A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.
Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.
Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in leukemia.
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)
IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.
The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.
A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1.
Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).
That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.
Leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as VIRUSES; RADIATION; or by TRANSPLANTATION of leukemic tissues.
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.
Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.
A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.
A malignant disease of the B-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow and/or blood.
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.
A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.
Leukemia L1210 is a designation for a specific murine (mouse) leukemia cell line that was originally isolated from a female mouse with an induced acute myeloid leukemia, which is widely used as a model in cancer research, particularly for in vivo studies of drug efficacy and resistance.
The type species of DELTARETROVIRUS that causes a form of bovine lymphosarcoma (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS) or persistent lymphocytosis.
A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS causing leukemia, lymphosarcoma, immune deficiency, or other degenerative diseases in cats. Several cellular oncogenes confer on FeLV the ability to induce sarcomas (see also SARCOMA VIRUSES, FELINE).
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-LYMPHOCYTES are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) are stimulated to generate memory cells.
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.
Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is a transcription factor that maintains high levels of HOMEOTIC GENE expression during development. The GENE for myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is commonly disrupted in LEUKEMIA and combines with over 40 partner genes to form FUSION ONCOGENE PROTEINS.
An immunoglobulin which accounts for less than 1% of plasma immunoglobulin. It is found on the membrane of many circulating B LYMPHOCYTES.
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) producing leukemia of the reticulum-cell type with massive infiltration of liver, spleen, and bone marrow. It infects DBA/2 and Swiss mice.
Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the B lymphocyte lineage. The pro-B cell stage of B lymphocyte development precedes the pre-B cell stage.
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.
A tumor necrosis factor superfamily member that plays a role in the regulation of B-LYMPHOCYTE survival. It occurs as a membrane-bound protein that is cleaved to release an biologically active soluble form with specificity to TRANSMEMBRANE ACTIVATOR AND CAML INTERACTOR PROTEIN; B-CELL ACTIVATION FACTOR RECEPTOR; and B-CELL MATURATION ANTIGEN.
A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) isolated from spontaneous leukemia in AKR strain mice.
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.
Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.
T-cell enhancement of the B-cell response to thymic-dependent antigens.
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.
Translation products of a fusion gene derived from CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION of C-ABL GENES to the genetic locus of the breakpoint cluster region gene on chromosome 22. Several different variants of the bcr-abl fusion proteins occur depending upon the precise location of the chromosomal breakpoint. These variants can be associated with distinct subtypes of leukemias such as PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE; and NEUTROPHILIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
The initial phase of chronic myeloid leukemia consisting of an relatively indolent period lasting from 4 to 7 years. Patients range from asymptomatic to those exhibiting ANEMIA; SPLENOMEGALY; and increased cell turnover. There are 5% or fewer blast cells in the blood and bone marrow in this phase.
Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.
Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.
A lectin and cell adhesion molecule found in B-LYMPHOCYTES. It interacts with SIALIC ACIDS and mediates signaling from B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS.
The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.
A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
An ERYTHROLEUKEMIA cell line derived from a CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA patient in BLAST CRISIS.
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.
A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that specifically binds B-CELL ACTIVATING FACTOR. It is found on B-LYMPHOCYTES and plays a role in maturation and survival of B-cells. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
The phase of chronic myeloid leukemia following the chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC-PHASE), where there are increased systemic symptoms, worsening cytopenias, and refractory LEUKOCYTOSIS.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. They have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and they contain about 57 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and have more oligosaccharide branches and a higher carbohydrate content than the heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily found on most T-LYMPHOCYTES. Activation of the receptor by CD70 ANTIGEN results in the increased proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), T-cell lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL), and is involved in mycosis fungoides, SEZARY SYNDROME and tropical spastic paraparesis (PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC).
A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. Runx1 is frequently mutated in human LEUKEMIAS.
A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene DNA during development.
Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.
One of the types of light chains of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.
Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.
A leukemia affecting young children characterized by SPLENOMEGALY, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. Traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder.
Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.
A receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in HEMATOPOIESIS. It is closely related to FMS PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN and is commonly mutated in acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.
CXCR receptors isolated initially from BURKITT LYMPHOMA cells. CXCR5 receptors are expressed on mature, recirculating B-LYMPHOCYTES and are specific for CHEMOKINE CXCL13.
A replication-defective strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) capable of transforming lymphoid cells and producing a rapidly progressing lymphoid leukemia after superinfection with FRIEND MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; MOLONEY MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; or RAUSCHER VIRUS.
Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the second stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.
Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Cell separation is the process of isolating and distinguishing specific cell types or individual cells from a heterogeneous mixture, often through the use of physical or biological techniques.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.
A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1.
Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.
A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder characterized by myelodysplasia associated with bone marrow and peripheral blood patterns similar to CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, but cytogenetically lacking a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr/abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).
Immunological rejection of leukemia cells following bone marrow transplantation.
The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.
A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.
Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.
Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
Remnant of a tumor or cancer after primary, potentially curative therapy. (Dr. Daniel Masys, written communication)
A receptor subunit that combines with CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130 to form the dual specificity receptor for LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR and ONCOSTATIN M. The subunit is also a component of the CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR. Both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms of the receptor subunit exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. The secreted isoform is believed to act as an inhibitory receptor, while the membrane-bound form is a signaling receptor.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.
Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).
Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.
Examination of CHROMOSOMES to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.

Mistletoe lectin activates caspase-8/FLICE independently of death receptor signaling and enhances anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. (1/291)

Mistletoe lectin I (ML-I) is a major active component in plant extracts of Viscum album that is increasingly used in adjuvant cancer therapy. ML-I exerts potent immunomodulating and cytotoxic effects, although its mechanism of action is largely unknown. We show that treatment of leukemic T- and B-cell lines with ML-I induced apoptosis, which required the prior activation of proteases of the caspase family. The involvement of caspases is demonstrated because (a) a peptide caspase inhibitor almost completely prevented ML-I-induced cell death and (b) proteolytic activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 was observed. Because caspase-8 has been implicated as a regulator of apoptosis mediated by death receptors, we further investigated a potential receptor involvement in ML-I-induced effects. Cell death triggered by ML-I was neither attenuated in cell clones resistant to CD95 nor in cells that were rendered refractory to other death receptors by overexpressing a dominant-negative FADD mutant. In contrast, ML-I triggered a receptor-independent mitochondria-controlled apoptotic pathway because it rapidly induced the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Because ML-I was also observed to enhance the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs, these data may provide a molecular basis for clinical trials using MLs in anticancer therapy.  (+info)

Quantitative analysis of CD79b, CD5 and CD19 in mature B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. (2/291)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Distinction between B-cell chronic leukemias can be difficult due to overlap in cell morphology and immunologic features. We investigated, by quantitative flow cytometry, the expression of CD79b, CD5 and CD19 in cells from a variety of B-cell disorders to see whether this analysis adds further information useful to the diagnosis and characterization of these diseases. DESIGN AND METHODS: Peripheral blood cells from 6 normal individuals were used as reference controls. The diseases of the 63 patients investigated comprised: 29 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), six of them with atypical morphology, 6 B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), 12 splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL) and 16 mantle-cell (Mc) lymphoma in leukemic phase. The study was carried out by triple immunostaining with directly conjugated monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against CD79b, CD5 and CD19 and quantitative estimation of the antigens per cell assessed with standard microbeads (Quantum Simply Cellular). RESULTS: Compared to normal B-cells, the number of CD19 molecules was significantly lower in cells from all of the B-cell disorders except PLL. The intensity of CD5 in leukemic B-cells was significantly higher in CLL cells, including atypical cases, and Mc lymphoma than in normal B-cells, whilst PLL and SLVL had values similar to those of normal B-lymphocytes. CD79b was expressed at lower levels in all types of leukemic cells compared to normal B-lymphocytes but differences were statistically significant in CLL, Mc lymphoma and SLVL. The number of CD79b molecules per cell was significantly lower in typical CLL than in the remaining B-cell diseases whilst the comparison of CD5 and CD19 intensity between CLL and non-CLL samples failed to show any statistically significant difference. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Distinct antigen density patterns for the various conditions emerged from this analysis: Typical CLL was characterized by moderate CD5 and weak or negative CD79b expression. Mc lymphoma showed an homogeneous pattern, characterized by similar expression of CD5 than CLL but significantly stronger expression of CD79b whilst PLL and SLVL had weak CD5 and moderate CD79b expression. Atypical CLL had an intermediate pattern of CD79b antigen expression ranging from weak to moderate with bright CD5. Unlike CD5 and CD79b, CD19 did not discriminate the various B-cell disorders but only between normal and leukemic cells.  (+info)

A DNA damage repair mechanism is involved in the origin of chromosomal translocations t(4;11) in primary leukemic cells. (3/291)

Some chromosomal translocations involved in the origin of leukemias and lymphomas are due to malfunctions of the recombinatorial machinery of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor-genes. This mechanism has also been proposed for translocations t(4;11)(q21;q23), which are regularly associated with acute pro-B cell leukemias in early childhood. Here, reciprocal chromosomal breakpoints in primary biopsy material of fourteen t(4;11)-leukemia patients were analysed. In all cases, duplications, deletions and inversions of less than a few hundred nucleotides indicative of malfunctioning DNA repair mechanisms were observed. We concluded that these translocation events were initiated by several DNA strand breaks on both participating chromosomes and subsequent DNA repair by 'error-prone-repair' mechanisms, but not by the action of recombinases of the immune system.  (+info)

SLUG, a ces-1-related zinc finger transcription factor gene with antiapoptotic activity, is a downstream target of the E2A-HLF oncoprotein. (4/291)

The E2A-HLF fusion gene transforms human pro-B lymphocytes by interfering with an early step in apoptotic signaling. In a search for E2A-HLF-responsive genes, we identified a zinc finger transcription factor, SLUG, whose product belongs to the Snail family of developmental regulatory proteins. Importantly, SLUG bears close homology to the CES-1 protein of C. elegans, which acts downstream of CES-2 in a neuron-specific cell death pathway. Consistent with the postulated role of CES-1 as an antiapoptotic transcription factor, SLUG was nearly as active as Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL in promoting the survival of IL-3-dependent murine pro-B cells deprived of the cytokine. We conclude that SLUG is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional repressor whose activation by E2A-HLF promotes the aberrant survival and eventual malignant transformation of mammalian pro-B cells otherwise slated for apoptotic death.  (+info)

Molecular diagnostics on microfabricated electrophoretic devices: from slab gel- to capillary- to microchip-based assays for T- and B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. (5/291)

BACKGROUND: Current methods for molecular-based diagnosis of disease rely heavily on modern molecular biology techniques for interrogating the genome for aberrant DNA sequences. These techniques typically include amplification of the target DNA sequences followed by separation of the amplified fragments by slab gel electrophoresis. As a result of the labor-intensive, time-consuming nature of slab gel electrophoresis, alternative electrophoretic formats have been developed in the form of capillary electrophoresis and, more recently, multichannel microchip electrophoresis. METHODS: Capillary electrophoresis was explored as an alternative to slab gel electrophoresis for the analysis of PCR-amplified products indicative of T- and B-cell malignancies as a means of defining the elements for silica microchip-based diagnosis. Capillary-based separations were replicated on electrophoretic microchips. RESULTS: The microchip-based electrophoretic separation effectively resolved PCR-amplified fragments from the variable region of the T-cell receptor-gamma gene (150-250 bp range) and the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (80-140 bp range), yielding diagnostically relevant information regarding the presence of clonal DNA populations. Although hydroxyethylcellulose provided adequate separation power, the need for a coated microchannel for effective resolution necessitated additional preparative steps. In addition, preliminary data are shown indicating that polyvinylpyrrolidone may provide an adequate matrix without the need for microchannel coating. CONCLUSIONS: Separation of B- and T-cell gene rearrangement PCR products on microchips provides diagnostic information in dramatically reduced time (160 s vs 2.5 h) with no loss of diagnostic capacity when compared with current methodologies. As illustrated, this technology and methodology holds great potential for extrapolation to the abundance of similar molecular biology-based techniques.  (+info)

Functional characterization of TEL/AML1 fusion protein in the regulation of human CR1 gene promoter. (6/291)

The TEL/AML1 fusion gene occurs in childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as a result of the translocation of human chromosome 12;21. Using reporter gene assays, we have functionally characterized TEL, AML1 and TEL/AML1 fusion proteins in the regulation of the human CR1 gene. Analysis of transcription activities showed that AML1 increased the CR1 promoter activity and that TEL repressed the basal activity of the promoter. Increased activities of the CR1 promoter by AML1 protein were reduced by the TEL protein in a concentration-dependent manner. When TEL/AML1 and AML1 proteins are present in cells at the same time, the TEL/AML1 protein inhibits the transactivation activities of AML1 protein on the human CR1 promoter even though TEL/AML1 retains the transactivation domain of AML1. A mutation analysis of the human CR1 promoter revealed that the binding sites for TEL and AML1 are necessary for the action of TEL and TEL/AML1, respectively. Thus, production of the TEL/AML1 protein by translocation of human chromosome 12;21 may contribute to leukemogenesis by the specific inhibition of AML1-dependent activation of myeloid promoters.  (+info)

Activation of Hex and mEg5 by retroviral insertion may contribute to mouse B-cell leukemia. (7/291)

AKXD recombinant inbred mice develop a variety of leukemias and lymphomas due to retrovirally mediated insertional activation of cellular proto-oncogenes. We describe a new retroviral insertion site that is the most frequent genetic alteration in AKXD B-cell leukemias. Multiple genes flank the site of viral insertion, but the expression of just two, Hex and mEg5, is significantly upregulated. Hex is a divergent homeobox gene that is transiently expressed in many hematopoietic lineages, suggesting an involvement in cellular differentiation. mEg5 is a member of the bim-C subfamily of kinesin related proteins that are necessary for spindle formation and stabilization during mitosis. Our data provide the first genetic evidence for the activation of these genes in leukemia, and suggest that unscheduled expression of Hex and mEg5 contributes to the development of B-cell leukemia. In addition, this work highlights the use of genomic approaches for the study of position effect mutations.  (+info)

Distribution and pattern of BCL-6 mutations throughout the spectrum of B-cell neoplasia. (8/291)

BCL-6 mutations are accumulated during B-cell transit through the germinal center (GC) and provide a histogenetic marker for B-cell tumors. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of 308 B-cell neoplasms, we (1) expand the spectrum of tumors associated with BCL-6 mutations; (2) corroborate the notion that mutations cluster with GC and post-GC B-cell neoplasms; and (3) identify heterogeneous mutation frequency among B-lineage diffuse large cell lymphoma (B-DLCL) subsets. Mutations are virtually absent in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P <.001) and mantle cell lymphoma (P <.05), whereas they occur frequently in GC or post-GC neoplasms, including lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, MALT lymphomas, B-DLCL and Burkitt lymphoma. Among B-DLCL, mutations occur frequently in systemic nodal B-DLCL, primary extranodal B-DLCL, CD5(+) B-DLCL, CD30(+) B-DLCL, and primary splenic B-DLCL, suggesting a similar histogenesis of these B-DLCL subsets. Conversely, mutations are rare in primary mediastinal B-DLCL with sclerosis (10.0%; P <.01), supporting a distinct histogenesis for this lymphoma. Longitudinal follow-up of B-DLCL transformed from follicular lymphoma shows that they BCL-6 mutations may accumulate during histologic progression. Mutations also occur in some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias, small lymphocytic lymphomas, and hairy cell leukemias, consistent with the hypothesis that a fraction of these lymphoproliferations are related to GC-like cells. Finally, the molecular pattern of 193 mutational events reinforces the hypothesis that mutations of BCL-6 and immunoglobulin genes are caused by similar mechanisms. (Blood. 2000;95:651-659)  (+info)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that starts from cells that become certain white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow. The cancer (leukemia) cells start in the bone marrow but then go into the blood.

In CLL, the leukemia cells often build up slowly. Many people don't have any symptoms for at least a few years. But over time, the cells can spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.

The "B-cell" part of the name refers to the fact that the cancer starts in a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell. The "chronic" part means that this leukemia usually progresses more slowly than other types of leukemia.

It's important to note that chronic lymphocytic leukemia is different from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Although both are cancers of the white blood cells, they start in different types of white blood cells and progress differently.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system's response to infection. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters a pathogen, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen. These antibodies bind to the pathogen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

B-lymphocytes also have a role in presenting antigens to T-lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. This helps to stimulate the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes, which can then go on to destroy infected cells or help to coordinate the overall immune response.

Overall, B-lymphocytes are an essential part of the adaptive immune system, providing long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens and helping to protect against future infections.

CD5 is a type of protein found on the surface of certain cells in the human body, including some immune cells like T cells and B cells. It is also known as a cell marker or identifier. Antigens are substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells that can be recognized by the immune system, triggering an immune response.

In the context of CD5, antigens refer to foreign substances that can bind to the CD5 protein and stimulate an immune response. However, it's important to note that CD5 itself is not typically considered an antigen in the medical community. Instead, it is a marker used to identify certain types of cells and monitor their behavior in health and disease states.

In some cases, abnormal expression or regulation of CD5 has been associated with various diseases, including certain types of cancer. For example, some B-cell lymphomas may overexpress CD5, which can help doctors diagnose and monitor the progression of the disease. However, in these contexts, CD5 is not considered an antigen in the traditional sense.

Gene expression regulation in leukemia refers to the processes that control the production or activation of specific proteins encoded by genes in leukemic cells. These regulatory mechanisms include various molecular interactions that can either promote or inhibit gene transcription and translation. In leukemia, abnormal gene expression regulation can lead to uncontrolled proliferation, differentiation arrest, and accumulation of malignant white blood cells (leukemia cells) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.

Dysregulated gene expression in leukemia may involve genetic alterations such as mutations, chromosomal translocations, or epigenetic changes that affect DNA methylation patterns and histone modifications. These changes can result in the overexpression of oncogenes (genes with cancer-promoting functions) or underexpression of tumor suppressor genes (genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth).

Understanding gene expression regulation in leukemia is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment strategies.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow - the soft, inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. It is characterized by an abnormal production of white blood cells, known as leukocytes or blasts. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and healthy white blood cells (leukopenia).

There are several types of leukemia, classified based on the specific type of white blood cell affected and the speed at which the disease progresses:

1. Acute Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress rapidly, with symptoms developing over a few weeks or months. They involve the rapid growth and accumulation of immature, nonfunctional white blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - Originates from lymphoid progenitor cells, primarily affecting children but can also occur in adults.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - Develops from myeloid progenitor cells and is more common in older adults.

2. Chronic Leukemias - These types of leukemia progress slowly, with symptoms developing over a period of months to years. They involve the production of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells that can accumulate in large numbers in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. The two main categories are:
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Affects B-lymphocytes and is more common in older adults.
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Originates from myeloid progenitor cells, characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome. It can occur at any age but is more common in middle-aged and older adults.

Treatment options for leukemia depend on the type, stage, and individual patient factors. Treatments may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

1. Receptors: In the context of physiology and medicine, receptors are specialized proteins found on the surface of cells or inside cells that detect and respond to specific molecules, known as ligands. These interactions can trigger a variety of responses within the cell, such as starting a signaling cascade or changing the cell's metabolism. Receptors play crucial roles in various biological processes, including communication between cells, regulation of immune responses, and perception of senses.

2. Antigen: An antigen is any substance (usually a protein) that can be recognized by the adaptive immune system, specifically by B-cells and T-cells. Antigens can be derived from various sources, such as microorganisms (like bacteria, viruses, or fungi), pollen, dust mites, or even components of our own cells (for instance, in autoimmune diseases). An antigen's ability to stimulate an immune response is determined by its molecular structure and whether it can be recognized by the receptors on immune cells.

3. B-Cell: B-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the adaptive immune system, particularly in humoral immunity. They originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens. Each B-cell has receptors on its surface called B-cell receptors (BCRs) that can recognize a unique antigen. When a B-cell encounters its specific antigen, it becomes activated, undergoes proliferation, and differentiates into plasma cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies to neutralize or eliminate the antigen.

Immunoglobulin heavy chains are proteins that make up the framework of antibodies, which are Y-shaped immune proteins. These heavy chains, along with light chains, form the antigen-binding sites of an antibody, which recognize and bind to specific foreign substances (antigens) in order to neutralize or remove them from the body.

The heavy chain is composed of a variable region, which contains the antigen-binding site, and constant regions that determine the class and function of the antibody. There are five classes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM) that differ in their heavy chain constant regions and therefore have different functions in the immune response.

Immunoglobulin heavy chains are synthesized by B cells, a type of white blood cell involved in the adaptive immune response. The genetic rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes during B cell development results in the production of a vast array of different antibodies with unique antigen-binding sites, allowing for the recognition and elimination of a wide variety of pathogens.

CD40 is a type of protein known as a tumor necrosis factor receptor that is found on the surface of various cells in the body, including B cells, dendritic cells, and activated T cells. It plays an important role in the immune system by interacting with another protein called CD154 (also known as CD40 ligand) to activate immune responses.

CD40 antigens are molecules that can stimulate an immune response when introduced into the body because they are recognized as foreign substances by the immune system. They may be used in vaccines or other immunotherapies to induce an immune response against specific targets, such as cancer cells or infectious agents.

CD40 antigens can also be found on some types of tumor cells, and activating CD40 with CD154 has been shown to enhance the anti-tumor immune response in preclinical models. Therefore, CD40 agonists are being investigated as potential cancer therapies.

In summary, CD40 antigens are proteins that can stimulate an immune response and are involved in activating immune cells. They have potential applications in vaccines, immunotherapies, and cancer treatments.

Immunoglobulin light chains are the smaller protein subunits of an immunoglobulin, also known as an antibody. They are composed of two polypeptide chains, called kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), which are produced by B cells during the immune response. Each immunoglobulin molecule contains either two kappa or two lambda light chains, in association with two heavy chains.

Light chains play a crucial role in the antigen-binding site of an antibody, where they contribute to the specificity and affinity of the interaction between the antibody and its target antigen. In addition to their role in immune function, abnormal production or accumulation of light chains can lead to various diseases, such as multiple myeloma and amyloidosis.

CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154) is a type II transmembrane protein and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ T cells, but can also be found on other immune cells such as activated B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

CD40 ligand binds to its receptor, CD40, which is mainly expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The interaction between CD40L and CD40 plays a crucial role in the activation and regulation of the immune response.

CD40L-CD40 signaling is essential for T cell-dependent B cell activation, antibody production, and class switching. It also contributes to the activation and maturation of dendritic cells, promoting their ability to stimulate T cell responses. Dysregulation of CD40L-CD40 signaling has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and cancer.

Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances such as pathogens or toxins. They are composed of four polypeptide chains: two heavy chains and two light chains, which are held together by disulfide bonds. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain loops that form the antigen-binding site, allowing each Ig molecule to recognize a specific epitope (antigenic determinant) on an antigen.

Genes encoding immunoglobulins are located on chromosome 14 (light chain genes) and chromosomes 22 and 2 (heavy chain genes). The diversity of the immune system is generated through a process called V(D)J recombination, where variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments are randomly selected and assembled to form the variable regions of the heavy and light chains. This results in an enormous number of possible combinations, allowing the immune system to recognize and respond to a vast array of potential threats.

There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each with distinct functions and structures. For example, IgG is the most abundant class in serum and provides long-term protection against pathogens, while IgA is found on mucosal surfaces and helps prevent the entry of pathogens into the body.

The Immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region is the antigen-binding part of an antibody, which is highly variable in its amino acid sequence and therefore specific to a particular epitope (the site on an antigen that is recognized by the antigen-binding site of an antibody). This variability is generated during the process of V(D)J recombination in the maturation of B cells, allowing for a diverse repertoire of antibodies to be produced and recognizing a wide range of potential pathogens.

The variable region is composed of several sub-regions including:

1. The heavy chain variable region (VH)
2. The light chain variable region (VL)
3. The heavy chain joining region (JH)
4. The light chain joining region (JL)

These regions are further divided into framework regions and complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). The CDRs, particularly CDR3, contain the most variability and are primarily responsible for antigen recognition.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, the soft inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. In AML, the immature cells, called blasts, in the bone marrow fail to mature into normal blood cells. Instead, these blasts accumulate and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white blood cells (leukopenia).

AML is called "acute" because it can progress quickly and become severe within days or weeks without treatment. It is a type of myeloid leukemia, which means that it affects the myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Myeloid cells are a type of white blood cell that includes monocytes and granulocytes, which help fight infection and defend the body against foreign invaders.

In AML, the blasts can build up in the bone marrow and spread to other parts of the body, including the blood, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and brain. This can cause a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss.

AML is typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the type and stage of the leukemia.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).

Leukemia, lymphoid is a type of cancer that affects the lymphoid cells, which are a vital part of the body's immune system. It is characterized by the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes or WBCs) in the bone marrow, specifically the lymphocytes. These abnormal lymphocytes accumulate and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a decrease in red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and healthy white blood cells (leukopenia).

There are two main types of lymphoid leukemia: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia progresses rapidly, while chronic lymphocytic leukemia has a slower onset and progression.

Symptoms of lymphoid leukemia may include fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and individual patient factors but often involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Experimental leukemia refers to the stage of research or clinical trials where new therapies, treatments, or diagnostic methods are being studied for leukemia. Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

In the experimental stage, researchers investigate various aspects of leukemia, such as its causes, progression, and potential treatments. They may conduct laboratory studies using cell cultures or animal models to understand the disease better and test new therapeutic approaches. Additionally, clinical trials may be conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel treatments in human patients with leukemia.

Experimental research in leukemia is crucial for advancing our understanding of the disease and developing more effective treatment strategies. It involves a rigorous and systematic process that adheres to ethical guidelines and scientific standards to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), BCR-ABL positive is a specific subtype of leukemia that originates in the bone marrow and involves the excessive production of mature granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. It is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which is formed by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This gene encodes for an abnormal protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. The presence of this genetic abnormality is used to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions.

Medical Definition:

Murine leukemia virus (MLV) is a type of retrovirus that primarily infects and causes various types of malignancies such as leukemias and lymphomas in mice. It is a complex genus of viruses, with many strains showing different pathogenic properties.

MLV contains two identical single-stranded RNA genomes and has the ability to reverse transcribe its RNA into DNA upon infection, integrating this proviral DNA into the host cell's genome. This is facilitated by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which MLV carries within its viral particle.

The virus can be horizontally transmitted between mice through close contact with infected saliva, urine, or milk. Vertical transmission from mother to offspring can also occur either in-utero or through the ingestion of infected breast milk.

MLV has been extensively studied as a model system for retroviral pathogenesis and tumorigenesis, contributing significantly to our understanding of oncogenes and their role in cancer development. It's important to note that Murine Leukemia Virus does not infect humans.

A clone is a group of cells that are genetically identical to each other because they are derived from a common ancestor cell through processes such as mitosis or asexual reproduction. Therefore, the term "clone cells" refers to a population of cells that are genetic copies of a single parent cell.

In the context of laboratory research, cells can be cloned by isolating a single cell and allowing it to divide in culture, creating a population of genetically identical cells. This is useful for studying the behavior and characteristics of individual cell types, as well as for generating large quantities of cells for use in experiments.

It's important to note that while clone cells are genetically identical, they may still exhibit differences in their phenotype (physical traits) due to epigenetic factors or environmental influences.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the humoral immune response. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.

B-lymphocyte subsets refer to distinct populations of B-cells that can be identified based on their surface receptors and functional characteristics. Some common B-lymphocyte subsets include:

1. Naive B-cells: These are mature B-cells that have not yet been exposed to an antigen. They express surface receptors called immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin D (IgD).
2. Memory B-cells: These are B-cells that have previously encountered an antigen and mounted an immune response. They express high levels of surface immunoglobulins and can quickly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
3. Plasma cells: These are fully differentiated B-cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies in response to an antigen. They lack surface immunoglobulins and do not undergo further division.
4. Regulatory B-cells: These are a subset of B-cells that modulate the immune response by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppressing the activation of other immune cells.
5. B-1 cells: These are a population of B-cells that are primarily found in the peripheral blood and mucosal tissues. They produce natural antibodies that provide early protection against pathogens and help to maintain tissue homeostasis.

Understanding the different B-lymphocyte subsets and their functions is important for diagnosing and treating immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancer.

Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma (previously known as Precursor T-lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma) is a type of cancer that affects the early stages of T-cell development. It is a subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts in the bone marrow, blood, and other organs.

In Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma, these abnormal lymphoblasts accumulate primarily in the lymphoid tissues such as the thymus and lymph nodes, leading to the enlargement of these organs. This subtype is more aggressive than other forms of ALL and has a higher risk of spreading to the central nervous system (CNS).

The medical definition of Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma includes:

1. A malignant neoplasm of immature T-cell precursors, also known as lymphoblasts.
2. Characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of these abnormal cells in the bone marrow, blood, and lymphoid tissues such as the thymus and lymph nodes.
3. Often associated with chromosomal abnormalities, genetic mutations, or aberrant gene expression that contribute to its aggressive behavior and poor prognosis.
4. Typically presents with symptoms related to bone marrow failure (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen), and potential CNS involvement.
5. Diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, including bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular genetic testing.
6. Treated with intensive multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, often combined with radiation therapy and/or stem cell transplantation to achieve remission and improve survival outcomes.

Leukemia, T-cell is a type of cancer that affects the T-cells or T-lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity. It is characterized by an excessive and uncontrolled production of abnormal T-cells in the bone marrow, leading to the displacement of healthy cells and impairing the body's ability to fight infections and regulate immune responses.

T-cell leukemia can be acute or chronic, depending on the rate at which the disease progresses. Acute T-cell leukemia progresses rapidly, while chronic T-cell leukemia has a slower course of progression. Symptoms may include fatigue, fever, frequent infections, weight loss, easy bruising or bleeding, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or targeted therapy, depending on the type and stage of the disease.

Leukemia, B-cell is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of abnormal B-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. These abnormal cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia, infection, and bleeding.

B-cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a crucial role in the immune system by producing antibodies to help fight off infections. In B-cell leukemia, the cancerous B-cells do not mature properly and accumulate in the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

There are several types of B-cell leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ALL is more common in children and young adults, while CLL is more common in older adults. Treatment options for B-cell leukemia depend on the type and stage of the disease and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or targeted therapies.

Acute Monocytic Leukemia (AML-M5) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is a type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow. In AML-M5, there is an overproduction of abnormal monocytes, a type of white blood cell that normally helps fight infection and is involved in the body's immune response. These abnormal monocytes accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. The disease progresses rapidly without treatment, making it crucial to begin therapy as soon as possible after diagnosis.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, slow-growing type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many B cells (a type of white blood cell). These excess B cells are often referred to as "hairy cells" because they look abnormal under the microscope, with fine projections or "hair-like" cytoplasmic protrusions.

In HCL, these abnormal B cells can build up in the bone marrow and spleen, causing both of them to enlarge. The accumulation of hairy cells in the bone marrow can crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white blood cells (leukopenia). This can result in fatigue, increased risk of infection, and easy bruising or bleeding.

HCL is typically an indolent disease, meaning that it progresses slowly over time. However, some cases may require treatment to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options for HCL include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor the disease's progression and adjust treatment plans as needed.

The Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) is a type of retrovirus, specifically a gammaretrovirus, that is commonly found in mice. It was first discovered and isolated by John Moloney in 1960. Mo-MLV is known to cause various types of cancerous conditions, particularly leukemia, in susceptible mouse strains.

Mo-MLV has a single-stranded RNA genome that is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA upon infection of the host cell. This viral DNA then integrates into the host's genome and utilizes the host's cellular machinery to produce new virus particles. The Mo-MLV genome encodes for several viral proteins, including gag (group-specific antigen), pol (polymerase), and env (envelope) proteins, which are essential for the replication cycle of the virus.

Mo-MLV is widely used in laboratory research as a model retrovirus to study various aspects of viral replication, gene therapy, and oncogenesis. It has also been engineered as a vector for gene delivery applications due to its ability to efficiently integrate into the host genome and deliver large DNA sequences. However, it is important to note that Mo-MLV and other retroviruses have the potential to cause insertional mutagenesis, which can lead to unintended genetic alterations and adverse effects in some cases.

Leukemia L1210 is not a medical definition itself, but it refers to a specific mouse leukemia cell line that was established in 1948. These cells are a type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and have been widely used in cancer research as a model for studying the disease, testing new therapies, and understanding the biology of leukemia. The L1210 cell line has contributed significantly to the development of various chemotherapeutic agents and treatment strategies for leukemia and other cancers.

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that infects cattle and causes enzootic bovine leukosis, a neoplastic disease characterized by the proliferation of malignant B-lymphocytes. The virus primarily targets the animal's immune system, leading to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukopenia) and an increased susceptibility to other infections.

The virus is transmitted horizontally through close contact with infected animals or vertically from mother to offspring via infected milk or colostrum. The majority of BLV-infected cattle remain asymptomatic carriers, but a small percentage develop clinical signs such as lymphoma, weight loss, and decreased milk production.

BLV is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), and both viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, genus Deltaretrovirus. However, it's important to note that BLV does not cause leukemia or any other neoplastic diseases in humans.

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that primarily infects cats, causing a variety of diseases and disorders. It is the causative agent of feline leukemia, a name given to a syndrome characterized by a variety of symptoms such as lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), anemia, immunosuppression, and reproductive disorders. FeLV is typically transmitted through close contact with infected cats, such as through saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and milk. It can also be spread through shared litter boxes and feeding dishes.

FeLV infects cells of the immune system, leading to a weakened immune response and making the cat more susceptible to other infections. The virus can also integrate its genetic material into the host's DNA, potentially causing cancerous changes in infected cells. FeLV is a significant health concern for cats, particularly those that are exposed to outdoor environments or come into contact with other cats. Vaccination and regular veterinary care can help protect cats from this virus.

Lymphocyte activation is the process by which B-cells and T-cells (types of lymphocytes) become activated to perform effector functions in an immune response. This process involves the recognition of specific antigens presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells or macrophages.

The activation of B-cells leads to their differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies, while the activation of T-cells results in the production of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells) that can directly kill infected cells or helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells) that assist other immune cells.

Lymphocyte activation involves a series of intracellular signaling events, including the binding of co-stimulatory molecules and the release of cytokines, which ultimately result in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. The activation process is tightly regulated to prevent excessive or inappropriate immune responses that can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

A germinal center is a microanatomical structure found within the secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. It is a transient structure that forms during the humoral immune response, specifically during the activation of B cells by antigens.

Germinal centers are the sites where activated B cells undergo rapid proliferation, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination to generate high-affinity antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells. These processes help to refine the immune response and provide long-lasting immunity against pathogens.

The germinal center is composed of two main regions: the dark zone (or proliferation center) and the light zone (or selection area). The dark zone contains rapidly dividing B cells, while the light zone contains follicular dendritic cells that present antigens to the B cells. Through a process called affinity maturation, B cells with higher-affinity antibodies are selected for survival and further differentiation into plasma cells or memory B cells.

Overall, germinal centers play a critical role in the adaptive immune response by generating high-affinity antibodies and providing long-term immunity against pathogens.

Radiation-induced leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood-forming tissues of the body, such as the bone marrow. It is caused by exposure to high levels of radiation, which can damage the DNA of cells and lead to their uncontrolled growth and division.

There are several types of radiation-induced leukemia, depending on the specific type of blood cell that becomes cancerous. The most common types are acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These forms of leukemia tend to progress quickly and require prompt treatment.

Radiation-induced leukemia is a rare complication of radiation therapy, which is used to treat many types of cancer. The risk of developing this type of leukemia increases with the dose and duration of radiation exposure. It is important to note that the benefits of radiation therapy in treating cancer generally outweigh the small increased risk of developing radiation-induced leukemia.

Symptoms of radiation-induced leukemia may include fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss. If you have been exposed to high levels of radiation and are experiencing these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. A diagnosis of radiation-induced leukemia is typically made through a combination of physical exam, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood counts and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation.

CD19 is a type of protein found on the surface of B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the body's immune response. CD19 is a marker that helps identify and distinguish B cells from other types of cells in the body. It is also a target for immunotherapy in certain diseases, such as B-cell malignancies.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. In the context of CD19, antigens refer to substances that can bind to CD19 and trigger a response from the immune system. This can include proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells.

Therefore, 'antigens, CD19' refers to any substances that can bind to the CD19 protein on B cells and trigger an immune response. These antigens may be used in the development of immunotherapies for the treatment of B-cell malignancies or other diseases.

Flow cytometry is a medical and research technique used to measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles, one cell at a time, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include:

* Cell size (light scatter)
* Cell internal complexity (granularity, also light scatter)
* Presence or absence of specific proteins or other molecules on the cell surface or inside the cell (using fluorescent antibodies or other fluorescent probes)

The technique is widely used in cell counting, cell sorting, protein engineering, biomarker discovery and monitoring disease progression, particularly in hematology, immunology, and cancer research.

The Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia (MLL) protein, also known as MLL1 or HRX, is a histone methyltransferase that plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. It is involved in various cellular processes, including embryonic development and hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells).

The MLL protein is encoded by the MLL gene, which is located on chromosome 11q23. This gene is frequently rearranged or mutated in certain types of leukemia, leading to the production of abnormal fusion proteins that contribute to tumor development and progression. These MLL-rearranged leukemias are aggressive and have a poor prognosis, making them an important area of research in the field of oncology.

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a type of antibody that is present in the blood and other bodily fluids. It is one of the five classes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM) found in humans and plays a role in the immune response.

IgD is produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell that is responsible for producing antibodies. It is primarily found on the surface of mature B cells, where it functions as a receptor for antigens (foreign substances that trigger an immune response). When an antigen binds to IgD on the surface of a B cell, it activates the B cell and stimulates it to produce and secrete antibodies specific to that antigen.

IgD is found in relatively low concentrations in the blood compared to other immunoglobulins, and its precise functions are not fully understood. However, it is thought to play a role in the regulation of B cell activation and the immune response. Additionally, some research suggests that IgD may have a direct role in protecting against certain types of infections.

It's worth noting that genetic deficiencies in IgD are not typically associated with any significant immunological abnormalities or increased susceptibility to infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Leukemia P388" is not a widely recognized medical term or a specific type of leukemia. The term "P388" is often used to refer to a particular type of mouse leukemia that is commonly used in laboratory research for testing potential anti-cancer drugs.

Leukemia, in general, is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow and results in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes). These abnormal cells crowd out the healthy cells in the bone marrow, leading to a weakened immune system and various complications.

There are many different types of leukemia, classified based on the type of white blood cell affected (myeloid or lymphocytic) and the speed of progression (acute or chronic). If you're looking for information about a specific type of leukemia, I would be happy to help if you could provide more details.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is a rare subtype of acute leukemia that possesses the features of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. It is characterized by the presence of blasts that express antigens associated with both cell lines, which can make it challenging to diagnose and treat. BAL is considered an aggressive form of leukemia and requires prompt medical attention and treatment. The exact cause of BAL is not well understood, but like other forms of leukemia, it is thought to result from genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) is a type of retrovirus that specifically infects mice. It was first discovered by Charlotte Friend in the 1950s and has since been widely used as a model system to study retroviral pathogenesis, oncogenesis, and immune responses.

F-MuLV is a complex retrovirus that contains several accessory genes, including gag, pol, env, and others. The virus can cause leukemia and other malignancies in susceptible mice, particularly when it is transmitted from mother to offspring through the milk.

The virus is also known to induce immunosuppression, which makes infected mice more susceptible to other infections and diseases. F-MuLV has been used extensively in laboratory research to investigate various aspects of retroviral biology, including viral entry, replication, gene expression, and host immune responses.

It is important to note that Friend murine leukemia virus only infects mice and is not known to cause any disease in humans or other animals.

Immunophenotyping is a medical laboratory technique used to identify and classify cells, usually in the context of hematologic (blood) disorders and malignancies (cancers), based on their surface or intracellular expression of various proteins and antigens. This technique utilizes specific antibodies tagged with fluorochromes, which bind to the target antigens on the cell surface or within the cells. The labeled cells are then analyzed using flow cytometry, allowing for the detection and quantification of multiple antigenic markers simultaneously.

Immunophenotyping helps in understanding the distribution of different cell types, their subsets, and activation status, which can be crucial in diagnosing various hematological disorders, immunodeficiencies, and distinguishing between different types of leukemias, lymphomas, and other malignancies. Additionally, it can also be used to monitor the progression of diseases, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments, and detect minimal residual disease (MRD) during follow-up care.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

HL-60 cells are a type of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line that is commonly used in scientific research. They are named after the hospital where they were first isolated, the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) and the 60th culture attempt to grow these cells.

HL-60 cells have the ability to differentiate into various types of blood cells, such as granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, when exposed to certain chemical compounds or under specific culturing conditions. This makes them a valuable tool for studying the mechanisms of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

HL-60 cells are also often used in toxicity studies, drug discovery and development, and research on cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases. They can be easily grown in the lab and have a stable genotype, making them ideal for use in standardized experiments and comparisons between different studies.

CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens are cell-surface proteins that are expressed on leukocytes (white blood cells) and can be used to identify and distinguish different subsets of these cells. They are important markers in the field of immunology and hematology, and are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

CD antigens are designated by numbers, such as CD4, CD8, CD19, etc., which refer to specific proteins found on the surface of different types of leukocytes. For example, CD4 is a protein found on the surface of helper T cells, while CD8 is found on cytotoxic T cells.

CD antigens can be used as targets for immunotherapy, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, in which antibodies are designed to bind to specific CD antigens and trigger an immune response against cancer cells or infected cells. They can also be used as markers to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment.

It's important to note that not all CD antigens are exclusive to leukocytes, some can be found on other cell types as well, and their expression can vary depending on the activation state or differentiation stage of the cells.

B-lymphoid precursor cells, also known as progenitor B cells, are hematopoietic stem cells that have committed to the B-cell lineage and are in the process of differentiating into mature B cells. These cells originate in the bone marrow and undergo a series of developmental stages, including commitment to the B-cell lineage, rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes, expression of surface immunoglobulins, and selection for a functional B cell receptor.

B-lymphoid precursor cells can be further divided into several subsets based on their stage of differentiation and the expression of specific cell surface markers. These subsets include early pro-B cells, late pro-B cells, pre-B cells, and immature B cells. Each subset represents a distinct stage in B-cell development and is characterized by unique genetic and epigenetic features that regulate its differentiation and function.

Abnormalities in the development and differentiation of B-lymphoid precursor cells can lead to various hematological disorders, including leukemias and lymphomas. Therefore, understanding the biology of these cells is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases.

Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that affects the circulating white blood cells called T-lymphocytes or T-cells. It is caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which infects CD4+ T-cells and leads to their malignant transformation. The disease can present as either acute or chronic leukemia, or as lymphoma, depending on the clinical features and laboratory findings.

The acute form of ATLL is characterized by the rapid proliferation of abnormal T-cells in the blood, bone marrow, and other organs. Patients with acute ATLL typically have a poor prognosis, with a median survival of only a few months. Symptoms may include skin rashes, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen), and hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood).

The chronic form of ATLL is less aggressive than the acute form, but it can still lead to serious complications. Chronic ATLL is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal T-cells in the blood and lymph nodes, as well as skin lesions and hypercalcemia. The median survival for patients with chronic ATLL is around two years.

ATLL can also present as a lymphoma, which is characterized by the proliferation of abnormal T-cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs. Lymphoma may occur in isolation or in combination with leukemic features.

The diagnosis of ATLL is based on clinical findings, laboratory tests, and the detection of HTLV-1 antibodies or proviral DNA in the blood or tissue samples. Treatment options for ATLL include chemotherapy, antiretroviral therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the stage and type of ATLL.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Cytarabine is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including leukemias and lymphomas. Its chemical name is cytosine arabinoside, and it works by interfering with the DNA synthesis of cancer cells, which ultimately leads to their death.

Cytarabine is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs and may be administered through various routes, such as intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous injection, or orally. The specific dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health status.

Like all chemotherapy drugs, cytarabine can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. It may also cause more serious side effects, such as damage to the liver, kidneys, or nervous system, and it is important for patients to be closely monitored during treatment to minimize these risks.

It's important to note that medical treatments should only be administered under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, and this information should not be used as a substitute for medical advice.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Precursor B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma (also known as Precursor B-cell ALL or Precursor B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma) is a type of cancer that affects the early stages of B-cell development. It is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature B-cells, also known as lymphoblasts, in the bone marrow, blood, and sometimes in other organs such as the lymph nodes. These malignant cells accumulate and interfere with the normal production of blood cells, leading to symptoms such as anemia, infection, and bleeding.

The distinction between Precursor B-cell ALL and Precursor B-cell Lymphoma is based on the site of involvement. If the majority of the cancerous cells are found in the bone marrow and/or blood, it is classified as a leukemia (ALL). However, if the malignant cells primarily involve the lymph nodes or other extramedullary sites, it is considered a lymphoma. Despite this distinction, both entities share similar biological features, treatment approaches, and prognoses.

It's important to note that medical definitions can vary slightly based on the source and context. For the most accurate information, consult authoritative resources such as medical textbooks or peer-reviewed articles.

B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a type of protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Its primary function is to stimulate and activate B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by producing antibodies. BAFF helps to promote the survival, differentiation, and activation of B cells, thereby contributing to the adaptive immune response.

BAFF binds to its receptor, known as BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), which is expressed on the surface of B cells. This interaction leads to the activation of various signaling pathways that promote B cell survival and proliferation. Overexpression or excessive production of BAFF has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjogren's syndrome, due to the abnormal activation and expansion of B cells.

In summary, B-cell activating factor is a protein that plays an essential role in the activation and survival of B cells, which are crucial for the immune response. However, its overexpression or dysregulation can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases.

The AKR murine leukemia virus (AKR MLV) is a type of retrovirus that naturally infects mice of the AKR strain. It is a member of the gammaretrovirus genus and is closely related to other murine leukemia viruses (MLVs).

AKR MLV is transmitted horizontally through close contact with infected animals, as well as vertically from mother to offspring. The virus primarily infects hematopoietic cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, and can cause a variety of diseases, most notably leukemia and lymphoma.

The AKR MLV genome contains three main structural genes: gag, pol, and env, which encode the viral matrix, capsid, nucleocapsid, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and envelope proteins, respectively. Additionally, the virus carries accessory genes, such as rex and sor, that play a role in regulating viral gene expression and replication.

AKR MLV has been extensively studied as a model system for retrovirus biology and pathogenesis, and its study has contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms of retroviral infection, replication, and disease.

Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Specifically, it is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells in the bone marrow that interfere with the production of normal blood cells.

In AMKL, the abnormal cells are megakaryoblasts, which are immature cells that should develop into platelet-producing cells called megakaryocytes. However, in AMKL, these cells do not mature properly and instead accumulate in the bone marrow and bloodstream, leading to a shortage of healthy blood cells.

Symptoms of AMKL may include fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and the appearance of small red spots on the skin (petechiae). Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical exam, medical history, blood tests, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, and sometimes imaging studies.

Treatment for AMKL usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the extent of the disease.

B-lymphocyte gene rearrangement is a fundamental biological process that occurs during the development of B-lymphocytes (also known as B cells), which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies to help fight infections. This process involves the rearrangement of genetic material within the B-lymphocyte's immunoglobulin genes, specifically the heavy chain (IgH) and light chain (IgL) genes, to create a diverse repertoire of antibodies with unique specificities.

During B-lymphocyte gene rearrangement, large segments of DNA are cut, deleted, or inverted, and then rejoined to form a functional IgH or IgL gene that encodes an antigen-binding site on the antibody molecule. The process occurs in two main steps:

1. Variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments are rearranged to form the heavy chain gene, which is located on chromosome 14. This results in a vast array of possible combinations, allowing for the generation of a diverse set of antibody molecules.
2. A separate variable (V) and joining (J) gene segment rearrangement occurs to form the light chain gene, which can be either kappa or lambda type, located on chromosomes 2 and 22, respectively.

Once the heavy and light chain genes are successfully rearranged, they are transcribed into mRNA and translated into immunoglobulin proteins, forming a functional antibody molecule. If the initial gene rearrangement fails to produce a functional antibody, additional attempts at rearrangement can occur, involving different combinations of V, D, and J segments or the use of alternative reading frames.

Errors in B-lymphocyte gene rearrangement can lead to various genetic disorders, such as lymphomas and leukemias, due to the production of aberrant antibodies or uncontrolled cell growth.

Lymphocyte cooperation is a term used in immunology to describe the interaction and communication between different types of lymphocytes, specifically T cells and B cells, to mount an effective immune response against pathogens.

T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can directly kill infected cells or produce cytokines that regulate the immune response. B cells, on the other hand, are responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies that neutralize pathogens or mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

Lymphocyte cooperation occurs when a T cell recognizes an antigen presented to it by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Once activated, the T cell can then interact with B cells that have also been activated by recognizing the same antigen. The T cell provides help to the B cell by producing cytokines that stimulate its proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells.

This cooperation between T and B cells is crucial for an effective immune response, as it allows for the generation of a targeted and specific response against pathogens. Defects in lymphocyte cooperation can lead to immunodeficiency or autoimmune disorders.

B-cell lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates from the B-lymphocytes, which are a part of the immune system and play a crucial role in fighting infections. These cells can develop mutations in their DNA, leading to uncontrolled growth and division, resulting in the formation of a tumor.

B-cell lymphomas can be classified into two main categories: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. B-cell lymphomas are further divided into subtypes based on their specific characteristics, such as the appearance of the cells under a microscope, the genetic changes present in the cancer cells, and the aggressiveness of the disease.

Some common types of B-cell lymphomas include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. Treatment options for B-cell lymphomas depend on the specific subtype, stage of the disease, and other individual factors. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

A fusion protein known as "BCR-ABL" is formed due to a genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome (derived from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22). This results in the formation of the oncogenic BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, which contributes to unregulated cell growth and division, leading to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and some types of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The BCR-ABL fusion protein has constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity, which results in the activation of various signaling pathways promoting cell proliferation, survival, and inhibition of apoptosis. This genetic alteration is crucial in the development and progression of CML and some types of ALL, making BCR-ABL an important therapeutic target for these malignancies.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Antineoplastic agents are a class of drugs used to treat malignant neoplasms or cancer. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, either by killing them or preventing their division and replication. Antineoplastic agents can be classified based on their mechanism of action, such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and targeted therapy agents.

Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, which can cause cross-linking of DNA strands and ultimately lead to cell death. Antimetabolites interfere with the metabolic processes necessary for DNA synthesis and replication, while topoisomerase inhibitors prevent the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during replication. Mitotic inhibitors disrupt the normal functioning of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for cell division. Targeted therapy agents are designed to target specific molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, such as mutated oncogenes or dysregulated signaling pathways.

It's important to note that antineoplastic agents can also affect normal cells and tissues, leading to various side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function). Therefore, the use of these drugs requires careful monitoring and management of their potential adverse effects.

Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.

The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.

Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

Remission induction is a treatment approach in medicine, particularly in the field of oncology and hematology. It refers to the initial phase of therapy aimed at reducing or eliminating the signs and symptoms of active disease, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. The primary goal of remission induction is to achieve a complete response (disappearance of all detectable signs of the disease) or a partial response (a decrease in the measurable extent of the disease). This phase of treatment is often intensive and may involve the use of multiple drugs or therapies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. After remission induction, patients may receive additional treatments to maintain the remission and prevent relapse, known as consolidation or maintenance therapy.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that starts in certain blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. In chronic phase CML, the disease progresses slowly and may not cause any symptoms for a period of time. It is characterized by the overproduction of mature and immature white blood cells, called myeloid cells. These cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia, fatigue, easy bruising, and increased risk of infection. The distinguishing genetic feature of CML is the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which is formed by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This gene produces an abnormal protein that contributes to the development of leukemia. The chronic phase of CML can last for several years and is typically treated with targeted therapy such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) which target the BCR-ABL protein.

Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by the immune system's B cells in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. These Y-shaped proteins play a crucial role in identifying and neutralizing pathogens and other antigens, thereby protecting the body against infection and disease.

Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. The variable regions of these chains form the antigen-binding sites, which recognize and bind to specific epitopes on antigens. Based on their heavy chain type, immunoglobulins are classified into five main isotypes or classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has distinct functions in the immune response, such as providing protection in different body fluids and tissues, mediating hypersensitivity reactions, and aiding in the development of immunological memory.

In medical settings, immunoglobulins can be administered therapeutically to provide passive immunity against certain diseases or to treat immune deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions that may benefit from immunomodulation.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates from the white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system. These cells are found in various parts of the body such as the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. Lymphoma can be classified into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

HL is characterized by the presence of a specific type of abnormal lymphocyte called Reed-Sternberg cells, while NHL includes a diverse group of lymphomas that lack these cells. The symptoms of lymphoma may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.

The exact cause of lymphoma is not known, but it is believed to result from genetic mutations in the lymphocytes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Exposure to certain viruses, chemicals, and radiation may increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on various factors such as the type and stage of the disease, age, and overall health of the patient. Common treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Antigens are substances that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes. Differentiation refers to the process by which cells mature and become more specialized in their functions. In the context of B-lymphocytes, differentiation involves the maturation of naive B-cells into plasma cells that are capable of producing large amounts of antibodies in response to an antigenic stimulus.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the adaptive immune system. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

When a B-lymphocyte encounters an antigen, it becomes activated and begins to differentiate into a plasma cell. During this process, the B-cell undergoes several changes, including an increase in size, the expression of new surface receptors, and the production of large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigen. These antibodies are then released into the bloodstream, where they can bind to the antigen and help to neutralize or eliminate it.

Overall, the differentiation of B-lymphocytes in response to antigens is a critical component of the adaptive immune system, allowing the body to mount targeted responses to specific pathogens and other foreign substances.

'Gene rearrangement in B-lymphocytes, heavy chain' refers to the biological process that occurs during the development of B-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow. This process involves the rearrangement of genetic material on chromosome 14, specifically within the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus.

During B-cell maturation, the variable region of the heavy chain gene is assembled from several gene segments, including the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments. Through a series of genetic recombination events, these segments are randomly selected and joined together to form a unique V(D)J exon that encodes the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain protein.

This gene rearrangement process allows for the generation of a diverse repertoire of antibodies with different specificities, enabling B-lymphocytes to recognize and respond to a wide range of foreign antigens. However, if errors occur during this process, it can lead to the production of autoantibodies that target the body's own cells and tissues, contributing to the development of certain immune disorders such as autoimmune diseases.

Siglec-2, also known as CD22, is a type of cell surface protein that belongs to the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) family. It is primarily expressed on mature B cells and plays a crucial role in regulating B cell activation and function. Siglec-2 recognizes and binds to sialic acid residues on glycoproteins and gangliosides, which are sugars that are attached to proteins and lipids on the surface of cells. This binding can lead to inhibitory signals that dampen B cell activation and help prevent autoimmunity. Siglec-2 has also been implicated in the regulation of B cell migration and adhesion.

Immunologic memory, also known as adaptive immunity, refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize and mount a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen or antigen that it has encountered before. This is a key feature of the vertebrate immune system and allows for long-term protection against infectious diseases.

Immunologic memory is mediated by specialized cells called memory T cells and B cells, which are produced during the initial response to an infection or immunization. These cells persist in the body after the pathogen has been cleared and can quickly respond to future encounters with the same or similar antigens. This rapid response leads to a more effective and efficient elimination of the pathogen, resulting in fewer symptoms and reduced severity of disease.

Immunologic memory is the basis for vaccines, which work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of a pathogen or its components, inducing an initial response and generating memory cells that provide long-term protection against future infections.

Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.

Antibody formation, also known as humoral immune response, is the process by which the immune system produces proteins called antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) in the body. This process involves several steps:

1. Recognition: The antigen is recognized and bound by a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell, which then becomes activated.
2. Differentiation: The activated B cell undergoes differentiation to become a plasma cell, which is a type of cell that produces and secretes large amounts of antibodies.
3. Antibody production: The plasma cells produce and release antibodies, which are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains and two light chains) arranged in a Y-shape. Each antibody has two binding sites that can recognize and bind to specific regions on the antigen called epitopes.
4. Neutralization or elimination: The antibodies bind to the antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from harmful substances.

Antibody formation is an important part of the adaptive immune response, which allows the body to specifically recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens and foreign substances.

Prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) is a rare and aggressive type of chronic leukemia, characterized by the abnormal accumulation of prolymphocytes, a specific type of mature but immature lymphocyte, in the blood, bone marrow, and sometimes in other organs. There are two types of PLL: B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL).

B-PLL is a very rare subtype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), accounting for less than 1% of all leukemias. It primarily affects older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of around 60-70 years. The disease is characterized by the proliferation of malignant B-lymphocytes, known as prolymphocytes, which accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and sometimes in other organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

T-PLL is an even rarer subtype of leukemia, accounting for less than 1% of all leukemias. It primarily affects older adults, with a median age at diagnosis of around 65 years. T-PLL arises from mature T-lymphocytes, which accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and sometimes in other organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

The symptoms of PLL can vary but often include fatigue, weight loss, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, and a high white blood cell count. The diagnosis of PLL typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Treatment options for PLL may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that involves the uncontrolled multiplication of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, blood, and sometimes in other organs. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to help fight infections. In PCL, the malignant plasma cells produce abnormal antibodies called M-proteins or paraproteins, which can accumulate in various tissues and cause damage.

PCL is typically classified into two types: primary and secondary. Primary PCL is a distinct clinical entity that presents with more than 20% plasma cells in the bone marrow and/or blood. Secondary PCL is a complication of multiple myeloma, a more common type of plasma cell cancer, and occurs when the malignant plasma cells spread from the bone marrow to the blood.

The symptoms of PCL are similar to those of other types of leukemia and may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and bone pain. Diagnosis of PCL typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Treatment options for PCL may include chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. The prognosis for patients with PCL is generally poor, with a median survival time of less than one year.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

K562 cells are a type of human cancer cell that are commonly used in scientific research. They are derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow.

K562 cells are often used as a model system to study various biological processes, including cell signaling, gene expression, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They are also commonly used in drug discovery and development, as they can be used to test the effectiveness of potential new therapies against cancer.

K562 cells have several characteristics that make them useful for research purposes. They are easy to grow and maintain in culture, and they can be manipulated genetically to express or knock down specific genes. Additionally, K562 cells are capable of differentiating into various cell types, such as red blood cells and megakaryocytes, which allows researchers to study the mechanisms of cell differentiation.

It's important to note that while K562 cells are a valuable tool for research, they do not fully recapitulate the complexity of human CML or other cancers. Therefore, findings from studies using K562 cells should be validated in more complex model systems or in clinical trials before they can be translated into treatments for patients.

Burkitt lymphoma is a type of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which is a cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, an Irish surgeon who first described this form of cancer in African children in the 1950s.

Burkitt lymphoma is characterized by the rapid growth and spread of abnormal B-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), which can affect various organs and tissues, including the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system.

There are three main types of Burkitt lymphoma: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated. The endemic form is most common in equatorial Africa and is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The sporadic form occurs worldwide but is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all NHL cases in the United States. Immunodeficiency-associated Burkitt lymphoma is seen in individuals with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation.

Burkitt lymphoma typically presents as a rapidly growing mass, often involving the jaw, facial bones, or abdominal organs. Symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis is made through a biopsy of the affected tissue, followed by immunohistochemical staining and genetic analysis to confirm the presence of characteristic chromosomal translocations involving the MYC oncogene.

Treatment for Burkitt lymphoma typically involves intensive chemotherapy regimens, often combined with targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The prognosis is generally good when treated aggressively and promptly, with a high cure rate in children and young adults. However, the prognosis may be poorer in older patients or those with advanced-stage disease at diagnosis.

Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and breast cancer. It works by intercalating with DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II, which results in DNA damage and ultimately cell death.

The drug is administered intravenously and may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores, and damage to the heart muscle (cardiotoxicity) with long-term use. Regular monitoring of cardiac function is recommended during treatment with daunorubicin.

It's important to note that this medication should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as it can have serious and potentially life-threatening consequences if not used correctly.

The B-cell activation factor receptor, also known as BAFF-R or CD268, is a protein found on the surface of B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. The BAFF-R receptor binds to a protein called BAFF (B-cell activating factor), which is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family.

When BAFF binds to BAFF-R, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that promote the survival, activation, and differentiation of B cells. This interaction is critical for the normal development and function of the immune system, as it helps to maintain the balance between the proliferation and deletion of B cells.

However, abnormal activation of the BAFF-R pathway has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjogren's syndrome. In these conditions, excessive levels of BAFF can lead to the overactivation of B cells, resulting in the production of autoantibodies that attack the body's own tissues.

Therefore, therapies that target the BAFF-R pathway are being investigated as potential treatments for autoimmune diseases. These include monoclonal antibodies that bind to BAFF or BAFF-R and block their interaction, as well as small molecule inhibitors that interfere with downstream signaling events.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are immature, self-renewing cells that give rise to all the mature blood and immune cells in the body. They are capable of both producing more hematopoietic stem cells (self-renewal) and differentiating into early progenitor cells that eventually develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. HSCs are found in the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood. They have the ability to repair damaged tissues and offer significant therapeutic potential for treating various diseases, including hematological disorders, genetic diseases, and cancer.

Accelerated Phase Leukemia, Myeloid is a stage in the progression of certain myeloid malignancies such as Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) or Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS). During this phase, there is an increase in the number of immature blood cells (blasts) in the bone marrow and/or blood compared to the chronic phase. However, it has not yet reached the level of blast proliferation seen in the blast crisis phase.

The accelerated phase is characterized by various laboratory and clinical features, including:
- A significant increase in the percentage of blasts (10-19%) in the peripheral blood or bone marrow
- An increase in the white blood cell count, typically over 50 x 10^9/L
- The presence of new cytogenetic abnormalities or an increasing number of existing chromosomal changes
- A decrease in platelet count and/or hemoglobin levels
- Increasing symptoms related to bone marrow failure, such as fatigue, infection, and bleeding

The accelerated phase often precedes the blast crisis phase, which is associated with a worse prognosis. Early detection and intervention in the accelerated phase may help improve treatment outcomes and delay progression to blast crisis.

A neoplasm is a tumor or growth that is formed by an abnormal and excessive proliferation of cells, which can be benign or malignant. Neoplasm proteins are therefore any proteins that are expressed or produced in these neoplastic cells. These proteins can play various roles in the development, progression, and maintenance of neoplasms.

Some neoplasm proteins may contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth and division seen in cancer, such as oncogenic proteins that promote cell cycle progression or inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death). Others may help the neoplastic cells evade the immune system, allowing them to proliferate undetected. Still others may be involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Neoplasm proteins can also serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response. For example, the presence or level of certain neoplasm proteins in biological samples such as blood or tissue may indicate the presence of a specific type of cancer, help predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence, or suggest whether a particular therapy will be effective.

Overall, understanding the roles and behaviors of neoplasm proteins can provide valuable insights into the biology of cancer and inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Immunoglobulin mu-chains (IgM) are a type of heavy chain found in immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies. IgM is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen and plays a crucial role in the early stages of the immune response.

IgM antibodies are composed of four monomeric units, each consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains in IgM are called mu-chains, which have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa. Each mu-chain contains five domains: one variable (V) domain at the N-terminus, four constant (C) domains (Cμ1-4), and a membrane-spanning region followed by a short cytoplasmic tail.

IgM antibodies are primarily found on the surface of B cells as part of the B cell receptor (BCR). When a B cell encounters an antigen, the BCR binds to it, triggering a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells. In response to activation, the B cell begins to secrete IgM antibodies into the bloodstream.

IgM antibodies have several unique features that make them effective in the early stages of an immune response. They are highly efficient at agglutination, or clumping together, of pathogens and antigens, which helps to neutralize them. IgM antibodies also activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to destroy pathogens.

Overall, Immunoglobulin mu-chains are an essential component of the immune system, providing early protection against pathogens and initiating the adaptive immune response.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

CD27 is a protein that is found on the surface of certain immune cells, including T cells and B cells. It is a type of molecule known as a cell-surface antigen, which can be recognized by other immune cells and used to target those cells for activation or destruction. CD27 plays a role in the regulation of the immune response, particularly in the activation and differentiation of T cells.

CD27 is also a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, which means that it has a specific structure and function that allows it to interact with other molecules called ligands. The interaction between CD27 and its ligand, CD70, helps to activate T cells and promote their survival and proliferation.

In addition to its role in the immune response, CD27 has also been studied as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Because CD27 is expressed on certain types of tumor cells, it may be possible to use therapies that target CD27 to stimulate an immune response against the tumor and help to destroy it. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of these approaches.

T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and aggressive type of leukemia, which is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Specifically, T-PLL arises from mature T-cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune response.

In T-PLL, there is an accumulation of abnormal prolymphocytes, a particular stage of T-cell development, in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and sometimes lymph nodes and spleen. These malignant cells can crowd out healthy cells, leading to impaired immune function, anemia, and increased susceptibility to infections.

T-PLL is primarily a disease of older adults, with a median age at diagnosis around 65 years. It has a poor prognosis, with a median survival of less than two years, although treatment advances have improved outcomes for some patients. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or stem cell transplantation.

DNA-binding proteins are a type of protein that have the ability to bind to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of organisms. These proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, repair and recombination.

The binding of DNA-binding proteins to specific DNA sequences is mediated by non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. The specificity of binding is determined by the recognition of particular nucleotide sequences or structural features of the DNA molecule.

DNA-binding proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, such as transcription factors, histones, and restriction enzymes. Transcription factors are a major class of DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and recruiting other proteins to modulate transcription. Histones are DNA-binding proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure. Restriction enzymes are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences, and are widely used in molecular biology research and biotechnology applications.

"Gene rearrangement" is a process that involves the alteration of the order, orientation, or copy number of genes or gene segments within an organism's genome. This natural mechanism plays a crucial role in generating diversity and specificity in the immune system, particularly in vertebrates.

In the context of the immune system, gene rearrangement occurs during the development of B-cells and T-cells, which are responsible for adaptive immunity. The process involves breaking and rejoining DNA segments that encode antigen recognition sites, resulting in a unique combination of gene segments and creating a vast array of possible antigen receptors.

There are two main types of gene rearrangement:

1. V(D)J recombination: This process occurs in both B-cells and T-cells. It involves the recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments to form a functional antigen receptor gene. In humans, there are multiple copies of V, D, and J segments for each antigen receptor gene, allowing for a vast number of possible combinations.
2. Class switch recombination: This process occurs only in mature B-cells after antigen exposure. It involves the replacement of the constant (C) region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene with another C region, resulting in the production of different isotypes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, or IgE) that have distinct effector functions while maintaining the same antigen specificity.

These processes contribute to the generation of a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors, allowing the immune system to recognize and respond effectively to a wide range of pathogens.

Cell survival refers to the ability of a cell to continue living and functioning normally, despite being exposed to potentially harmful conditions or treatments. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, or other stressors that can damage cells or interfere with their normal processes.

In scientific research, measures of cell survival are often used to evaluate the effectiveness of various therapies or treatments. For example, researchers may expose cells to a particular drug or treatment and then measure the percentage of cells that survive to assess its potential therapeutic value. Similarly, in toxicology studies, measures of cell survival can help to determine the safety of various chemicals or substances.

It's important to note that cell survival is not the same as cell proliferation, which refers to the ability of cells to divide and multiply. While some treatments may promote cell survival, they may also inhibit cell proliferation, making them useful for treating diseases such as cancer. Conversely, other treatments may be designed to specifically target and kill cancer cells, even if it means sacrificing some healthy cells in the process.

Complement receptor 3d (CR3d or CD11b/CD18) is not a medical definition in itself, but rather a specific type of integrin receptor that plays a crucial role in the immune system. Here's a breakdown of the components:

1. Complement Receptors: These are proteins found on the surface of various cells, including white blood cells (leukocytes), that recognize and bind to complement components, which are proteins involved in the immune response. The binding of complement components to their receptors helps facilitate communication between cells, enhances phagocytosis (the process by which certain cells engulf and destroy foreign particles or microorganisms), and contributes to the inflammatory response.
2. CR3 (Complement Receptor 3): Complement Receptor 3 is a heterodimeric receptor composed of two subunits, CD11b (also known as integrin alpha M) and CD18 (also known as integrin beta 2). Together, they form the integrin Mac-1 or αMβ2.
3. CR3d (CD11b/CD18): CR3d specifically refers to the CD11b subunit of the Complement Receptor 3 heterodimer. The CD11b subunit is responsible for recognizing and binding to complement component C3b, iC3b, and C4b fragments, as well as other ligands such as fibrinogen, ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1), and factor X.

In summary, Complement Receptor 3d (CR3d or CD11b/CD18) is a type of integrin receptor found on the surface of various immune cells that recognizes and binds to complement components C3b, iC3b, and C4b fragments, as well as other ligands. This binding facilitates communication between cells, enhances phagocytosis, and contributes to the inflammatory response.

Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus that infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, or contaminated blood products. After infection, the virus integrates into the host's genome and can remain latent for years or even decades before leading to disease. HTLV-1 is endemic in certain regions of the world, including Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and parts of Africa.

Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, also known as CBF-A2 or CEBP-α, is a protein that forms a complex with other proteins to act as a transcription factor. Transcription factors are proteins that help regulate the expression of genes by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.

CBF-A2 is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors, which are important in regulating various biological processes such as cell growth, development, and inflammation. CBF-A2 forms a heterodimer with Core Binding Factor Beta (CBF-β) to form the active transcription factor complex known as the core binding factor (CBF).

The CBF complex binds to the CCAAT box, a specific DNA sequence found in the promoter regions of many genes. By binding to this sequence, the CBF complex can either activate or repress the transcription of target genes, depending on the context and the presence of other regulatory factors.

Mutations in the gene encoding CBF-A2 have been associated with several human diseases, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and multiple myeloma. In AML, mutations in the CBF-A2 gene can lead to the formation of abnormal CBF complexes that disrupt normal gene expression patterns and contribute to the development of leukemia.

CD79 is a type of protein that is found on the surface of B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. CD79 combines with another protein called CD19 to form a complex that helps to activate B cells and initiate an immune response when the body encounters an antigen.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules found on the surface of viruses, bacteria, or other foreign substances. When a B cell encounters an antigen, it engulfs and processes the antigen, then displays a portion of it on its surface along with CD79 and CD19. This helps to activate the B cell and stimulate it to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies that recognize and bind to the antigen.

CD79 is an important marker for identifying and studying B cells, and it has been implicated in various B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Proto-oncogene proteins are normal cellular proteins that play crucial roles in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and survival under physiological conditions.

When proto-oncogene proteins undergo mutations or aberrations in their expression levels, they can transform into oncogenic forms, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. These altered proteins are then referred to as oncogene products or oncoproteins. Oncogenic mutations can occur due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and aging.

Examples of proto-oncogene proteins include:

1. Ras proteins: Involved in signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Activating mutations in Ras genes are found in various human cancers.
2. Myc proteins: Regulate gene expression related to cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and metabolism. Overexpression of Myc proteins is associated with several types of cancer.
3. EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor): A transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Mutations or overexpression of EGFR are linked to various malignancies, such as lung cancer and glioblastoma.
4. Src family kinases: Intracellular tyrosine kinases that regulate signal transduction pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Dysregulation of Src family kinases is implicated in several types of cancer.
5. Abl kinases: Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that regulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and stress responses. Aberrant activation of Abl kinases, as seen in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Understanding the roles of proto-oncogene proteins and their dysregulation in cancer development is essential for developing targeted cancer therapies that aim to inhibit or modulate these aberrant signaling pathways.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.

In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.

In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.

The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.

BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.

Somatic hypermutation is a process that occurs in the immune system, specifically within B cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. This process involves the introduction of point mutations into the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, which encode for the variable regions of antibodies.

Somatic hypermutation occurs in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles in response to antigen stimulation. The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme is responsible for initiating this process by deaminating cytosines to uracils in the Ig genes. This leads to the introduction of point mutations during DNA replication and repair, which can result in changes to the antibody's binding affinity for the antigen.

The somatic hypermutation process allows for the selection of B cells with higher affinity antibodies that can better recognize and neutralize pathogens. This is an important mechanism for the development of humoral immunity and the generation of long-lived memory B cells. However, excessive or aberrant somatic hypermutation can also contribute to the development of certain types of B cell malignancies, such as lymphomas and leukemias.

An epitope is a specific region on an antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response) that is recognized and bound by an antibody or a B-lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies). Epitopes are also sometimes referred to as antigenic determinants.

B-lymphocytes, or B cells, are a type of immune cell that plays a key role in the humoral immune response. They produce and secrete antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific epitopes on antigens. When a B cell encounters an antigen, it binds to the antigen at its surface receptor, which recognizes a specific epitope on the antigen. This binding activates the B cell, causing it to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibody that is specific for the epitope on the antigen.

The ability of an antibody or a B cell to recognize and bind to a specific epitope is determined by the structure of the variable region of the antibody or B cell receptor. The variable region is made up of several loops of amino acids, called complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), that form a binding site for the antigen. The CDRs are highly variable in sequence and length, allowing them to recognize and bind to a wide variety of different epitopes.

In summary, an epitope is a specific region on an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody or a B-lymphocyte. The ability of an antibody or a B cell to recognize and bind to a specific epitope is determined by the structure of the variable region of the antibody or B cell receptor.

Precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia-lymphoma (previously known as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma or T-ALL) is a type of cancer that affects the early stages of T-cell development. It is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of malignant precursor T-cell lymphoblasts in the bone marrow, blood, and sometimes in other organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. These malignant cells can interfere with the normal functioning of the bone marrow and immune system, leading to symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and anemia. The distinction between precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma is based on the extent of involvement of extramedullary sites (like lymph nodes) and the proportion of bone marrow involvement. Treatment typically involves intensive chemotherapy regimens, with possible additional treatments such as stem cell transplantation or targeted therapy depending on the individual case.

Immunoglobulin kappa-chains are one of the two types of light chains (the other being lambda-chains) that make up an immunoglobulin molecule, also known as an antibody. These light chains combine with heavy chains to form the antigen-binding site of an antibody, which is responsible for recognizing and binding to specific antigens or foreign substances in the body.

Kappa-chains contain a variable region that differs between different antibodies and contributes to the diversity of the immune system's response to various antigens. They also have a constant region, which is consistent across all kappa-chains. Approximately 60% of all human antibodies contain kappa-chains, while the remaining 40% contain lambda-chains. The relative proportions of kappa and lambda chains can be used in diagnostic tests to identify clonal expansions of B cells, which may indicate a malignancy such as multiple myeloma or lymphoma.

Surface antigens are molecules found on the surface of cells that can be recognized by the immune system as being foreign or different from the host's own cells. Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that are capable of stimulating an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells such as T-cells.

Surface antigens are important in the context of infectious diseases because they allow the immune system to identify and target infected cells for destruction. For example, viruses and bacteria often display surface antigens that are distinct from those found on host cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack them. In some cases, these surface antigens can also be used as targets for vaccines or other immunotherapies.

In addition to their role in infectious diseases, surface antigens are also important in the context of cancer. Tumor cells often display abnormal surface antigens that differ from those found on normal cells, allowing the immune system to potentially recognize and attack them. However, tumors can also develop mechanisms to evade the immune system, making it difficult to mount an effective response.

Overall, understanding the properties and behavior of surface antigens is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Leukemic infiltration is the abnormal spread and accumulation of malignant white blood cells (leukemia cells) in various tissues and organs outside the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are normally produced. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces large numbers of abnormal white blood cells that do not function properly. These abnormal cells can sometimes spill into the bloodstream and infiltrate other organs, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Leukemic infiltration can cause damage to these organs and lead to various symptoms. The pattern of organ involvement and the severity of infiltration depend on the type and stage of leukemia.

Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) is a rare and aggressive type of childhood leukemia, characterized by the overproduction of myeloid and monocytic white blood cells in the bone marrow. These cells accumulate in the bloodstream, leading to an increased risk of infection, anemia, and bleeding. JMML is different from other types of leukemia because it involves both the myeloid and monocytic cell lines, and it often affects younger children, typically those under 4 years old. The exact cause of JMML is not fully understood, but it has been linked to genetic mutations in certain genes, such as PTPN11, NRAS, KRAS, CBL, and NF1. Treatment for JMML usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and supportive care.

Membrane glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. They are integral components of biological membranes, spanning the lipid bilayer and playing crucial roles in various cellular processes.

The glycosylation of these proteins occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus during protein folding and trafficking. The attached glycans can vary in structure, length, and composition, which contributes to the diversity of membrane glycoproteins.

Membrane glycoproteins can be classified into two main types based on their orientation within the lipid bilayer:

1. Type I (N-linked): These glycoproteins have a single transmembrane domain and an extracellular N-terminus, where the oligosaccharides are predominantly attached via asparagine residues (Asn-X-Ser/Thr sequon).
2. Type II (C-linked): These glycoproteins possess two transmembrane domains and an intracellular C-terminus, with the oligosaccharides linked to tryptophan residues via a mannose moiety.

Membrane glycoproteins are involved in various cellular functions, such as:

* Cell adhesion and recognition
* Receptor-mediated signal transduction
* Enzymatic catalysis
* Transport of molecules across membranes
* Cell-cell communication
* Immunological responses

Some examples of membrane glycoproteins include cell surface receptors (e.g., growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors), adhesion molecules (e.g., integrins, cadherins), and transporters (e.g., ion channels, ABC transporters).

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase, which is a type of enzyme that plays a role in signal transduction within cells. FLT3 is found on the surface of certain types of blood cells, including hematopoietic stem cells and some types of leukemia cells.

FLT3 is activated when it binds to its ligand, FLT3L, leading to activation of various signaling pathways that are involved in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Mutations in the FLT3 gene can lead to constitutive activation of the receptor, even in the absence of its ligand, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division. Such mutations are commonly found in certain types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and are associated with a poor prognosis.

FLT3 inhibitors are a class of drugs that are being developed to target FLT3 mutations in leukemia cells, with the goal of blocking the abnormal signaling pathways that contribute to the growth and survival of these cancer cells.

CXCR5 is a type of chemokine receptor that is primarily expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, including B cells and some T cells. It belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and plays a crucial role in the trafficking and homing of these immune cells to specific tissues in the body.

CXCR5 specifically binds to a chemokine ligand called CXCL13, which is produced by various cell types, including stromal cells in lymphoid organs. The binding of CXCL13 to CXCR5 triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of several downstream signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in the migration and accumulation of immune cells in the vicinity of the CXCL13 source.

In the context of the immune system, CXCR5 is essential for the formation of germinal centers, which are specialized structures within lymphoid organs where B cells undergo activation, proliferation, and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The interaction between CXCL13 and CXCR5 helps to recruit B cells and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to the germinal center, where they can engage in productive interactions that drive humoral immune responses.

Abnormalities in CXCR5 signaling have been implicated in various pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CXCR5 function is of great interest for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target these disorders.

The Abelson murine leukemia virus (Abelson murine leukemia virus, or A-MuLV) is a type of retrovirus that can cause cancer in mice. It was first discovered in 1970 and has since been widely studied as a model system for understanding the mechanisms of retroviral infection and cancer development.

A-MuLV is named after Peter Nowell and David A. Harrison, who first described the virus and its ability to cause leukemia in mice. The virus contains an oncogene called "v-abl," which encodes a tyrosine kinase enzyme that can activate various signaling pathways involved in cell growth and division. When the v-abl oncogene is integrated into the genome of an infected mouse cell, it can cause uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the development of leukemia.

A-MuLV has been used extensively in laboratory research to study the molecular mechanisms of cancer development and to develop new therapies for treating cancer. It has also been used as a tool for introducing specific genetic modifications into mouse cells, allowing researchers to study the effects of those modifications on cell behavior and function.

'Gene rearrangement in B-lymphocytes, light chain' refers to the biological process that occurs during the development of B-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow. Specifically, it relates to the rearrangement of genes that code for the light chains of immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that help the immune system recognize and fight off foreign substances.

During gene rearrangement, the variable region genes of the light chain locus (which consist of multiple gene segments, including V, D, and J segments) undergo a series of DNA recombination events to form a functional variable region exon. This process allows for the generation of a vast diversity of antibody molecules with different specificities, enabling the immune system to recognize and respond to a wide range of potential threats.

Abnormalities in this gene rearrangement process can lead to various immunodeficiency disorders or malignancies such as B-cell lymphomas.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that is an essential part of the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and responding to potentially harmful substances such as viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-lymphocytes (T-cells).

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, which are proteins that help to neutralize or destroy foreign substances. When a B-cell encounters a foreign substance, it becomes activated and begins to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. These antibodies bind to the foreign substance, marking it for destruction by other immune cells.

T-lymphocytes, on the other hand, are involved in cell-mediated immunity. They directly attack and destroy infected cells or cancerous cells. T-cells can also help to regulate the immune response by producing chemical signals that activate or inhibit other immune cells.

Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow and mature in either the bone marrow (B-cells) or the thymus gland (T-cells). They circulate throughout the body in the blood and lymphatic system, where they can be found in high concentrations in lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid organs.

Abnormalities in the number or function of lymphocytes can lead to a variety of immune-related disorders, including immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Acute basophilic leukemia (ABL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. In ABL, the malignancy originates from the transformation of hematopoietic stem cells into abnormal blast cells, specifically basophils, in the bone marrow. These blasts proliferate rapidly and disrupt normal blood cell production, leading to a significant decrease in functional red and white blood cells and platelets.

The medical definition of acute basophilic leukemia is:

A malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and accumulation of immature basophils (basophilic blasts) in the bone marrow, blood, and occasionally other tissues. This rapidly progressing disorder is accompanied by a decline in the production of normal blood cells, resulting in symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, infection, easy bruising, and bleeding. The diagnosis of ABL typically involves bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, immunophenotyping, and molecular genetic testing to confirm the presence of leukemic blasts and identify specific genetic abnormalities that can inform prognosis and treatment decisions.

Anti-idiotypic antibodies are a type of immune protein that recognizes and binds to the unique identifying region (idiotype) of another antibody. These antibodies are produced by the immune system as part of a regulatory feedback mechanism, where they can modulate or inhibit the activity of the original antibody. They have been studied for their potential use in immunotherapy and vaccine development.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.

Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.

Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Cell separation is a process used to separate and isolate specific cell types from a heterogeneous mixture of cells. This can be accomplished through various physical or biological methods, depending on the characteristics of the cells of interest. Some common techniques for cell separation include:

1. Density gradient centrifugation: In this method, a sample containing a mixture of cells is layered onto a density gradient medium and then centrifuged. The cells are separated based on their size, density, and sedimentation rate, with denser cells settling closer to the bottom of the tube and less dense cells remaining near the top.

2. Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS): This technique uses magnetic beads coated with antibodies that bind to specific cell surface markers. The labeled cells are then passed through a column placed in a magnetic field, which retains the magnetically labeled cells while allowing unlabeled cells to flow through.

3. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS): In this method, cells are stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies that recognize specific cell surface or intracellular markers. The stained cells are then passed through a laser beam, which excites the fluorophores and allows for the detection and sorting of individual cells based on their fluorescence profile.

4. Filtration: This simple method relies on the physical size differences between cells to separate them. Cells can be passed through filters with pore sizes that allow smaller cells to pass through while retaining larger cells.

5. Enzymatic digestion: In some cases, cells can be separated by enzymatically dissociating tissues into single-cell suspensions and then using various separation techniques to isolate specific cell types.

These methods are widely used in research and clinical settings for applications such as isolating immune cells, stem cells, or tumor cells from biological samples.

Inbred strains of mice are defined as lines of mice that have been brother-sister mated for at least 20 consecutive generations. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the mice of an inbred strain are genetically identical to one another, with the exception of spontaneous mutations.

Inbred strains of mice are widely used in biomedical research due to their genetic uniformity and stability, which makes them useful for studying the genetic basis of various traits, diseases, and biological processes. They also provide a consistent and reproducible experimental system, as compared to outbred or genetically heterogeneous populations.

Some commonly used inbred strains of mice include C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, DBA/2J, and 129SvEv. Each strain has its own unique genetic background and phenotypic characteristics, which can influence the results of experiments. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate inbred strain for a given research question.

Chromosome aberrations refer to structural and numerical changes in the chromosomes that can occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to mutagenic agents. These changes can affect the genetic material encoded in the chromosomes, leading to various consequences such as developmental abnormalities, cancer, or infertility.

Structural aberrations include deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and rings, which result from breaks and rearrangements of chromosome segments. Numerical aberrations involve changes in the number of chromosomes, such as aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) or polyploidy (multiples of a complete set of chromosomes).

Chromosome aberrations can be detected and analyzed using various cytogenetic techniques, including karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). These methods allow for the identification and characterization of chromosomal changes at the molecular level, providing valuable information for genetic counseling, diagnosis, and research.

Asparaginase is a medication that is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It is an enzyme that breaks down the amino acid asparagine, which is a building block of proteins. Some cancer cells are unable to produce their own asparagine and rely on obtaining it from the bloodstream. By reducing the amount of asparagine in the blood, asparaginase can help to slow or stop the growth of these cancer cells.

Asparaginase is usually given as an injection into a muscle (intramuscularly) or into a vein (intravenously). It may be given alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. The specific dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the individual's medical history, the type and stage of cancer being treated, and how well the person tolerates the medication.

Like all medications, asparaginase can cause side effects. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and changes in liver function tests. Less common but more serious side effects may include allergic reactions, pancreatitis, and blood clotting problems. It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits of asparaginase with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

T-independent antigens are types of antigens that can stimulate an immune response without the help of T cells. They are typically small molecules with repetitive structures, such as polysaccharides found on bacterial cell walls, that can directly activate B cells through their surface receptors. This results in the production of antibodies specific to the antigen, but it does not lead to the development of immunological memory. Therefore, immunity to T-independent antigens is usually short-lived and provides limited protection against future infections.

SCID mice is an acronym for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency mice. These are genetically modified mice that lack a functional immune system due to the mutation or knockout of several key genes required for immunity. This makes them ideal for studying the human immune system, infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as testing new therapies and treatments in a controlled environment without the risk of interference from the mouse's own immune system. SCID mice are often used in xenotransplantation studies, where human cells or tissues are transplanted into the mouse to study their behavior and interactions with the human immune system.

The Philadelphia chromosome is a specific genetic alteration in certain types of leukemia and lymphoma, including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is the result of a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, which forms an abnormal fusion gene called BCR-ABL. This gene produces an abnormal protein that leads to unregulated cell growth and division, causing cancer. The Philadelphia chromosome was first discovered in Philadelphia, USA, hence the name.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.

The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).

It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.

Lymphoid tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that is involved in the immune function of the body. It is composed of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), which are responsible for producing antibodies and destroying infected or cancerous cells. Lymphoid tissue can be found throughout the body, but it is particularly concentrated in certain areas such as the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches in the small intestine.

Lymphoid tissue provides a site for the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of lymphocytes, which are critical components of the adaptive immune response. It also serves as a filter for foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, that may enter the body through various routes. The lymphatic system, which includes lymphoid tissue, helps to maintain the health and integrity of the body by protecting it from infection and disease.

A lymphocyte count is a laboratory test that measures the number of white blood cells called lymphocytes in a sample of blood. Lymphocytes are a vital part of the immune system and help fight off infections and diseases. A normal lymphocyte count ranges from 1,000 to 4,800 cells per microliter (µL) of blood for adults.

An abnormal lymphocyte count can indicate an infection, immune disorder, or blood cancer. A low lymphocyte count is called lymphopenia, while a high lymphocyte count is called lymphocytosis. The cause of an abnormal lymphocyte count should be investigated through further testing and clinical evaluation.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

"Preleukemia" is a term that was used historically to describe conditions characterized by the presence of preleukemic cells or certain genetic changes that could potentially progress into acute leukemia. However, this terminology has largely been replaced in modern medicine.

Currently, the preferred terms are "clonal hematopoiesis" or "clonal cytopenias of undetermined significance (CCUS)" for conditions where there is an expansion of blood cells with certain genetic mutations but without evidence of progression to acute leukemia.

One example of this is a condition called "clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential" (CHIP), which is defined by the presence of certain somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, but without evidence of cytopenias or progression to malignancy.

It's important to note that not all individuals with CHIP will develop leukemia, and many may never experience any symptoms related to this condition. However, the presence of CHIP has been associated with an increased risk of hematologic cancers, as well as cardiovascular disease.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), atypical, BCR-ABL negative is a rare subtype of CML that does not have the typical Philadelphia chromosome abnormality or the resulting BCR-ABL fusion gene. This means that the disease lacks the constitutively active tyrosine kinase that is targeted by imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) and other similar drugs.

The atypical form of CML is often characterized by a more aggressive clinical course, with a higher risk of transformation to acute leukemia compared to the classic form of CML. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to its rarity and heterogeneity. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up with blood tests and bone marrow examinations is essential for monitoring the disease course and adjusting treatment as necessary.

The "Graft versus Leukemia (GvL) Effect" is a term used in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to describe a desirable outcome where the donor's immune cells (graft) recognize and attack the recipient's leukemia cells (host). This effect occurs when the donor's T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and other immune cells become activated against the recipient's malignant cells.

The GvL effect is often observed in patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), where the donor and recipient are not genetically identical. The genetic disparity between the donor and recipient creates an environment that allows for the recognition of host leukemia cells as foreign, triggering an immune response against them.

While the GvL effect can be beneficial in eliminating residual leukemia cells, it can also lead to complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's healthy tissues. Balancing the GvL effect and minimizing GvHD remains a significant challenge in allo-HSCT.

Medical Definition of "Herpesvirus 4, Human" (Epstein-Barr Virus)

"Herpesvirus 4, Human," also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is a member of the Herpesviridae family and is one of the most common human viruses. It is primarily transmitted through saliva and is often referred to as the "kissing disease."

EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, which is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The virus can also cause other diseases, including certain types of cancer, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Once a person becomes infected with EBV, the virus remains in the body for the rest of their life, residing in certain white blood cells called B lymphocytes. In most people, the virus remains dormant and does not cause any further symptoms. However, in some individuals, the virus may reactivate, leading to recurrent or persistent symptoms.

EBV infection is diagnosed through various tests, including blood tests that detect antibodies against the virus or direct detection of the virus itself through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. There is no cure for EBV infection, and treatment is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and not sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or drinking glasses.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a type of cytokine, which is a cell signaling molecule that mediates communication between cells in the immune system. Specifically, IL-4 is produced by activated T cells and mast cells, among other cells, and plays an important role in the differentiation and activation of immune cells called Th2 cells.

Th2 cells are involved in the immune response to parasites, as well as in allergic reactions. IL-4 also promotes the growth and survival of B cells, which produce antibodies, and helps to regulate the production of certain types of antibodies. In addition, IL-4 has anti-inflammatory effects and can help to downregulate the immune response in some contexts.

Defects in IL-4 signaling have been implicated in a number of diseases, including asthma, allergies, and certain types of cancer.

Autoimmunity is a medical condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy tissues within the body. In normal function, the immune system recognizes and fights off foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. However, when autoimmunity occurs, the immune system identifies self-molecules or tissues as foreign and produces an immune response against them.

This misguided response can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and impaired organ function. Autoimmune diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, glands, muscles, and blood vessels. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and Graves' disease.

The exact cause of autoimmunity is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that trigger an abnormal immune response in susceptible individuals. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune system's overactive response using medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Neoplastic stem cells, also known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are a subpopulation of cells within a tumor that are capable of self-renewal and generating the heterogeneous lineages of cells that comprise the tumor. These cells are believed to be responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of cancer, as well as its recurrence and resistance to therapy.

CSCs share some similarities with normal stem cells, such as their ability to divide asymmetrically and give rise to differentiated progeny. However, they also have distinct characteristics that distinguish them from their normal counterparts, including aberrant gene expression, altered signaling pathways, and increased resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death).

The existence of CSCs has important implications for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Targeting these cells specifically may be necessary to achieve durable remissions and prevent relapse, as they are thought to survive conventional therapies that target the bulk of the tumor. Further research is needed to better understand the biology of CSCs and develop effective strategies for their elimination.

Retroviridae infections refer to diseases caused by retroviruses, which are a type of virus that integrates its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. This allows the virus to co-opt the cell's own machinery to produce new viral particles and infect other cells.

Some well-known retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), which can cause certain types of cancer and neurological disorders.

Retroviral infections can have a range of clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response. HIV infection, for example, is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency that makes the infected individual susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers. HTLV infection, on the other hand, can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurological disorder.

Prevention and treatment strategies for retroviral infections depend on the specific virus but may include antiretroviral therapy (ART), vaccination, and behavioral modifications to reduce transmission risk.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a process in which a normal cell undergoes genetic alterations that cause it to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves changes in the cell's DNA that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, loss of contact inhibition, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Neoplastic transformation can occur as a result of various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and aging. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth and division.

The transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is a complex and multi-step process that involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. It is characterized by several hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a fundamental concept in cancer biology and is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. It also has important implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as identifying the specific genetic alterations that underlie neoplastic transformation can help guide targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches.

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases (PTKs) are a type of enzyme that plays a crucial role in various cellular functions, including signal transduction, cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. They catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of proteins, thereby modifying their activity, localization, or interaction with other molecules.

PTKs can be divided into two main categories: receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs). RTKs are transmembrane proteins that become activated upon binding to specific ligands, such as growth factors or hormones. NRTKs, on the other hand, are intracellular enzymes that can be activated by various signals, including receptor-mediated signaling and intracellular messengers.

Dysregulation of PTK activity has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Therefore, PTKs are important targets for drug development and therapy.

A residual neoplasm is a term used in pathology and oncology to describe the remaining abnormal tissue or cancer cells after a surgical procedure or treatment aimed at completely removing a tumor. This means that some cancer cells have been left behind and continue to persist in the body. The presence of residual neoplasm can increase the risk of recurrence or progression of the disease, as these remaining cells may continue to grow and divide.

Residual neoplasm is often assessed during follow-up appointments and monitoring, using imaging techniques like CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans, and sometimes through biopsies. The extent of residual neoplasm can influence the choice of further treatment options, such as additional surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies, to eliminate the remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit (LIFR-α) is a protein that forms part of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) receptor complex. LIF is a cytokine, or signaling molecule, that plays important roles in various biological processes such as cell differentiation, survival, and proliferation.

The LIFR-α subunit combines with the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) subunit to form a functional receptor for LIF. When LIF binds to this receptor complex, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately regulate gene expression and cell behavior.

Mutations in the LIFR-α gene have been associated with certain diseases, including some forms of cancer. For example, reduced expression of LIFR-α has been observed in leukemia cells, suggesting that it may play a role in the development or progression of this disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the functional significance of LIFR-α and its role in human health and disease.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 are a group of proteins that play a role in regulating cell death (apoptosis). The c-bcl-2 gene produces one of these proteins, which helps to prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis. This protein is located on the membrane of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and it can inhibit the release of cytochrome c, a key player in the activation of caspases, which are enzymes that trigger apoptosis.

In normal cells, the regulation of c-bcl-2 protein helps to maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death, ensuring proper tissue homeostasis. However, when the c-bcl-2 gene is mutated or its expression is dysregulated, it can contribute to cancer development by allowing cancer cells to survive and proliferate. High levels of c-bcl-2 protein have been found in many types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, and carcinomas, and are often associated with a poor prognosis.

Antibody-producing cells, also known as plasma cells, are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for producing and secreting antibodies in response to a foreign substance or antigen. These cells are derived from B lymphocytes, which become activated upon encountering an antigen and differentiate into plasma cells.

Once activated, plasma cells can produce large amounts of specific antibodies that bind to the antigen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. Antibody-producing cells play a crucial role in the body's humoral immune response, which helps protect against infection and disease.

The term "DNA, neoplasm" is not a standard medical term or concept. DNA refers to deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material present in the cells of living organisms. A neoplasm, on the other hand, is a tumor or growth of abnormal tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

In some contexts, "DNA, neoplasm" may refer to genetic alterations found in cancer cells. These genetic changes can include mutations, amplifications, deletions, or rearrangements of DNA sequences that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Identifying these genetic abnormalities can help doctors diagnose and treat certain types of cancer more effectively.

However, it's important to note that "DNA, neoplasm" is not a term that would typically be used in medical reports or research papers without further clarification. If you have any specific questions about DNA changes in cancer cells or neoplasms, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or conducting further research on the topic.

Growth inhibitors, in a medical context, refer to substances or agents that reduce or prevent the growth and proliferation of cells. They play an essential role in regulating normal cellular growth and can be used in medical treatments to control the excessive growth of unwanted cells, such as cancer cells.

There are two main types of growth inhibitors:

1. Endogenous growth inhibitors: These are naturally occurring molecules within the body that help regulate cell growth and division. Examples include retinoids, which are vitamin A derivatives, and interferons, which are signaling proteins released by host cells in response to viruses.

2. Exogenous growth inhibitors: These are synthetic or natural substances from outside the body that can be used to inhibit cell growth. Many chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies for cancer treatment fall into this category. They work by interfering with specific pathways involved in cell division, such as DNA replication or mitosis, or by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells.

It is important to note that growth inhibitors may also affect normal cells, which can lead to side effects during treatment. The challenge for medical researchers is to develop targeted therapies that specifically inhibit the growth of abnormal cells while minimizing harm to healthy cells.

Drug resistance in neoplasms (also known as cancer drug resistance) refers to the ability of cancer cells to withstand the effects of chemotherapeutic agents or medications designed to kill or inhibit the growth of cancer cells. This can occur due to various mechanisms, including changes in the cancer cell's genetic makeup, alterations in drug targets, increased activity of drug efflux pumps, and activation of survival pathways.

Drug resistance can be intrinsic (present at the beginning of treatment) or acquired (developed during the course of treatment). It is a significant challenge in cancer therapy as it often leads to reduced treatment effectiveness, disease progression, and poor patient outcomes. Strategies to overcome drug resistance include the use of combination therapies, development of new drugs that target different mechanisms, and personalized medicine approaches that consider individual patient and tumor characteristics.

Cytogenetic analysis is a laboratory technique used to identify and study the structure and function of chromosomes, which are the structures in the cell that contain genetic material. This type of analysis involves examining the number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes in cells, typically during metaphase when they are at their most condensed state.

There are several methods used for cytogenetic analysis, including karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Karyotyping involves staining the chromosomes with a dye to visualize their banding patterns and then arranging them in pairs based on their size and shape. FISH uses fluorescent probes to label specific DNA sequences, allowing for the detection of genetic abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, or translocations. CGH compares the DNA content of two samples to identify differences in copy number, which can be used to detect chromosomal imbalances.

Cytogenetic analysis is an important tool in medical genetics and is used for a variety of purposes, including prenatal diagnosis, cancer diagnosis and monitoring, and the identification of genetic disorders.

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If the mast cells represent less than 10% of blood cells, the tumor is called "aleukemic" mast cell leukemia. Acute mast cell ... Mast cell leukemia is an extremely aggressive subtype of acute myeloid leukemia that usually occurs de novo but can, rarely, ... Measurement of histidine carboxylase in the marrow cells of patients with mast cell leukemia is a very sensitive marker of mast ... March 1999). "Expression of Bcl-2 by human bone marrow mast cells and its overexpression in mast cell leukemia". Am. J. Hematol ...
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"Leukemia - B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia and Hairy Cell Leukemia: Treatment Options , Cancer.Net". Cancer.Net. 2012-06-25. ... This type of leukemia is characterized by: More than 55% of circulating cells in peripheral blood (red blood cells, white blood ... A stem cell transplant is a procedure that uses highly specialized cells called hematopoietic stem cells to replace bone marrow ... cite book}}: ,journal= ignored (help) "B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia (B-PLL) , Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia". www.knowcancer. ...
... is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and a ... Currently Aggressive NK-cell leukemia, being a subtype of PTCL, is treated similarly to B-cell lymphomas. However, in recent ... The cell of origin is believed to be an NK cell. Blastoid NK cell lymphoma appears to be a different entity and shows no ... 2006;108:A401 Kwong YL, Chan AC, Liang RH (May 1997). "Natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia: pathology and treatment". Hematol ...
Other names include T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, "knobby" type of T-cell leukemia, and T-prolymphocytic leukemia/T-cell ... T-cell-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a mature T-cell leukemia with aggressive behavior and predilection for blood, bone ... Most patients with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia require immediate treatment. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is difficult to ... "Inversions and tandem translocations involving chromosome 14q11 and 14q32 in T-prolymphocytic leukemia and T-cell leukemias in ...
... is a form of lymphoid leukemia in which too many B-cell lymphoblasts (immature white ... as designated leukemia/lymphoma. ALL is the most prevalent childhood malignancy, with precursor B-cell ALL (B-ALL) accounting ... as capable to change phenotype of B cells toward precursor cells. In approximately two-thirds of pediatric B-ALL patients, ... blood cells) are found in the blood and bone marrow. It is the most common type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It is ...
... (PBX) refers to a family of transcription factors. Types include: PBX1 PBX2 PBX3 PBX4 Pre-B cell " ...
Distinct from adult T-cell leukemia where T-cell lymphotropic virus Type I causes malignant maturation of T-cells, T-ALL is a ... T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with aggressive malignant neoplasm of the ... "T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - My Cancer Genome". www.mycancergenome.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07. "Leukemia - Chronic T- ... "Pediatric T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia". atlasgeneticsoncology.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07. "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ...
... (CMML) is a type of leukemia, which are cancers of the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. ... Unlike MPNs, MDSs have a dysfunctional production of myeloid cells with a reduced number of mature cells. Many of the cells ... and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) that was approved for use in the United States in July 2020. Hematopoietic stem cell ... as well as abnormal looking cells (dysplasia) in at least one type of blood cell. CMML shows characteristics of a ...
One week after the T cells were injected, the leukemia cells in his blood had disappeared.[needs update] The T cells were still ... "France - Lymphoproliferative Syndrome B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia ,". icgc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18. "Hairy Cell Leukemia ... hairy cell leukemia, high grade T cell lymphomas, acute myeloid leukemia, lung cancer, brain cancer, melanoma of the eye or ... but the neoplastic cells have a distinct morphology under the microscope (hairy cell leukemia cells have delicate, hair-like ...
... is divided into two types according to the kind of cell involved: B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and T- ... It is usually classified as a kind of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hsi, Eric D. (1 January 2012). "12 - B-Cell Leukemias of ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Lymphocytic leukemia, All stub articles, ...
... and cytoplasmic domain of LIF-R required for differentiation and growth arrest of myeloid leukemic cells". Leukemia & Lymphoma ... Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor has been shown to interact with glycoprotein 130. LIFR has also been identified as a breast ... "Entrez Gene: LIFR leukemia inhibitory factor receptor alpha". Timmermann A, Küster A, Kurth I, Heinrich PC, Müller-Newen G ( ... The leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a polyfunctional cytokine that affects the differentiation, survival, and proliferation ...
T-cell LGL leukemia (T-LGLL) and natural-killer (NK)-cell LGL leukemia (NK-LGLL). As the name suggests, T-cell large granular ... The postulated cells of origin of T-LGLL leukemia are transformed CD8+ T-cell with clonal rearrangements of β chain T-cell ... The neoplastic cells of this disease display a mature T-cell immunophenotype, with the majority of cases showing a CD4-/CD8+ T- ... Alemtuzumab has been investigated for use in treatment of refractory T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Experimental ...
The basis of allogenic stem cell transplantation is on a graft versus leukemia effect whereby graft cells stimulate an immune ... delivering cell-killing substances to cancer cells, or starving cancer cells of hormones they need to grow. Other targeted ... occur when the leukemic cells can not be classified as either myeloid or lymphoid cells, or where both types of cells are ... Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal ...
May manifest basophil and mast cell granules by EM. Cytogenetically heterogeneous but frequently associated with Philadelphia ... Acute basophilic leukemia is a rare form of acute myeloid leukemia where blasts are accompanied by abnormal basophils in all ... Duchayne, E.; H. Rubier; A. Robert; N. Dastugue (1999). "Diagnosis of acute basophilic leukemia". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 32 (3-4 ... "Molecular pathogenesis of chromosome 16 inversion in the M4E0 subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia". Blood. 85 (9): 2289-2302. ...
Types of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia include adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and (precursor) T-lymphoblastic leukemia/ ... T-lymphoblastic cells of acute leukemia in the bone marrow Acute erythroid leukemia, a rare form of acute myeloid leukemia ... Acute myeloid leukemia, a rare form of which is acute erythroid leukemia. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia including T-cell acute ... Yodoi, J; Takatsuki, K; Masuda, T (1974). "Letter: Two cases of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Japan". New England ...
Stem cell transplant is a process in which the blood-forming cells that are abnormal (like leukemia cells) or that were ... Stem cell transplants can use the cells from one's self, called an autologous stem cell transplant or they can use cells from ... The white blood cells overproduce, crowding the other blood cells in the bone marrow. Another type of acute leukemia is acute ... When a child has leukemia, the cells do not respond to the signals telling them when to stop and when to produce cells. The ...
... only in their leukemia cells) Another 35% of patients with a mutation in a gene called PTPN11 (again, only in their leukemia ... by harboring dormant JMML cells that are not eradicated by radiation therapy or chemotherapy for the active leukemia cells, ... Graft versus leukemia: Graft versus leukemia has been shown many times to play a critical role in curing JMML, and it is ... Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare form of chronic leukemia (cancer of the blood) that affects children, ...
Large granular lymphocytic leukemia may involve either T-cells or NK cells; like hairy cell leukemia, which involves solely B ... Despite its overall rarity, it is the most common type of mature T cell leukemia; nearly all other leukemias involve B cells. ... These blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells. Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising, ... Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is sometimes considered a subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but does not fit neatly into this ...
These tumors are malignancies of germ cells, i.e. primitive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum cells. In adult-AMKL, ... Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is life-threatening leukemia in which malignant megakaryoblasts proliferate abnormally ... Gassmann W, Löffler H (1995). "Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia". Leukemia & Lymphoma. 18 Suppl 1: 69-73. doi:10.3109/ ... mediastinal germ cell tumors that are associated with adult-AMKL are not seminomas (i.e. do not originate from the sperm cell ...
... of the cells in the blood and bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells). In the accelerated phase, these leukemia ... Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia is a phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the disease is progressing. ... "Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)". Shah, NP (Mar 2008). "Advanced CML: therapeutic options for patients in accelerated and ... Accelerated phase chronic myelogenous leukemia entry in the public domain NCI Cancer Dictionary v t e (CS1: long volume value, ...
Entry into host cell: Then GaLV particles use these cell-surface proteins on the cell membrane, as specific receptors to enter ... lymphoblastic leukemia, osteoporosis and granulocytic leukemia. In cases of granulocytic leukemia, increased granulocytes in ... and Snyder et al., 1973) GALV‐X: detected in cell culture from a human T-cell line infected with HIV-1 in Louvain, Belgium and ... Gallo et al., 1978) GaLV-Mar: detected in cell culture (in vitro) derived from marmoset cells. Simian sarcoma (SSV): a ...
One can use the experience with BLV for understanding HTLV-I induced diseases like ATL (adult T-cell leukemia) and HAM/TSP ( ... Only some animals later develop a B-cell leukemia called enzootic bovine leukosis. Under natural conditions the disease is ... "Bovine leukemia virus". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11901. "Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)". APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection ... Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus which causes enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle. It is closely related to the human ...
... may refer to: Chronic myelogenous leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, including Hairy cell leukemia ... Chronic leukemia is an increase of abnormal white blood cells. It differs from acute leukemia, and is categorized as ... chronic neutrophilic leukemia , and chronic eosinophilic leukemia. This article includes a list of related items that share the ...
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: A cancer of the white blood cells. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia: A life-threatening leukemia ... Myeloid leukemia is a type of leukemia affecting myeloid tissue. Types include: Acute myeloid leukemia: A cancer of the myeloid ... Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: A rare hematologic malignancy which is a malignancy of plasmacytoid dendritic ... line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and ...
... stable productive cells, non-productive cells and cells which produced defective virus particles which are not infective. ... Rosenberg N, Baltimore D, Scher CD (1975). "In vitro transformation of lymphoid cells by Abelson murine leukemia virus". Proc. ... Shields A, Rosenberg N, Baltimore D (1979). "Virus production by Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed lymphoid cells". J. ... It can infect B-cells which was shown by the fact that some tumor cells can be seen to have immunoglobulins (Ig) on their ...
Acute erythroid leukemias can be classified as follows: 50% or more of all nucleated bone marrow cells are erythroblasts, ... Acute erythrocyte leukemia is a rare form of acute myeloid leukemia (less than 5% of AML cases) where the myeloproliferation is ... Acute erythroid leukemia is rare, accounting for only 3-5% of all acute myeloid leukemia cases. One study estimated an ... Despite this lack of myeloblasts, these cases should be considered acute leukemias. In a WHO proposal the blastic leukemias ...
Secondary plasma cell leukemia (sPCL) results from the comparatively slow development of plasma cell/plasma cell precursor ... Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a plasma cell dyscrasia, i.e. a disease involving the malignant degeneration of a subtype of ... PCL may present as primary plasma cell leukemia, i.e. in patients without prior history of a plasma cell dyscrasia or as ... circulating plasma cells had a prognosis much worse than that for multiple myeloma and similar to that for plasma cell leukemia ...
Treatment protocols for hairy cell leukemia (HCL) are provided below, including those for initial treatment, resistant disease ... Variant hairy cell leukemia. Variant hairy cell leukemia is resistant to the standard treatments, which include the use of ... How is relapsed hairy cell leukemia treated?. What is the role of moxetumomab pasudotox in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia ... encoded search term (Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Protocols) and Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Protocols What to Read Next on ...
These compounds exhibited synergy with several anti-leukemia agents in AML, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), or chronic ... and/or apoptotic cell death in AML cell lines and refractory/relapsed AML primary samples. ... Compounds derived from PS127 significantly upregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AML cells and triggered ... We identified six mitochondria-affecting compounds (PS compounds) that exhibit selective cytotoxicity against AML cells in ...
The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society® (LLS) is a global leader in the fight against blood cancer. The LLS mission: Cure leukemia, ... The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society is a 501(c)(3) organization, and all monetary donations are tax deductible to the fullest ... This fact sheet provides information about the diagnosis and management of mantle cell lymphoma. ...
The study involved 30 people with hairy cell leukemia that had come back after or had not responded to previous treatment. ... Hairy cell leukemia occurs when abnormal, hairy-looking white blood cells build up in the bone marrow, spleen, and bloodstream ... Similarly, treating hairy cell leukemia with rituximab-a drug that binds to a protein called CD20 on white blood cells-doesnt ... Hairy cell leukemia is so named because the cancerous blood cells (purple) appear "hairy" when viewed with a microscope. ...
It has important genetic variances that differentiate it from classic hairy cell leukemia. ... HCL-V is a distinct form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ... of leukemia diagnoses are HCL.. Hairy cell leukemia-variant ( ... Rare types of leukemia include hairy cell leukemia, large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia, and mast cell leukemia. ... such as B cells (and further into plasma cells), T cells, and natural killer cells. Leukemias affecting these cells are called ...
Preliminary studies show that a vaccine made with leukemia cells may be able to reduce or eliminate the last remaining cancer ... cells in some chronic myeloid leukemia patients taking the drug Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). ... Potential Seen for Tailoring Treatment for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Dec. 7, 2018 Rapid screening of leukemia cells for drug ... made with leukemia cells may be able to reduce or eliminate the last remaining cancer cells in some chronic myeloid leukemia ...
... patients with hairy cell leukemia who have not responded or relapsed after initial chemotherapy will be randomly assigned to ... These abnormal cells appear "hairy" when viewed under a microscope and give the disease its name. Hairy cell leukemia is ... CD20-positive cells). Moreover, rituximab has been used successfully to treat some patients with hairy cell leukemia who have ... Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon cancer of the blood in which the body produces a large number of abnormal B lymphocytes (a ...
... provided durable remission with long-term persistence in pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell ... In this global study of CAR T-cell therapy, a single infusion of tisagenlecleucel ... Tisagenlecleucel in Children and Young Adults with B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 1;378(5):439-448. doi: ... Background: In a single-center phase 1-2a study, the anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy tisagenlecleucel ...
Successful treatment of therapy-resistant chronic leukemia using allogeneic stem cell transplantation ... 2023 from www.disabled-world.com/health/cancer/leukemia/Treatment-of-Therapy-resistant-Chronic-Leukemia-Using-Stem-Cells.php. ... www.disabled-world.com/health/cancer/leukemia/Treatment-of-Therapy-resistant-Chronic-Leukemia-Using-Stem-Cells.php",Treatment ... "It is crucial to control the transplanted donor immune cells so that the effect is strong enough to eliminate the leukemia ...
... a costimulatory receptor in T cells [4-1BB]) and CD3-zeta (a signal-transduction component of the T-cell antigen receptor) ... We designed a lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor with specificity for the B-cell antigen CD19, coupled ... A specific immune response was detected in the bone marrow, accompanied by loss of normal B cells and leukemia cells that ... Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 25;365(8):725-33. doi: 10.1056/ ...
T Cell Immunotherapy for Childhood Leukemia. Shannon Maude, M.D., Ph.D. Rally for Ryan Fund St. Baldricks Scholar. Fellowship ... Grand Rounds: T Cell Immunotherapy for Childhood Leukemia. Date. : December 6, 2017 ...
Mark Single-cell analysis of immune recognition in chronic myeloid leukemia patients following tyrosine kinase inhibitor ... Mark Computational Single-Cell Genomics Methods for Cell State Estimation and their Application to Hematopoietic Systems ... Mark Schlafen2 is a regulator of quiescence in adult murine hematopoietic stem cells Warsi, Sarah LU ; Dahl, Maria LU ; Smith, ... Mark Scarf enables a highly memory-efficient analysis of large-scale single-cell genomics data Dhapola, Parashar LU ; Rodhe, ...
LncRNA NALT interaction with NOTCH1 promoted cell proliferation in pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Wang Y, et al ... NALT1 NOTCH1 associated lncRNA in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1 [Homo sa... NALT1 NOTCH1 associated lncRNA in T cell ... Title: LncRNA NALT interaction with NOTCH1 promoted cell proliferation in pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ... NOTCH1 associated lncRNA in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:51192 See related ...
Learn more in this Cancer.Net Guide to B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia and Hairy Cell Leukemia. ... Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells which begins when normal blood cells change and grow uncontrollably. ... Leukemia - B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia and Hairy Cell Leukemia , *Leukemia - B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia and Hairy Cell ... Leukemia - B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia and Hairy Cell Leukemia up Leukemia - B-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia and Hairy Cell ...
... can destroy leukemia cells either alone or in combination with other cancer treatments. The scientific community has long- ... established that cannabinoids may show potential in cancer treatment, with certain varieties known to promote cell death, curb ... against leukemia cells. The researcher found that the compounds spurred significant declines in cancer cell viability and ... The study revealed that the cannabiniod varieties cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) eliminated leukemia cells when ...
Since SLAMF receptors play a role in NK cell biology, we reasoned that these receptors may impact NK cell-mediated CLL immunity ... Overexpression of SLAMF1 or SLAMF7 in IGHV mutated CLL cell models resulted in reduced proliferation and impaired responses to ... Indeed, our experiments showed significantly decreased degranulation capacity of primary NK cells from CLL patients expressing ... we investigated the impact of SLAMF1 and SLAMF7 on the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling axis. ...
Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI - Doctoral scholarship for leukemia cell research ... supports the development of an organ-on-a-chip model for the cultivation and investigation of leukemia cells. ... Preclinical and clinical development of a novel CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma and clear cell renal ... www.izi.fraunhofer.de/en/press/press-releases/doctoral-scholarship-for-leukemia-cell-research.html ...
... leukemia_cells_in_mice_using_natural_killer_nk_cells_from_umbilical_cord_blood ... NK cells operate differently from T cells, leaving normal cells alone while targeting and killing the cancerous cells. ... these NK cells reduced the circulating human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells by 60 ... "These NK cells demonstrate significant cytotoxic activity against human AML and ALL cell lines and patient leukemia blasts. ...
Instead of targeting a molecule called CD19 on the surface of the cancer cells, the new therapy targets a molecule called CD22. ... CAR T-cell therapy relies on a patients own T cells - a type of immune cell that can be a powerful killing machine. ... Researchers genetically modify the T cells to recognize specific molecules on the cancer cells surfaces and kill the cells. ... Stanford Medicine News 2017 11 Possible new cell therapy for leukemia Story ...
... has successfully manufactured the UAEs first CAR-T cells to treat an 11-year-old boy with leukemia. Engineered CAR-T cells ... Abu Dhabi manufactures UAEs first CAR-T Cell to treat 11-year old leukemia patient. ... Physicians withdrew the cells from the patient and genetically modified his immune cells in the laboratory to fight the cancer ... The child, Murad, was diagnosed with leukemia more than five years ago and went into remission, but unfortunately, the leukemia ...
MSK investigators have used a lab tool originally developed to study fly nerve cells to uncover new findings about acute ... The cells they used were blood stem cells from mice and leukemia stem cells from mice and humans. ... "We knew that leukemia cells seemed to be more addicted to Musashi-2 for their growth than normal cells," Dr. Kharas says. "Now ... Kharass lab learned that Musashi-2 behaves differently in leukemia cells than it does in regular blood stem cells. " ...
Variant Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1c and Adult T-cell Leukemia, Australia Lloyd Einsiedel1. , Olivier Cassar1, Peter ... C) Peripheral blood cells smear from adult T-lymphocytic leukemia patient 1 (Aus-NR). Tumor cells exhibiting multilobulated ... Variant Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1c and Adult T-cell Leukemia, Australia. ... CD3 (A) and CD4 (B) cells immunostained with diaminobenzidine and horseradish peroxidase in lymph node biopsy sample from ...
Treatment protocols for hairy cell leukemia (HCL) are provided below, including those for initial treatment, resistant disease ... Variant hairy cell leukemia. Variant hairy cell leukemia is resistant to the standard treatments, which include the use of ... How is relapsed hairy cell leukemia treated?. What is the role of moxetumomab pasudotox in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia ... encoded search term (Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Protocols) and Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Protocols What to Read Next on ...
... off-the-shelf CAR T cells is a promising approach for relapsed leukemia, with potential implications for the future of gene ... Base-Edited T Cells Could Minimize Immunotherapy Complications in Leukemia, Study Suggests. November 18, 2023. Aislinn Antrim ... Use of base editing to create universal CAR T cells for advanced leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(10):944-953. doi:10.1056/ ... The use of base editing to generate universal, off-the-shelf CAR T cells is a promising approach for relapsed leukemia, with ...
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. No criteria for the classification of B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia has emerged. [1] ... American Roentgen Ray Society Images of B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia classification All Images. X-rays. Echo & Ultrasound. CT ... There is classification sysytem for B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. ... Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=B-cell_prolymphocytic_leukemia_classification&oldid=1561999" ...
... is the most frequent leukemia in adults. CLL cells are characterized by their universal dependency on pro-survival and pro- ... B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent leukemia in adults. CLL cells are characterized by their ... Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in the western world. A critical component in CLL ... namely B Cell Receptor (BCR) signalling and signals from T-cells mediated by CD40/IL4. In aim 1 we hypothesize that CD20 is one ...
Blood-forming stem cells called hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), give rise to all mature blood cells. These cells are found in ... and the development of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that give way to primary myelofibrosis (PMF). PMF is a stem cell-derived ... The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society® (LLS) is a global leader in the fight against blood cancer. The LLS mission: Cure leukemia, ... Targeting the interaction of leukemia stem cells with their niche to treat myelofibrosis ...
The study published in Cell Reports reveals that these precursor cells ensure that the thymus keeps generating T cells, even in ... Team of researchers led by IGC PI Vera Martins identified the cells that can sustain immune cell differentiation in the thymus ... But this entails serious consequences: the appearance of abnormal cells, which accumulate errors and trigger leukaemia ...
Biweekly CHOP in Aggressive Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATLL): Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study, JCOG9801.. Trial Phase: ... Biweekly CHOP in Aggressive Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATLL): Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study, JCOG9801. ... cytologically-proven peripheral T-cell malignancy. 2. Aggressive ATL, i.e., acute-, lymphoma- or unfavorable chronic-type ATL. ...
  • These compounds exhibited synergy with several anti-leukemia agents in AML, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), or chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). (nature.com)
  • HCL-V affects B cells, so it's classified as a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). (healthline.com)
  • It's a chronic form of leukemia, meaning it's typically a more slowly developing form of the disease. (healthline.com)
  • Preliminary studies show that a vaccine made with leukemia cells may be able to reduce or eliminate the last remaining cancer cells in some chronic myeloid leukemia patients taking the drug Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Yet another drug, called bendamustine , has been shown to be effective against other cancers involving B lymphocytes, such as some B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (cancer.gov)
  • Successful treatment of therapy-resistant chronic leukemia using allogeneic stem cell transplantation. (disabled-world.com)
  • The transplantation of stem cells from a healthy donor (allogeneic) offers the chance of cure for patients with an aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), irrespective of genetic prognostic factors and the prior course of the disease. (disabled-world.com)
  • Allogeneic stem cell transplantation provides durable disease control in poor-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia: long-term clinical and MRD results of the GCLLSG CLL3X Trial. (disabled-world.com)
  • A low dose (approximately 1.5×10(5) cells per kilogram of body weight) of autologous chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells reinfused into a patient with refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) expanded to a level that was more than 1000 times as high as the initial engraftment level in vivo, with delayed development of the tumor lysis syndrome and with complete remission. (nih.gov)
  • PLL and HCL are types of chronic B-cell leukemia. (cancer.net)
  • We identified a subset of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients with high Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family (SLAMF) receptor-related signaling that showed an indolent clinical course. (nature.com)
  • B cell receptor (BCR) signaling plays a critical role in driving proliferation and survival of the malignant clone in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), supported by the clinical activity of inhibitors targeted toward BCR-associated kinases [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in the western world. (europa.eu)
  • B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent leukemia in adults. (europa.eu)
  • According to a research article published in September 2021, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients are more susceptible to serious infections due to the immunodeficiency caused by the disease and its therapy, and COVID-19 continued to have a high admission rate even among consecutive and young early-stage CLL patients. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Furthermore, according to an article published in October 2021, it has been observed that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the most frequent kinds of leukemia, with an age-adjusted incidence of 4.9 per 100,000 people per year. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • AUTO-1NG is under development for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, acute myelocytic leukemia (AML, acute myeloblastic leukemia), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML, chronic myeloid leukemia), hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma (B-cell Hodgkin lymphoma) in pediatrics. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • In previous research, the authors demonstrated that the methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris (AVM) has the ability to inhibit chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignancy of the blood and bone marrow that affects children and adults. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • His past medical history was significant for subclinical B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which had never been treated. (cdlib.org)
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia with an incidence of 3-5 per 100,000 [ 1 ]. (cdlib.org)
  • To identify regulators of primitive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, we performed a high-content cytokine screen using primary CD34 + CD38 low chronic phase CML cells. (haematologica.org)
  • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by an acquired 9;22-chromosomal translocation in a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) resulting in the expression of the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. (haematologica.org)
  • Vibecotamab(XmAb-14045) is under development for the treatment of hematologic malignancies such as relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myeloid leukemia. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • This monograph only gives information about ofatumumab injection (Arzerra) for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • See Chronic Leukemias: 4 Cancers to Differentiate , a Critical Images slideshow, to help detect chronic leukemias and determine the specific type present. (medscape.com)
  • These reflect the differentiation between the immature B-cell of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the plasma cell of multiple myeloma. (medscape.com)
  • Define leukemic stem cell (LSCs) and identify therapy-insensitive cells in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). (lu.se)
  • These cells can turn into either a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell. (healthline.com)
  • Lymphoid stem cells can mature into other types of white stem cells, such as B cells (and further into plasma cells), T cells, and natural killer cells. (healthline.com)
  • Lymphoid cells. (cancer.net)
  • White blood cells mostly found in the lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils. (cancer.net)
  • This hypothesis has not been confirmed by other reports, although a French study that evaluated occupational exposure to pesticides and lymphoid neoplasms among men appears to support the hypothesis that occupational pesticide exposures may not only be involved in hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, but also may play a role in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • in this group of patients and the role of IFN- , a commonly mately 2-4% of lymphoid leukemias. (bvsalud.org)
  • For births 1989-2016, paternal exposure from offspring birth to cancer diagnosis was negatively associated with acute lymphoid leukemia ( OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.33-1.00). (cdc.gov)
  • In a small study, the combination of two targeted therapies led to long-lasting remission s for the majority of patients with hairy cell leukemia that had come back after previous treatments. (cancer.gov)
  • A patient was considered to have a complete remission if they had no hairy leukemia cells visible in their bone marrow and blood (using a microscope), normal blood cell counts , and no swelling in their spleen at the end of the treatment. (cancer.gov)
  • For many types of leukemia, including hairy cell, "it makes the complete remission [last] a lot longer if you can eliminate minimal residual disease," Dr. Kreitman explained. (cancer.gov)
  • In a single-center phase 1-2a study, the anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy tisagenlecleucel produced high rates of complete remission and was associated with serious but mainly reversible toxic effects in children and young adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). (nih.gov)
  • In this global study of CAR T-cell therapy, a single infusion of tisagenlecleucel provided durable remission with long-term persistence in pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell ALL, with transient high-grade toxic effects. (nih.gov)
  • A significant proportion of children and young adults with treatment-resistant B-cell leukemia who participated in a small study achieved remission with the help of a new form of gene therapy, according by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine and the National Cancer Institute . (stanford.edu)
  • At the lowest dose level, one in six patients achieved complete remission after treatment with the anti-CD22 CAR T cells. (stanford.edu)
  • The child, Murad, was diagnosed with leukemia more than five years ago and went into remission, but unfortunately, the leukemia returned approximately six months ago. (zawya.com)
  • On day 27, the patient's bone marrow was hypocellular and in morphologic remission with undetectable minimal residual disease and she was discharged 52 days after stem-cell transplantation. (ajmc.com)
  • However, it impacts all cells in the body, and only achieves long-term cancer remission for between 30-40 per cent of adult patients . (vchri.ca)
  • Long-term follow-up of remission duration, mortality, and second malignancies in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with pentostatin. (medscape.com)
  • Moxetumomab pasudotox is an anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin indicated for adults with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia (HCL) who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies, including a purine nucleoside analog. (medscape.com)
  • Randomized Phase II Trial of Rituximab with Either Pentostatin or Bendamustine for Multiply Relapsed or Refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia (NCI-10-C-0025). (cancer.gov)
  • NCI researchers think that combining bendamustine and rituximab may prove effective in treating patients with multiply relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia. (cancer.gov)
  • Treating Multiply Relapsed or Refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia was originally published by the National Cancer Institute. (cancer.gov)
  • FDA medical oncologists discuss the Sept. 13, 2018, approval of moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia. (fda.gov)
  • Today, we'll be discussing the recent approval of moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia. (fda.gov)
  • Moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk is for adult patients with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia who have had treatment with at least two prior systemic therapies, including at least one purine nucleoside analog. (fda.gov)
  • With the support of UAE's leadership and the Department of Health - Abu Dhabi, we aim to revolutionize perceptions of cancer treatment by pushing the limits of what can be achieved through cell therapy where genetically modified immune cells are used to precisely target tumors in individuals with specific blood cancers. (zawya.com)
  • For these patients, cellular immunotherapy could help achieve deep leukemic clearance, although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell strategies against T-cell cancers have been difficult. (ajmc.com)
  • It offers programmed T cell therapies for the treatment of hematological cancers and solid tumors. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • We also hope that our approach could improve the manufacturing of CAR-T cells moving forward, which could have implications for the treatment of other cancers. (vchri.ca)
  • Compounds derived from PS127 significantly upregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AML cells and triggered ferroptotic, necroptotic, and/or apoptotic cell death in AML cell lines and refractory/relapsed AML primary samples. (nature.com)
  • We conducted a phase 2, single-cohort, 25-center, global study of tisagenlecleucel in pediatric and young adult patients with CD19+ relapsed or refractory B-cell ALL. (nih.gov)
  • Obecatagene autoleucel also appears to result in a high rate of minimal residual disease negativity in a population of patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Additionally, 53.2% of patients were refractory to their last prior line of therapy, and 38.3% had underwent allogeneic stem cell transplant. (cancernetwork.com)
  • There was the abstract we presented, the ZUMA data, showing that prior blinatumomab, even if patients received blinatumomab as their last line of therapy and were refractory, did not impact the likelihood of response to CAR T-cell immunotherapy using what's now called the Tecartus [brexucabtagene, autoleucel] product from Kite. (onclive.com)
  • PMF is a stem cell-derived blood malignancy with the characteristics of too many cells in the blood and a large amount of scar tissue formation (fibrosis) in the bone marrow. (lls.org)
  • AN: Hairy cell leukemia is a rare and incurable malignancy in which malignant "hairy" B-cell lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow and interfere with trilineage hematopoiesis. (fda.gov)
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children, with a male predominance. (sfu.ca)
  • For instance, in November 2021, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society and Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation announced a five-year, USD 10 million partnership in support of research on hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a rare hematological malignancy that infiltrates the blood, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an uncommon, aggressive malignancy that rarely presents in the skin and is generally not considered as part of the differential diagnosis by dermatologists and dermatopathologists. (karger.com)
  • Hairy cell leukemia is recognized as a clonal B-cell malignancy, as identified by immunoglobulin gene rearrangements that result in a phenotype B-cell expression of surface antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Leukemia is a malignancy in the blood that develops from the lymphatic system and bone marrow . (bvsalud.org)
  • Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family (SLAMF) receptors are a group of nine type I transmembrane receptors that are mainly expressed on a variety of immune cells. (nature.com)
  • When given to mice with aggressive human leukemias, these NK cells reduced the circulating human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells by 60 to 85 percent. (biologynews.net)
  • C) Peripheral blood cells smear from adult T-lymphocytic leukemia patient 1 (Aus-NR). Tumor cells exhibiting multilobulated nuclei (or flower cells), which are mature activated CD4+ T-lymphocytes. (cdc.gov)
  • Evidence has been obtained for the formation of a new molecular species of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase in an amethopterin-resistant strain of the mouse lymphocytic leukemia L4946. (karger.com)
  • Vibecotamab is under clinical development by Xencor and currently in Phase I for B-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia). (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • According to GlobalData, Phase I drugs for B-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia) have a 90% phase transition success rate (PTSR) indication benchmark for progressing into Phase II. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Extended follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with cladribine. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Kreitman has seen that trend in his own studies involving patients with hairy cell leukemia, including an ongoing clinical trial of rituximab in combination with moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk (Lumoxiti) (see box). (cancer.gov)
  • Therefore, doctors are interested in finding new treatments or new combinations of existing treatments for patients with hairy cell leukemia who have relapsed or not responded to previous therapies. (cancer.gov)
  • Moreover, rituximab has been used successfully to treat some patients with hairy cell leukemia who have relapsed or not responded to previous chemotherapy. (cancer.gov)
  • Dr. Kreitman is currently directing a randomized clinical trial of rituximab with cladribine in newly diagnosed (untreated) patients and patients who have had only one prior course of cladribine, but no prospective trial has yet evaluated rituximab with pentostatin in patients with hairy cell leukemia. (cancer.gov)
  • In this trial, patients with hairy cell leukemia who have not responded to initial chemotherapy followed by second-line treatment with rituximab, or who have relapsed following two courses of chemotherapy, will be randomly assigned to receive rituximab combined with either pentostatin or bendamustine. (cancer.gov)
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The management of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has evolved significantly over the past two decades. (haematologica.org)
  • Long-term follow-up of 233 patients with hairy cell leukaemia, treated initially with pentostatin or cladribine, at a median of 16 years from diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive hematological malignancies commonly associated with treatment resistance, high risk of relapse, and mitochondrial dysregulation. (nature.com)
  • Myeloid stem cells mature into red blood cells, platelets, or one of many types of white blood cell called granulocytes. (healthline.com)
  • Leukemias affecting these cells are called myeloid leukemias. (healthline.com)
  • Myeloid cells. (cancer.net)
  • The technique has allowed them to uncover new clues about acute myeloid leukemia. (mskcc.org)
  • PMF often progresses to an aggressive acute myeloid leukemia, causing high mortality. (lls.org)
  • She is suffering with acute myeloid leukemia . (cellmedicine.com)
  • Figure 1 Survival of acute myeloid leukemia patients (without palliative) according to 1% CD34+CD38- cut-off. (wjgnet.com)
  • 7 In CML and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we and others have shown that IL-1 is a positive regulator of LSC, and blocking IL-1 signaling inhibits the LSC. (haematologica.org)
  • OBJECTIVES: I. Determine whether mixed or full donor chimerism can be safely established in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated with nonmyeloablative conditioning comprised of low dose total body irradiation, followed by allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, followed by unrelated donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). (knowcancer.com)
  • We identify a mutation (D262N) in the erythroid-affliated transcriptional repressor GFI1B, in an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient with antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). (lu.se)
  • For births in rural areas only, maternal exposure from offspring birth to cancer diagnosis was positively associated with acute myeloid leukemia ( OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.09-4.29). (cdc.gov)
  • Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon cancer of the blood in which the body produces a large number of abnormal B lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). (cancer.gov)
  • It is called "hairy cell" because the abnormal lymphocytes have hair-like projections when seen under a microscope. (cancer.net)
  • It affects white blood cells called T lymphocytes. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • NHL cancer also affects the immune system's white blood cells, called lymphocytes, and often originates in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, adrenals, digestive tract or thymus. (vchri.ca)
  • This fact sheet provides information about the diagnosis and management of mantle cell lymphoma. (lls.org)
  • The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society® (LLS) is a global leader in the fight against blood cancer. (lls.org)
  • The LLS mission: Cure leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease and myeloma, and improve the quality of life of patients and their families. (lls.org)
  • The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society is a 501(c)(3) organization, and all monetary donations are tax deductible to the fullest extent allowed by tax laws. (lls.org)
  • Bendamustine's mechanism of action is different from those of cladribine and pentostatin, and it is known to act synergistically with rituximab in lymphoma cells. (cancer.gov)
  • Phase III Study of VCAP-AMP-VECP vs. Biweekly CHOP in Aggressive Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma (ATLL): Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study, JCOG9801. (knowcancer.com)
  • Support for this program provided by Seattle Genetics and The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. (schoolandyouth.org)
  • T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with features similar to lymphoma. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • White blood cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a kind of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with highlights like lymphoma. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • A study co-led by Dr. Kevin Hay from Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI) and Dr. Natasha Kekre at The Ottawa Hospital is investigating the use of specialized chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells to treat CD19 positive (CD19+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). (vchri.ca)
  • Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that is associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). (kegg.jp)
  • This ulcerated nodule of localized primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma is relatively nonspecific in appearance. (medscape.com)
  • LncRNA NALT interaction with NOTCH1 promoted cell proliferation in pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (nih.gov)
  • Overexpression of SLAMF1 or SLAMF7 in IGHV mutated CLL cell models resulted in reduced proliferation and impaired responses to BCR ligation, whereas the knockout of both receptors showed opposing effects and increased sensitivity toward inhibition of components of the BCR pathway. (nature.com)
  • The obtained data led us to hypothesize on the mechanisms of regulation of signalling propensity of two pathways that are responsible for proliferation and survival of CLL cells, namely B Cell Receptor (BCR) signalling and signals from T-cells mediated by CD40/IL4. (europa.eu)
  • Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. (intechopen.com)
  • In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)
  • Tax is a transcriptional co-factor that interfere several signaling pathways related to anti-apoptosis or cell proliferation. (kegg.jp)
  • Like multiple myeloma patients, pPCL patients exhibit pathologically high levels of monoclonal plasma cells in their bone marrow plus a malignant plasma cell-secreted circulating monoclonal myeloma protein, either IgG, IgA, a light chain, or none in 28-56%, 4-7%, 23-44%, or 0-12% of cases, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • and c) lower rates of bone but higher rates of soft tissue plasma cell tumors termed plasmacytomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • sPCL patients typically are highly symptomatic due to extensive disease with malignant plasma cell infiltrations in, and failures of, not only the bone marrow but also other organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fig. 6: Flow cytometry evaluation of viable cell number and apoptosis induction in primary AML samples and healthy bone marrow cells. (nature.com)
  • Hairy cell leukemia occurs when abnormal, hairy-looking white blood cells build up in the bone marrow , spleen , and bloodstream. (cancer.gov)
  • Leukemia is a form of cancer that affects your blood cells, bone marrow, and other related tissues. (healthline.com)
  • Your bone marrow contains blood stem cells. (healthline.com)
  • Engineered cells persisted at high levels for 6 months in the blood and bone marrow and continued to express the chimeric antigen receptor. (nih.gov)
  • A specific immune response was detected in the bone marrow, accompanied by loss of normal B cells and leukemia cells that express CD19. (nih.gov)
  • Blood cells are made in the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside the larger bones in the body. (cancer.net)
  • These are found in the bone marrow and develop into cells that fight bacterial infections. (cancer.net)
  • As these cells multiply, they build up in the bone marrow, blood, and spleen. (cancer.net)
  • Each of the participants had either not responded to or relapsed after bone-marrow transplants, and 10 of the 15 patients who had already undergone CD19-targeted treatment no longer expressed any CD19 on the surface of their cancer cells. (stanford.edu)
  • Before undergoing lymphodepletion, 9% blasts were detectable in bone marrow and 0.3% blasts were observed immediately before infusion of 50x106 BE-CAR7 cells. (ajmc.com)
  • This project explores the connection between the niche - the area in the bone marrow where blood cells are formed - and the development of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) that give way to primary myelofibrosis (PMF). (lls.org)
  • These cells are found in the bone marrow in a region called their "niche," which is near the bone marrow vascular system. (lls.org)
  • Our recent data show that bone marrow cells in the niche that express the Leptin receptor protein are the source of fibrosis via activation of a signaling network mediated by a protein called PDGFRa. (lls.org)
  • For example, if patients had bone marrow (BM) blasts up to 20% during the pre-conditioning stage, treatment was given at 100 x 10 6 CAR T-cell dose and, if any events of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) were below grade 2 and there were no cases of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), obe-cel was administered again at a 310 x 10 6 CAR T-cell dose. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant expansion of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow, blood, and extramedullary tissues [ 1 ]. (karger.com)
  • It is an indolent disease characterized by the accumulation of mature monoclonal B cells in the blood and bone marrow, often also involving the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. (cdlib.org)
  • ALL occurs when cancer grows inside of stem cells found in the body's bone marrow. (vchri.ca)
  • Dr. Kevin Hay is a clinician scientist at the Terry Fox Laboratory and Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program of BC and an assistant professor in the Division of Hematology at the University of British Columbia. (vchri.ca)
  • Aberrantly expressed cytokines in the bone marrow (BM) niche are increasingly recognized as critical mediators of survival and expansion of leukemic stem cells. (haematologica.org)
  • 2 1 There is growing evidence to suggest that primitive CML cells affect the bone marrow (BM) niche, contributing to deregulated cytokine levels. (haematologica.org)
  • This cell infiltrates the patient's reticuloendothelial system and interferes with bone marrow function, resulting in bone marrow failure or pancytopenia. (medscape.com)
  • Accumulation of hairy cells in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen, with very little lymph node involvement, is characteristic of hairy cell leukemia. (medscape.com)
  • This pattern probably results from the expression of the integrin receptor alpha4-beta1 by the hairy cells and the interaction of the receptor with the vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) found in splenic and hepatic endothelia, bone marrow, and splenic stroma. (medscape.com)
  • If hairy cell leukemia comes back after or doesn't respond to initial treatment with chemotherapy, patients have several treatment options. (cancer.gov)
  • The Italian research team is planning a follow-up trial that will compare vemurafenib plus rituximab with chemotherapy for people who are newly diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia, said lead investigator Enrico Tiacci, M.D., of the University and Hospital of Perugia, Italy. (cancer.gov)
  • Hairy cell leukemia is usually treated with a chemotherapy drug called cladribine when signs or symptoms of the disease develop, such as low blood cell counts, recurrent infections, or a swollen spleen. (cancer.gov)
  • In order to evaluate the compound's efficacy against leukemia, a team of researchers at the St George's, University of London studied cancer cells in a laboratory and tested various combinations of cannabinoids and chemotherapy drugs such as cytarabine and vincristine. (naturalnews.com)
  • Once the process is complete, the NK cells can be transplanted to patients without prior chemotherapy. (biologynews.net)
  • B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common cancer in children, and it's usually successfully treated with chemotherapy. (stanford.edu)
  • With Murad's condition not responding to chemotherapy, our hematologists and scientists worked closely with Murad's treating physicians at Sheikh Khalifa Medical City (SKMC) for a smooth transfer to ADSCC to receive CAR-T cell therapy, the only effective treatment for his condition. (zawya.com)
  • Most children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can be treated with standard chemotherapy regimens, but patients with induction failure or elevated minimal residual disease after consolidation generally receive allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. (ajmc.com)
  • The Hairy Cell Leukemia Market is Segmented by Therapy (Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy) and by Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and South America). (mordorintelligence.com)
  • The chemotherapy segment is expected to witness significant growth in the hairy cell leukemia market over the forecast period. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • The key factor contributing to the growth of the chemotherapy segment is the rising incidence of leukemia cases. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Chemotherapy drugs, specifically purine analogs such as cladribine and pentostatin, are considered an initial treatment option for most individuals with hairy cell leukemia. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Because of the patient's risk status, the physicians intended to perform allogeneic stem cell transplantation after induction and consolidation chemotherapy, which was scheduled to end in January 2013, and a conditioning chemotherapy regimen, which was planned to be given in March. (cdc.gov)
  • We designed a lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor with specificity for the B-cell antigen CD19, coupled with CD137 (a costimulatory receptor in T cells [4-1BB]) and CD3-zeta (a signal-transduction component of the T-cell antigen receptor) signaling domains. (nih.gov)
  • Apart from the tumor lysis syndrome, the only other grade 3/4 toxic effect related to chimeric antigen receptor T cells was lymphopenia. (nih.gov)
  • The therapy is similar to but distinct from CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, or CAR T-cell therapy, in which a patient's T cells are genetically modified to target a molecule called CD19 on the surface of the cancer cells. (stanford.edu)
  • It is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy comprising of CD19 CAR of AUTO-1 and a novel CD22 CAR. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • T-cells are taken from patients' blood and given a benign form of lentivirus-a virus designed so that it cannot replicate-that carries the chimeric antigen receptor gene into the T-cell. (vchri.ca)
  • the Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, and the Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium (B.D.M. (nih.gov)
  • Patrick Zweidler-McKay, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of pediatrics from the Children's Cancer Hospital at M. D. Anderson, has shown an effective method for expanding the number of NK cells from a single cord blood unit while retaining the cells' anti-leukemia effects, as presented at the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology annual conference on May 16. (biologynews.net)
  • Zweidler-McKay also predicts this type of transplant could be used for adults who have already had a transplant or for those adult and pediatric patients who aren't candidates for other stem cell transplants due to blood counts or illness. (biologynews.net)
  • Deep sequencing and SNP array analyses of pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveal NOTCH1 mutations in minor subclones and a high incidence of uniparental isodisomies affecting CDKN2A. (lu.se)
  • Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous disease that arises in a multistep fashion through acquisition of several genetic aberrations, subsequently giving rise to a malignant, clonal expansion of T-lymphoblasts. (lu.se)
  • The main risk still remains the "graft-versus-host reaction", in which donor cells attack the patient's own cells, which are foreign to them. (disabled-world.com)
  • He also noted that he will not recommend smoking marijuana to treat leukemia as it remains uncertain how various chemicals interacts inside a patient's body. (naturalnews.com)
  • Graft-versus-host disease is a common side effect of patients receiving stem cell transplants, which results when the T cells in the transplanted blood react against the patient's own cells. (biologynews.net)
  • The new therapy genetically modifies a patient's T cells to target a different molecule called CD22. (stanford.edu)
  • CAR T-cell therapy relies on a patient's own T cells - a type of immune cell that can be a powerful killing machine. (stanford.edu)
  • Our engineered vaccine is designed to stimulate the patient's own immune system to generate leukemia specific immune cells that can recognize, and kill residual leukemia stem cells. (ca.gov)
  • However, given the patient's history of CLL, a panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed on both biopsies revealing aggregates and individual CD20+ B cells in both perivascular and periadnexal locations. (cdlib.org)
  • Patient 2 was a 13-year-old boy with a diagnosis of cortical T-cell ALL 3 years prior to study enrollment, who had relapsed while receiving maintenance treatment. (ajmc.com)
  • Certain factors that are expected to propel market growth are the growing burden of leukemia cases, the increasing diagnosis rate, and the growing geriatric population. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Immunostaining for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) was positive in tumor cells, supporting the diagnosis of cutaneous involvement by T-ALL. (karger.com)
  • Leukemic cell infiltration of the skin (i.e., leukemia cutis) typically occurs after the diagnosis of leukemia and may precede the appearance of leukemic blasts in the peripheral blood [ 2 ]. (karger.com)
  • Recently, new DNA scanning techniques using whole-exome sequencing identified 5 missense somatic clonal mutations, including a heterozygous mutation in BRAF that results in the BRAF V600E variant protein, which is oncogenic for other tumors as well, was identified in all hairy cell leukemia patients and may be responsible for the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and targeted therapy of hairy cell leukemia. (medscape.com)
  • Results: For births 1968-2016, paternal exposure from offspring birth to cancer diagnosis was associated with central nervous system tumors (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.63) and germ cell tumors (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.05-3.27), while maternal pregnancy exposure was associated with astrocytoma ( OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.00-3.57). (cdc.gov)
  • 2012. According to international standards, cytogenetic and molecular examination determined that this form of leukemia was "poor risk" at the time of diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a plasma cell dyscrasia, i.e. a disease involving the malignant degeneration of a subtype of white blood cells called plasma cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • We aim to reveal how the malignant B cells change the propensity of their signalling pathways in response to the different microenvironments such as peripheral blood vs lymph node to obtain the proliferative signals. (europa.eu)
  • The objective of our research is to molecularly dissect known stem cell populations in order to discriminate between normal and malignant stem cells. (lu.se)
  • PC-ALCL is one of the primary cutaneous CD30 + T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, a wide spectrum of disease, with lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) at the benign end of the spectrum and PC-ALCL at the malignant end. (medscape.com)
  • Cell Death Dis, 2022 Nov 16. (nih.gov)
  • For example, according to data published by the Mayo Clinic in 2022, hairy cell leukemia typically affects people in their 50s or 60s. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Since the SLAMF low signature was strongly associated with an unmutated CLL immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) status in large datasets, we investigated the impact of SLAMF1 and SLAMF7 on the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling axis. (nature.com)
  • The investigators then used base editing to inactivate 3 genes encoding CD52 and CD7 receptors and the b chain of the ab T-cell receptor to evade lymphodepleting serotherapy, CAR7 T-cell fratricide, and graft-versus-host disease, respectively. (ajmc.com)
  • A critical component in CLL pathogenesis is the activation of the B-cell receptor signalling taking place in lymph nodes, and in the context of other microenvironmental interactions (such as CLL-T cell interaction). (europa.eu)
  • This is a completely Canadian-designed and led product: from the genetic engineering of the cells at BC Cancer using vector manufactured at The Ottawa Hospital all the way to the clinical administration at Vancouver General Hospital, with monitoring of trial patients supported by the VCHRI Hematology Research Program," says Hay. (vchri.ca)
  • The clinical presentation of primary PCL (pPCL) indicates a far more aggressive disease than that of a typical multiple myeloma case with its clinical features being a combination of those found in multiple myeloma and acute leukemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a pilot study published in Clinical Cancer Research , the Johns Hopkins investigators used a vaccine made from CML cells irradiated to halt their cancerous potential and genetically altered to produce an immune system stimulator called GM-CSF. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The German CLL Study Group proved this in a multi-centric clinical phase II study led by Professor Dr. Peter Dreger, senior consultant and head of the division of stem cell transplantation at the Department of Internal Medicine V at Heidelberg University Hospital. (disabled-world.com)
  • Crystal Mackall and her collaborators found in a small clinical trial that a new type of cell therapy helped children and young adults whose B-cell leukemia had returned. (stanford.edu)
  • According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia accounted for 15% to 20% of all acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Moreover, increase in health care expenditure and rise in number of clinical trials are expected to fuel the global T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Also, expansion in medical services use and ascend in number of clinical preliminaries are required to fuel the worldwide T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Additionally, the increase in funding for companies and rising focus on adopting various business strategies such as partnerships, and conducting clinical trials related to hairy cell leukemia is expected to boost the studied market. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • AUTO-1/22 is under clinical development by Autolus Therapeutics and currently in Phase II for Hairy Cell Leukemia. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • It has also developed proprietary viral vector and semi-automated cell manufacturing processes, which are used in clinical-stage programs. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • This case highlights the importance of considering leukemia cutis in patients with underlying CLL presenting with unusual clinical features. (cdlib.org)
  • This first-of-its-kind clinical trial in Canada involves manufacturing and administering a CLIC-1901 cell therapy, which could add to current treatments available to the thousands of Canadians diagnosed with ALL and NHL each year. (vchri.ca)
  • This study is a "proof of principle" that adding rituximab to another therapy for hairy cell leukemia often makes the treatment more effective, said Robert Kreitman, M.D., of NCI's Center for Cancer Research , who was not involved in the study. (cancer.gov)
  • These remaining cells are a source of relapse, according to the investigators, especially if Gleevec therapy is stopped. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Although the hairy cells that remain after cladribine or pentostatin treatment are essentially always CD20 positive, only a minority of patients respond to rituximab therapy alone. (cancer.gov)
  • Our study is the largest so far for this patient population and proved that allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a promising therapy option for high-risk CLL and has the potential to cure for this otherwise incurable kind of leukemia," says Professor Dreger, head of the study. (disabled-world.com)
  • Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a very stressful and risky form of therapy, which could previously not be carried out on the generally older patients affected by CLL. (disabled-world.com)
  • A doctoral scholarship from the Deutsche José Carreras Leukämie-Stiftung for Keshia Aerchlimann (Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology) supports the development of an organ-on-a-chip model for the cultivation and investigation of leukemia cells. (fraunhofer.de)
  • The Deutsche José Carreras Leukämie-Stiftung is supporting Keshia Aerchlimann's research work at the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology in Leipzig with a doctoral scholarship. (fraunhofer.de)
  • Researchers from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center have found a therapy that effectively kills human leukemia cells in mice using natural killer (NK) cells from umbilical cord blood. (biologynews.net)
  • However, Zweidler-McKay and co-senior investigator Elizabeth Shpall, M.D., professor in M. D. Anderson's Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, have found a novel process to increase NK cells in cord blood more than 30-fold, generating more than 150 million NK cells from one cord blood unit while maintaining their activation to find and kill acute leukemia cells. (biologynews.net)
  • Instead of targeting a molecule called CD19 on the surface of the cancer cells, the new therapy targets a molecule called CD22. (stanford.edu)
  • The new approach is helpful because the cancer cells of some patients who undergo CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy stop expressing the CD19 molecule on the cell surface. (stanford.edu)
  • Researchers hope that targeting CD19 and CD22 simultaneously may result in a powerful therapy - one that cancer cells are unable to evade. (stanford.edu)
  • The phase-1, dose-escalation study enrolled patients ages 7 to 30 with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received varying doses of the anti-CD22 CAR T-cell therapy. (stanford.edu)
  • At that point, CAR-T cell therapy was the only treatment option available for him. (zawya.com)
  • CAR-T therapy is a remarkable advancement for fighting diseases using the body's immune system, and there was a pressing need to make CAR T cells available in UAE. (zawya.com)
  • The use of base editing to generate universal, off-the-shelf CAR T cells is a promising approach for relapsed leukemia, with potential implications for the future of gene therapy. (ajmc.com)
  • Obe-cel is a CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy, designed to mitigate safety concerns and improve persistence, she explained. (cancernetwork.com)
  • We've seen in now multiple studies, the more heavily pretreated the patient, the less likely even CAR T-cell therapy is going to work, and that may be a reflection of T-cell fitness or other factors that we haven't assessed. (onclive.com)
  • We have to deal with the reality that CAR T-cell therapy is not yet approved in the first-relapse setting. (onclive.com)
  • Using stem cells from an umbilical cord from Japan, her best prospect of defeating the illness is now a new type of stem cell therapy. (cellmedicine.com)
  • Researchers are developing systems that could put Canada on the map for adoptive cell therapy for leukemia and other conditions. (vchri.ca)
  • Therapy for neutropenia in hairy cell leukemia with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. (medscape.com)
  • Leukemia treatment is vulnerable to cellular heterogeneity as rare LSCs often evade therapy and cause relapse. (lu.se)
  • According to a recent study, in 2017, nearly 5,970 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were reported in the U.S. About 4 in 10 cases were in adults. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • This section focuses on prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL). (cancer.net)
  • There is classification sysytem for B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia . (wikidoc.org)
  • No criteria for the classification of B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia has emerged. (wikidoc.org)
  • In a very small percentage of these cases, the progressive development of further genetic abnormalities serially create a clone(s) of plasma cells that cause the more serious but still premalignant disorder of smoldering multiple myeloma, overt myeloma cancer, and ultimately sPCL. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fig. 2: Mitochondria-related mechanistic effects of PS hit compounds on cancer and normal blood cells. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 5: PS compounds induced synergistic cytotoxicity when combined with other anti-cancer drugs in AML cell lines and primary AML samples. (nature.com)
  • Inflammation and metabolism in cancer cell-mitochondria key player. (nature.com)
  • Although this rare cancer usually grows slowly, the leukemia cells eventually crowd out healthy blood cells. (cancer.gov)
  • They discovered that almost all people with hairy cell leukemia have a mutant form of the BRAF protein in their cancer cells. (cancer.gov)
  • The mutant protein sends out signals that speed the growth of the cancer cells, they found. (cancer.gov)
  • Similarly, treating hairy cell leukemia with rituximab-a drug that binds to a protein called CD20 on white blood cells-doesn't typically eliminate all of the cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Hairy cell leukemia-variant is an extremely rare and unique type of leukemia (cancer) that was once grouped with another type but is now considered a separate condition. (healthline.com)
  • Gleevec, one of the first targeted cancer therapies with wide success in CML patients, destroys most leukemic cells in the body, but in most patients, some cancerous cells remain and are measurable with sensitive molecular tests. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The study vaccine was given to 19 CML patients with measurable cancer cells, despite taking Gleevec for at least one year. (sciencedaily.com)
  • After a median of 72 months of follow-up, the number of remaining cancer cells declined in 13 patients, 12 of whom reached their lowest levels of residual cancer cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We want to get rid of every last cancer cell in the body, and using cancer vaccines may be a good way to mop up residual disease," says Hyam Levitsky, M.D., professor of oncology, medicine and urology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Often patients have low blood cell counts, fluid retention, significant nausea and other gastrointestinal problems," says B. Douglas Smith, M.D., associate professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This is the first page of Cancer.Net's Guide to B-Cell Leukemia. (cancer.net)
  • Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. (cancer.net)
  • A recent study published in International Journal of Oncology revealed that cannabinoids, the active chemical in cannabis, can destroy leukemia cells either alone or in combination with other cancer treatments. (naturalnews.com)
  • The scientific community has long-established that cannabinoids may show potential in cancer treatment, with certain varieties known to promote cell death, curb cell growth, and inhibit tumor-inducing blood vessel development. (naturalnews.com)
  • The researcher found that the compounds spurred significant declines in cancer cell viability and simultaneously inhibited all phases of the cell cycle. (naturalnews.com)
  • Researchers genetically modify the T cells to recognize specific molecules on the cancer cells' surfaces and kill the cells. (stanford.edu)
  • But patients whose cancer cells don't express CD19, or which tamp down their expression to evade the treatment, either don't respond or can relapse. (stanford.edu)
  • Mackall and her colleagues wondered if there was another molecule on the cancer cells that could also be a good target. (stanford.edu)
  • Engineered CAR-T cells therapies are recognized as a breakthrough in blood cancer treatment. (zawya.com)
  • Physicians withdrew the cells from the patient and genetically modified his immune cells in the laboratory to fight the cancer cells after intravenously injecting them into the patient. (zawya.com)
  • Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer research-from exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. (mskcc.org)
  • The first from Nirali Shah, MD, MHSc, from the NCI [National Cancer Institute], their consortium of investigators suggested that maybe there is an impact on both CD19 antigen density and the likelihood of response to subsequent CAR T-cell immunotherapy. (onclive.com)
  • The increasing cases of cancer worldwide and the rising prevalence of lymphoblastic leukemia is likely to emerge as the key driver of the global T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • The drug candidate acts by targeting CD19 and CD22 expressing cancer cells. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • The company collaborates with leading academic institutions and industry partners to develop and deliver programmed T cell product candidates for cancer patients. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • The CLIC-1901 army of CAR-T cells is designed to ramp up when more cancer cells are present, and scale down once the cancer has been eliminated. (vchri.ca)
  • A few CAR-T cells then remain in the body to help prevent the cancer from coming back. (vchri.ca)
  • It works by killing cancer cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For patient education information, see the Cancer Center , as well as Leukemia . (medscape.com)
  • Available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/hairy-cell-leukemia/HealthProfessional. (medscape.com)
  • Resveratrol-induced apoptosis is enhanced in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. (nature.com)
  • Finally, patient 3 is a 15-year-old boy who first presented with mixed-phenotype acute leukemia in 2016 and underwent a first allogeneic stem cell transplantation from a matched unrelated donor. (ajmc.com)
  • OUTLINE: Conditioning: Patients undergo low dose total body irradiation followed by infusion of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) on day 0. (knowcancer.com)
  • HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a poorly treatable and prevalently fatal disease. (nih.gov)
  • New research in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology suggests that base-edited T cells could be useful in patients with relapsed leukemia and could help anticipate the risks of immunotherapy -related complications. (ajmc.com)
  • We've seen durable remissions with CAR T-cell immunotherapy. (onclive.com)
  • We present a case of a 7-month-old Pakistani male that presented with fever and cough and was subsequently diagnosed with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (sfu.ca)
  • The global T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market is driven by rise in prevalence of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Rise in prevalence of T-ALL and rapid technological advancements boost the global T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • The global T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market has been segmented based on treatment, end-user, and region. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Based on end-user, the global T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market has been categorized into hospitals, clinics, and others. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Moreover, hospitals provide advanced medical treatment to treat T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • In terms of region, the global T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market has been segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • The market in North America is driven by increase in incidence of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, new product approvals, strong product pipeline, and rise in health care expenditure. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • The T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to grow at a rapid pace during the forecast period. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Japan dominated the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market in the region. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • Ascend in pervasiveness of T-ALL and fast innovative progressions help the worldwide T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia market. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
  • One rare form of leukemia is hairy cell leukemia (HCL) , named for the hair-like filaments found on affected white blood cells. (healthline.com)
  • CLL is the most frequent form of leukemia in western countries. (disabled-world.com)
  • HCL is a slow-growing form of leukemia. (cancer.net)
  • The treatment took five weeks, during which Murad was admitted at ADSCC, the only accredited Centre of Excellence in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Abu Dhabi. (zawya.com)
  • Blood-forming stem cells called hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), give rise to all mature blood cells. (lls.org)
  • In summary, we identify myostatin propeptide as a novel positive regulator of primitive CML cells and corresponding normal hematopoietic cells. (haematologica.org)
  • GFI1B-D262N promoted myelomonocytic versus erythroid output from primary human hematopoietic precursors and enhanced cell survival of both normal and MDS derived precursors. (lu.se)
  • The production of blood cells, hematopoiesis, is maintained by a small number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that have the capacity to differentiate into all hematopoietic lineages, and at the same time self-renew to maintain the HSC pool. (lu.se)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become a major treatment option for patients with hematopoietic malignancies and immune deficiencies. (cdc.gov)
  • Mechanistically, all hit compounds reduced ATP and selectively impaired both basal and ATP-linked oxygen consumption in leukemic cells. (nature.com)
  • Pilot in vivo efficacy studies indicate anti-leukemic efficacy in a MOLM14/GFP/LUC xenograft model, including extended survival in mice injected with leukemic cells pre-treated with PS127B or PS127E and in mice treated with PS127E at a dose of 5 mg/kg. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Mitochondrial respiration in leukemic cells is selectively inhibited by PS leads. (nature.com)
  • Cytokines are essential for the function and maintenance of cells, and altered cytokine levels influence not only leukemic cells, but also the normal HSC within the BM. (haematologica.org)
  • CD3 (A) and CD4 (B) cells immunostained with diaminobenzidine and horseradish peroxidase in lymph node biopsy sample from patient 2 (Aus-GM). (cdc.gov)
  • This includes analysis of CLL samples at various times during the disease course, during microenvironment-targeting therapies, and comparison of CLL cells in lymph nodes and peripheral blood. (europa.eu)
  • It is crucial to control the transplanted donor immune cells so that the effect is strong enough to eliminate the leukemia cells but not strong enough to lead to complications in other tissues and organs. (disabled-world.com)
  • The procedure involved manufacturing the cellular product (CAR-T), which relies on the use of immune cells from the patient, at ADSCC's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) laboratories - one of very few laboratories in the Middle East. (zawya.com)
  • Researchers identified that an abundance of fungi in the gut, particularly strains of Candida albicans yeast, could trigger an increase in immune cells, which could worsen lung damage. (medicaldaily.com)
  • Structure-activity relationship studies identified six analogs from two original scaffolds that had over an order of magnitude difference between LD50 in AML and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (nature.com)
  • Here, we report transmission of dengue virus to a peripheral blood stem cell recipient by a donor who had recently traveled to an area to which the virus is endemic. (cdc.gov)
  • The pharmacological NFkappaB inhibitors BAY117082 and MG132 induce cell arrest and apoptosis in leukemia cells through ROS-mitochondria pathway activation. (nature.com)
  • AVM induced the release of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase‑3 caused apoptosis and inhibited the viability of these cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • More than 15 years ago, cholesterol decrement was first shown to inhibit tumor cell growth, metastasis of tumor cells, and induction of apoptosis (7). (cdc.gov)
  • While ALL mostly affects children, Hay's study is investigating a treatment that would be a first for adults with a class of ALL that involves B-cells-a type of white blood cell that forms part of the body's infection-fighting immune response. (vchri.ca)
  • A biological agent called rituximab binds to and kills cells that express an antigen called CD20 (CD20-positive cells). (cancer.gov)
  • This changes the genetic code of T-cells, transforming them into CAR-T cells that can target the CD19 antigen. (vchri.ca)
  • It is an extended bi-specific monoclonal antibody which contains both tumor antigen binding domain CD123 and cytotoxic T-cell binding domain (CD3 binding domain). (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
  • ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Fifteen of the 21 patients in the phase-1 study had previously either relapsed or failed to respond to anti-CD19 CAR T-cell treatment, which is currently used only when all other therapies have failed. (stanford.edu)
  • Antibody therapies that target the CD19 protein found on the surface of B-cells are often used to treat CD19+ NHL, of which the novel CLIC-1901 treatment would be one. (vchri.ca)
  • We have already seen that cell therapies targeting CD19 CAR-T cells have dramatically changed the field of cell therapies both in Canada and around the world," says Hay. (vchri.ca)
  • the Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (P.B. (nih.gov)
  • the Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna (C.P. (nih.gov)
  • However, in 1988, researchers found cord blood to be another source for stem cell transplantation. (biologynews.net)
  • Current treatment options for PMF are limited, and the only potential cure, stem cell transplantation, is often prohibitively toxic for most patients. (lls.org)
  • LSCs have stem cell characteristics such as self-renewal capacity, quiescence and drug resistance, causing metastasis and relapse. (lu.se)
  • Delineate the heterogeneity of human hematopietic stem cell (HSC) populations at different ontogenetic stages and identify novel markers for improved HSC isolation. (lu.se)
  • To the best of our knowledge, only the transmission of malarial parasites has been reported during stem cell transplantation. (cdc.gov)
  • The stem cell mobilization result was poor. (cdc.gov)
  • It is the terminal stage and most aggressive form of these dyscrasias, constituting 2% to 4% of all cases of plasma cell malignancies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fig. 4: PS molecules induce different cell death pathways. (nature.com)
  • In this chapter, we will focus on IL-21's biological effects and signaling pathways as well as discuss the potential implications and applications of IL-21 in leukemia cells. (intechopen.com)
  • The Tax protein has pleiotropic effects on host-cell gene expression and activates several pathways such as the cyclic AMP responsive binding protein (CREB), the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), the cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs), and the Akt pathways. (nih.gov)
  • The Tax protein has pleiotropic effects on host-cell gene expression and activates several pathways such as the cyclic AMP responsive binding protein (CREB), the nuclear factor kappa-B, the cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs), and the Akt pathways. (nih.gov)
  • 1 The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase and triggers a cascade of aberrant downstream signaling pathways leading to clonal outgrowth of CML cells and subsequent disease manifestation. (haematologica.org)
  • Signaling pathways governing the behaviors of leukemia stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although various treatment options have been used for different types of leukemia , understanding the molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of leukemia is necessary. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent studies showed that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) play essential roles in the pathogenesis of leukemia by targeting several signaling pathways, including Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog , and STAT3. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is of major relevance for CLL, but also transferable to the biology of some other B cell malignancies and/or normal B cells. (europa.eu)
  • These genetic abnormalities effect the Wnt signaling pathway, regulation of the cell cycle, RNA metabolism, protein folding, and cadherin-related cell adherence to extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • NK cells operate differently from T cells, leaving normal cells alone while targeting and killing the cancerous cells. (biologynews.net)
  • I like to compare it to 'whack-a-mole', in that the remaining CAR-T cells can find and whack or destroy any cancerous cells that try to come back. (vchri.ca)
  • Stem cells have the ability to develop into components of blood: white and red blood cells, along with platelets. (vchri.ca)
  • Let's take a look at the basics of HCL-V and how it's different from other types of leukemia. (healthline.com)
  • These are other, less common types of leukemia, but they are generally subcategories of 1 of the 4 main categories. (cancer.net)
  • These immature stem cells were easier to match to patients, especially those from non-Caucasian ethnicities, and could be stored for use as needed. (biologynews.net)
  • What is the survival rate of hairy cell leukemia-variant? (healthline.com)
  • CLL cells are characterized by their universal dependency on pro-survival and pro-proliferative signals from immune niches. (europa.eu)
  • Hairy cell leukemia is so named because the cancerous blood cells (purple) appear "hairy" when viewed with a microscope. (cancer.gov)
  • As a result, patients suffer from infections, low numbers of healthy blood cells, and swelling in the spleen. (cancer.gov)
  • It often prevents your white blood cells from working correctly. (healthline.com)
  • Healthy white blood cells come in many types that all work together to help fight infections and disease. (healthline.com)
  • The lab will look at what types of cells are in your blood, their shapes, and their relative quantities. (healthline.com)
  • In about half of these patients, no remaining CLL cells were detected in the blood in the long term, which was highly predictive for the lack of recurrence for the follow-up period (up to eight years, on average about four years). (disabled-world.com)
  • For this, regular measurement of the CLL cells in blood is a new, extremely helpful instrument," says Professor Dreger. (disabled-world.com)
  • Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow out of control. (cancer.net)
  • Previous efforts to expand cord blood have resulted in ineffective NK cells. (biologynews.net)
  • Cord blood is a promising source of natural killer cells because the NK cells have enhanced sensitivity to stimulation, decreased potential to cause graft-versus-host disease and are available from cord banks throughout the country and world," says Zweidler-McKay. (biologynews.net)
  • Zweidler-McKay's study involves selecting out NK cells from cord blood. (biologynews.net)
  • As the cord blood is expanded to multiply in number, the NK cells are given a cytokine, interleukin-2, and a target cell, K562, which keep the NK cells active throughout the three week expansion. (biologynews.net)
  • These results support the evaluation of cord blood-derived NK cells as a potential immuno-therapeutic approach in acute leukemias. (biologynews.net)
  • MSK investigators have used a lab tool originally developed to study fly nerve cells to study RNA-binding proteins in blood cells from mammals. (mskcc.org)
  • Ongoing neutropenia and lymphopenia were challenges throughout the investigational period, and BE-CAR7 T cells were detected at serial time points in blood, marrow, and pleural fluid. (ajmc.com)
  • However, these inhibitors only reduce some symptoms without significant impact on reducing LSCs or mutant blood cells. (lls.org)
  • ALL-affected blood cells can multiply rapidly and enter the bloodstream where they can travel to and infect organs. (vchri.ca)
  • This image demonstrates a lymphocytosis and an absence of any other type of blood cell (pancytopenia). (medscape.com)
  • toxicity pro le, can be used in cases to increase blood cell predilection, with a ratio of 5:1. (bvsalud.org)
  • blood containing classic hairy cells - medium size center. (bvsalud.org)
  • These abnormal cells appear "hairy" when viewed under a microscope and give the disease its name. (cancer.gov)
  • But this entails serious consequences: the appearance of abnormal cells, which accumulate errors and trigger leukaemia initiation. (gulbenkian.pt)
  • Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced by activated T cells and it plays many diverse roles by regulating the functions of normal and abnormal cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Examination of plasma cell immunophenotype by measuring certain of their cell surface antigens, particularly Cluster of differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The treated cells also carry molecules, called antigens, specific to CML cells, which prime the immune system to recognize and kill circulating CML cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Sixty percent of cases express 1 or more T-cell antigens (CD3 + , CD43, or CD45RO). (medscape.com)
  • Overexpression of cyclin D1 protein, an important cell-cycle regulator, has been observed in hairy cell leukemia and may play a role in the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. (medscape.com)