strong push to use lignin as a building block for new value-added materials that serve as carbon stocks during their lifetime. (su.se)
  • We're learning more in the lab every day, and we hope to expand our research to understand the full potential, capabilities and commercial opportunities for lignin-based graphene and lignin-based carbon fiber. (domtar.com)
  • The world leader in pioneering the technical and commercial developments to find more uses for renewable low-carbon impact lignin is Stora Enso, the Swedish-Finnish company, which also has the distinction of being one of the world's oldest manufacturing companies, tracing its roots back to copper mining in Sweden in 1288. (valmet.com)
  • For example, in lithium-ion batteries, synthetic graphite, a non-renewable material, can be replaced by lignin-derived carbon-based anode materials. (valmet.com)
Bioproducts1
  • In order to improve the lignin exploitation to added-value bioproducts, a mild chemical conversion route based on electrochemistry was implemented. (unipi.it)
Monomer1
  • The chemists also showed that they could convert wet spruce sawdust into dihydroeugenol , a lignin monomer, in a two-step procedure. (chemistryworld.com)
Lignosulfonate1
  • This is an existing application that has been developed commercially for lignosulfonate/kraft lignin use. (theicct.org)
Cleavage1
  • Here we report on enzymes that catalyze β-ether cleavage from bona fide lignin, under conditions that recycle the cosubstrates NAD + and glutathione. (osti.gov)
Pathways1
  • This newly published work illustrates the ability of a lignin pathway to complement existing and other developing pathways. (eurekalert.org)
Aromatics2
  • As the largest source of renewable aromatics in nature, lignin could hold the answer to achieving a complete bio-based jet fuel. (eurekalert.org)
  • Naturally, many aerobic organisms degrade lignin-derived aromatics through conserved intermediates including protocatechuate and catechol. (escholarship.org)
Enzymatic2
  • Enzymatic grafting of kraft lignin as a wood bio-protection strategy. (eurekamag.com)
  • Enzymatic grafting of kraft lignin (KL) on wood surfaces is presented as a non-leachable wood protection treatment. (eurekamag.com)
Water soluble2
  • Finally, the conversion of pretreatment derived lignins into water soluble lignosulfonates may also be possible depending on the target application, and on technical requirements such as molecular size or distribution. (theicct.org)
  • Ideally, pretreated lignin streams for bacterial conversion should consist of water-soluble monomers. (biomedcentral.com)
Biorefineries2
  • Using the LigniOx technology, developed by VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland), lignin by-products from pulp mills and other biorefineries are converted into concrete plasticizers. (vito.be)
  • As part of the project, a mobile pilot unit will be constructed, the process technology will be scaled-up, and demonstrated at the biorefineries using various technical lignins. (vito.be)
FREE2
Concentration4
  • The processing parameters and results of mechanical and thermal properties of fabricated test specimens of the biocomposite with up to 40wt% lignin concentration are presented. (utexas.edu)
  • Linear viscoelasticity functions are affected by the lignin/diisocyanate ratio and thickener concentration. (techscience.com)
  • Samples with grafted lignin on the surface lost their antifungal activity in long-term exposure at the concentration tested. (eurekamag.com)
  • Results also revealed that concentration of lignin (50-350 ppm) and PCP (5-30 ppm) induced maximum growth (273-8050 cfu ml-1) of pathogenic bacteria in river water. (who.int)
Pulp and pape1
  • It is known that large amounts of residual lignin are generated in the pulp and paper industry. (techscience.com)
Tissues1
  • 1. Lignin occurs in woody tissues of plants. (agriinfo.in)
Hydroxyl1
  • In this thesis, kraft lignin is modified into methacrylated lignin ( ML ), lignin grafted with methacrylate functionalities at its hydroxyl sites. (uwo.ca)
Carbohydrates1
  • Specifically, the project will demonstrate the production of high-purity lignin and C5 and C6 carbohydrates from hardwood. (europa.eu)
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