The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Alcohols derived from the aryl radical (C6H5CH2-) and defined by C6H5CHOH. The concept includes derivatives with any substituents on the benzene ring.
A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.
Peroxidases are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water, while oxidizing various organic and inorganic compounds, playing crucial roles in diverse biological processes including stress response, immune defense, and biosynthetic reactions.
A product of hard secondary xylem composed of CELLULOSE, hemicellulose, and LIGNANS, that is under the bark of trees and shrubs. It is used in construction and as a source of CHARCOAL and many other products.
A family of bracket fungi, order POLYPORALES, living in decaying plant matter and timber.
A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.
A genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae, order Stereales, that degrades lignin. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a frequently used species in research.
A plant genus of the family SALICACEAE. Balm of Gilead is a common name used for P. candicans, or P. gileadensis, or P. jackii, and sometimes also used for ABIES BALSAMEA or for COMMIPHORA.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
A member of the P450 superfamily, this enzyme catalyzes the first oxidative step of the phenylpropanoid pathway in higher PLANTS by transforming trans-cinnamate into p-coumarate.
A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.
A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).
A genus of trees of the Myrtaceae family, native to Australia, that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics.
A plant species of the genus PINUS which is the subject of genetic study.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of PHENYLALANINE to form trans-cinnamate and ammonia.
An order of fungi in the phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA having macroscopic basidiocarps. The members are characterized by their saprophytic activities as decomposers, particularly in the degradation of CELLULOSE and LIGNIN. A large number of species in the order have been used medicinally. (From Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, pp504-68)
An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. Folin is the water-soluble extract from Sasa albomarginata. Sasa kurinensis is an ingredient of Sho-ju-sen, a Japanese herbal medicine.
A plant family of the order Selaginellales, class Lycopodiopsida, division Lycopodiophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta. Members contain bilobetin. The rarely used common name of resurrection plant is mainly used with CRATEROSTIGMA.
Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.
A genus of fungi in the family Coriolaceae.
A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. They are evergreen trees mainly in temperate climates.
A plant genus of the family CAPPARACEAE that contains cleogynol and 15alpha-acetoxycleomblynol (dammaranes) and 1-epibrachyacarpone (a triterpene), and ISOTHIOCYANATES.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The gums and tanning agents obtained from Acacia are called GUM ARABIC. The common name of catechu is more often used for Areca catechu (ARECA).
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family POLYPORACEAE, order POLYPORALES, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)
Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.
A cluster of FLOWERS (as opposed to a solitary flower) arranged on a main stem of a plant.

Direct interaction of lignin and lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. (1/871)

Binding properties of lignin peroxidase (LiP) from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium against a synthetic lignin (dehydrogenated polymerizate, DHP) were studied with a resonant mirror biosensor. Among several ligninolytic enzymes, only LiP specifically binds to DHP. Kinetic analysis revealed that the binding was reversible, and that the dissociation equilibrium constant was 330 microM. The LiP-DHP interaction was controlled by the ionization group with a pKa of 5.3, strongly suggesting that a specific amino acid residue plays a role in lignin binding. A one-electron transfer from DHP to oxidized intermediates LiP compounds I and II (LiPI and LiPII) was characterized by using a stopped-flow technique, showing that binding interactions of DHP with LiPI and LiPII led to saturation kinetics. The dissociation equilibrium constants for LiPI-DHP and LiPII-DHP interactions were calculated to be 350 and 250 microM, and the first-order rate constants for electron transfer from DHP to LiPI and to LiPII were calculated to be 46 and 16 s-1, respectively. These kinetic and spectral studies strongly suggest that LiP is capable of oxidizing lignin directly at the protein surface by a long-range electron transfer process. A close look at the crystal structure suggested that LiP possesses His-239 as a possible lignin-binding site on the surface, which is linked to Asp-238. This Asp residue is hydrogen-bonded to the proximal His-176. This His-Asp...proximal-His motif would be a possible electron transfer route to oxidize polymeric lignin.  (+info)

Evolution of plant defense mechanisms. Relationships of phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases to pinoresinol-lariciresinol and isoflavone reductases. (2/871)

Pinoresinol-lariciresinol and isoflavone reductase classes are phylogenetically related, as is a third, the so-called "isoflavone reductase homologs." This study establishes the first known catalytic function for the latter, as being able to engender the NADPH-dependent reduction of phenylcoumaran benzylic ethers. Accordingly, all three reductase classes are involved in the biosynthesis of important and related phenylpropanoid-derived plant defense compounds. In this investigation, the phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase from the gymnosperm, Pinus taeda, was cloned, with the recombinant protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme reduces the benzylic ether functionalities of both dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol and dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, with a higher affinity for the former, as measured by apparent Km and Vmax values and observed kinetic 3H-isotope effects. It abstracts the 4R-hydride of the required NADPH cofactor in a manner analogous to that of the pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases and isoflavone reductases. A similar catalytic function was observed for the corresponding recombinant reductase whose gene was cloned from the angiosperm, Populus trichocarpa. Interestingly, both pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases and isoflavone reductases catalyze enantiospecific conversions, whereas the phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase only shows regiospecific discrimination. A possible evolutionary relationship among the three reductase classes is proposed, based on the supposition that phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductases represent the progenitors of pinoresinol-lariciresinol and isoflavone reductases.  (+info)

Regiochemical control of monolignol radical coupling: a new paradigm for lignin and lignan biosynthesis. (3/871)

BACKGROUND: Although the lignins and lignans, both monolignol-derived coupling products, account for nearly 30% of the organic carbon circulating in the biosphere, the biosynthetic mechanism of their formation has been poorly understood. The prevailing view has been that lignins and lignans are produced by random free-radical polymerization and coupling, respectively. This view is challenged, mechanistically, by the recent discovery of dirigent proteins that precisely determine both the regiochemical and stereoselective outcome of monolignol radical coupling. RESULTS: To understand further the regulation and control of monolignol coupling, leading to both lignan and lignin formation, we sought to clone the first genes encoding dirigent proteins from several species. The encoding genes, described here, have no sequence homology with any other protein of known function. When expressed in a heterologous system, the recombinant protein was able to confer strict regiochemical and stereochemical control on monolignol free-radical coupling. The expression in plants of dirigent proteins and proposed dirigent protein arrays in developing xylem and in other lignified tissues indicates roles for these proteins in both lignan formation and lignification. CONCLUSIONS: The first understanding of regiochemical and stereochemical control of monolignol coupling in lignan biosynthesis has been established via the participation of a new class of dirigent proteins. Immunological studies have also implicated the involvement of potential corresponding arrays of dirigent protein sites in controlling lignin biopolymer assembly.  (+info)

Lignocellulose degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: purification and characterization of the main alpha-galactosidase. (4/871)

The main alpha-galactosidase was purified to homogeneity, in 30% yield, from a solid culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on 1 part wheat bran/2 parts thermomechanical softwood pulp. It is a glycosylated tetramer of 50 kDa peptide chains, which gives the N-terminal sequence ADNGLAITPQMG(?W)NT(?W)NHFG(?W)DIS(?W)DTI. It is remarkably stable, with crude extracts losing no activity over 3 h at 80 degrees C, and the purified enzyme retaining its activity over several months at 4 degrees C. The kinetics of hydrolysis at 25 degrees C of various substrates by this retaining enzyme were measured, absolute parameters being obtained by active-site titration with 2',4',6'-trinitrophenyl 2-deoxy-2, 2-difluoro-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The variation of kcat/Km for 1-naphthyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside with pH is bell-shaped, with pK1=1.91 and pK2=5.54. The alphaD(V/K) value for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside is 1.031+/-0.007 at the optimal pH of 3.75 and 1.114+/-0.006 at pH7.00, indicating masking of the intrinsic effect at optimal pH. There is no alpha-2H effect on binding galactose [alphaD(Ki)=0.994+/-0.013]. The enzyme hydrolyses p-nitrophenyl beta-L-arabinopyranoside approximately 510 times slower than the galactoside, but has no detectable activity on the alpha-D-glucopyranoside or alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Hydrolysis of alpha-galactosides with poor leaving groups is Michaelian, but that of substrates with good leaving groups exhibits pronounced apparent substrate inhibition, with Kis values similar to Km values. We attribute this to the binding of the second substrate molecule to a beta-galactopyranosyl-enzyme intermediate, forming an E.betaGal. alphaGalX complex which turns over slowly, if at all. 1-Fluoro-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl fluoride, unlike alpha-D-galactopyranosyl fluoride, is a Michaelian substrate, indicating that the effect of 1-fluorine substitution is greater on the first than on the second step of the enzyme reaction.  (+info)

Aromatic ring cleavage of a non-phenolic beta-O-4 lignin model dimer by laccase of Trametes versicolor in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. (5/871)

The novel cleavage products, 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-formyloxypropane (II) and 1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropane-2,3-cyclic carbonate (III) were identified as products of a non-phenolic beta-O-4 lignin model dimer, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-(2,6-dimethoxylphenoxy)-1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxypheny l)propane (I), by a Trametes versicolor laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT). An isotopic experiment with a 13C-labeled lignin model dimer, 1,3-dihydroxy-2-(2,6-[U-ring-13C] dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane (I-13C) indicated that the formyl and carbonate carbons of products II and III were derived from the beta-phenoxy group of beta-O-4 lignin model dimer I as aromatic ring cleavage fragments. These results show that the laccase-1-HBT couple could catalyze the aromatic ring cleavage of non-phenolic beta-O-4 lignin model dimer in addition to the beta-ether cleavage, Calpha-Cbeta cleavage, and Calpha-oxidation.  (+info)

Description of a versatile peroxidase involved in the natural degradation of lignin that has both manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase substrate interaction sites. (6/871)

Two major peroxidases are secreted by the fungus Pleurotus eryngii in lignocellulose cultures. One is similar to Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese-dependent peroxidase. The second protein (PS1), although catalyzing the oxidation of Mn2+ to Mn3+ by H2O2, differs from the above enzymes by its manganese-independent activity enabling it to oxidize substituted phenols and synthetic dyes, as well as the lignin peroxidase (LiP) substrate veratryl alcohol. This is by a mechanism similar to that reported for LiP, as evidenced by p-dimethoxybenzene oxidation yielding benzoquinone. The apparent kinetic constants showed high activity on Mn2+, but methoxyhydroquinone was the natural substrate with the highest enzyme affinity (this and other phenolic substrates are not efficiently oxidized by the P. chrysosporium peroxidases). A three-dimensional model was built using crystal models from four fungal peroxidase as templates. The model suggests high structural affinity of this versatile peroxidase with LiP but shows a putative Mn2+ binding site near the internal heme propionate, involving Glu36, Glu40, and Asp181. A specific substrate interaction site for Mn2+ is supported by kinetic data showing noncompetitive inhibition with other peroxidase substrates. Moreover, residues reported as involved in LiP interaction with veratryl alcohol and other aromatic substrates are present in peroxidase PS1 such as His82 at the heme-channel opening, which is remarkably similar to that of P. chrysosporium LiP, and Trp170 at the protein surface. These residues could be involved in two different hypothetical long range electron transfer pathways from substrate (His82-Ala83-Asn84-His47-heme and Trp170-Leu171-heme) similar to those postulated for LiP.  (+info)

Comparison of fungal laccases and redox mediators in oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin model compound. (7/871)

Several fungal laccases have been compared for the oxidation of a nonphenolic lignin dimer, 1-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propan-1,3-diol (I), and a phenolic lignin model compound, phenol red, in the presence of the redox mediators 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1-HBT) or violuric acid. The oxidation rates of dimer I by the laccases were in the following order: Trametes villosa laccase (TvL) > Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase (PcL) > Botrytis cinerea laccase (BcL) > Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MtL) in the presence of either 1-HBT or violuric acid. The order is the same if the laccases are used at the same molar concentration or added to the same activity (with ABTS [2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] as a substrate). During the oxidation of dimer I, both 1-HBT and violuric acid were to some extent consumed. Their consumption rates also follow the above order of laccases, i.e., TvL > PcL > BcL > MtL. Violuric acid allowed TvL and PcL to oxidize dimer I much faster than 1-HBT, while BcL and violuric acid oxidized dimer I more slowly than BcL and 1-HBT. The oxidation rate of dimer I is dependent upon both kcat and the stability of the laccase. Both 1-HBT and violuric acid inactivated the laccases, violuric acid to a greater extent than 1-HBT. The presence of dimer I or phenol red in the reaction mixture slowed down this inactivation. The inactivation is mainly due to the reaction of the redox mediator free radical with the laccases. We did not find any relationship between the carbohydrate content of the laccases and their inactivation. When the redox potential of the laccases is in the range of 750 to 800 mV, i.e., above that of the redox mediator, it does not affect kcat and the oxidation rate of dimer I.  (+info)

Characterization of the meta-cleavage compound hydrolase gene involved in degradation of the lignin-related biphenyl structure by Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6. (8/871)

Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6 has the ability to transform a lignin-related biphenyl compound, 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-5, 5'-dicarboxybiphenyl (DDVA), to 5-carboxyvanillic acid (5CVA) via 2, 2',3-trihydroxy-3'-methoxy-5,5'-dicarboxybiphenyl (OH-DDVA). In the 4.9-kb HindIII fragment containing the OH-DDVA meta-cleavage dioxygenase gene (ligZ), we found a novel hydrolase gene (ligY) responsible for the conversion of the meta-cleavage compound of OH-DDVA to 5CVA. Incorporation of 18O from H218O into 5CVA indicated there was a hydrolytic conversion of the OH-DDVA meta-cleavage compound to 5CVA. LigY exhibited hydrolase activity only toward the meta-cleavage compound of OH-DDVA, suggesting its restricted substrate specificity.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lignin" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology and chemistry, particularly in botany and wood science. Lignin is a complex organic polymer that binds cellulose fibers together, providing strength and rigidity to the cell walls of plants. It is a major component of wood and bark.

If you have any medical terms you would like defined or any other questions, please let me know!

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C6H5CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant odor and is used as a solvent and preservative in cosmetics, medications, and other products. Benzyl alcohol can also be found as a natural component of some essential oils, fruits, and teas.

Benzyl alcohol is not typically considered a "drug" or a medication, but it may have various pharmacological effects when used in certain medical contexts. For example, it has antimicrobial properties and is sometimes used as a preservative in injectable medications to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. It can also be used as a local anesthetic or analgesic in some topical creams and ointments.

It's important to note that benzyl alcohol can be harmful or fatal to infants and young children, especially when it is used in high concentrations or when it is introduced into the body through intravenous (IV) routes. Therefore, it should be used with caution in these populations and only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Basidiomycota is a phylum in the kingdom Fungi that consists of organisms commonly known as club fungi or club mushrooms. The name Basidiomycota is derived from the presence of a characteristic reproductive structure called a basidium, which is where spores are produced.

The basidiomycetes include many familiar forms such as mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi, and other types of polypores. They have a complex life cycle that involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. The sexual reproductive stage produces a characteristic fruiting body, which may be microscopic or highly visible, depending on the species.

Basidiomycota fungi play important ecological roles in decomposing organic matter, forming mutualistic relationships with plants, and acting as parasites on other organisms. Some species are economically important, such as edible mushrooms, while others can be harmful or even deadly to humans and animals.

Peroxidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of various substrates using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the electron acceptor. These enzymes contain a heme prosthetic group, which plays a crucial role in their catalytic activity. Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They play important roles in various biological processes, including defense against oxidative stress, lignin degradation, and host-pathogen interactions. Some common examples of peroxidases include glutathione peroxidase, which helps protect cells from oxidative damage, and horseradish peroxidase, which is often used in laboratory research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wood" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various hard, fibrous tissues that make up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as a term used for a wide range of items made from these materials. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Polyporaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in mycology, which is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi.

Polyporaceae is a family of fungi that includes various types of polypores, which are characterized by having pores on the underside of their fruiting bodies (the above-ground reproductive structures) instead of gills. These fungi are mostly saprotrophic, meaning they decompose dead or decaying organic matter to obtain nutrients. Some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in living trees.

Examples of genera within Polyporaceae include Trametes, Ganoderma, Fomes, and Irpex, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!

Laccase is an enzyme (specifically, a type of oxidoreductase) that is widely distributed in plants, fungi, and bacteria. It catalyzes the oxidation of various phenolic compounds, including polyphenols, methoxy-substituted phenols, aromatic amines, and some inorganic ions, while reducing molecular oxygen to water. This enzyme plays a crucial role in lignin degradation, as well as in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds and in the synthesis of various pigments and polymers. The medical relevance of laccase is linked to its potential applications in bioremediation, biofuel production, and biotechnology.

"Phanerochaete" is a genus of saprotrophic fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae. These fungi are characterized by their ability to degrade lignocellulosic materials, making them important decomposers in many ecosystems. They produce various extracellular enzymes that break down complex polymers such as cellulose and lignin, which are abundant in plant biomass. The genus Phanerochaete includes several species with medical relevance due to their potential role in human health and disease. For instance, some species have been studied for their ability to produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is important to note that most Phanerochaete species are not typically associated with human diseases and are generally considered to be beneficial organisms in natural environments.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Populus" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for a group of trees commonly known as poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods. If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, I would be happy to help!

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

Xylem is a term used in the field of botany and plant anatomy, but I understand you're asking for a medical definition. In human anatomy, there isn't a direct structure equivalent to xylem. However, I can provide the general definition of xylem from its botanical context:

Xylem is one of the two types of vascular tissues in plants (the other being phloem). It is responsible for transporting water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to various parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, and flowers. Xylem consists of several types of cells, including vessels, tracheids, xylem fibers, and xylem parenchyma. The transportation in xylem occurs due to the cohesion-tension mechanism, where water is pulled up through the plant via transpiration pull.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

A cell wall is a rigid layer found surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, fungi, and many types of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to the cell, maintains cell shape, and acts as a barrier against external factors such as chemicals and mechanical stress. The composition of the cell wall varies among different species; for example, in plants, it is primarily made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, while in bacteria, it is composed of peptidoglycan.

Trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase is an enzyme that belongs to the class of oxidoreductases. It is specifically categorized as a member of the family of single-donor oxidoreductases, which use NAD or NADP as electron acceptors. This enzyme participates in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway and catalyzes the conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid using NADPH and oxygen as cofactors. The reaction can be represented as follows:

trans-cinnamic acid + NADPH + H+ + O2 -> p-coumaric acid + NADP+ + H2O

The gene encoding this enzyme is often used as a marker for plant defense responses and stress tolerance.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is the main structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many algae, and some fungi. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of beta-glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is resistant to digestion by humans and non-ruminant animals due to the lack of cellulase enzymes in their digestive systems. However, ruminants such as cows and sheep can digest cellulose with the help of microbes in their rumen that produce cellulase.

Cellulose has many industrial applications, including the production of paper, textiles, and building materials. It is also used as a source of dietary fiber in human food and animal feed. Cellulose-based materials are being explored for use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.

Vanillic Acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the name 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid. It is a type of phenolic acid that occurs naturally in some foods and plants, including vanilla beans, pineapples, and certain types of mushrooms.

Vanillic Acid has been studied for its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, it is not considered a medication or a medical treatment and does not have a specific medical definition.

Eucalyptus is defined in medical terms as a genus of mostly Australian trees and shrubs that have aromatic leaves and bark, and oil-containing foliage. The oil from eucalyptus leaves contains a chemical called eucalyptol, which has been found to have several medicinal properties.

Eucalyptus oil has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various health conditions such as respiratory problems, fever, and pain. It has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, decongestant, and expectorant properties, making it a popular remedy for colds, coughs, and congestion.

Eucalyptus oil is also used in modern medicine as an ingredient in over-the-counter products such as throat lozenges, cough syrups, and topical pain relievers. It is important to note that eucalyptus oil should not be ingested undiluted, as it can be toxic in large amounts.

In addition to its medicinal uses, eucalyptus trees are also known for their rapid growth and ability to drain swampland, making them useful in land reclamation projects.

"Pinus taeda," also known as Loblolly Pine, is not a medical term. It is a species of tree in the family Pinaceae that is native to the southeastern United States. The tree is commonly used in the production of timber, paper, and pulp, and it has some medicinal uses as well.

The bark, leaves (needles), and sap of the Loblolly Pine have been used traditionally by indigenous peoples for various medicinal purposes, such as treating skin conditions, wounds, and respiratory ailments. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these uses, and they should not be attempted without consulting a healthcare professional.

Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.

Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.

Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.

Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL) is a enzyme that catalyzes the non-oxidative deamination of phenylalanine to trans-cinamic acid, releasing ammonia in the process. This reaction is a key step in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds in plants and microorganisms. In humans, PAL is not normally present, but its introduction through gene therapy has been studied as a potential treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU), a genetic disorder characterized by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine properly, leading to its accumulation in the body and potential neurological damage.

Polyporales is an order of class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycota, in the kingdom Fungi. This order consists of various wood-decay fungi, characterized by their typically annual growth rings and pores on the underside of the cap. The fruiting bodies or conks of these fungi can be either resupinate (crust-like) or pileate (cap-like). Polyporales includes several economically important species that cause decay in trees and timber, as well as some medicinal mushrooms. Examples of genera within this order include Polyporus, Trametes, Fomes, and Ganoderma.

Guaifenesin is a medication that belongs to the class of expectorants. According to the Medical Dictionary by Farlex, guaifenesin is defined as:

"A salicylate-free agent with expectorant properties; it increases respiratory secretions and decreases their viscosity, making coughs more productive. It is used as an antitussive in bronchitis and other respiratory tract infections."

Guaifenesin works by helping to thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear the airways of bothersome mucus and phlegm. It is commonly available as an over-the-counter medication for relieving symptoms associated with a common cold, flu, or other respiratory infections.

Guaifenesin can be found in various forms, such as tablets, capsules, liquid, or extended-release products. Common brand names of guaifenesin include Mucinex and Robitussin. It is important to follow the recommended dosage on the product label and consult a healthcare professional if you have any questions about its use or if your symptoms persist for more than one week.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "sasa." It is possible that it could be a typographical error or a slang term. If you are referring to a specific medical condition, please provide more context or check the spelling so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.

Selaginellaceae is a family of non-vascular plants in the division Lycopodiophyta, also known as lycophytes. These plants are commonly referred to as spikemosses or selaginellas. Selaginellaceae includes around 700 species of small, low-growing, and often creeping or climbing plants that superficially resemble mosses. However, they differ from true mosses in several ways, including their vascular system and the presence of seeds (although these are not true seeds like those found in seed plants).

The leaves of Selaginellaceae species are small and simple, with a single vein running down the center. The leaves are arranged in an alternate pattern along the stem, which is often branched. One distinctive feature of Selaginellaceae is the presence of microphylls, tiny leaf-like structures that contain only one vein.

Selaginellaceae species reproduce using spores rather than seeds. The spores are produced in small, cone-like structures called strobili, which are often borne on specialized leaves. When the spores are mature, they are released and can be dispersed by wind or water.

Overall, Selaginellaceae is an important group of non-vascular plants that have a long evolutionary history and provide valuable insights into the early development of land plants.

Coumaric acids are a type of phenolic acid that are widely distributed in plants. They are found in various foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. The most common forms of coumaric acids are p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, and m-coumaric acid.

Coumaric acids have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. They may also play a role in preventing chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of coumaric acids.

It's worth noting that coumaric acids are not to be confused with warfarin (also known as Coumadin), a medication used as an anticoagulant. While both coumaric acids and warfarin contain a similar chemical structure, they have different effects on the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Trametes" is not a medical term. It is a genus name in the fungal kingdom, specifically referring to a group of wood-decay fungi commonly known as "tough polypores." These fungi are often found growing on dead or dying trees and contribute to the decomposition process in natural ecosystems. They are not associated with human diseases or medical conditions.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Pinus" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as pine trees, which belong to the family Pinaceae in the kingdom Plantae. These evergreen coniferous resinous trees are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with some species also found in the Southern Hemisphere.

If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, please feel free to ask!

I apologize, but "Cleome" is not a medical term. It is the name of a genus of plants commonly known as spider flowers or cleomes. These plants are not associated with any specific medical conditions or definitions. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.

"Acacia" is a scientific name for a genus of shrubs and trees that belong to the pea family, Fabaceae. It includes over 1,350 species found primarily in Australia and Africa, but also in Asia, America, and Europe. Some acacia species are known for their hardwood, others for their phyllodes (flattened leaf stalks) or compound leaves, and yet others for their flowers, which are typically small and yellow or cream-colored.

It is important to note that "Acacia" is not a medical term or concept, but rather a botanical one. While some acacia species have medicinal uses, the name itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).

In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

"Pleurotus" is not a medical term, but a genus of fungi commonly known as oyster mushrooms. These mushrooms are often consumed for their nutritional and potential medicinal benefits. However, in a medical context, if someone is referring to "pleural," it relates to the pleura, which is the double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest wall. Any medical condition or disease affecting this area may be described as "pleural."

Biofuels are defined as fuels derived from organic materials such as plants, algae, and animal waste. These fuels can be produced through various processes, including fermentation, esterification, and transesterification. The most common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.

Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels.

Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is produced through the fermentation of sugars found in crops such as corn, sugarcane, and switchgrass. It is typically blended with gasoline to create a fuel known as E85, which contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

Biogas is a type of fuel that is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and can be used to generate electricity or heat.

Overall, biofuels offer a renewable and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on non-renewable resources.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Methyltransferases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group (-CH3) from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule, which is often a protein, DNA, or RNA. This transfer of a methyl group can modify the chemical and physical properties of the acceptor molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as gene expression, signal transduction, and DNA repair.

In biochemistry, methyltransferases are classified based on the type of donor molecule they use for the transfer of the methyl group. The most common methyl donor is S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl group donor found in many organisms. Methyltransferases that utilize SAM as a cofactor are called SAM-dependent methyltransferases.

Abnormal regulation or function of methyltransferases has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of these enzymes is essential for developing targeted therapies to treat these conditions.

Inflorescence is a term used in the field of botany, which includes the study of plants. However, I understand that you are asking for a medical definition. In the context of medicine, specifically in pathology, inflorescence may refer to the arrangement or growth pattern of lesions or neoplasms (abnormal growths) in a particular area of the body.

To provide a precise medical definition, I would need more context about how the term is being used. Nonetheless, based on the botanical definition, inflorescence refers to the cluster or arrangement of flowers on a stem or branch. It can take various forms, such as spikes, racemes, panicles, umbels, and corymbs, depending on the pattern in which flowers are arranged.

"Lignin and its Properties: Glossary of Lignin Nomenclature". Dialogue/Newsletters Volume 9, Number 1. Lignin Institute. July ... The conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin test, which ... Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was ... Lignin and its models have been well examined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Owing to the structural complexity of lignins, ...
The term "lignin characterization" (or "lignin analysis") refers to a group of activities within lignin research aiming at ... soda lignins (isolated from soda pulping) and lignin residue after enzymatic treatment of biomass. Lignins can be characterized ... Technical lignins are lignins isolated from various biomasses during various kinds of technical processes such as wood pulping ... Aldaeus, Fredrik; Sjöholm, Elisabeth (December 2011). "COST Action FP0901 Round Robins of lignin samples Part 1: Lignin content ...
Lignin is found to be degraded by enzyme lignin peroxidases produced by some fungi like Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The ... Hans E. Schoemaker; Klaus Piontek (1996). "On the interaction of lignin peroxidase with lignin". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 68 ... Lignin is highly resistant to biodegradation and only higher fungi and some bacteria are capable of degrading the polymer via ... In enzymology, a lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl ...
... s benefit industry as they can break down lignin; a common waste product of the paper and pulp industry ... as lignin inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis of treated poplar and Lignin-modifying enzymes can efficiently degrade the lignin ... Lignin-modifying enzymes have been actively used in the paper and pulp industry for the last decade. They were used in the ... Another use of lignin modifying enzymes is the optimization of plant biomass use. Historically, only a small fraction of plant ...
The areca nut contains the tannins arecatannin and gallic acid; a fixed oil gum; a little terpineol; lignin; various saline ...
ISBN 978-0-471-41782-8. Lebo, Stuart E. Jr.; Gargulak, Jerry D.; McNally, Timothy J. (2001). "Lignin". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ...
Kraft lignin from black liquor, which is produced in much higher amounts, may be processed into sulfonated lignin. The lignin ... which connect many of the constituents of lignin. Sulfonated lignin (SL) refers to other forms of lignin by-product, such as ... Sulfonated Kraft lignin tends to have smaller molecules at 2,000-3,000 Da. SL and LS are non-toxic, non-corrosive, and ... The groups R1 and R2 can be a wide variety of groups found in the structure of lignin. Sulfonation occurs on the side chains, ...
Lignin is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic ... Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from ... A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made. In chemical ... These cells then go on to form thickened secondary cell walls, composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Where ...
It is found in all plants because it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, one of the principal components of woody ... Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie (2003). "Lignin biosynthesis". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 519-546. doi: ... all of which are significant building blocks in lignin. The transformation to ferulic acid is catalyzed by the enzyme caffeate ...
... (CGA) is the ester of caffeic acid and (−)-quinic acid, functioning as an intermediate in lignin biosynthesis ... Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie (2003). "Lignin biosynthesis". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 519-546. doi: ...
Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie (2003). "Lignin Biosynthesis". Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519-46. doi:10.1146/ ... such as lignins, are generated via catalysis by caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase. Organic methoxides are often produced by ...
... whereas paracoumaryl alcohol is the main monomer of lignin in grasses. Even within one plant, the monomer composition of lignin ... Lignin is a polymer with an inert nature that forms the structures of woody plants. The ratio of the three monolignols as well ... The difference between lignans and lignin is the number of monolignols they are composed of. Lignans are typically dimers and ... Monolignols, also called lignols, are the source materials for biosynthesis of both lignans and lignin and consist mainly of ...
This phytochemical is one of the monolignols, which are precursor to lignin or lignans. It is also a biosynthetic precursor to ... "Lignin Biosynthesis". Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54: 519-46. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938. PMID 14503002. (Articles ...
W. Boerjan; J. Ralph; M. Baucher (June 2003). "Lignin biosynthesis". Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519-549. doi:10.1146/ ... Aryl methyl ethers are pervasive in lignin and many derived compounds. The demethylation of these materials has been the ...
Energy crops: The major combustible component of non-food energy crops is cellulose, with lignin second. Non-food energy crops ... Plant-derived cellulose is usually found in a mixture with hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and other substances, while bacterial ... Gluconic acid Isosaccharinic acid, a degradation product of cellulose Lignin Zeoform Nishiyama, Yoshiharu; Langan, Paul; Chanzy ... 0110". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Crawford, R. L. (1981). Lignin biodegradation and ...
Jan Suszkiw (January 2011). "Lignin + Nootkatone = Dead Ticks". USDA. Norris, Edmund J.; Gross, Aaron D.; Kimber, Michael J.; ...
Monocots and dicots, for example, tend to have very different lignin patterns: lignin found in monocots typically has a higher ... By reducing lignin content, the cellulose is more easily accessible to the chemical and biological reagents used to break it ... Lignin is troublesome for biofuel production because it is the main contributor to plant biomass recalcitrance due to its ... Zhou J, Lee C, Zhong R, Ye ZH (January 2009). "MYB58 and MYB63 are transcriptional activators of the lignin biosynthetic ...
In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme lignin peroxidase selectively digests lignin to leave remaining cellulose fibres. ... stronger fibers and their lower lignin content. Lignin, present in virtually all plant materials, contributes to the ... Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibres. Strength is impaired because the fibres may be cut. There are a number of ... This process gives a high yield of fibre from the timber (around 95 percent) and as the lignin has not been removed, the fibres ...
ISBN 978-1-78262-295-6. "Functional Materials from Lignin". blackwells.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-05-25. Loh, Xian Jun; Young, David ... Royal Society of Chemistry Functional Materials from Lignin; Editor: Xian Jun Loh; Publisher: World Scientific Biodegradable ...
Brown, Margaret E.; Chang, Michelle CY (2014). "Exploring bacterial lignin degradation". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. ...
Enzymes that cleave lignin have occasionally been called cellulases, but this old usage is deprecated; they are lignin- ...
Martone, P.; Estevez, J.; Lu, F.; Ruel, K.; Denny, M.; Somerville, C.; Ralph, J. (2009). "Discovery of Lignin in Seaweed ... The genuculae sometimes contain lignin. Genucila have probably evolved at least three times, evidenced by the three different ...
... lignin, cellulose, palm oil waste, coconut waste, peanut oil waste, canola oil waste, dried sewerage effluent and so on. ... ". "Bioasphalt with lignin in Zeeland". www.wur.nl. 28 November 2014. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved ... is running a pilot in the Dutch province of Zeeland with bioasphalt in which the binder of bitumen was substituted by lignin. ...
H. Pauly (1948). "Scheidung von Lignin‐Komponenten, II. Mitteil.: Addukte mit Maleinsäureanhydrid". Chemische Berichte. 81 (5 ...
... lignin, sugar, cellulose, and fibers. These components are reconstituted into a homogenous matrix with the melted plastics to ...
The autofluorescence of polyphenols can also be used, especially for localisation of lignin and suberin. Where fluorescence of ... Popa VI, Dumitru M, Volf I, Anghel N (2008). "Lignin and polyphenols as allelochemicals". Industrial Crops and Products. 27 (2 ...
... occurs widely, and closely related compounds give rise to lignin. All such compounds are biosynthesized starting ... Wengenmayer, Herta; Ebel, Jurgen; Grisebach, Hans (1976). "Enzymic Synthesis of Lignin Precursors. Purification and Properties ...
Wyrambik D, Grisebach H (1979). "Enzymic synthesis of lignin precursors. Further studies on cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase from ...
... and the electron dismantles a C-C or C-O bond to release one phenylpropane from the lignin. As the size of a lignin molecule ... This breakdown of lignin includes an oxidative mechanism, and requires the presence of dissolved oxygen to take place by ... This electron moves onto a C-C or C-O bond to break one phenylpropane molecule from the lignin, breaking it down by removing ... LiP disrupts C-C bonds and C-O bonds within lignin's three-dimensional structure, causing it to break down. LiP consists of ten ...
Adam, M; Ocone, R (2013). "Kinetics Investigations of Kraft Lignin Pyrolysis". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 52 ...
"Lignin and its Properties: Glossary of Lignin Nomenclature". Dialogue/Newsletters Volume 9, Number 1. Lignin Institute. July ... The conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin test, which ... Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was ... Lignin and its models have been well examined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Owing to the structural complexity of lignins, ...
Lignin is one such naturally derived biopolymer where its microbial decomposition in the environment transforms it into non- ... We will also present the origin of long-term stability in terms of structuring of the lignin nanoparticles at oil-water ... Here, we will introduce lignin nanoparticle dispersions as a new class of eco-friendly alternative for oil-spill remediation. ... Here, we will quantify the affinity of lignin nanoparticles to oil-water interface using the adsorption isotherms. The ...
But the lignin by-product from paper making is very low quality, having been damaged in the process and thus made from a jumble ... Lignin is the name for a class of carbon-based polymers found in the cell walls of plants. ... "We were able to demonstrate to industry that it is possible to make colour-neutral and odourless lignin, and we can make quite ... When heated to temperatures between 90°C and 147°C, for between 3 and 12 hours, the solvent could dissolve the lignin in wheat ...
... 21 October 2021. Vertoro raises funding to scale- ... Link to press release: https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2021/10/14/maersk-invests-in-vertoro-to-develop-green-lignin-marine ...
Article Qualitative Paper Chromatographic Analysis of Methanol Lignin from Eucalyptus regnans was published on January 1, 1958 ... Qualitative Paper Chromatographic Analysis of Methanol Lignin from Eucalyptus regnans. * David E. Bland ... Bland, D. (1958). Qualitative Paper Chromatographic Analysis of Methanol Lignin from Eucalyptus regnans. , 12(1), 19-23. https ... Bland, David E.. "Qualitative Paper Chromatographic Analysis of Methanol Lignin from Eucalyptus regnans" , vol. 12, no. 1, 1958 ...
had previously delivered samples of its trademarked HP-LTM lignin for evaluation and product trials. ... Lignol makes progress in cellulosic ethanol, lignin development. .css-7jxktu{position:absolute;bottom:0px;left:0px;right:0px; ...
Since lignin undergoes significant structural changes in the chemical and physical treatments, all technical lignins are unique ... Technical lignins are bulk feedstocks. They are generated as byproducts from pulping or cellulosic ethanol production. ... Kraft lignin is potentially the largest source of technical lignin as new isolation technologies have been implemented on ... Since lignin undergoes significant structural changes in the chemical and physical treatments, all technical lignins are unique ...
Article Thioacidolyses of Pre-Methylated Lignin Samples from Pine Compression and Poplar Woods was published on January 1, 1988 ... Thioacidolyses of Pre-Methylated Lignin Samples from Pine Compression and Poplar Woods. * Catherine Lapierre and Christian ... "Thioacidolyses of Pre-Methylated Lignin Samples from Pine Compression and Poplar Woods" Holzforschung, vol. 42, no. 1, 1988, pp ... "Thioacidolyses of Pre-Methylated Lignin Samples from Pine Compression and Poplar Woods" Holzforschung 42, no. 1 (1988): 1-4. ...
Much effort has been invested in developing methods for producing small molecules from lignin as a way to source feedstock ... Utilization of Lignin-Derived Small Molecules: Epoxy Polymers from Lignin Oxidation Products. *Zhen Fang. Zhen Fang ... A review on lignin-based epoxy resins: Lignin effects on their synthesis and properties. International Journal of Biological ... To investigate the use of lignin products in epoxies, we begin with aromatic acids that can be produced from lignin, treat them ...
Low-lignin forages are a hot topic in agriculture. With high digestibility and improved milk yield, its easy to understand why ... BMR (brown midrib) corn hybrids and reduced-lignin alfalfa varieties ... BMR has also gotten the reputation of being easily lodged due to its low levels of lignin. Since it has less lignin, it will ... Thomas doesnt recommend going "all-in" with reduced-lignin alfalfa. "Seed a portion of the alfalfa acreage to reduced-lignin ...
... has discovered and characterized a new family of cytochrome P450 enzymes that is critical to improving the conversion of lignin ... NREL: New finding will help convert lignin to useful products. .css-7jxktu{position:absolute;bottom:0px;left:0px;right:0px; ...
A valuable product, i.e., lignin oil, can be obtained from lignin and is expected to enhance the economic benefit significantly ... We have developed such technology to extract lignin oil through isopropyl alcohol without any catalyst. This lignin oil product ... In that process, lignin from the biomass (around 20% of the mass) is sent to the CHP plant. However, there is a great potential ... 71c) Design and Techno-Economic Analysis for the Lignin Oil Production Process from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Conference ...
Lignin has been at the center of her research since the early 1990s, when the words circular economy were not yet fashionable ... Lignin is a component of agricultural residues derived primarily from the processing of paper and biofuels. Until recently, it ... However, lignin can now be used industrially, to produce innovative materials in a circular economy, thanks to a novel refining ... Even though lignin accounts for 30% of lignocellulosic materials - it is a residue from biofuel production (half a kilogram of ...
The new method produced homogenous, colorless, and odorless lignin, an improvement that might make this carbon-neutral material ... A new technique to extract lignin could help transform wheat straw into gold. ... The extracted lignin was light in color, similar to lignin found in nature. ... The lignin had a strong affinity for the solvent because it is an electron-rich compound, and the electron interactions made it ...
Our cost-efficient additives are safe to use and help improve a wide range of leather properties. They can be used with vegetable or synthetic tanning agents.
The neutral monomeric carbohydrate composition, lignin oxidation product yields, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen ... Lignin oxidation product yields varied with surface area when normalized to organic carbon, suggesting that the terrestrially- ... Lignin-based parameters suggest a separate source for terrestrially derived material associated with sand-size material as ... The effect of grain size and surface area on organic matter, lignin and carbohydrate concentration, and molecular compositions ...
A renewable source of carbon black is introduced by the processing of lignin from agro-forestry residues. Lignin side streams ... Activated carbon from hydrolysis lignin : Effect of activation method on carbon properties  Bergna, Davide; Varila, Toni; ... This study presents the effects of different activation methods to produce activated carbon from the hydrolysis lignin. ... Black Bioinks from Superstructured Carbonized Lignin Particles. Advanced Functional Materials, Early View. https://doi.org/ ...
In vitro digestibility and neutral detergent fibre and lignin contents of plant parts of nine forage species - Volume 131 Issue ... Stem and leaf forage nutritive value and morphology of reduced lignin alfalfa. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 112, Issue. 1, p. 406. ... Lignin: Characterization of a Multifaceted Crop Component. The Scientific World Journal, Vol. 2013, Issue. , p. 1. ... In vitro digestibility and neutral detergent fibre and lignin contents of plant parts of nine forage species. Published online ...
It was recently discovered that these plants also contain syringyl lignin, an important part of the plants scaffolding and ... The discovery they made might be useful in manipulating lignin deposition in plants for biofuel production. Engineering plants ... Researchers from Purdue University have discovered that syringyl lignin, fundamental building blocks of cells in flowering ... that expresses syringyl lignin could allow easier breakdown of cellulose. The study may also provide insights for improving ...
We describe in this study the use of a genetically modified high-S poplar lignin to produce 4-propyl-2, ... Native high-S lignin as well as several organosolv lignins extracted from this poplar biomass were investigated as feedstocks. ... Catalytic conversion of high S-lignin to a sustainable tri-epoxide polymer precursor B. Liu, M. Sanchez, J. Truong, P. C. Ford ... We describe in this study the use of a genetically modified high-S poplar lignin to produce 4-propyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMPP ...
Lin, S., Brask, J., Munk, L., Holck, J., Krogh, K. B. R. M., Meyer, A. S., Wittrup Agger, J. & Wilkens, C., 2022, In: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 70, 41, p. 13349-13357 9 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review ...
In this study, we found that both biomass-derived lignin and lignin model compounds were depolymerized in high concentrated ... Selective cleavage of the C-O-C bonds in lignin without disrupting the C-C linkages can result in releasing aromatic monomers ... 436113 The ZnCl2 Induced Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Lignin to Aromatics Thursday, November 12, 2015: 2:35 PM ... play a very important role in catalytic degradation of lignin since they could further coordinate with oxygen atoms in lignin, ...
Kraft Lignin : A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges. *Mark. Argyropoulos, Dimitris ; Crestini, ... Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical ... The aim of this review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of ... Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical ...
Acid free and lignin free, 1in. x 1in. ... CARSON DELLOSA Stickers Frogs 120/Pk Acid & Lignin Free CD-0617 ... 120 self-adhesive stickers per pack, Full-color designs, Acid free and lignin free, 1in. x 1in. ... Teacher Store > CARSON DELLOSA > CARSON DELLOSA Stickers Frogs 120/Pk Acid & Lignin Free CD-0617 ...
Acid free and lignin free. Perforated sheets for easy distribution. ... Teacher Store > CARSON DELLOSA > CARSON DELLOSA Dazzle Stickers Flowers 75-Pk (Acid & Lignin Free) CD-2907 ... CARSON DELLOSA Dazzle Stickers Flowers 75-Pk (Acid & Lignin Free) CD-2907. $2.29. ...
Hemicelluloses usually accompany isolated lignins, no matter whether from a laboratory preparation or an industrial process. ... in technical lignins (Vuorinen & Alén, 1999).. Hemicellulose is an amorphous polymer with a much lower degree of polymerization ... https://boku.ac.at/cf/alice/equipment-and-services/carbohydrate-components-in-lignins ...
For another part of plant tissues like lignin a response on drought cannot be expected as lignin formation is not directly ... lipid and lignin translocation towards soil. 2. Assess the effect of severe drought on bulk C, lipid and lignin storage and ... However, as influences of drought on lignin and lipid cycling in the plant-soil system remain largely unknown, but they are ... In addition to the bulk C, lipids including fatty acids, alkanes and alcohols and lignin monomers will be monitored for the ...
... presents easily prepared free formaldehyde bio-based foam based on a prepared thermosetting resin comprising tannin-lignin- ...
... đang tìm hiểu về các gen tham gia tổng hợp Lignin. Bác nào biết chỉ giáo cho em chút. Em cảm ơn rất nhiều! ... Em đang tìm hiểu về các gen tham gia tổng hợp Lignin. Bác nào biết chỉ giáo cho em chút. Em cảm ơn rất nhiều! ...
... our proposed technical route for lignin-based LIG and subsequent application in SCs would not only open a new avenue to lignin ... Transforming lignin into porous graphene via direct laser writing for solid-state supercapacitors. Mahmood, F. ... Cost-effective valorization of lignin into carbon-based electrode materials remains a challenge. Here we reported a facile and ... alkaline lignin experienced graphitization. By controlling laser parameters such as power the porous structure and ...
  • 120 self-adhesive stickers per pack, Full-color designs, Acid free and lignin free, 1in. (teachersparadise.com)
  • Acid free and lignin free. (teachersparadise.com)
  • Crystal Clear Bags 6 x 9 with Adhesive Strip on the Flap 100 6 x 9 clear bags per package Clear Bags are made of a superior acid free and lignin free material. (mcgpaper.com)
  • This method allows us to extract lignin from plant material in its native form and at a high yield," says Zhang. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • We have developed such technology to extract lignin oil through isopropyl alcohol without any catalyst. (aiche.org)
  • A new technique to extract lignin could help transform wheat straw into gold. (azocleantech.com)
  • Further, deep eutectic solvents were successfully used to extract lignin from beechwood. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Kraft lignin is potentially the largest source of technical lignin as new isolation technologies have been implemented on industrial scale in recent years. (nih.gov)
  • Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical recovery cycle, generating valuable bioenergy and recycling inorganic chemicals to the pulping process operation. (lu.se)
  • The aim of this review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle. (lu.se)
  • The aim of this review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle asseeements of value chains from black liquor to different products. (lu.se)
  • Overall, it is anticipated that this effort will inspire further work for developing and using kraft lignin as a commodity raw material for new applications undeniably promoting pivotal global sustainability concerns. (lu.se)
  • For using lignin as a source for platform chemicals, different studies with the overall target to find a process which delivers platform chemicals out of every applied biomass that accrue as waste, like bark or Kraft lignin from pulping, need to be performed. (scirp.org)
  • The NFAs are fabricated from cellulose nanofibers and kraft lignin via directional ice-templating and low-temperature annealing. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Muconic acid production using engineered Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and guaiacol-rich fraction derived from Kraft lignin. (lu.se)
  • Green solvents-based fractionation process for kraft lignin with controlled dispersity and molecular weight. (lu.se)
  • Membrane filtration of alkali-depolymerised kraft lignin for biological conversion. (lu.se)
  • Oxidative Depolymerization of Kraft Lignin for Microbial Conversion. (lu.se)
  • The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using Kraft and alkali lignin as a sole capping and reducing agent. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • In sulphate/Kraft mills, lignin in black liquor has traditionally been burnt as fuel in the recovery boiler. (alfalaval.pl)
  • Lignin is one of the most abundant sources of natural aromatics. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Lignin can be a very good source of aromatics, which do not come by easily from other natural substances. (raffalab.com)
  • Lignin producers have realized a significant number of commercialized as well as potential applications for different lignin-based materials including vanillin, carbon fiber , phenols, and bio-materials which can be further processed to be used as binders & adhesives, dispersants, aromatics, etc. (stratviewresearch.com)
  • However, no process for the production of aromatics from lignin in technical scale has been established until now. (scirp.org)
  • Many grasses have mostly G, while some palms have mainly S. All lignins contain small amounts of incomplete or modified monolignols, and other monomers are prominent in non-woody plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Notably, direct reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of the high-S poplar wood over Pd-Zn/C catalyst with Pd : Zn ratio 1 : 10 at 225 °C under 35 bar H 2 in methanol gave the highest yield of biophenol monomers from the lignin present, the major product being DMPP. (rsc.org)
  • Selective cleavage of the C-O-C bonds in lignin without disrupting the C-C linkages can result in releasing aromatic monomers and dimers that can be subsequently converted into chemicals and fuels. (confex.com)
  • In addition to the bulk C, lipids including fatty acids, alkanes and alcohols and lignin monomers will be monitored for the whole sample set to determine the regulation of lipid and lignin formation in plants under drought and especially to investigate the incorporation and mineralisation of bulk C and at a molecular level for lipids and lignin during the drought. (uzh.ch)
  • The lignin could be used to make renewable products to replace plastics and other industrial materials. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • In addition, technical lignin depolymerization has been extensively explored to provide renewable aromatic chemicals. (nih.gov)
  • Much effort has been invested in developing methods for producing small molecules from lignin as a way to source feedstock chemicals from renewable sources. (acs.org)
  • With about 30% of the carbon on Earth derived from sources other than fossil fuels, lignin is the second most prevalent renewable carbon source. (azocleantech.com)
  • A renewable source of carbon black is introduced by the processing of lignin from agro-forestry residues. (jyu.fi)
  • This sequence of two catalytic reactions demonstrates that the production of epoxides from lignin-derived DMPPO is a realistic strategy for making renewable polymer building blocks from biomass. (rsc.org)
  • Taken together, our proposed technical route for lignin-based LIG and subsequent application in SCs would not only open a new avenue to lignin valorization, but also produce porous graphene from a renewable carbon precursor for energy storage applications. (umsystem.edu)
  • Lignin is renewable, readily available and relatively inexpensive. (justia.com)
  • On the other hand, lignin is a promising renewable resource available in large quantities, which could be used chemically. (scirp.org)
  • Lignin is a recalcitrant aromatic polymer that is a potential feedstock for renewable fuel and chemical production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lignin is a component of agricultural residues derived primarily from the processing of paper and biofuels . (unive.it)
  • With measurements from MAX IV's SPECIES beamline, a group from Lund University and RISE , Research Institutes of Sweden, has successfully developed a model catalyst that, once tuned, holds potential to significantly improve the treatment process for the large-scale manufacture of viable biofuels from lignin. (lu.se)
  • Bouxin, F. P. , Jackson, S. D. and Jarvis, M. C. (2014) Isolation of high quality lignin as a by-product from ammonia percolation pretreatment of poplar wood. (gla.ac.uk)
  • With high digestibility and improved milk yield, it's easy to understand why BMR (brown midrib) corn hybrids and reduced-lignin alfalfa varieties are getting so much attention. (hayandforage.com)
  • Reduced-lignin alfalfa introduces flexibility into harvest by allowing a seven to 10 day delay while still maintaining acceptable forage quality. (hayandforage.com)
  • A combination of meadow fescue and reduced-lignin alfalfa harvested at the bud stage can result in excellent forage quality," Thomas indicated. (hayandforage.com)
  • Thomas doesn't recommend going "all-in" with reduced-lignin alfalfa. (hayandforage.com)
  • Seed a portion of the alfalfa acreage to reduced-lignin alfalfa or alfalfa-grass, and choose your best alfalfa land," advised Thomas. (hayandforage.com)
  • When it's time for harvest, Thomas advised to cut alfalfa-grass first followed by conventional alfalfa and then reduced-lignin alfalfa. (hayandforage.com)
  • This strategy is the best accommodation since grass matures quickly, and reduced-lignin alfalfa quality isn't compromised with a delay. (hayandforage.com)
  • The introduction in (2005) of transgenic, reduced-lignin alfalfa as feed to dairy cows has been found to increase milk, a result of reduced lignin and increased digestibility. (auburn.edu)
  • However, there has been very limited research conducted on the yield and quality effects of plant growth regulators and biostimulants on reduced-lignin alfalfa. (auburn.edu)
  • The objective of this experiment was to determine effects of application of indolebutyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (GA), kinetin, or seaweed extracts, with and without sulfur and boron, on regrowth and quality of established reduced-lignin alfalfa. (auburn.edu)
  • Fifteen treatments with five replications and a minimum of 2-cuttings per field were applied, harvested, and analyzed for yield and quality across three fields of reduced-lignin alfalfa in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri. (auburn.edu)
  • A sustainable hard carbon anode with excellent Li-ion performance has been manufactured from lignin, a byproduct of the paper and bio-ethanol industries. (tennessee.edu)
  • Lignin, an industrial byproduct of wood-free papermaking, is one of the most abundant organic based polymers on earth. (justia.com)
  • Currently, most of the directly useable lignin accrues at the paper industry as a byproduct in an amount of about fifty million tons per year. (scirp.org)
  • Lignin is a byproduct of paper and pulp industry and is extracted from wheat and rice husk. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • In that process, lignin from the biomass (around 20% of the mass) is sent to the CHP plant. (aiche.org)
  • Native high-S lignin as well as several organosolv lignins extracted from this poplar biomass were investigated as feedstocks. (rsc.org)
  • In this study, we found that both biomass-derived lignin and lignin model compounds were depolymerized in high concentrated ZnCl 2 solution under relatively mild conditions (160 °C~200 °C, 6~14 h). (confex.com)
  • Hemicellulose is the second most abundant polysaccharide constituent of lignocellulosic biomass, which is present in almost all terrestrial plant cell walls and also found as the major chemical "impurity" in technical lignins (Vuorinen & Alén, 1999). (boku.ac.at)
  • My colleague next door, Peter Deuss , has for some time been working on new mild methods of extracting lignin from biomass. (raffalab.com)
  • This basic idea is not new, but one major issue is that the starting lignin is usually an ill-defined material, extracted from lignocellulosic biomass with harsh methods, that generally disrupt the native structure of lignin. (raffalab.com)
  • Wood based biomass contains mostly hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. (scirp.org)
  • A maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 80.41 mg g -1 of the dry weight of lignin. (ajol.info)
  • A monolithic graphite article having a volume of at least 1 cubic centimeter ("cc") formed from a precursor including at least five percent by weight of lignin based coke and d 002 spacing of more than 3.36 angstroms and less than 3.44. (justia.com)
  • This finding also suggests that the original function of lignin was structural as it plays this role in the red alga Calliarthron, where it supports joints between calcified segments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was restricted to water transport. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adsorption dynamics will be presented in terms of time-dependent dynamic interfacial tension measurements as function of lignin concentration and salinity. (aiche.org)
  • This study encompasses the utilization of spectroscopic techniques and transcriptomic analyses to scrutinize the process through which cellulose and lignin are degraded, enabling the transition to more intricate substrates, such as wood. (lu.se)
  • Cost-effective valorization of lignin into carbon-based electrode materials remains a challenge. (umsystem.edu)
  • Extraction and electrochemical valorization of lignin in novel electrolyte. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • The influence of aqueous and non aqueous electrolytes on the depolymerization of lignin and the products´ yield has been thoroughly investigated. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • The Global Lignin Market is expected to grow from US$ 676 million in 2020 to US$ 810 million by 2026 at a CAGR of 3.1% during the forecast period of 2021-2026. (stratviewresearch.com)
  • Here, we will quantify the affinity of lignin nanoparticles to oil-water interface using the adsorption isotherms. (aiche.org)
  • We will also present the origin of long-term stability in terms of structuring of the lignin nanoparticles at oil-water interface by determining the interfacial-rheological properties. (aiche.org)
  • Usually, the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles requires harsh techniques, including toxic chemicals, as well as heating at very high temperatures (300-400°C). However, scientists at CIAB used a simple, green, and industrially feasible method to design lignin-based ZnO nanoparticles. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • The SRL in 1st step, with high hydrophobicity and uniform dispersity, was used to prepare lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), which showed tailored size (100-200 nm diameters) and morphology in solid or hollow structure with single hole. (bvsalud.org)
  • lignin comprises about 1/3 of the mass of lignocellulose, the precursor to paper. (wikipedia.org)
  • Efficiently conversion of raw lignocellulose to levulinic acid and lignin nano-spheres in acidic lithium bromide-water system by two-step process. (bvsalud.org)
  • Technical lignin application is expected to expand as the characteristics are improved with fractionation or chemical modification. (nih.gov)
  • The application of technical lignin has been focusing on developing products equivalent to those made by petroleum chemicals. (nih.gov)
  • The recent development in technical lignin supply should increase its market share as additives in polyurethanes and as the substitute of phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. (nih.gov)
  • Quality improvement of technical lignin may also encourage the study of lignin as an alternative feedstock for carbon fiber. (nih.gov)
  • The implementation of a sustainable and feasible process in several electrolytes represents a key point for bridging the pulp and paper industry and the innovative lignin valorization research. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • However, the polyol has been found to be amorphous and highly functionalized, and attempts to utilize lignin as a feedstock for carbon products have had little success. (justia.com)
  • The wood pretreatment extracted a lignin with high content of ether bonds. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • A two-step process combining percolation-mode ammonia pretreatment of poplar sawdust with mild organosolv purification of the extracted lignin produced high quality, high purity lignin in up to 31% yield and 50% recovery. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Less lignin was recovered after pretreatment in batch mode, apparently due to condensation during the longer residence time of the solubilised lignin at elevated temperature. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking phenolic precursors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is a collection of highly heterogeneous polymers derived from a handful of precursor lignols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is the name for a class of carbon-based polymers found in the cell walls of plants. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Producing more homogeneous lignin opens the possibility of developing high-value materials to replace petroleum-derived plastics and polymers. (azocleantech.com)
  • Nicola's work on lignin based amphiphilic polymers finally out! (raffalab.com)
  • This could then allow to prepare lignin-based amphiphilic polymers, also with better defined structures, especially when the use of this starting material can be coupled with controlled polymerization methods, which I use extensively in my research. (raffalab.com)
  • In his thesis about amphiphilic polymers, he strongly wanted to go in the direction of sustainable materials, possibly with applications in the biomedical field, so it seemed to both of us a good idea trying to start a collaboration with Peter, and use 'his' lignin as starting material for our amphiphilic polymers. (raffalab.com)
  • Finally, lignin also confers disease resistance by accumulating at the site of pathogen infiltration, making the plant cell less accessible to cell wall degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is significant, as p -hydroxybenzoic acid is readily available by simple hydrolysis of several different lignins and functions as a drop-in replacement for 50% of the BPA-based material in this commercial system without significant degradation of material properties. (acs.org)
  • High selectivity to the aromatic products in high concentration ZnCl 2 indicated that the incompletely coordinated Zn 2+ ions could play a very important role in catalytic degradation of lignin since they could further coordinate with oxygen atoms in lignin, selectively weakening and finally breaking the C-O-C bonds. (confex.com)
  • Hence, the focus of this work is to clarify the chemical degradation mechanism under hydrothermal conditions, to liquefy lignin delivering high functional molecules and to increase the yield and selectivity of the cleavage towards bifunctional molecules like catechol. (scirp.org)
  • The chemical degradation mechanism under hydrothermal conditions to liquefy lignin delivering high functional molecules is investigated in this work. (scirp.org)
  • Organosolv-like lignin production is increasing as cellulosic ethanol has been promoted as the substitute of fossil fuel. (nih.gov)
  • Lignin constitutes 30% of terrestrial non-fossil organic carbon on Earth, and 20 to 35% of the dry mass of wood. (wikipedia.org)
  • The new method produced homogenous, colorless, and odorless lignin, an improvement that might make this carbon-neutral material a more appealing candidate for high-value product development. (azocleantech.com)
  • The neutral monomeric carbohydrate composition, lignin oxidation product yields, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen contents were determined independently for each size fraction, in addition to sediment surface area and abundance of biogenic opal. (usgs.gov)
  • Lignin oxidation product yields varied with surface area when normalized to organic carbon, suggesting that the terrestrially-derived component may be diluted by sorption of marine derived material. (usgs.gov)
  • This study presents the effects of different activation methods to produce activated carbon from the hydrolysis lignin. (jyu.fi)
  • To this end, reactive molecular dynamics simulations of lignin-based carbon composites were conducted with both lithium and sodium to compare the binding energies and mechanisms as well as their respective diffusive properties. (tennessee.edu)
  • PSPP relationships with respect to processing temperature were quantitatively and qualitatively determined for the lignin-based carbon composites. (tennessee.edu)
  • Kizzire, Dayton G., "Next Generation Energy Storage: An Examination of Lignin-based Carbon Composite Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries through Modeling and Simulation. (tennessee.edu)
  • The disclosure relates to the field of carbon products and methods of making carbon products and more specifically to the field of making graphite products in which lignin is a precursor for the making of the graphite products. (justia.com)
  • The method includes mixing a first amount of coke precursor material derived from a carbon residue having a carbon content of at least 70 percent with a second amount of coke precursor material derived from lignin, thereby forming a precursor mixture. (justia.com)
  • The production of valuable aromatic compounds from lignin could potentially substitute or complement the utilization of fossil resources for compounds as vanillin, an important phenolic flavouring agent, or guaiacol, a fundamental chemical precursor in the polymer industry. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • A precursor having at least five percent of lignin based coke and d002 spacing of more than 3.36 angstroms and less 3.44 for making graphite. (justia.com)
  • The method includes mixing a first amount of coke precursor material derived from a petroleum product, a bitumen product or a coal product with a second amount of coke precursor material derived from lignin, thereby forming a precursor mixture. (justia.com)
  • Only the zinc oxide precursor salt and the lignin were used for nano-composite synthesis. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • Lignin was first mentioned in 1813 by the Swiss botanist A. P. de Candolle, who described it as a fibrous, tasteless material, insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in weak alkaline solutions, and which can be precipitated from solution using acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acid and lignin-free 24 lb paper is sold as 100 sheets per pack. (schoolspecialty.com)
  • Quality measurements included crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), relative feed quality (RFQ), and total digestible nutrients (TDN). (auburn.edu)
  • Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lignin is one of the most abundantly available biopolymers on earth and has been attributed as the most sustainable bio-resource. (stratviewresearch.com)
  • Scientists discovered that lignin offered an easy and sustainable synthesis of zinc oxide nano-composites in the water-ethanol composition. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • Even though lignin accounts for 30% of lignocellulosic materials - it is a residue from biofuel production (half a kilogram of lignin for every liter of biofuel! (unive.it)
  • The discovery they made might be useful in manipulating lignin deposition in plants for biofuel production. (isaaa.org)
  • Lignin is one such naturally derived biopolymer where its microbial decomposition in the environment transforms it into non-toxic low-molecular weight sub units. (aiche.org)
  • Since lignin undergoes significant structural changes in the chemical and physical treatments, all technical lignins are unique in terms of chemical structure, molecular weight, polydispersity, and impurity profile. (nih.gov)
  • It consists of refining (extracting) the lignin fractions with a priori-defined and -reproducible characteristics (i.e. similar molecular weight range and chemical-physical characteristics) from the residues of any origin, using 'green' and recyclable solvents. (unive.it)
  • The investigators separated lignin from wheat straw using a solvent and were able to preserve and regulate its key properties, creating a more uniform molecule with a consistent molecular weight that is more useful for industry. (azocleantech.com)
  • The lignin had a strong affinity for the solvent because it is an electron-rich compound, and the electron interactions made it possible for the investigators to extract it with few chemical reactions, protecting its natural molecular structure, which is frequently easily damaged in chemical separations. (azocleantech.com)
  • The lignin recovery was directly correlated with its molecular weight and its nitrogen content. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Lignin is a polyaromatic-polyol with extensive cross linking and strong inter- and intra-molecular interactions, hence its chemical structure is very complex. (justia.com)
  • Lignin, an aromatic macromolecule, may play an important role in that exchange, as it is the only bio based source of aromatic compounds. (scirp.org)
  • Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is a promising strain for the biological upgrading of lignin due to its ability to tolerate and utilize lignin-derived aromatic compounds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we reported a facile and ultrafast laser writing technique to convert lignin into porous graphene as active electrode material for solid-state supercapacitors (SCs). (umsystem.edu)
  • Scientists used agro-waste based lignin to convert ZnO in a single step into nano-composites with promising UV protective and antimicrobial potential. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • Lignins are typically classified according to their syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was recently discovered that these plants also contain syringyl lignin, an important part of the plants' scaffolding and water-transport systems, which was considered to be restricted in flowering plants. (isaaa.org)
  • Engineering plants that expresses syringyl lignin could allow easier breakdown of cellulose. (isaaa.org)
  • Among others, hydrothermal and catalytic processes have been widely explored with the aim of generating high value products from lignin. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • During laser writing, alkaline lignin experienced graphitization. (umsystem.edu)
  • Beside the non aqueous electrolytes, water based hydrotropic solution and standard alkaline electrolyte were used to depolymerize lignin by means of the Fenton reaction and of an electrochemical swiss-roll reactor. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Green wood−lignin composites were successfully prepared with poplar particles and alkaline lignin based on the self-bonding between lignin fragments during a hot-pressing process. (researcher-app.com)
  • A team of US researchers has found a way to extract high-quality, odourless and valuable lignin from wheat straw. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • When heated to temperatures between 90°C and 147°C, for between 3 and 12 hours, the solvent could dissolve the lignin in wheat straw, allowing it to be extracted. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • According to their report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , scientists from Washington State University were able to extract up to 93% of lignin from wheat straw with up to 98% purity, producing a sizable amount of material in a consistent manner that might make it more appealing for industrial use. (azocleantech.com)
  • The polysaccharide components of plant cell walls are highly hydrophilic and thus permeable to water, whereas lignin is more hydrophobic. (wikipedia.org)
  • As lignin is hydrophobic, you can turn it into an amphiphilic polymer by adding hydrophilic groups to it. (raffalab.com)
  • J. Prothmann, S. Palmer, C. Turner, M. Sandahl, Separation of monomeric and dimeric phenolic compounds in lignosulphonate lignin on different stationary phases using ultrahigh-performance supercritical fluid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. (lu.se)
  • while the use of histochemical techniques on the leaf blade showed evidence of the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, triterpenes and steroids, lipophilic compounds, starch, lignin and calcium oxalate crystals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thioacidolyses of Pre-Methylated Lignin Samples from Pine Compression and Poplar Woods" Holzforschung , vol. 42, no. 1, 1988, pp. 1-4. (degruyter.com)
  • Lapierre, C. and Rolando, C. (1988) Thioacidolyses of Pre-Methylated Lignin Samples from Pine Compression and Poplar Woods. (degruyter.com)
  • We describe in this study the use of a genetically modified high-S poplar lignin to produce 4-propyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMPP), which is converted to the tri-functional compound propylpyrogallol (DMPPO) by a reaction catalysed by N 2 O 5 in the green solvent water. (rsc.org)
  • Lignin plays a crucial part in conducting water and aqueous nutrients in plant stems. (wikipedia.org)
  • The adsorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solution onto alkali lignin extracted from Hagenia abyssinica was investigated by electrochemical methods. (ajol.info)
  • In order to understand better some of the reasons for differences between forage plant species in digestibility, different parts of nine plant species in either milled or chopped (1 cm lengths) form were examined for in vitro digestibility and in milled form for neutral detergent fibre and lignin. (cambridge.org)
  • The forage at the early harvest was, on average, 1-4% units more digestible in vitro than that at the later harvest and generally slightly lower in lignin and neutral detergent fibre content. (cambridge.org)
  • the leaf blade midribs of Z. mays were less digestible and higher in neutral detergent fibre than the stems and similar to the stems in lignin content. (cambridge.org)
  • The leaflets of T. repens had an appreciably lower neutral detergent fibre content than the stolons and petioles and a rather lower lignin content in dry matter and yet were, if anything, less digestible than the stolons and petioles. (cambridge.org)
  • In both D. intortum and B. napus , the leaflets or leaf blades were much lower than the stems in neutral detergent fibre and lignin and yet they were no more digestible than the stems when milled. (cambridge.org)
  • Scientists at Mohali based research institute, the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), have made a breakthrough by developing an antimicrobial sunscreen from metal oxide nano-composites developed from agricultural waste-based lignin. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • Lignin-based nano-composites have commercial value because of its UV protective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • 2023) Lignin with controlled structural properties by N-heterocycle-based deep eutectic solvent extraction. (azocleantech.com)
  • citation needed] In sulfite pulping, lignin is removed from wood pulp as lignosulfonates, for which many applications have been proposed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanical, or high-yield pulp, which is used to make newsprint, still contains most of the lignin originally present in the wood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ammonia concentrations from 15% to 25% (w/w) gave similar results in terms of lignin structure, yield and recovery. (gla.ac.uk)
  • None of the applied plant growth regulators or biostimulants consistently increased or decreased yield or quality of alfalfa with the reduced lignin trait. (auburn.edu)
  • Lignin is one of the most common organic compounds in the world. (scirp.org)
  • NeoLigno® is a bio-based binder that is made from lignin, an organic polymer that comes from wood. (industryintel.com)
  • Lignin is a natural organic biopolymer rich in polyphenolic groups which make it an ideal candidate for various industrial applications. (bioplasticsnews.com)
  • Different types of lignin have been described depending on the means of isolation. (wikipedia.org)
  • WSU Researchers are working on lignin extraction and products development: Junxia Wang (left), John Lavender, Jordan Booth, Janson Crosen, Isaac Oduro, and Chenxi Wang. (azocleantech.com)
  • Manfrão-Netto J.H.C., Lund F., Muratovska N., Larsson E. M., Skorupa Parachin N., Carlquist M. Metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas putida for production of vanillylamine from lignin-derived substrates. (lu.se)
  • Technical lignins are bulk feedstocks. (nih.gov)
  • In this thesis, electrochemical processes are applied to valorize lignin, with a particular focus on the role of the electrolyte. (rwth-aachen.de)
  • Electrorefining was conducted in laboratory cells containing lead fluosilicate electrolyte with aloes and calcium lignin sulfonate as additives. (cdc.gov)
  • However, lignin can now be used industrially, to produce innovative materials in a circular economy, thanks to a novel refining method patented at Ca' Foscari . (unive.it)
  • Lignin fills the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin components, especially in vascular and support tissues: xylem tracheids, vessel elements and sclereid cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • To investigate the use of lignin products in epoxies, we begin with aromatic acids that can be produced from lignin, treat them with epichlorohydrin to make glycidyl ethers, and investigate the thermal and mechanical properties of cured mixtures of these compounds with a commercial epoxy resin (EPON 826) and an anhydride curing agent (NMA). (acs.org)
  • In fact less than 2% of available lignin is used in the manufacturing of industrial materials or chemicals. (justia.com)
  • On the one hand, this fact makes lignin a challenge for its conversion to produce chemicals and special treatments are necessary and need to be understood well. (scirp.org)
  • Therefore, lignin provides a large potential source for the production of chemicals. (scirp.org)
  • For the chemical use of lignin to gain platform chemicals, a depolymerization step is necessary. (scirp.org)
  • Because of the reduced-lignin content, the cell walls in BMR corn are more fragile. (hayandforage.com)
  • Previous measurements also show a lignin content of about 32% 1 . (scirp.org)