Ligases. Medical search

A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.

Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

A subset of ubiquitin protein ligases that are formed by the association of a SKP DOMAIN PROTEIN, a CULLIN DOMAIN PROTEIN and a F-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN.

A family of structurally related proteins that were originally discovered for their role in cell-cycle regulation in CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. They play important roles in regulation of the CELL CYCLE and as components of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

The act of ligating UBIQUITINS to PROTEINS to form ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes to label proteins for transport to the PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX where proteolysis occurs.

Catalyze the joining of preformed ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes. EC 6.5.1.

A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.

A zinc-binding domain defined by the sequence Cysteine-X2-Cysteine-X(9-39)-Cysteine-X(l-3)-His-X(2-3)-Cysteine-X2-Cysteine -X(4-48)-Cysteine-X2-Cysteine, where X is any amino acid. The RING finger motif binds two atoms of zinc, with each zinc atom ligated tetrahedrally by either four cysteines or three cysteines and a histidine. The motif also forms into a unitary structure with a central cross-brace region and is found in many proteins that are involved in protein-protein interactions. The acronym RING stands for Really Interesting New Gene.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

A class of enzymes that form a thioester bond to UBIQUITIN with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES. They transfer ubiquitin to the LYSINE of a substrate protein with the assistance of UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.

A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.

A set of protein subcomplexes involved in PROTEIN SORTING of UBIQUITINATED PROTEINS into intraluminal vesicles of MULTIVESICULAR BODIES and in membrane scission during formation of intraluminal vesicles, during the final step of CYTOKINESIS, and during the budding of enveloped viruses. The ESCRT machinery is comprised of the protein products of Class E vacuolar protein sorting genes.

A family of proteins that are structurally-related to Ubiquitin. Ubiquitins and ubiquitin-like proteins participate in diverse cellular functions, such as protein degradation and HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE, by conjugation to other proteins.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups.

Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).

An oligomer formed from the repetitive linking of the C-terminal glycine of one UBIQUITIN molecule via an isopeptide bond to a lysine residue on a second ubiquitin molecule. It is structurally distinct from UBIQUITIN C, which is a single protein containing a tandemly arrayed ubiquitin peptide sequence.

A class of enzymes that catalyzes the ATP-dependent formation of a thioester bond between itself and UBIQUITIN. It then transfers the activated ubiquitin to one of the UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. EC 6.1.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Proto-oncogene proteins that negatively regulate RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE signaling. It is a UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASE and the cellular homologue of ONCOGENE PROTEIN V-CBL.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Cleavage of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids either by PROTEASES or non-enzymatically (e.g., Hydrolysis). It does not include Protein Processing, Post-Translational.

A family of structurally-related proteins that were originally identified by their ability to complex with cyclin proteins (CYCLINS). They share a common domain that binds specifically to F-BOX MOTIFS. They take part in SKP CULLIN F-BOX PROTEIN LIGASES, where they can bind to a variety of F-BOX PROTEINS.

A family of structurally related proteins that are constitutively expressed and that negatively regulate cytokine-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. PIAS proteins inhibit the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A 1.5-kDa small ubiquitin-related modifier protein that can covalently bind via an isopeptide link to a number of cellular proteins. It may play a role in intracellular protein transport and a number of other cellular processes.

A class of structurally related proteins of 12-20 kDa in size. They covalently modify specific proteins in a manner analogous to UBIQUITIN.

A type of POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN MODIFICATION by SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER PROTEINS (also known as SUMO proteins).

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Macromolecular complexes formed from the association of defined protein subunits.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Cell surface receptors for AUTOCRINE MOTILITY FACTOR, which is the secreted form of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE. The receptor has an unusual composition in that it shares some structural similarities with G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS and functions as an ubiquitin protein ligase when internalized.

An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. Enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC-C, is also involved in tissue differentiation in the PLACENTA, CRYSTALLINE LENS, and SKELETAL MUSCLE, and in regulation of postmitotic NEURONAL PLASTICITY and excitability.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Members of the peptidase C19 family which regulate signal transduction by removing UBIQUITIN from specific protein substrates via a process known as deubiquitination or deubiquitylation.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of DNA and RNA. EC 2.7.1.78.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

An E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE that interacts with and inhibits TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53. Its ability to ubiquitinate p53 is regulated by TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

Virulent bacteriophage and type species of the genus T4-like phages, in the family MYOVIRIDAE. It infects E. coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A degradation process whereby incorrectly folded proteins are selectively transported out of the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and into the CYTOSOL. The misfolded proteins are subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded by the PROTEASOME.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Protein modules with conserved ligand-binding surfaces which mediate specific interaction functions in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and the specific BINDING SITES of their cognate protein LIGANDS.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A thioester hydrolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as DITHIOTHREITOL or GLUTATHIONE and the C-terminal glycine residue of UBIQUITIN.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Together with the Apc2 subunit, forms the catalytic core of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome. It has a RING H2 domain which interacts with the cullin domain of Apc2. Apc11 also interacts with the E2 ubiquitin ligases involved in APC-C ubiquitination reactions.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

An order of stalked, sessile, single-celled EUKARYOTES. They are considered the transitional link between the flagellated protozoa and the SPONGES, the most primitive metazoans.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

Proteins covalently modified with UBIQUITINS or UBIQUITIN-LIKE PROTEINS.

A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A single protein comprised of tandem repeats of the UBIQUITIN 78-amino acid sequence. It is a product of the polyubiquitin gene which contains multiple copies of the ubiquitin coding sequence. Proteolytic processing of ubiquitin C results in the formation of individual ubiquitin molecules. This protein is distinct from POLYUBIQUITIN, which is a protein formed through isopeptide linkage of multiple ubiquitin species.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Schizosaccharomycetaceae, order Schizosaccharomycetales.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. EC 6.2.

Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Gram-negative aerobic rods found in warm water (40-79 degrees C) such as hot springs, hot water tanks, and thermally polluted rivers.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

Compounds that inhibit the function or proteolytic action of the PROTEASOME.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A family of large icosahedral DNA viruses infecting insects and poikilothermic vertebrates. Genera include IRIDOVIRUS; RANAVIRUS; Chloriridovirus; Megalocytivirus; and Lymphocystivirus.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates OXYGEN-dependent polyubiquitination of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT. It is inactivated in VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME.

A conserved class of proteins that control APOPTOSIS in both VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES. IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. The protein class is defined by an approximately 80-amino acid motif called the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat.

Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

Proteins obtained from the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

An increased tendency of the GENOME to acquire MUTATIONS when various processes involved in maintaining and replicating the genome are dysfunctional.

Interruptions in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, across both strands adjacently.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of either ammonia or an amide with another molecule, in which the linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.1.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.

PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A part of the embryo in a seed plant. The number of cotyledons is an important feature in classifying plants. In seeds without an endosperm, they store food which is used in germination. In some plants, they emerge above the soil surface and become the first photosynthetic leaves. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

Release of a virus from the host cell following VIRUS ASSEMBLY and maturation. Egress can occur by host cell lysis, EXOCYTOSIS, or budding through the plasma membrane.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A group of cell cycle proteins that negatively regulate the activity of CYCLIN/CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE complexes. They inhibit CELL CYCLE progression and help control CELL PROLIFERATION following GENOTOXIC STRESS as well as during CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

A family of DNA plant viruses that infect eukaryotic algae.

Proteins produced from GENES that have acquired MUTATIONS.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of glutamine-derived ammonia and another molecule. The linkage is in the form of a carbon-nitrogen bond. EC 6.3.5.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A family of double-stranded DNA viruses infecting mammals (including humans), birds and insects. There are two subfamilies: CHORDOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of vertebrates, and ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE, poxviruses of insects.

Anaerobic hyperthermophilic species of ARCHAEA, isolated from hydrothermal fluid samples. It is obligately heterotrophic with coccoid cells that require TRYPTOPHAN for growth.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. They consist of MYOFIBRILS enclosed within and attached to the SARCOLEMMA. They are derived from the fusion of skeletal myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, SKELETAL) into a syncytium, followed by differentiation.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

A family of conserved cell surface receptors that contain EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR repeats in their extracellular domain and ANKYRIN repeats in their cytoplasmic domains. The cytoplasmic domain of notch receptors is released upon ligand binding and translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it acts as transcription factor.

An inhibitory smad protein that associates with TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTORS and BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It negatively regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS by inhibiting PHOSPHORYLATION of RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Technique for limiting use, activity, or movement by immobilizing or restraining animal by suspending from hindlimbs or tails. This immobilization is used to simulate some effects of reduced gravity and study weightlessness physiology.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

An inhibitor of apoptosis protein that is translated by a rare cap-independent mechanism. It blocks caspase-mediated cellular destruction by inhibiting CASPASE 3; CASPASE 7; and CASPASE 9.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Graphs representing sets of measurable, non-covalent physical contacts with specific PROTEINS in living organisms or in cells.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

A phylum of anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria including the family Chlorobiaceae. They occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

The repair of DOUBLE-STRAND DNA BREAKS by rejoining the broken ends of DNA to each other directly.

Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.

Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

A hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes nagana in domestic and game animals in Africa. It apparently does not infect humans. It is transmitted by bites of tsetse flies (Glossina).

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

The human F box protein beta-Trcp associates with the Cul1/Skp1 complex and regulates the stability of beta-catenin. (1/2980)

Ubiquitin-conjugation targets numerous cellular regulators for proteasome-mediated degradation. Thus, the identification of ubiquitin ligases and their physiological substrates is crucially important, especially for those cases in which aberrant levels of regulatory proteins (e.g., beta-catenin, p27) result from a deregulated ubiquitination pathway. In yeast, the proteolysis of several G1 regulators is controlled by ubiquitin ligases (or SCFs) formed by three subunits: Skp1, Cul A (Cdc53), and one of many F-box proteins. Specific F-box proteins (Fbps) recruit different substrates to the SCF. Although many Fbps have been identified in mammals, their specific substrates and the existence of multiple SCFs have not yet been reported. We have found that one human Fbp, beta-Trcp (beta-Transducin repeat containing protein), does indeed form a novel SCF with human Skp1 and Cul1. Consistent with recent reports indicating that Xenopus and Drosophila beta-Trcp homologs act as negative regulators of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, we report here that human beta-Trcp interacts with beta-catenin in vivo. Furthermore, beta-catenin is specifically stabilized in vivo by the expression of a dominant negative beta-Trcp. These results indicate that the Cul1/Skp1/beta-Trcp complex forms a ubiquitin ligase that mediates the degradation of beta-catenin. (+info)

Identification of a human HECT family protein with homology to the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene hyperplastic discs. (2/2980)

Use of the differential display technique to isolate progestin-regulated genes in T-47D human breast cancer cells led to identification of a novel gene, EDD. The cDNA sequence contains a 2799 amino acid open reading frame sharing 40% identity with the predicted 2894 amino acid product of the Drosophila melanogaster tumor suppressor gene hyperplastic discs, while the carboxy-terminal 889 amino acids show 96% identity to a rat 100 kDa HECT domain protein. EDD mRNA was progestin-induced in T-47D cells and was highly abundant in testes and expressed at moderately high levels in other tissues, suggesting a broad role for EDD. Anti-EDD antibodies immunoprecipitated an approximately 300 kDa protein from T-47D cell lysates. HECT family proteins function as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, targeting specific proteins for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. EDD is likely to function as an E3 as in vitro translated protein bound ubiquitin reversibly through a conserved HECT domain cysteine residue. EDD was localized by FISH to chromosome 8q22, a locus disrupted in a variety of cancers. Given the homology between EDD and the hyperplastic discs protein, which is required for control of imaginal disc growth in Drosophila, EDD potentially has a role in regulation of cell proliferation or differentiation. (+info)

Function of WW domains as phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding modules. (3/2980)

Protein-interacting modules help determine the specificity of signal transduction events, and protein phosphorylation can modulate the assembly of such modules into specific signaling complexes. Although phosphotyrosine-binding modules have been well-characterized, phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding modules have not been described. WW domains are small protein modules found in various proteins that participate in cell signaling or regulation. WW domains of the essential mitotic prolyl isomerase Pin1 and the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 bound to phosphoproteins, including physiological substrates of enzymes, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The Pin1 WW domain functioned as a phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding module, with properties similar to those of SRC homology 2 domains. Phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding activity was required for Pin1 to interact with its substrates in vitro and to perform its essential function in vivo. (+info)

Roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of twitching motility. (4/2980)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and an important human pathogen. The production of several virulence factors by P. aeruginosa is controlled through two quorum-sensing systems, las and rhl. We have obtained evidence that both the las and rhl quorum-sensing systems are also required for type 4 pilus-dependent twitching motility and infection by the pilus-specific phage D3112cts. Mutants which lack the ability to synthesize PAI-1, PAI-2, or both autoinducers were significantly or greatly impaired in twitching motility and in susceptibility to D3112cts. Twitching motility and phage susceptibility in the autoinducer-deficient mutants were partially restored by exposure to exogenous PAI-1 and PAI-2. Both twitching motility and infection by pilus-specific phage are believed to be dependent on the extension and retraction of polar type 4 pili. Western blot analysis of whole-cell lysates and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of intact cells were used to measure the amounts of pilin on the cell surfaces of las and rhl mutants relative to that of the wild type. It appears that PAI-2 plays a crucial role in twitching motility and phage infection by affecting the export and assembly of surface type 4 pili. The ability of P. aeruginosa cells to adhere to human bronchial epithelial cells was also found to be dependent on the rhl quorum-sensing system. Microscopic analysis of twitching motility indicated that mutants which were unable to synthesize PAI-1 were defective in the maintenance of cellular monolayers and migrating packs of cells. Thus, PAI-1 appears to have an essential role in maintaining cell-cell spacing and associations required for effective twitching motility. (+info)

Identification of determinants in E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes required for hect E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase interaction. (5/2980)

Members of the hect domain protein family are characterized by sequence similarity of their C-terminal regions to the C terminus of E6-AP, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. An essential intermediate step in E6-AP-dependent ubiquitination is the formation of a thioester complex between E6-AP and ubiquitin in the presence of distinct E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes including human UbcH5, a member of the UBC4/UBC5 subfamily of E2s. Similarly, several hect domain proteins, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae RSP5, form ubiquitin thioester complexes, indicating that hect domain proteins in general have E3 activity. We show here, by the use of chimeric E2s generated between UbcH5 and other E2s, that a region of UbcH5 encompassing the catalytic site cysteine residue is critical for its ability to interact with E6-AP and RSP5. Of particular importance is a phenylalanine residue at position 62 of UbcH5 that is conserved among the members of the UBC4/UBC5 subfamily but is not present in any of the other known E2s, whereas the N-terminal 60 amino acids do not contribute significantly to the specificity of these interactions. The conservation of this phenylalanine residue throughout evolution underlines the importance of the ability to interact with hect domain proteins for the cellular function of UBC4/UBC5 subfamily members. (+info)

Histone ubiquitination and chromatin remodeling in mouse spermatogenesis. (6/2980)

Male infertility in HR6B knockout mice is associated with impairment of spermatogenesis. The HR6B gene is a mammalian, autosomal homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene Rad6 encoding a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. In addition, X-chromosomal HR6A has been identified, in human and mouse. RAD6 in yeast is required for a variety of cellular functions, including sporulation, DNA repair, and mutagenesis. Since RAD6 and its mammalian homologs can ubiquitinate histones in vitro, we have investigated the pattern of histone ubiquitination in mouse testis. By immunoblot and immunohistochemical analysis of wild-type mouse testis, a high amount of ubiquitinated H2A (uH2A) was detected in pachytene spermatocytes. This signal became undetectable in round spermatids, but then increased again during a relatively short developmental period, in elongating spermatids. No other ubiquitinated histones were observed. In the HR6B knockout mice, we failed to detect an overt defect in the overall pattern of histone ubiquitination. For somatic cell types, it has been shown that histone ubiquitination is associated with destabilization of nucleosomes, in relation to active gene transcription. Unexpectedly, the most intense uH2A signal in pachytene spermatocytes was detected in the sex body, an inactive nuclear structure that contains the heterochromatic X and Y chromosomes. The postmeiotic uH2A immunoexpression in elongating spermatids indicates that nucleosome destabilization induced by histone ubiquitination may play a facilitating role during histone-to-protamine replacement. (+info)

A wide variety of mutations in the parkin gene are responsible for autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe. French Parkinson's Disease Genetics Study Group and the European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease. (7/2980)

Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP, PARK2; OMIM 602544), one of the monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), was initially described in Japan. It is characterized by early onset (before age 40), marked response to levodopa treatment and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. The gene responsible for AR-JP was recently identified and designated parkin. We have analysed the 12 coding exons of the parkin gene in 35 mostly European families with early onset autosomal recessive parkinsonism. In one family, a homozygous deletion of exon 4 could be demonstrated. By direct sequencing of the exons in the index patients of the remaining 34 families, eight previously undescribed point mutations (homozygous or heterozygous) were detected in eight families that included 20 patients. The mutations segregated with the disease in the families and were not detected on 110-166 control chromosomes. Four mutations caused truncation of the parkin protein. Three were frameshifts (202-203delAG, 255delA and 321-322insGT) and one a nonsense mutation (Trp453Stop). The other four were missense mutations (Lys161Asn, Arg256Cys, Arg275Trp and Thr415Asn) that probably affect amino acids that are important for the function of the parkin protein, since they result in the same phenotype as truncating mutations or homozygous exon deletions. Mean age at onset was 38 +/- 12 years, but onset up to age 58 was observed. Mutations in the parkin gene are therefore not invariably associated with early onset parkinsonism. In many patients, the phenotype is indistinguishable from that of idiopathic PD. This study has shown that a wide variety of different mutations in the parkin gene are a common cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe and that different types of point mutations seem to be more frequently responsible for the disease phenotype than are deletions. (+info)

Inhibitory phosphorylation of the APC regulator Hct1 is controlled by the kinase Cdc28 and the phosphatase Cdc14. (8/2980)

BACKGROUND: Exit from mitosis requires inactivation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). A key mechanism of CDK inactivation is ubiquitin-mediated cyclin proteolysis, which is triggered by the late mitotic activation of a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). Activation of the APC requires its association with substoichiometric activating subunits termed Cdc20 and Hct1 (also known as Cdh1). Here, we explore the molecular function and regulation of the APC regulatory subunit Hct1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS: Recombinant Hct1 activated the cyclin-ubiquitin ligase activity of APC isolated from multiple cell cycle stages. APC isolated from cells arrested in G1, or in late mitosis due to the cdc14-1 mutation, was more responsive to Hct1 than APC isolated from other stages. We found that Hct1 was phosphorylated in vivo at multiple CDK consensus sites during cell cycle stages when activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 is high and APC activity is low. Purified Hct1 was phosphorylated in vitro at these sites by purified Cdc28-cyclin complexes, and phosphorylation abolished the ability of Hct1 to activate the APC in vitro. The phosphatase Cdc14, which is known to be required for APC activation in vivo, was able to reverse the effects of Cdc28 by catalyzing Hct1 dephosphorylation and activation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that Hct1 phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism in the control of cyclin destruction. Phosphorylation of Hct1 provides a mechanism by which Cdc28 blocks its own inactivation during S phase and early mitosis. Following anaphase, dephosphorylation of Hct1 by Cdc14 may help initiate cyclin destruction. (+info)

The common names of ligases often include the word "ligase", such as DNA ligase, an enzyme commonly used in molecular biology ... Ligases can be further classified into six subclasses: EC 6.1 includes ligases used to form carbon-oxygen bonds EC 6.2 includes ... ligases used to form carbon-carbon bonds EC 6.5 includes ligases used to form phosphoric ester bonds EC 6.6 includes ligases ... Chemistry portal DNA ligase Nuclease Protease "Synthases and ligases". chem.qmul.ac.uk. Archived from the original on October ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase

Stage two involves four key Mur ubiquitin ligase enzymes: MurC (EC), MurD (EC), MurE (EC) and MurF (EC). These four Mur ligases ... 6-diaminopimelate ligase (MurE), and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase (MurF). This entry also includes ... All four Mur ligases are topologically similar to one another, even though they display low sequence identity. They are each ... The conserved sequence motifs found in the four Mur enzymes also map to other members of the Mur ligase family, including ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muramyl_ligase

Other examples of RNA ligases include the L1 ligase (Robertson and Ellington), the R3C ligase (Joyce), the DSL ligase (Inoue). ... The most active ligase known to date is the Class I ligase, isolated from random sequence (work of David Bartel, while in the ... Ligase ribozymes may have been part of such a pre-biotic RNA world. In order to copy RNA, fragments or monomers (individual ... The RNA Ligase ribozyme was the first of several types of synthetic ribozymes produced by in vitro evolution and selection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase_ribozyme

... is used in both DNA repair and DNA replication (see Mammalian ligases). In addition, DNA ligase has extensive use in ... units of ligase. The optimal incubation temperature for T4 DNA ligase is 16 °C. Bacteriophage T4 ligase mutants have increased ... it has been recognized as another DNA ligase and it is the reason for the unusual nomenclature of DNA ligases. DNA ligase from ... coli DNA ligase The DNA ligase from bacteriophage T4 (a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria). The T4 ligase is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase

The E3 ligases are classified into four families: HECT, RING-finger, U-box, and PHD-finger. The RING-finger E3 ligases are the ... A ubiquitin ligase (also called an E3 ubiquitin ligase) is a protein that recruits an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that has ... Quips article describing E3 Ligase function Archived 2012-11-30 at the Wayback Machine at PDBe Ubiquitin-Protein+Ligases at the ... The human genome encodes over 600 putative E3 ligases, allowing for tremendous diversity in substrates. The ubiquitin ligase is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase

Heme+ligase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 4.99.1). ... Heme ligase (EC 4.99.1.8, heme detoxification protein, HDP, hemozoin synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name Fe3+: ... ferriprotoporphyrin IX ligase (β-hematin-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following reaction: 2 ferriprotoporphyrin IX ⇌ {\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_ligase

Other names in common use include phenylacetyl-CoA ligase, PA-CoA ligase, and phenylacetyl-CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a phenylacetate-CoA ligase is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.30) that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + phenylacetate ... "Purification and biochemical characterization of phenylacetyl-CoA ligase from Pseudomonas putida. A specific enzyme for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylacetate—CoA_ligase

Pyrrolysine---tRNAPyl+ligase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 6.1.1) ... Pyrrolysine-tRNAPyl ligase (EC 6.1.1.26, PylS, pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase) is an enzyme with systematic name L-pyrrolysine: ... tRNAPyl ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction ATP + L-pyrrolysine + tRNAPyl ⇌ {\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrolysine—tRNAPyl_ligase

... ligases (amide synthases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-aspartate:ammonia ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in ... In enzymology, an aspartate-ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-aspartate + ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-ammonia (or amine) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate—ammonia_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases ( ... In enzymology, a diphthine-ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.14, diphthamide synthase, diphthamide synthetase) is an enzyme that ... peptide synthases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is diphthine:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthine—ammonia_ligase

... (EC 6.2.1.7, BAL, bile acid CoA ligase, bile acid coenzyme A ligase, choloyl-CoA synthetase, choloyl ... THCA-CoA ligase, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanate-CoA ligase, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta- ... Cholate---CoA+ligase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 6.2.1). ... Wheeler JB, Shaw DR, Barnes S (December 1997). "Purification and characterization of a rat liver bile acid coenzyme A ligase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholate—CoA_ligase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is phytanate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called phytanoyl-CoA ligase ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. ... In enzymology, a phytanate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.24) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + phytanate + CoA ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytanate—CoA_ligase

... (EC 2.7.7.63, LplA, lipoate protein ligase, lipoate-protein ligase A, LPL, LPL-B) is an enzyme with ... Lipoate---protein+ligase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 2.7.7). ... Kim DJ, Kim KH, Lee HH, Lee SJ, Ha JY, Yoon HJ, Suh SW (November 2005). "Crystal structure of lipoate-protein ligase A bound ... Green DE, Morris TW, Green J, Cronan JE, Guest JR (August 1995). "Purification and properties of the lipoate protein ligase of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoate–protein_ligase

In enzymology, an aspartate-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-aspartate + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-aspartate:tRNAAsp ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate—tRNA_ligase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is formate:dihydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming). Drake JC, Baram J, Allegra CJ (1990). " ... In enzymology, a formate-dihydrofolate ligase (EC 6.3.4.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + formate + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.3.4, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming generic carbon-nitrogen bonds. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formate—dihydrofolate_ligase

... , also known as xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid-ligase (XM-ligase), is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.2) that ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. This enzyme ... 3-hydroxybutyryl CoA ligase, xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid ligase, and short-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. ACSM1 ACSM2A ... This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related ... In enzymology, a tryptophan-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-tryptophan + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-tryptophan:tRNATrp ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan—tRNA_ligase

The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is an amplification process that differs from PCR in that it involves a thermostable ligase to ... A mismatch at the 3′ end of the discriminating primer prevents the DNA ligase from joining the two fragments together. By using ... Gene amplification Wiedmann, M; Wilson, WJ; Czajka, J; Luo, J; Barany, F; Batt, CA (Feb 1994). "Ligase chain reaction (LCR)-- ... Barany, F (Jan 1991). "Genetic disease detection and DNA amplification using cloned thermostable ligase". Proc Natl Acad Sci U ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase_chain_reaction

DNA ligase, deoxyribonucleate ligase, polynucleotide ligase, deoxyribonucleic acid ligase, polynucleotide synthetase, ... DNA ligase (NAD+) (EC 6.5.1.2, polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase (NAD+), polynucleotide ligase (NAD+), DNA repair enzyme, DNA ... DNA ligase Zimmerman SB, Little JW, Oshinsky CK, Gellert M (June 1967). "Enzymatic joining of DNA strands: a novel reaction of ... ligase (AMP-forming, NMN-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction NAD+ + (deoxyribonucleotide)n + ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_ligase_(NAD )

The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-alanine:tRNAAla ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include alanyl- ... In enzymology, an alanine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine—tRNA_ligase

2-aminobenzoate-CoA ligase, 2-aminobenzoate-coenzyme A ligase, and 2-aminobenzoate coenzyme A ligase. This enzyme participates ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, an anthranilate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.32) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + anthranilate + ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, Anthranilates, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthranilate—CoA_ligase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-valine:tRNAVal ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include valyl-tRNA ... In enzymology, a valine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-valine + tRNAVal ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine—tRNA_ligase

... belongs to the family of ligase enzymes, specifically those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA ... In enzymology, a histidine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.21) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-histidine + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-histidine:tRNAHis ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine—tRNA_ligase

In enzymology, a methionine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-methionine + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include ... During oxidative stress, methionine-tRNA ligase might be phosphorylated, which results in promiscuity of this enzyme, where it ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine—tRNA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a citrate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + citrate + CoA ⇌ {\ ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... CoA ligase, and citrate thiokinase. This enzyme participates in citric acid cycle. Lill U, Schreil A, Eggerer H (1982). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate—CoA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The ... In enzymology, a propionate-CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + propanoate + CoA ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.2.1, Enzymes of unknown structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... systematic name of this enzyme class is propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called propionyl-CoA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionate—CoA_ligase

In enzymology, an isoleucine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-isoleucine + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-isoleucine:tRNAIle ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related ... isoleucine-transfer RNA ligase, isoleucine-tRNA synthetase, and isoleucine translase. This enzyme participates in valine, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine—tRNA_ligase

In enzymology, a glutamate-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-glutamate + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-glutamate:tRNAGlu ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include ... Portal: Biology v t e (EC 6.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub articles, Ligase stubs). ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate—tRNA_ligase

This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases ( ... In enzymology, an ubiquitin-calmodulin ligase (EC 6.3.2.21) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction n ATP + ... peptide synthases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is calmodulin:ubiquitin ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin—calmodulin_ligase

The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-arginine:tRNAArg ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include arginyl- ... In enzymology, an arginine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-arginine + ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine—tRNA_ligase

Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems ... Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency results from mutations in the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene. SUCLG1 gene mutations can cause fatal ... Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems ... The SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 genes each provide instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called succinate-CoA ligase. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/succinate-coa-ligase-deficiency/

T4 RNA Ligase 2, truncated ligates the pre-adenylated 5´ end of DNA or RNA to the 3´ end of RNA. ... 1X T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer Incubate at 25°C 1X T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl 10 mM MgCl2 1 mM DTT (pH 7.5 ... RNA Ligases Products This product can be used in the following applications: RNA Modification * Reagents Supplied Reagents ... coli which encodes the first 249 amino acids of the full length T4 RNA Ligase 2. Unlike the full length ligase, T4 Rnl2 ...

https://www.neb.com/products/m0242-t4-rna-ligase-2-truncated

tubulin tyrosine ligase like11. tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family, member 11. tubulin--tyrosine ligase-like protein 11. ... tubulin tyrosine ligase like 11provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:18113 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000175764 ... enables tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... enables tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity. more info ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/158135

Significant mentions of ubiquitin protein ligase e3a: Help Advanced Feedback iPhone/iPad Android API @RhymeZoneCom Blog Privacy ...

https://www.rhymezone.com/r/rhyme.cgi?loc=ol_ue&typeofrhyme=wke&Word=ubiquitin_protein_ligase_e3a

... ligases, and RNA polymerases market size was valued at USD 611.97 million in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound ... DNases, Ligases, And RNA Polymerases Market Report, 2030 GVR Report cover DNases, Ligases, And RNA Polymerases Market Size, ... T4 DNA ligase (isolated from E. coli) is the ligase that is usually used in molecular biology applications such as next- ... The DNA ligase from T4 bacteriophage is one of the widely used enzymes in molecular biology. DNA ligases are used for various ...

https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/dnases-ligases-rna-polymerases-market-report

Mammalian RNF4 is a dimeric RING ubiquitin E3 ligase that ubiquitylates poly-SUMOylated proteins. We found that RNF4 bound ... Mechanism of ubiquitylation by dimeric RING ligase RNF4 Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011 Aug 21;18(9):1052-9. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2108. ... Thus, dimeric RING ligases are not simply inert scaffolds that bring substrate and E2-loaded ubiquitin into close proximity. ... Mammalian RNF4 is a dimeric RING ubiquitin E3 ligase that ubiquitylates poly-SUMOylated proteins. We found that RNF4 bound ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21857666/?dopt=Abstract

... ligase EC 6.2.1.7 cholate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.8 oxalate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.9 malate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.10 acide-CoA ligase ( ... ligase EC 6.2.1.23 dicarboxylate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.24 phytanate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.25 benzoate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.26 o- ... ARNt ligase EC 6.1.1.3 thréonine ARNt ligase EC 6.1.1.4 leucine ARNt ligase EC 6.1.1.5 isoleucine ARNt ligase EC 6.1.1.6 lysine ... ligase EC 6.1.1.14 glycine ARNt ligase EC 6.1.1.15 proline ARNt ligase EC 6.1.1.16 cysteine ARNt ligase EC 6.1.1.17 glutamate ...

https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase

The 2nd Ligase Targeting Drug Development Summit returns virtually with new insight and data from pioneers in the field to ... delve deep into ligase biology, assays to investigate functions as well as screening tools for optimum ligand identification ... The 2nd Ligase Targeting Drug Development Summit returns virtually with new insight and data from pioneers in the field to ... validating and therapeutically leveraging cell and tissue specific Ubiquitin E3 ligases for degradation or modulation of ...

https://www.pharmiweb.com/event/2nd-ligase-targeting-drug-development-summit

First-year performance of high-quality (HQ), highquality cull (HQC) and standard (ST) northern red oak (Quercus rubra) nursery… ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/CULL-RING-ligase%2C-human/12280075

Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 Mdm2 (human). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/2GV2_A

Over 600 E3 ligases are identified that covalently modify substrates with ubiquitin to control their degradation, trafficking ... BTB-Kelch proteins are the substrate adaptors for a large family of Cullin3-dependent E3 ligases that remain incompletely ... and was able to solve the crystal structures for the substrate complexes of the E3 ligases KLHL20, KLHL12 and KLHL3 with ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.791758

2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase from Cupriavidus necator glycine binding form ... 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase. A, B. 411. Cupriavidus necator. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: kbl, H16_B0819. EC: 2.3. ... 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase from Cupriavidus necator glycine binding form. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb7BXS/pdb ... Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine by L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase/L ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7bxs

Timeline for Protein E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy from b.7.1.1: PLC-like (P variant): *Protein E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ... Lineage for Protein: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy. *Root: SCOP 1.75 *. Class b: All beta proteins [48724] (174 folds). ... Protein E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy from b.7.1.1: PLC-like (P variant) appears in the current release, SCOPe 2.08. ... More info for Protein E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy from b.7.1.1: PLC-like (P variant). ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=141103&ver=1.75

View mouse Siah2 Chr3:58582359-58599821 with: phenotypes, sequences, polymorphisms, proteins, references, function, expression

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:108062

This novel mechanism therefore creates silenced ligases that remain poised for reactivation. © 2017 EMBO. ... auto-ubiquitylation instead triggers oligomerization and concomitant reduction of ligase activity. ... Occasional auto-modification of ubiquitin ligases typically leads to their proteasomal destruction, but new findings published ... Occasional auto-modification of ubiquitin ligases typically leads to their proteasomal destruction, but new findings published ...

https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/chem_fac_articles/215/

Mapping of the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene (GLCLC) to human chromosome 6p12 and mouse chromosome 9D-E and ... Localization of glutamate cysteine ligase subunit mRNA within the rat ovary and relationship to follicular apoptosis. Luderer, ... Stable transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit cDNA confers increased ... Mapping of the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene (GLCLC) to human chromosome 6p12 and mouse chromosome 9D-E and ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/25283.html

SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9, EC 6.3.2.-, SUMO-protein ligase, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 I, Ubiquitin-protein ligase I, ... and PML without the requirement of an E3 ligase. ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/ube2i_human_his

You are here: Molecular Biology , Enzymes , Modifying Enzymes , Ligases / Phosphatases / Kinases , T4 DNA Ligase ... T4 DNA Ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between juxtaposed 5 phosphate and 3-hydroxyl termini in ... To dilute T4 DNA Ligase for subsequent storage at -20 °C a storage buffer containing 50 % glycerol should be used, to dilute ... T4 DNA Ligase is strongly inhibited by NaCl or KCl if the concentration exceeds 200 mM. ...

https://www.jenabioscience.com/molecular-biology/enzymes/modifying-enzymes/ligases-phosphatases-kinases/en-149-t4-dna-ligase

The ubiquitin ligase complex functions as a retro-translocon. The open pore of the ligase complex may also provide the ... The ubiquitin ligase complex has a constitutively open channel. The cryo-EM structure of the ligase complex from the ... The peroxisomal ubiquitin ligase complex. The components of the peroxisomal ubiquitin ligase complex were discovered ... Like all ubiquitin ligases, the peroxisomal ubiquitin ligase complex needs to cooperate with ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes ...

https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article/doi/10.1042/BST20221393/232158/Structure-and-function-of-the-peroxisomal

... Smrt RD, Szulwach KE, Pfeiffer RL, Li ... MicroRNA miR-137 regulates neuronal maturation by targeting ubiquitin ligase mind bomb-1. Zhao, PhD, X. MicroRNA MiR-137 ... MicroRNA miR-137 regulates neuronal maturation by targeting ubiquitin ligase mind bomb-1 ... MicroRNA miR-137 regulates neuronal maturation by targeting ubiquitin ligase mind bomb-1. Stem Cells. Jun;28(6):1060-70 PMCID: ...

https://www.waisman.wisc.edu/publications/5606/

... ligase (AMP-forming), Biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxyltransferase] ligase ... 6.3.4.9: biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase] ligase. This is an abbreviated version!. For detailed information about ... methylmalonyl-CoA-pyruvate apocarboxyltransferase ligase (AMP), Biotin-apotranscarboxylase synthetase, biotin:apo[methylmalonyl ... biotin-[methylmalonyl-CoA-carboxytransferase] ligase, go to the full flat file.. Reaction. ATP. + biotin. + apo-[methylmalonyl- ...

https://brenda-enzymes.org/all_enzymes.php?ecno=6.3.4.9&table=Storage_Stability

B. cenocepacia has two paralogous copies of PaaK, the phenylacetyl-CoA ligase, which produces PA-CoA, the inducer of the ...

https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/handle/1993/5081

Axon Medchem | Prime source supplier of high-value life science products, providing Axon Ligands™ for pharmaceutical research as world-wide recognized drug standards

https://www.axonmedchem.com/products/enzymes/ligases/synthetases/lrs

Showing Protein Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 (HMDBP00570). IdentificationBiological propertiesGene propertiesProtein ... encoding fatty acid-CoA ligase 4, is mutated in nonspecific X-linked mental retardation. Nat Genet. 2002 Apr;30(4):436-40. Epub ... and chromosomal localization of human long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4). Genomics. 1998 Apr 15;49(2):327-30. [PubMed: ... Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4 MKLKLNVLTIILLPVHLLITIYSALIFIPWYFLTNAKKKNAMAKRIKAKPTSDKPGSPYR ...

https://hmdb.ca/proteins/HMDBP00570

Seminars and Events at the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) and Vienna Biocenter (VBC).

https://www.imp.ac.at/calendar/event/structural-and-mechanistic-characterisation-of-multi-domain-e3-ligases-that-regulate-immune-signalli/

Regulation of T follicular helper cells in SLE by E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. * Email Sign Up ... Regulation of T follicular helper cells in SLE by E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Abstract ... Our preliminary results showed that introducing a point mutation within RING finger domain of E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b into ...

https://www.lupusresearch.org/for-researchers/funded-research/grant/regulation-of-t-follicular-helper-cells-in-sle-by-e3-ubiquitin-ligase-cbl-b/

ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) <=> AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp ...

https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/6.1.1.12

... associates with Cullin1 and Rbx1 to bridge the E2 conjugating enzyme with its protein substrate to execute its E3 ligase ... one component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, directly interacts with Skp1 and indirectly ... Skp2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2), one component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, directly interacts with Skp1 ... Discovery and effects of pharmacological inhibition of the E3 ligase Skp2 by small molecule protein-protein interaction ...

https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/861/

... amyotrophic lateral sclerosis show an upregulation of TAp63 that stimulates the expression of a pro-atrophic ubiquitin ligase. ... 1998) Mutation of the angelman ubiquitin ligase in mice causes increased cytoplasmic p53 and deficits of contextual learning ... Transcriptional activator TAp63 is upregulated in muscular atrophy during ALS and induces the pro-atrophic ubiquitin ligase ... Transcriptional activator TAp63 is upregulated in muscular atrophy during ALS and induces the pro-atrophic ubiquitin ligase ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/10528v1

Kostandin Pajcini/Enhancing the function of E3 ubiquitin ligase Deltex1 in Notch-driven T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia ... Enhancing the function of E3 ubiquitin ligase Deltex1 in Notch-driven T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemiaachaud452019-07-26T13: ... Enhancing the function of E3 ubiquitin ligase Deltex1 in Notch-driven T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ... Enhancing the function of E3 ubiquitin ligase Deltex1 in Notch-driven T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia ...

https://chicago.medicine.uic.edu/education/masters-and-doctorate-programs/graduate-education-in-biomedical-sciences-gems/students/rotation-projects-kostandin-pajcini/enhancing-the-function-of-e3-ubiquitin-ligase-deltex1-in-notch-driven-t-cell-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia/

The SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 genes each provide instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called succinate-CoA ligase. (medlineplus.gov)
Ligase is an enzyme that uses adenosine triphosphate to develop bonds, and it is appropriately used in DNA recombinant cloning techniques so as to attach restriction endonuclease fragments. (grandviewresearch.com)
En biochimie , une ligase est une enzyme qui catalyse la jonction de deux molécules (en anglais ligation ) par de nouvelles liaisons covalentes avec hydrolyse concomitante de l' ATP ou d'autres molécules similaires. (wikipedia.org)
One Cohesive-End Ligation Unit (CEU) is defined as the amount of enzyme required to give 50 % ligation of Hin d III fragments of λ DNA (5' DNA termini concentration of 0.12 μM, 300 μg/ml) in a total reaction volume of 20 μl in 30 minutes at 16 °C in 1x T4 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer. (jenabioscience.com)
Skp2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2), one component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, directly interacts with Skp1 and indirectly associates with Cullin1 and Rbx1 to bridge the E2 conjugating enzyme with its protein substrate to execute its E3 ligase activity. (tmc.edu)
A KTDG motif essential for enzyme-GMP complex formation by mRNA capping enzyme is conserved at the active sites of RNA and DNA ligases. (crossref.org)
E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the final step of the ubiquitination reaction by recognising target proteins and mediating the ubiquitin transfer from an E2 enzyme. (oulu.fi)
The activity of DTX3L is known to be modulated by at least two different factors: the concentration of NAD⁺, which dictates if the enzyme acts as a ligase or as an ADP-ribosyltransferase, and its binding partners, which affect DTX3L activity through yet unknown mechanisms. (oulu.fi)

Unlike the full length ligase, T4 Rnl2 truncated is unable to adenylate the 5´ end of the substrate, and as a result it cannot ligate the phosphorylated 5´ end of RNA or DNA to the 3´ end of RNA (1-3). (neb.com)
Thus, dimeric RING ligases are not simply inert scaffolds that bring substrate and E2-loaded ubiquitin into close proximity. (nih.gov)
BTB-Kelch proteins are the substrate adaptors for a large family of Cullin3-dependent E3 ligases that remain incompletely characterised. (bl.uk)
For other targets with known substrates, I performed SPOTs peptide arrays and biophysical analyses to map their binding motifs (degrons) and was able to solve the crystal structures for the substrate complexes of the E3 ligases KLHL20, KLHL12 and KLHL3 with substrates DAPK1, DVL1 and WNK3, respectively. (bl.uk)
E3 is a ubiquitin ligase, which directly or indirectly catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin to the target protein (substrate) and forms isopeptide bonds. (bocsci.com)
MaMYB4 is a negative regulator and a substrate of RING-type E3 ligases MaBRG2/3 in controlling banana fruit ripening. (bvsalud.org)
By combining ligand titrations with genetic crosses to generate animals with different allelic combinations, we show that degradation kinetics depend upon the dose of the tagged protein, ligand, and the E3 ligase substrate receptor TIR1. (elifesciences.org)

Cysteine-tRNA ligase (also known as Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) (EC:6.1.1.16) is an alpha monomer and belongs to class Ia [PMID: 1992490]. (embl.de)

Docking-dependent ubiquitination of the interferon regulatory factor-1 tumor suppressor protein by the ubiquitin ligase CHIP. (genefrontier.com)
Proteolytic targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional small molecules consisting of an E3 ligase recruiting molecule and a target protein ligand, tethered by chemical linkers. (lifesensors.com)
There are more than 600 E3 ligases in the human proteome, but only a few ligases are currently being used for targeted protein degradation, such as Cereblon (CRBN), Von Hippel Lindau (VHL), MDM2, and IAPs. (lifesensors.com)
Currently, LifeSensors has a library of ~30 ligases that can be explored for PROTAC applications based on target protein compartmentalization and tissue specificity for efficient degradation. (lifesensors.com)
E3 ligases conjugate monoubiquitin or polyubiquitin with various chain architectures to protein substrates or themselves. (lifesensors.com)
There are three main types of ubiquitin ligase E3: HECT (homologous to E6AP C-terminus) domain family, RING (really interesting new gene) domain family, and U-box protein family. (bocsci.com)
Importantly, two RING finger E3 ligases MaBRG2/3, whose protein accumulation increased progressively with fruit ripening, were found to interact with and ubiquitinate MaMYB4, contributing to decreased accumulation of MaMYB4 during fruit ripening. (bvsalud.org)
Site-Specific Protein Labeling with N-Hydroxysuccinimide-Esters and the Analysis of Ubiquitin Ligase Mechanisms. (harvard.edu)
This hypothesis is based on the observation that several E3 ubiquitin ligases are mutated or lost in a high proportion of human tumours and exert their function by regulating the protein stability of essential transcription factors, which also function as potent proto-oncogenes, like MYC, JUN, NICD1, CCNE1 and p63/∆Np63. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
DTX3L is a multi-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase in which the N-terminus mediates protein oligomerisation, a middle D3 domain mediates the interaction with PARP9, a RING domain responsible for recognising E2 ∼ Ub and a DTC domain has the dual activity of ADP-ribosylating ubiquitin and mediating ubiquitination. (oulu.fi)
Decreased mRNA expression of SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 2 (Smurf2), which is involved in ubiquitin degradation of HSP27, was responsible for the increased expression of pHSP27. (bvsalud.org)

Recycling requires receptor monoubiquitination by a membrane-embedded ubiquitin ligase complex composed of three RING finger (RF) domain-containing proteins: PEX2, PEX10, and PEX12. (portlandpress.com)

This forum will provide an unrivalled meeting-point for industry leaders, in order to strategically accelerate and de-risk the process of identifying, validating and therapeutically leveraging cell and tissue specific Ubiquitin E3 ligases for degradation or modulation of targets of interest. (pharmiweb.com)
Over 600 E3 ligases are identified that covalently modify substrates with ubiquitin to control their degradation, trafficking or activity. (bl.uk)
Our Novel E3 ligases for PROTAC service include High-throughput screening for identifying novel ligands, characterizing ligand affinity to novel E3 ligase, demonstrating selectivity, PROTAC design, and evaluating target degradation. (lifesensors.com)
Viral E3 Ubiquitin Ligase-Mediated Degradation of a Cellular E3: Viral Mimicry of a Cellular Phosphorylation Mark Targets the RNF8 FHA Domain,' Molecular Cell, published online March 8, 2012, to appear in print, April 13, 2012. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Chlamydia trachomatis (ligase chain reaction), Mycoplasma genitalium (polymerase chain reaction, PCR), Ureaplasma urealyticum (culture and PCR), and Streptococcus spp, Gardnerella vaginalis , and Haemophilus species (culture). (bmj.com)

The 2nd Ligase Targeting Drug Development Summit returns virtually with new insight and data from pioneers in the field to delve deep into ligase biology, assays to investigate functions as well as screening tools for optimum ligand identification and validation. (pharmiweb.com)
The team decided to test how U24 interacts with other Nedd4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases, and they identified the Smurf WW domain as a potential binding partner of U24 based on previous data and their own pull-down assays. (hhv-6foundation.org)
Electrophoretic gel mobility-shift assays demonstrate that the Tth ligase binds poorly to oligonucleotide substrates containing analogs with altered minor groove contacts. (utmb.edu)
Lifesensors has developed a suite of assays that can screen for novel ligands and design PROTACs recruiting novel ligases and aid in the discovery of a new generation of PROTACs. (lifesensors.com)

Hundreds of E3 ligases have been identified in mammalian ubiquitylation cascades. (lifesensors.com)
Ubiquitylation is regulated by enzymes that add (E3 ubiquitin ligases) or subtract (deubiquitylating enzymes) ubiquitin from substrates. (upenn.edu)
We use systems biology approaches to define changes in ubiquitylation as activation states change, and to identify ubiquitin ligases that regulate immune cell fate. (upenn.edu)

An ATP-independent, non-catalytic thermostable ligase that catalyses the intramolecular ligation (i.e. circularisation) of ssDNA and ssRNA templates. (biosearchtech.com)
One area of focus in the lab has centered on catalytic HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases of the Nedd4-family. (upenn.edu)

The global DNases, ligases, and RNA polymerases market size was valued at USD 611.97 million in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.58% from 2022 to 2030. (grandviewresearch.com)
2021. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/740291/all/ligase. (unboundmedicine.com)

We are now poised to define how cullin ligases form distinct ubiquitin complexes in T cells or other immune cells, and the unique set of substrates targeted by these complexes. (upenn.edu)

Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency results from mutations in the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in either the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene disrupt the normal function of succinate-CoA ligase. (medlineplus.gov)
An E. coli strain that carries the cloned truncated T4 RNA Ligase 2 gene. (neb.com)
Moreover, research leads to customization of research utilities and DNases, ligases, and RNA polymerases for subjective utility in research activities such as gene cloning, gene silencing, and genetic engineering. (grandviewresearch.com)
Our preliminary results showed that introducing a point mutation within RING finger domain of E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b into lpr mice (carrying a mutation in Fas gene) on a C57BL/6 background (B6-lpr.CblbC373A), exacerbates the disease. (lupusresearch.org)
The third gene, vanA , Francisco, CA). encodes an ATP-dependent D-Ala-D-Lac ligase. (cdc.gov)
The Neisseria gonorrhoeae assay uses LCR TM (ligase chain reaction) amplification technology in the LCx Probe System for the direct, qualitative detection of a specific target nucleic acid sequence in the Opa gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (cdc.gov)

While CRBN and VHL have shown broad applicability for PROTAC applications, the lack of tractable ligands for novel E3 ligases and the lack of reliable screening methods limit the expansion of PROTACs to new E3 ligases. (lifesensors.com)

1X T4 RNA Ligase Reaction Buffer supplemented to 10% (w/v) PEG MW 8000, 20 pmol of 5´-FAM labeled RNA, and 40 pmol preadenylated DNA linker. (neb.com)
To dilute T4 DNA Ligase for subsequent storage at -20 °C a storage buffer containing 50 % glycerol should be used, to dilute Ligase for immediate use, 1x Reaction Buffer is recommended. (jenabioscience.com)

Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uams.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Carbon-Oxygen Ligases" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. (uams.edu)

T4 Rnl2tr is expressed from a plasmid in E. coli, which encodes the first 249 amino acids of the full length T4 RNA Ligase 2. (neb.com)
T4 DNA ligase (isolated from E. coli ) is the ligase that is usually used in molecular biology applications such as next-generation sequencing and cloning. (grandviewresearch.com)

Mammalian RNF4 is a dimeric RING ubiquitin E3 ligase that ubiquitylates poly-SUMOylated proteins. (nih.gov)

Pirh2 E3 ubiquitin ligase targets DNA. (neb.com)

The ubiquitin ligase E3 of the U-box family is necessary for post-translational quality control of eukaryotic proteins. (bocsci.com)

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Trim7 mediates c-Jun/AP-1 activation by Ras signalling. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Phytosulfokine α (PSKα) delays senescence and reinforces SUMO1/SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 signaling pathway in cut rose flowers (Rosa hybrida cv. (nature.com)

The Chlamydia trachomatis assay uses LCR TM (ligase chain reaction) amplification technology in the LCx Probe System for the direct, qualitative detection of plasmid DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis. (cdc.gov)

Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems. (medlineplus.gov)
Most children with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency also experience a failure to thrive, which means that they gain weight and grow more slowly than expected. (medlineplus.gov)
Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency causes breathing difficulties that often lead to recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. (medlineplus.gov)
These infections can be life-threatening, and most people with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency live only into childhood or adolescence. (medlineplus.gov)
A few individuals with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency have had an even more severe form of the disorder known as fatal infantile lactic acidosis. (medlineplus.gov)
Although the exact prevalence of succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is unknown, it appears to be very rare. (medlineplus.gov)
These problems lead to hypotonia, muscle weakness, and the other characteristic features of succinate-CoA ligase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)

A significant rise in the adoption of ligases for recombinant DNA experiments is also projected to accelerate the growth of the market over the forecast period. (grandviewresearch.com)

Le nom courant des enzymes de type ligase inclut souvent le terme « ligase » comme l' ADN ligase du phage T4 utilisée pour structurer des fragments d' ADN . (wikipedia.org)

In this paper, we present the results of experiments with Tth ligase from Thermus thermophilus HB8 and a series of nucleoside analogs in which the mechanism of discrimination has been probed. (utmb.edu)

Structural basis for the GTP specificity of the RNA kinase domain of fungal tRNA ligase. (cornell.edu)

Predicted to enable tubulin binding activity and tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity. (nih.gov)
We combined this information on biologic function with biochemical data in which we defined precisely how these adaptors activate the enzymatic activity of Nedd4-family ligases, and are now using this information in the rational design of therapeutics. (upenn.edu)
It is highly specific despite not possessing the amino acid editing activity characteristic of many other tRNA ligases [PMID: 12032090]. (embl.de)

Consistent with this hypothesis, we observe that DFT-containing base pairs inhibit ligation when on the 3′ side of the ligase junction. (utmb.edu)
Highly thermostable DNA ligase for applications where ligation at high temperature is beneficial or required. (biosearchtech.com)
A thermostable ligase that catalyses the intramolecular ligation (i.e. circularisation) of ssDNA and ssRNA templates. (biosearchtech.com)

Our recent work has employed systems biology approaches in which we intrgrated transcriptome, proteome and ubiquitome information to identify Cullin E3 ubiquitin ligases that are particularly active as T cells transition from resting to activated states. (upenn.edu)

DNA ligases, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, covalently link the 3′-hydroxyl and 5′-phosphate ends of duplex DNA segments. (utmb.edu)

8 The interaction between DNA origami nanostructures and enzymes is poorly studied, so far limited to restriction endonucleases and ligases. (rsc.org)

At neutral pH, the FU:G mispair on the 3′ side of a ligase junction is predominantly in a neutral wobble configuration and is poorly ligated. (utmb.edu)

B. cenocepacia has two paralogous copies of PaaK, the phenylacetyl-CoA ligase, which produces PA-CoA, the inducer of the pathway. (umanitoba.ca)

The significance of minor groove hydrogen bonding interactions is confirmed with both Tth and T4 DNA ligases upon examination of base pairs containing the pyrimidine shape analog, difluorotoluene (DFT). (utmb.edu)

Ligases that catalyze the joining of adjacent AMINO ACIDS by the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds between their carboxylic acid groups and amine groups. (bvsalud.org)

T4 DNA Ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between juxtaposed 5' phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini in duplex DNA or RNA. (jenabioscience.com)

We are now generating genetic models in which to test the the biologic relevance of these ligases in protective immune responses. (upenn.edu)

Anatomy15

Organisms24

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs113

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes71

Information Science4

Health Care3

The human F box protein beta-Trcp associates with the Cul1/Skp1 complex and regulates the stability of beta-catenin. (1/2980)

Identification of a human HECT family protein with homology to the Drosophila tumor suppressor gene hyperplastic discs. (2/2980)

Function of WW domains as phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding modules. (3/2980)

Roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of twitching motility. (4/2980)

Identification of determinants in E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes required for hect E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase interaction. (5/2980)

Histone ubiquitination and chromatin remodeling in mouse spermatogenesis. (6/2980)

A wide variety of mutations in the parkin gene are responsible for autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe. French Parkinson's Disease Genetics Study Group and the European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease. (7/2980)

Inhibitory phosphorylation of the APC regulator Hct1 is controlled by the kinase Cdc28 and the phosphatase Cdc14. (8/2980)

Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases

DNA Ligases

SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases

Cullin Proteins

Ubiquitination

Polynucleotide Ligases

Ubiquitin

RING Finger Domains

Coenzyme A Ligases

Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes

RNA Ligase (ATP)

F-Box Proteins

Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport

Ubiquitins

Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex

Peptide Synthases

Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes

Polyubiquitin

Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes

Carbon-Oxygen Ligases

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Amino Acid Sequence

Molecular Sequence Data

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl

Protein Binding

Proteolysis

S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins

Protein Inhibitors of Activated STAT

Substrate Specificity

SUMO-1 Protein

Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins

Sumoylation

Amino Acid Motifs

Adenosine Monophosphate

Mutation

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Carrier Proteins

Muscular Atrophy

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Multiprotein Complexes

Cell Cycle Proteins

Receptors, Autocrine Motility Factor

Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome

HEK293 Cells

HeLa Cells

Lysine

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequence Alignment

Catalysis

Signal Transduction

Models, Molecular

Two-Hybrid System Techniques

Cell Line

Arabidopsis Proteins

Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Nuclear Proteins

Binding Sites

DNA-Binding Proteins

Muscle Proteins

Immunoprecipitation

DNA Repair

Models, Biological

Biocatalysis

Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase

Peptide Hydrolases

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2

Arabidopsis

Repressor Proteins

Bacteriophage T4

Protein Transport

Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation

Crystallography, X-Ray

Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs

Transcription Factors

Ubiquitin Thiolesterase

RNA Interference

Protein Stability

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Multienzyme Complexes