Leukemia
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia, Experimental
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Leukemia Virus, Murine
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
Moloney murine leukemia virus
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
Leukemia Virus, Bovine
Leukemia Virus, Feline
Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein
Leukemia P388
Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute
Friend murine leukemia virus
HL-60 Cells
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Cytarabine
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute
AKR murine leukemia virus
Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase
Bone Marrow
Remission Induction
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Daunorubicin
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Leukemia, Plasma Cell
Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase
K562 Cells
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic
Neoplasm Proteins
Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute
Base Sequence
Leukemic Infiltration
Asparaginase
fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3
Philadelphia Chromosome
Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative
Molecular Sequence Data
Apoptosis
Graft vs Leukemia Effect
Abelson murine leukemia virus
Chromosome Aberrations
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit
Preleukemia
Prognosis
Immunophenotyping
Neoplasm, Residual
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic
Cytogenetic Analysis
Retroviridae
Cell Differentiation
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
Flow Cytometry
Neoplastic Stem Cells
Oxides
Gene Products, tax
Treatment Outcome
Mutation
Gene Rearrangement
Idarubicin
Vidarabine
Leukemia Virus, Gibbon Ape
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Tretinoin
B-Lymphocytes
Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
Genes, abl
Transcription Factors
T-Lymphocytes
Transplantation, Homologous
Leukemia, Feline
Cytogenetics
RNA, Messenger
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Cladribine
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
Growth Inhibitors
Burkitt Lymphoma
Proto-Oncogenes
Disease-Free Survival
Cell Division
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA-Binding Proteins
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Survival Analysis
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
6-Mercaptopurine
Antigens, Neoplasm
Methotrexate
Antigens, CD
Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
Survival Rate
Leukemia, Mast-Cell
Cell Survival
Clone Cells
Nuclear Proteins
Neoplasms, Second Primary
Receptors, OSM-LIF
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Radiation Leukemia Virus
Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic
Lymphocytes
Mice, SCID
Thioguanine
Proviruses
Cells, Cultured
Amino Acid Sequence
Granulocytes
Signal Transduction
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
Pentostatin
Deltaretrovirus
Jurkat Cells
Transcription, Genetic
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
Leukocyte Count
Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Graft vs Host Disease
Transfection
Antigens, CD34
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Cyclophosphamide
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell
Etoposide
Blotting, Southern
Oncogenes
Deltaretrovirus Infections
Antigens, Surface
Hematopoiesis
Chlorambucil
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
Phenotype
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
Neoplasm Transplantation
Chromosome Disorders
Gammaretrovirus
Combined Modality Therapy
Mice, Inbred Strains
Cell Cycle
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr
Cell Transformation, Viral
Gene Expression Profiling
Antigens, CD38
Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Antigens, CD19
Gene Expression
Harringtonines
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
Retrospective Studies
Tumor Stem Cell Assay
Tumor Virus Infections
Antibodies, Neoplasm
Tumor Markers, Biological
Incidence and occupational pattern of leukaemias, lymphomas, and testicular tumours in western Ireland over an 11 year period. (1/5761)
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence of the following malignancies, testicular tumours, all leukaemias and all lymphomas in the West of Ireland in an 11 year period. Secondly, to examine the relation between disease patterns and available occupational data in male subjects of working age. DESIGN: A census survey of all cases occurring in the three counties in the Western Health Board (WHB) area, Galway, Mayo and Roscommon, for the 11 year period 1980 to 1990 inclusive. Average annual age standardised incidence rates for the period were calculated using the 1986 census data. Rates for the area are compared with rates from the southern region of Ireland, which had a tumour registry. Trends over the time period are evaluated. All male subjects for whom occupational data were available were categorised using the Irish socioeconomic group classification and incidence rates by occupation were compared using the standardised incidence ratio method. In one of the counties, Galway, a detailed occupational history of selected cases and an age matched control group was also elicited through patients' general practitioners. SETTING: All available case records in the West of Ireland. RESULTS: There are no national incidence records for the period. Compared with data from the Southern Tumour Registry, the number of cases of women with myeloid leukaemias was significantly lower. Male leukaemia rates were significantly lower as a group (SIR 84 (95% CI 74, 95) but not when considered as individual categories. Regression analysis revealed an increasing trend in the number of new cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among both men (r = 0.47, p = 0.02) and women (r = 0.90, p = 0.0001) and of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in men (r = 0.77, p = 0.005) and women (r = 0.68 p = 0.02) in the WHB region over the last decade. Four hundred and fifty six male cases over the age of 15 years were identified and adequate occupational information was available for 74% of these. Standardised incidence ratios of testicular tumours 100, 938) and agriworkers other than farmers (SIR 377, 95% CI 103, 967). There were also significantly increased incidence ratios for both non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR 169, 95% CI 124, 266) and three categories of leukaemias among farmers. Hodgkin's disease and acute myeloid leukaemias were significantly increased among semi-skilled people. Interview data with 90 cases and 54 controls of both sexes revealed that among farmers, cases (n = 31) were significantly less likely than controls (n = 20) to use tractor mounted spraying techniques (OR = 0.19 (95% CI 0.04, 0.80)) and less likely to wear protective masks (OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.05, 0.84)). CONCLUSIONS: Trends of increase in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and some leukaemias are consistent with studies elsewhere. The study provides further evidence of the relation between agricultural work and certain lymphoproliferative cancers. The possible carcinogenic role of chemicals used in agricultural industries must be considered as an explanation. (+info)Tissue specific expression and chromosomal mapping of a human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha1,3-d-mannoside beta1, 4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. (2/5761)
A human cDNA for UDP- N -acetylglucosamine:alpha1,3-d-mannoside beta1,4- N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT-IV) was isolated from a liver cDNA library using a probe based on a partial cDNA sequence of the bovine GnT-IV. The cDNA encoded a complete sequence of a type II membrane protein of 535 amino acids which is 96% identical to the bovine GnT-IV. Transient expression of the human cDNA in COS7 cells increased total cellular GnT-IV activity 25-fold, demonstrating that this cDNA encodes a functional human GnT-IV. Northern blot analysis of normal tissues indicated that at least five different sizes of mRNA (9.7, 7.6, 5.1, 3.8, and 2.4 kb) forGnT-IV are expressed in vivo. Furthermore, these mRNAs are expressed at different levels between tissues. Large amounts of mRNA were detected in tissues harboring T lineage cells. Also, the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and the lymphoblastic leukemia cell line MOLT-4 revealed abundant mRNA. Lastly, the gene was mapped at the locus on human chromosome 2, band q12 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. (+info)Bone marrow transplantation in pediatric patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia and leukemia. (3/5761)
Eleven children underwent BMT for therapy-related MDS or leukemia, four from HLA-identical siblings and seven from unrelated donors. Ten of the 11 were conditioned with busulfan and cyclophosphamide as the majority had received prior irradiation to the chest and/or abdomen. All patients engrafted. Regimen-related toxicity was more common when compared to historical controls. Eight patients developed acute GVHD and four of eight who survived 100 days post transplant developed extensive chronic GVHD. Non-relapse related mortality occurred in three patients. Five patients developed recurrent malignancy: one died from recurrence of osteosarcoma, three died of recurrent leukemia or MDS and another developed two subsequent malignancies (duodenal carcinoma and anaplastic astrocytoma). Three survive disease-free at 14+, 22+ and 43+ months for a 2 year actuarial cancer-free survival of 24% (95% confidence interval = 5-53%). Although allogeneic BMT can be curative, regimen-related toxicity is frequent and recurrent malignancy remains the major obstacle. (+info)Advances in therapy of multiple myeloma: lessons from acute leukemia. (4/5761)
This paper traces the lack of progress, until recently, in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) to having ignored the principles that led to cure in acute leukemia more than 2 decades ago. Only in the mid-1980s did investigation begin to consider complete remission (CR) a research objective, representing a necessary first step toward cure. The experience with autologous and allogeneic stem cell-supported high-dose therapy is reviewed, demonstrating, in both historically controlled and randomized studies, the validity of the dose-response concept in MM in terms of increased CR rates as well as extended event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Avoidance of hematopoietic stem cell-damaging agents, especially melphalan, nitrosoureas, and ionizing radiation to marrow-containing sites, assures the ability of peripheral stem cell collection of high quality and quantity, providing rapid engraftment so that mortality is well under 5% following high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m2). This treatment can be applied safely to patients even >70 years of age and in the presence of renal failure. Tandem autotransplants after multiregimen induction have yielded CR rates in the 40% range with median durations of EFS and OS of 43 and 62 months, respectively. Certain chromosomal abnormalities (11 and 13; and translocations) represent the dominant adverse prognosticator for EFS and OS, confirmed in over 500 patients including those with prior therapy. Allogeneic transplants, possible in less than 10% of MM patients, are associated with a 50% mortality during the first year and, unfortunately, late relapses; thus, this approach should be reserved for patients with high-risk disease early in their management. A risk-based treatment algorithm that matches a patient's disease risk with the risk of intervention is presently used, followed by bisphosphonate therapy, not only to delay the onset of MM-related bone disease but also to induce tumor cell apoptosis, indirectly or directly, by down-regulation of cytokines with antiapoptotic activities. Although many patients relapse, this author subscribes to his mentor's motto: "Be Prepared for Success!". (+info)The evolution of antibiotic therapy for neutropenic patients. (5/5761)
Considerable progress has been made in the treatment of infections in neutropenic patients during the past three decades. A major contribution to this progress has been the discovery of effective new therapies and their prompt administration. Unfortunately, successful therapy of each important pathogen has resulted in the emergence of new pathogens, usually with unique patterns of antibiotic susceptibility. Unfortunately, antibiotic resistance has become an increasing threat in recent years, raising the possibility of infections that will be difficult to eradicate. Fortunately, there are new classes of antimicrobials that hold promise for therapeutic success in the future. (+info)Toward a leukemia treatment strategy based on the probability of stem cell death: an essay in honor of Dr. Emil J Freireich. (6/5761)
Dr. Emil J Freireich is a pioneer in the rational treatment of cancer in general and leukemia in particular. This essay in his honor suggests that the cell kill concept of chemotherapy of acute myeloblastic leukemia be extended to include two additional ideas. The first concept is that leukemic blasts, like normal hemopoietic cells, are organized in hierarchies, headed by stem cells. In both normal and leukemic hemopoiesis, killing stem cells will destroy the system; furthermore, both normal and leukemic cells respond to regulators. It follows that acute myelogenous leukemia should be considered as a dependent neoplasm. The second concept is that cell/drug interaction should be considered as two phases. The first, or proximal phase, consists of the events that lead up to injury; the second, or distal phase, comprises the responses of the cell that contribute to either progression to apoptosis or recovery. Distal responses are described briefly. Regulated drug sensitivity is presented as an example of how distal responses might be used to improve treatment. (+info)Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: therapeutic implications. (7/5761)
Genetic instability is a hallmark of cancer. Alterations in DNA through mutations, deletions, and translocations affect genes that are fundamental to normal cell growth differentiation and programmed cell death. Here, we discuss these alterations as they relate to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, we describe the implications the changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have on designing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. (+info)Cyclin A1 expression in leukemia and normal hematopoietic cells. (8/5761)
Human cyclin A1 is a newly cloned, tissue-specific cyclin that is prominently expressed in normal testis. In this study, we showed that cyclin A1 was highly expressed in a subset of leukemia samples from patients. The highest frequency of cyclin A1 overexpression was observed in acute myelocytic leukemias, especially those that were at the promyelocyte (M3) and myeloblast (M2) stages of development. Cyclin A1 expression was also detected in normal CD34(+) progenitor cells. The expression of cyclin A1 increased when these cells were stimulated to undergo myeloid differentiation in vitro. Taken together, our observations suggest that cyclin A1 may have a role in hematopoiesis. High levels of cyclin A1 expression are especially associated with certain leukemias blocked at the myeloblast and promyelocyte stages of differentiation. (+info)There are several different types of leukemia, including:
1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.
Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.
AML is a fast-growing and aggressive form of leukemia that can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. It is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 60, but it can also occur in children.
There are several subtypes of AML, including:
1. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the PML-RARA fusion gene. It is usually responsive to treatment with chemotherapy and has a good prognosis.
2. Acute myeloid leukemia, not otherwise specified (NOS): This is the most common subtype of AML and does not have any specific genetic abnormalities. It can be more difficult to treat and has a poorer prognosis than other subtypes.
3. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called monocytes in the blood and bone marrow. It can progress slowly over time and may require ongoing treatment.
4. Juvenile myeloid leukemia (JMML): This is a rare subtype of AML that occurs in children under the age of 18. It is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called blasts in the blood and bone marrow.
The symptoms of AML can vary depending on the subtype and the severity of the disease, but they may include:
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headache
* Confusion or seizures
AML is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:
1. Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Bone marrow biopsy: This test involves removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue from the hipbone or breastbone to examine under a microscope for signs of leukemia cells.
3. Genetic testing: This test can help identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with AML.
4. Immunophenotyping: This test uses antibodies to identify the surface proteins on leukemia cells, which can help diagnose the subtype of AML.
5. Cytogenetics: This test involves staining the bone marrow cells with dyes to look for specific changes in the chromosomes that are associated with AML.
Treatment for AML typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of AML, the patient's age and overall health, and other factors. Some common treatments for AML include:
1. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. The most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for AML are cytarabine (Ara-C) and anthracyclines such as daunorubicin (DaunoXome) and idarubicin (Idamycin).
2. Targeted therapy: This involves using drugs that specifically target the genetic abnormalities that are causing the cancer. Examples of targeted therapies used for AML include midostaurin (Rydapt) and gilteritinib (Xospata).
3. Bone marrow transplantation: This involves replacing the diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor. This is typically done after high-dose chemotherapy to destroy the cancer cells.
4. Supportive care: This includes treatments to manage symptoms and side effects of the disease and its treatment, such as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Examples of supportive care for AML include blood transfusions, antibiotics, and platelet transfusions.
5. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments for AML. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.
It's important to note that the treatment plan for AML is highly individualized, and the specific treatments used will depend on the patient's age, overall health, and other factors. Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific needs.
In LLCB, the B cells undergo a mutation that causes them to become cancerous and multiply rapidly. This can lead to an overproduction of these cells in the bone marrow, causing the bone marrow to become crowded and unable to produce healthy red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
LLCB is typically a slow-growing cancer, and it can take years for symptoms to develop. However, as the cancer progresses, it can lead to a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes.
LLCB is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for LLCB include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, stem cell transplantation.
Overall, while LLCB is a serious condition, it is typically slow-growing and can be managed with appropriate treatment. With current treatments, many people with LLCB can achieve long-term remission and a good quality of life.
The two main types of lymphoid leukemia are:
1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This type of leukemia is most commonly seen in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow.
2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia usually affects older adults and is characterized by the gradual buildup of abnormal white blood cells in the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
Symptoms of lymphoid leukemia include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options for lymphoid leukemia can vary depending on the type of cancer and the severity of symptoms, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or bone marrow transplantation.
Examples of experimental leukemias include:
1. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA): A rare inherited disorder that leads to a lack of antibody production and an increased risk of infections.
2. Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA): A rare inherited disorder characterized by a failure of red blood cells to mature in the bone marrow.
3. Fanconi anemia: A rare inherited disorder that leads to a defect in DNA repair and an increased risk of cancer, particularly leukemia.
4. Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT): A rare inherited disorder characterized by progressive loss of coordination, balance, and speech, as well as an increased risk of cancer, particularly lymphoma.
5. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which increases the risk of developing leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
These experimental leukemias are often used in research studies to better understand the biology of leukemia and to develop new treatments.
The BCR-ABL gene is a fusion gene that is present in the majority of cases of CML. It is created by the translocation of two genes, called BCR and ABL, which leads to the production of a constitutively active tyrosine kinase protein that promotes the growth and proliferation of abnormal white blood cells.
There are three main phases of CML, each with distinct clinical and laboratory features:
1. Chronic phase: This is the earliest phase of CML, where patients may be asymptomatic or have mild symptoms such as fatigue, night sweats, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). The peripheral blood count typically shows a high number of blasts in the blood, but the bone marrow is still functional.
2. Accelerated phase: In this phase, the disease progresses to a higher number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, with evidence of more aggressive disease. Patients may experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and pain in the joints or abdomen.
3. Blast phase: This is the most advanced phase of CML, where there is a high number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, with significant loss of function of the bone marrow. Patients are often symptomatic and may have evidence of spread of the disease to other organs, such as the liver or spleen.
Treatment for CML typically involves targeted therapy with drugs that inhibit the activity of the BCR-ABL protein, such as imatinib (Gleevec), dasatinib (Sprycel), or nilotinib (Tasigna). These drugs can slow or stop the progression of the disease, and may also produce a complete cytogenetic response, which is defined as the absence of all Ph+ metaphases in the bone marrow. However, these drugs are not curative and may have significant side effects. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is also a potential treatment option for CML, but it carries significant risks and is usually reserved for patients who are in the blast phase of the disease or have failed other treatments.
In summary, the clinical course of CML can be divided into three phases based on the number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, and treatment options vary depending on the phase of the disease. It is important for patients with CML to receive regular monitoring and follow-up care to assess their response to treatment and detect any signs of disease progression.
Pre-B ALL is characterized by the abnormal growth of immature white blood cells called B lymphocytes. These cells are produced in the bone marrow and are normally present in the blood. In Pre-B ALL, the abnormal B cells accumulate in the bone marrow, blood, and other organs, crowding out normal cells and causing a variety of symptoms.
The symptoms of Pre-B ALL can vary depending on the individual patient, but may include:
* Fatigue
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Frequent infections
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Enlarged liver or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headaches
* Confusion or seizures (in severe cases)
Pre-B ALL is most commonly diagnosed in children, but it can also occur in adults. Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and sometimes bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for Pre-B ALL is generally good, especially in children, with a high survival rate if treated promptly and effectively. However, the cancer can be more difficult to treat in adults, and the prognosis may be less favorable.
Overall, Pre-B ALL is a rare and aggressive form of leukemia that requires prompt and specialized treatment to improve outcomes for patients.
The symptoms of T-cell leukemia can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but they may include:
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Frequent infections
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the bones or joints
* Headaches
* Confusion or seizures (in severe cases)
T-cell leukemia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and restore the body's normal production of blood cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.
The prognosis for T-cell leukemia varies depending on the patient's age and overall health, as well as the aggressiveness of the disease. However, with current treatments, the 5-year survival rate is around 70% for children and adolescents, and around 40% for adults.
It's important to note that T-cell leukemia is relatively rare compared to other types of leukemia, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, it can be a very aggressive and difficult-to-treat form of cancer, and patients with T-cell leukemia often require intensive treatment and close follow-up care.
Hairy cell leukemia typically affects older adults, and it is usually slow-growing and progresses gradually over many years. Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia can include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes.
Hairy cell leukemia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment for hairy cell leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. In some cases, the disease may go into remission with treatment, but it can also be a chronic condition that requires ongoing management.
Prevention: There is no known prevention for hairy cell leukemia, as the cause of the disease is not fully understood. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.
Prognosis: The prognosis for hairy cell leukemia varies depending on the individual patient and the aggressiveness of the disease. In general, the condition tends to be slow-growing and progresses gradually over many years. With appropriate treatment, some patients can achieve long-term remission or even be cured. However, in more advanced cases, the disease can be more difficult to treat and may have a poorer prognosis.
Symptoms: Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia can include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms can develop gradually over time, and they may be mild at first but become more severe as the disease progresses.
Treatment: Treatment for hairy cell leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual patient and the severity of their condition. In some cases, watchful waiting may be appropriate, especially if the disease is not causing significant symptoms.
Lifestyle Changes: There are no lifestyle changes that can cure hairy cell leukemia, but they can help improve overall health and well-being. These changes may include eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, getting enough rest, and managing stress. In addition, avoiding exposure to certain chemicals and toxins may be beneficial for some patients.
Medications: There are several medications that can be used to treat hairy cell leukemia. These include chemotherapy drugs such as pentostatin and cladribine, which can help kill cancer cells and slow the progression of the disease. In addition, some patients may receive radiation therapy to help shrink swollen lymph nodes or other affected tissues.
Supportive Care: Supportive care is an important part of treatment for hairy cell leukemia. This type of care focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life, rather than directly targeting the cancer cells. Supportive care may include medications to manage pain, fatigue, or infection, as well as blood transfusions to help improve anemia.
Bone Marrow Transplant: In some cases, bone marrow transplant may be an option for patients with hairy cell leukemia. This involves replacing the patient's bone marrow with healthy cells from a donor, which can help cure the disease. However, this is typically reserved for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have experienced significant complications from the disease.
Overall, the prognosis for hairy cell leukemia is generally good, with many patients experiencing a good response to treatment and a low risk of complications. However, it is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that meets their individual needs and helps them achieve the best possible outcome.
There are several subtypes of B-cell leukemia, including:
1. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): This is the most common type of B-cell leukemia, and it typically affects older adults. CLL is a slow-growing cancer that can progress over time.
2. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): This is a fast-growing and aggressive form of B-cell leukemia that can affect people of all ages. ALL is often treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.
3. Burkitt lymphoma: This is an aggressive form of B-cell leukemia that typically affects older adults in Africa and Asia. Burkitt lymphoma can be treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.
4. Hairy cell leukemia: This is a rare type of B-cell leukemia that is characterized by the presence of hair-like projections on the surface of cancer cells. Hairy cell leukemia can be treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.
The diagnosis of B-cell leukemia is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options for B-cell leukemia include chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, and in some cases, targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells. The prognosis for B-cell leukemia varies depending on the subtype of the disease and the patient's overall health.
Radiation-induced leukemia is a rare but potentially fatal condition that occurs when a person is exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as from nuclear fallout or radiation therapy. The radiation damages the DNA in the stem cells of the bone marrow, leading to mutations that can cause the development of cancer.
There are two main types of radiation-induced leukemia: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). AML is the more common type and typically occurs within 1-5 years after exposure to high levels of radiation. CML can take up to 10 years or more to develop.
Symptoms of radiation-induced leukemia can include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and easy bruising or bleeding. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for radiation-induced leukemia is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%.
Prevention is key to avoiding radiation-induced leukemia. People who work with or are exposed to high levels of radiation, such as nuclear power plant workers, should take precautions to minimize their exposure and undergo regular medical checkups to monitor their health. Additionally, people who have undergone radiation therapy for cancer should be closely monitored by their healthcare providers for any signs of leukemia or other radiation-related side effects.
In the medical field, Leukemia P388 is defined as a subline of leukemia cells that exhibits a specific set of genetic alterations and characteristics, including the ability to grow and proliferate in culture and in vivo, resistance to certain drugs and therapies, and the presence of specific markers and mutations.
Leukemia P388 is commonly used in research to study the biology of leukemia and to develop new treatments for this disease. It is also sometimes used as a model to study other types of cancer, such as lymphoma and solid tumors.
Overall, Leukemia P388 is an important tool in the study of cancer biology and is used to advance our understanding of the disease and to develop new treatments for patients with leukemia and other types of cancer.
The symptoms are similar to those of ALL or AML, and may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, night sweats, and frequent infections.
The diagnosis of biphenotypic acute leukemia is based on the presence of both ALL and AML blasts in the blood and bone marrow, as well as genetic studies that confirm the presence of both types of cells.
Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and, in some cases, bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for this condition is generally poorer than for ALL or AML treated separately, but it can vary depending on the specific subtype and the response to treatment.
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare type of cancer that affects the immune system. It is caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which is transmitted through breastfeeding or blood transfusions. ATLL typically affects adults and can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes.
If you suspect that you or someone you know may have ATLL, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests to determine if HTLV-1 is present in the body. Diagnostic tests for ATLL may include blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies.
There are several treatment options available for ATLL, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. The choice of treatment will depend on the stage and severity of the disease, as well as the patient's overall health. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be used to achieve the best possible outcome.
Unfortunately, the prognosis for ATLL is poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 30%. However, early detection and treatment can improve the chances of survival. It is important to note that there is currently no cure for ATLL, but ongoing research is exploring new treatments and therapies to improve outcomes for patients with this disease.
In conclusion, ATLL is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the immune system. It is caused by the HTLV-1 virus and can progress slowly over several years before symptoms appear. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have ATLL, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment. While the prognosis is poor, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Ongoing research is exploring new treatments and therapies to improve outcomes for patients with ATLL.
Symptoms of megakaryoblastic leukemia may include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and an enlarged spleen. The disease can progress quickly, and without treatment, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as bleeding, infection, and organ failure.
Treatment for megakaryoblastic leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, which is a type of cancer medication that kills cancer cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may also be recommended. The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 30%.
Megakaryoblastic leukemia is a rare condition, accounting for only about 1% to 2% of all cases of acute leukemia. It is most commonly seen in children, but it can also occur in adults. The exact cause of this disease is not known, but genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation have been implicated as potential risk factors.
Overall, megakaryoblastic leukemia is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. With current treatment options, the prognosis for this disease is generally poor, but ongoing research is exploring new and innovative approaches to improve outcomes for patients with this condition.
CP is considered a chronic phase because it is characterized by a slow progression of the disease without any symptoms or signs of acute leukemia. This stage can last for months or even years before progressing to more advanced stages.
Treatment options for ML-CP typically involve chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and/or stem cell transplantation to kill the abnormal cells and promote the growth of healthy ones. The goal of treatment is to achieve a complete remission (CR), which means that there are no signs of cancer cells in the body. Patients with ML-CP may require ongoing monitoring and maintenance therapy to prevent the disease from progressing.
Previous articleDefinition of 'Leukemia, Lymphoid, Chronic-Phase' in the medical field. Next articleDefinition of 'Lymphoma' in the medical field.
Examples of acute diseases include:
1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.
Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
The symptoms of PRE-B-ALL can include fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the central nervous system, spleen, and bones.
PRE-B-ALL is most commonly seen in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is a rare cancer, accounting for only about 5% of all childhood leukemias and less than 1% of all adult leukemias.
The exact cause of PRE-B-ALL is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development or early childhood. Some risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing PRE-B-ALL include:
1. Genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Fanconi anemia.
2. Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals during pregnancy or early childhood.
3. Infections, such as HIV or Epstein-Barr virus.
4. Family history of PRE-B-ALL or other blood cancers.
To diagnose PRE-B-ALL, a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration are typically performed to collect a sample of cells for analysis. Additional tests, such as flow cytometry, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetic analysis, may also be conducted to confirm the diagnosis and identify any specific genetic abnormalities.
Treatment for PRE-B-ALL usually involves a combination of chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for PRE-B-ALL varies depending on the patient's age, overall health, and the specific genetic abnormalities present in the cancer cells. With current treatments, the 5-year survival rate for PRE-B-ALL is approximately 70-80%. However, the disease can sometimes relapse, and patients may require ongoing monitoring and treatment to prevent relapse and manage any long-term complications.
Note: It is important to note that this definition is a general overview of the medical condition "Leukemia, Plasma Cell" and may not cover all aspects of the disease. If you are seeking specific information or have questions about Leukemia, Plasma Cell, it is best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional such as a doctor or oncologist.
During accelerated phase, patients may experience symptoms such as fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The condition is typically diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as blood counts and bone marrow biopsy), and imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans).
Treatment for accelerated phase myeloid leukemia usually involves chemotherapy, which is a type of drug therapy that kills cancer cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended. The goals of treatment are to reduce the number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, improve symptoms, and prolong survival.
Progression to accelerated phase is a common occurrence in myeloid leukemia, and it can be challenging to treat. However, with appropriate therapy, many patients with accelerated phase myeloid leukemia can achieve long-term remission or even be cured.
Symptoms of PLL include fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. Prognosis is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%.
Also known as PTCL or T-cell leukemia.
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell: A rare type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by excessive proliferation of mature T-cells. Symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation, with a poor five-year survival rate of less than 50%. Also known as PTCL or T-cell leukemia.
Note: This definition is a summary of key points and may not include all information or nuances relevant to medical professionals.
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) typically affects children under the age of six, with most cases occurring before the age of two. The symptoms of JMML can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, bleeding, and infection. If left untreated, JMML can progress quickly and lead to life-threatening complications such as anemia, infection, and organ damage.
The exact cause of JMML is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that affect the function of immune cells. Treatment options for JMML include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for JMML is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 70%.
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile
T-ALL typically occurs in children and young adults, although it can also occur in older adults. The symptoms of T-ALL can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen. If left untreated, T-ALL can progress rapidly and lead to life-threatening complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.
The exact cause of T-ALL is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the T cells. The diagnosis of T-ALL typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies such as CT scans or PET scans.
Treatment for T-ALL usually involves a combination of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill the abnormal T cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may also be recommended. The prognosis for T-ALL depends on several factors, including the age of the patient, the severity of the disease, and the response to treatment. Overall, the survival rate for T-ALL is relatively low, but with intensive treatment, many patients can achieve long-term remission.
The term "basophilic" refers to the staining properties of these abnormal cells, which have a distinctive appearance under a microscope. The disease is often referred to as "acute" because it progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.
There are two main subtypes of basophilic leukemia: acute and chronic. Acute basophilic leukemia is the more aggressive and common form of the disease, accounting for approximately 75% of all cases. It typically affects adults in their 40s and 50s and is characterized by a high white blood cell count, anemia, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen).
Chronic basophilic leukemia, on the other hand, is a rarer form of the disease that progresses more slowly and typically affects adults in their 60s and 70s. It is characterized by a lower white blood cell count, splenomegaly, and an increased risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (a precancerous condition).
The exact cause of basophilic leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and the prognosis varies depending on the subtype and overall health of the patient.
Leukemic infiltration refers to the abnormal growth and spread of cancer cells (leukemia) into normal tissues, organs, or bones. It is a common feature of many types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Leukemic infiltration can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty with movement or function. In severe cases, it can also lead to life-threatening complications such as organ failure or sepsis.
The diagnosis of leukemic infiltration typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as blood and bone marrow studies), and imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans). Treatment options for leukemic infiltration depend on the specific type of leukemia and the severity of the infiltration, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or bone marrow transplantation.
Overall, leukemic infiltration is a serious condition that can have significant impacts on quality of life and survival. Early detection and prompt treatment are important for achieving the best possible outcomes.
Synonyms: BCR-ABL fusion gene, t(9;22)(q34;q11), p210 protein, bcr-abl fusion transcript, breakpoint cluster region (BCR) - Abelson tyrosine kinase (ABLE) fusion gene.
Word Origin: Named after the city of Philadelphia, where it was first described in 1960.
There are several types of lymphoma, including:
1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.
The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.
Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.
This type of leukemia is considered "chronic" because it progresses slowly over time, and it is "atypical" because the cancer cells do not fit into any of the standard subtypes of myeloid leukemia. It is also "BCR-ABL negative," meaning that there is no evidence of a specific genetic abnormality (the BCR-ABL fusion gene) that is present in other types of chronic myeloid leukemia.
This type of leukemia is relatively rare and tends to affect older adults. It can cause symptoms such as fatigue, fever, night sweats, and an enlarged spleen, and it can increase the risk of infections and bleeding. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and, in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.
There are several types of chromosome aberrations, including:
1. Chromosomal deletions: Loss of a portion of a chromosome.
2. Chromosomal duplications: Extra copies of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
3. Chromosomal translocations: A change in the position of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
4. Chromosomal inversions: A reversal of a segment of a chromosome.
5. Chromosomal amplifications: An increase in the number of copies of a particular chromosome or gene.
Chromosome aberrations can be detected through various techniques, such as karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). These tests can help identify changes in the chromosomal makeup of cells and provide information about the underlying genetic causes of disease.
Chromosome aberrations are associated with a wide range of diseases, including:
1. Cancer: Chromosome abnormalities are common in cancer cells and can contribute to the development and progression of cancer.
2. Birth defects: Many birth defects are caused by chromosome abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
3. Neurological disorders: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to various neurological disorders, including autism and intellectual disability.
4. Immunodeficiency diseases: Some immunodeficiency diseases, such as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), are caused by chromosome abnormalities.
5. Infectious diseases: Chromosome aberrations can increase the risk of infection with certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
6. Ageing: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to the ageing process and may contribute to the development of age-related diseases.
7. Radiation exposure: Exposure to radiation can cause chromosome abnormalities, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
8. Genetic disorders: Many genetic disorders are caused by chromosome aberrations, such as Turner syndrome (45,X), which is caused by a missing X chromosome.
9. Rare diseases: Chromosome aberrations can cause rare diseases, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), which is caused by an extra copy of the X chromosome.
10. Infertility: Chromosome abnormalities can contribute to infertility in both men and women.
Understanding the causes and consequences of chromosome aberrations is important for developing effective treatments and improving human health.
There are several different types of preleukemia, including:
1. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A condition where there is a defect in the development of immature blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of blasts and a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of conditions characterized by an overproduction of one or more types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. MPNs can progress to leukemia over time.
3. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): A type of leukemia that develops from a preleukemic condition called chronic myeloid leukemia. CML is characterized by the presence of a genetic abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome, which leads to an overproduction of white blood cells.
4. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): A type of leukemia that can develop from preleukemic conditions such as MDS and MPNs. AML is characterized by the rapid growth of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow, which can crowd out healthy cells and lead to a decrease in the number of normal red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Preleukemia can be difficult to diagnose, as it often does not have clear symptoms in its early stages. However, doctors may use a variety of tests, including blood tests and bone marrow biopsies, to detect abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow that could indicate preleukemia.
Treatment for preleukemia depends on the specific type of condition and its severity. Some common treatments include:
1. Chemotherapy: A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used to treat preleukemia, particularly in cases where there are abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow.
2. Blood transfusions: Transfusions of healthy red blood cells, platelets, or plasma may be given to patients with preleukemia who have low levels of these cells.
3. Supportive care: Patients with preleukemia may require supportive care, such as antibiotics or other medications, to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
4. Stem cell transplantation: In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be recommended for patients with preleukemia who have a high risk of developing acute leukemia. This involves replacing the patient's defective bone marrow stem cells with healthy ones from a donor.
Overall, early detection and treatment of preleukemia can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of developing acute leukemia. If you have been diagnosed with preleukemia or are experiencing symptoms that may indicate preleukemia, it is important to discuss your treatment options with your healthcare provider.
A residual neoplasm is a remaining portion of a tumor that may persist after primary treatment. This can occur when the treatment does not completely remove all of the cancer cells or if some cancer cells are resistant to the treatment. Residual neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
It is important to note that a residual neoplasm does not necessarily mean that the cancer has come back. In some cases, a residual neoplasm may be present from the start and may not grow or change over time.
Residual neoplasms can be managed with additional treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the type of cancer, the size and location of the residual neoplasm, and other factors.
It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider regularly to monitor the residual neoplasm and ensure that it is not growing or causing any symptoms.
The exact cause of LGL leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and environmental factors. The disease typically affects older adults and is more common in men than women.
Symptoms of LGL leukemia can include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. If the disease progresses, it can lead to anemia, infections, and bleeding problems.
Diagnosis of LGL leukemia is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for LGL leukemia varies depending on the aggressiveness of the disease and the response to treatment.
In summary, large granular lymphocytic leukemia is a rare and complex blood cancer that requires specialized medical care and close monitoring for effective management and treatment.
Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.
In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.
1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): This is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, making it difficult to fight off infections and diseases. HIV is a type of retrovirus that can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
2. HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1): This is a virus that affects the immune system and can lead to diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy.
3. HBV (Hepatitis B Virus): This is a virus that attacks the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
4. HCV (Hepatitis C Virus): This is a virus that attacks the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
5. FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus): This is a virus that affects cats and can cause a variety of diseases, including leukemia and lymphoma.
6. FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus): This is a virus that affects cats and can weaken their immune system, making them more susceptible to other infections and diseases.
7. Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV): This is a virus that affects cattle and can cause a variety of diseases, including leukemia and lymphoma.
8. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): This is a virus that affects horses and can cause a variety of diseases, including anemia and swelling of the lymph nodes.
Retroviridae infections are typically diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies or genetic material from the virus. Treatment options vary depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection, but may include antiretroviral medications, immune-suppressive drugs, and supportive care such as blood transfusions or antibiotics for secondary infections.
It is important to note that retroviruses can be transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk. Therefore, it is important to take precautions such as using condoms, gloves, and other protective measures when dealing with infected individuals or animals. Additionally, it is important to maintain good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly, to reduce the risk of transmission.
Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.
Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.
In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.
It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.
See also: Cancer, Tumor
Word count: 190
Also known as Burkitt's Lymphoma.
Symptoms of EBL can vary widely and may include:
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Chronic diarrhea
* Weight loss
* Anemia
* Lethargy
* Enlarged spleen and liver
* Neoplastic diseases such as lymphosarcoma, leukemia, or other types of cancer.
EBL is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies. There is no cure for EBL, and treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing the spread of the disease.
Prevention of EBL includes:
* Testing herds for BLV regularly
* Avoiding close contact between animals
* Practicing good hygiene and sanitation
* Implementing strict biosecurity measures
* Eliminating infected animals from the herd
It is important to note that EBL is not a reportable disease in all countries, and testing for BLV may not be mandatory in all regions. However, it is still important for farmers and veterinarians to be aware of the risk of EBL and take appropriate measures to prevent its spread.
Note: This definition is an abstract from the online medical encyclopedia MedScape, which is available to healthcare professionals only. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for further information and appropriate treatment.
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The definition of Neutrophilic Leukemia, Chronic in the medical field is as follows:
* A rare and slow-growing form of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called neutrophils.
* Often associated with a genetic mutation in the CALR gene.
* Can cause a variety of symptoms such as fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
* May progress slowly over years or even decades before diagnosis.
* Treatment options include supportive care, chemotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation.
The diagnosis of GVHD is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options include immunosuppressive drugs, corticosteroids, and in severe cases, stem cell transplantation reversal or donor lymphocyte infusion.
Prevention of GVHD includes selecting the right donor, using conditioning regimens that minimize damage to the recipient's bone marrow, and providing appropriate immunosuppression after transplantation. Early detection and management of GVHD are critical to prevent long-term complications and improve survival rates.
There are several types of MPDs, including:
1. Polycythemia vera (PV): This is a rare disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Essential thrombocythemia (ET): This is a rare disorder characterized by an overproduction of platelets.
3. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF): This is a rare and severe disorder characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): This is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells, characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells.
The symptoms of MPDs can vary depending on the specific disorder, but may include:
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Headaches
* Dizziness
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen spleen
* Bone pain
The exact cause of MPDs is not known, but they are thought to be due to genetic mutations that occur in the bone marrow cells. Treatment options for MPDs include:
* Chemotherapy: This is a type of drug that kills cancer cells.
* Radiation therapy: This is a type of treatment that uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells.
* Stem cell transplantation: This is a procedure in which healthy stem cells are transplanted into the body to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow cells.
Overall, MPDs are rare and complex disorders that can have a significant impact on quality of life. While there is no cure for these conditions, treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and improve outcomes.
Prolymphocytic leukemia is rare, accounting for only about 1% of all adult cases of leukemia. It tends to affect older adults, typically between the ages of 50 and 70. The exact cause of this type of leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.
Symptoms of prolymphocytic leukemia can include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. The diagnosis is typically made through a physical exam, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options for this type of leukemia can include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplantation.
Prognosis for prolymphocytic leukemia varies depending on the specific subtype and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients who are diagnosed at an early stage and who receive prompt and appropriate treatment. With current treatments, the 5-year survival rate for this type of leukemia is approximately 30% to 40%.
Sources:
* American Cancer Society. (2022). Prolymphocytic Leukemia. Retrieved from
* Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. (n.d.). Prolymphocytic Leukemia. Retrieved from
* National Cancer Institute. (2022). Prolymphocytic Leukemia Treatment. Retrieved from
The most common deltaretrovirus infection is HIV, which has become a major global health concern since its discovery in the early 1980s. HIV primarily infects CD4+ T cells, which are essential for cell-mediated immunity and immune responses. As HIV progressively destroys these cells, the body becomes less able to fight off infections and cancers.
Other deltaretrovirus infections include SIV, which affects nonhuman primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees, and FIV, which affects domestic cats. These viruses are similar to HIV in terms of their molecular structure and replication strategies but have some differences in their host range and disease progression.
Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of viral antigens or genetic material. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which combines several drugs to suppress viral replication and slow disease progression. However, the virus can develop resistance to these drugs over time, making it essential to monitor treatment response and adjust medications as needed.
Prevention strategies for deltaretrovirus infections include safe sex practices such as using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication for high-risk individuals, and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment. Vaccines are also being developed to prevent HIV and other deltaretrovirus infections.
There are many different types of chromosome disorders, including:
1. Trisomy: This is a condition in which there is an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
2. Monosomy: This is a condition in which there is a missing copy of a chromosome.
3. Turner syndrome: This is a condition in which there is only one X chromosome instead of two.
4. Klinefelter syndrome: This is a condition in which there are three X chromosomes instead of the typical two.
5. Chromosomal translocations: These are abnormalities in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.
6. Inversions: These are abnormalities in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end-to-end.
7. Deletions: These are abnormalities in which a portion of a chromosome is missing.
8. Duplications: These are abnormalities in which there is an extra copy of a segment of a chromosome.
Chromosome disorders can have a wide range of effects on the body, depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common features of chromosome disorders include developmental delays, intellectual disability, growth problems, and physical abnormalities such as heart defects or facial anomalies.
There is no cure for chromosome disorders, but treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with these conditions. Treatment may include medications, therapies, and surgery, as well as support and resources for families and caregivers.
Preventive measures for chromosome disorders are not currently available, but research is ongoing to understand the causes of these conditions and to develop new treatments and interventions. Early detection and diagnosis can help identify chromosome disorders and provide appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.
In conclusion, chromosome disorders are a group of genetic conditions that affect the structure or number of chromosomes in an individual's cells. These conditions can have a wide range of effects on the body, and there is no cure, but treatment and support are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Early detection and diagnosis are important for identifying chromosome disorders and providing appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.
2. Chronic HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the acute phase of HTLV-I infection persists for more than 6 months, leading to the development of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation.
3. Carrier state: A person who has been infected with HTLV-I but does not show any symptoms can be considered a carrier of the virus.
4. Vertically transmitted HTLV-I infection: This refers to the transmission of the virus from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
5. Horizontally transmitted HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the virus is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk.
6. Symptomatic HTLV-I infection: This refers to a condition where the patient shows symptoms of the disease, such as TSP/HAM or ATLL.
7. Asymptomatic HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the patient does not show any symptoms despite being infected with the virus.
8. Latent HTLV-I infection: This refers to a condition where the virus is present in the body but is not actively replicating or causing symptoms.
9. Reactivated HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the virus becomes active again after a period of latency, leading to a recurrence of symptoms.
These categories are important for understanding the progression and management of HTLV-I infection, as well as for determining the risk of transmission to others.
1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.
Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.
There are several different types of tumor viruses, including:
1. Human papillomavirus (HPV): This virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV): This virus can cause liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus has been linked to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV): This virus is responsible for causing Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
6. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1): This virus has been linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).
Tumor virus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies. Treatment for these infections often involves antiviral medications, chemotherapy, and surgery. In some cases, tumors may also be removed through radiation therapy.
It's important to note that not all tumors or cancers are caused by viruses, and that many other factors, such as genetics and environmental exposures, can also play a role in the development of cancer. However, for those tumor virus infections that are caused by a specific virus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.
Overall, tumor virus infections are a complex and diverse group of conditions, and further research is needed to better understand their causes and develop effective treatments.
There are several subtypes of NHL, including:
1. B-cell lymphomas (such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma)
2. T-cell lymphomas (such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides)
3. Natural killer cell lymphomas (such as nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma)
4. Histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma
5. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
6. Mantle cell lymphoma
7. Waldenström macroglobulinemia
8. Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma
9. Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) related lymphoma
These subtypes can be further divided into other categories based on the specific characteristics of the cancer cells.
Symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:
* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
* Abdominal pain
* Swollen spleen
Treatment for NHL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of NHL, the stage of the cancer, and other individual factors.
Overall, NHL is a complex and diverse group of cancers that require specialized care from a team of medical professionals, including hematologists, oncologists, radiation therapists, and other support staff. With advances in technology and treatment options, many people with NHL can achieve long-term remission or a cure.
Symptoms of myeloid sarcoma may include:
* Painless lumps or swelling in the skin, often on the arms, legs, or trunk
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Night sweats
* Weight loss
* Bone pain
Myeloid sarcoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans and PET scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and relieve symptoms. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.
Myeloid sarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can occur at any age but is more common in adults. Symptoms include painless lumps or swelling in the skin, fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and bone pain. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans and PET scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and relieve symptoms, with bone marrow transplantation sometimes being recommended.
There are several subtypes of myeloid sarcoma, including:
* Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation
* Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation
* Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation
Myeloid sarcoma is often associated with genetic mutations, such as the FLT3 and NPM1 genes. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer. Treatment for myeloid sarcoma can be challenging, as it can be difficult to distinguish from other types of cancer and may require a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation.
Prognosis for myeloid sarcoma varies depending on the subtype, but in general, the prognosis is poor. The 5-year survival rate for all subtypes of myeloid sarcoma is less than 30%, and the disease can be difficult to treat. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some patients with myeloid sarcoma can achieve long-term survival.
Overall, myeloid sarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of this disease and to develop more effective treatment strategies.
The term "refractory" refers to the fact that this type of anemia does not respond well to standard treatments, such as blood transfusions or medications. The term "excess blasts" refers to the presence of a large number of immature cells in the bone marrow.
RAEB is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can develop into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. AML is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells, which can crowd out normal cells in the bone marrow and lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
RAEB is usually diagnosed in adults over the age of 60, although it can occur at any age. The condition is often associated with other health problems, such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a group of disorders that affect the bone marrow and blood cells.
Treatment for RAEB typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation. The goal of treatment is to slow the progression of the disease, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life. In some cases, RAEB may be managed with supportive care, such as blood transfusions and antibiotics, to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Overall, refractory anemia with excess blasts is a serious and complex condition that requires careful management by a healthcare team of hematologists, oncologists, and other specialists. With appropriate treatment, many people with RAEB are able to achieve long-term remission and improve their quality of life.
* Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL): This is a rare type of T-cell lymphoma that can develop in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs.
* Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): This is a type of PTCL that affects the skin and can cause lesions, rashes, and other skin changes.
* Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL): This is a rare subtype of PTCL that can develop in the lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow.
* Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL): This is a rare and aggressive subtype of PTCL that is caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1).
Symptoms of T-cell lymphoma can include:
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Skin lesions or rashes
Treatment options for T-cell lymphoma depend on the subtype and stage of the cancer, but may include:
* Chemotherapy
* Radiation therapy
* Immunotherapy
* Targeted therapy
Prognosis for T-cell lymphoma varies depending on the subtype and stage of the cancer, but in general, the prognosis for PTCL is poorer than for other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, with prompt and appropriate treatment, many people with T-cell lymphoma can achieve long-term remission or even be cured.
The Leukemia L5178 cell line has been used in numerous studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. For example, researchers have used these cells to study the role of specific genes and proteins in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of environmental factors such as radiation and chemical carcinogens on cancer development.
In addition to its use in basic research, the Leukemia L5178 cell line has also been used as a model system for testing the efficacy of new anti-cancer drugs. These cells are often implanted into mice and then treated with different drug regimens to assess their ability to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Overall, the Leukemia L5178 cell line is a valuable tool for cancer researchers, providing a reliable and well-characterized model system for studying various aspects of cancer biology. Its use has contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression, and has helped to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease.
The term splenomegaly is used to describe any condition that results in an increase in the size of the spleen, regardless of the underlying cause. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as infection, inflammation, cancer, or genetic disorders.
Splenomegaly can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the doctor may feel the enlarged spleen during an abdominal palpation. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of the splenomegaly.
Treatment for splenomegaly depends on the underlying cause. For example, infections such as malaria or mononucleosis are treated with antibiotics, while cancerous conditions may require surgical intervention or chemotherapy. In some cases, the spleen may need to be removed, a procedure known as splenectomy.
In conclusion, splenomegaly is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen that can be caused by various factors and requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.