Leukemia. Medical search

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.

A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.

Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.

Leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as VIRUSES; RADIATION; or by TRANSPLANTATION of leukemic tissues.

Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.

Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.

A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.

A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.

An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.

A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.

A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.

A malignant disease of the B-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow and/or blood.

The type species of DELTARETROVIRUS that causes a form of bovine lymphosarcoma (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS) or persistent lymphocytosis.

A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS causing leukemia, lymphosarcoma, immune deficiency, or other degenerative diseases in cats. Several cellular oncogenes confer on FeLV the ability to induce sarcomas (see also SARCOMA VIRUSES, FELINE).

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in leukemia.

Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.

Myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is a transcription factor that maintains high levels of HOMEOTIC GENE expression during development. The GENE for myeloid-lymphoid leukemia protein is commonly disrupted in LEUKEMIA and combines with over 40 partner genes to form FUSION ONCOGENE PROTEINS.

An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.

An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.

A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) producing leukemia of the reticulum-cell type with massive infiltration of liver, spleen, and bone marrow. It infects DBA/2 and Swiss mice.

A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)

Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.

A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)

An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.

A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) isolated from spontaneous leukemia in AKR strain mice.

Translation products of a fusion gene derived from CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION of C-ABL GENES to the genetic locus of the breakpoint cluster region gene on chromosome 22. Several different variants of the bcr-abl fusion proteins occur depending upon the precise location of the chromosomal breakpoint. These variants can be associated with distinct subtypes of leukemias such as PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA; LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE; and NEUTROPHILIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.

The initial phase of chronic myeloid leukemia consisting of an relatively indolent period lasting from 4 to 7 years. Patients range from asymptomatic to those exhibiting ANEMIA; SPLENOMEGALY; and increased cell turnover. There are 5% or fewer blast cells in the blood and bone marrow in this phase.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.

A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.

The phase of chronic myeloid leukemia following the chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC-PHASE), where there are increased systemic symptoms, worsening cytopenias, and refractory LEUKOCYTOSIS.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

An ERYTHROLEUKEMIA cell line derived from a CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA patient in BLAST CRISIS.

A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), T-cell lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL), and is involved in mycosis fungoides, SEZARY SYNDROME and tropical spastic paraparesis (PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. Runx1 is frequently mutated in human LEUKEMIAS.

A leukemia affecting young children characterized by SPLENOMEGALY, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. Traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder.

A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.

A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.

A hydrolase enzyme that converts L-asparagine and water to L-aspartate and NH3. EC 3.5.1.1.

A receptor tyrosine kinase that is involved in HEMATOPOIESIS. It is closely related to FMS PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN and is commonly mutated in acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

An aberrant form of human CHROMOSOME 22 characterized by translocation of the distal end of chromosome 9 from 9q34, to the long arm of chromosome 22 at 22q11. It is present in the bone marrow cells of 80 to 90 per cent of patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, MYELOGENOUS, CHRONIC, BCR-ABL POSITIVE).

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder characterized by myelodysplasia associated with bone marrow and peripheral blood patterns similar to CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, but cytogenetically lacking a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr/abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Immunological rejection of leukemia cells following bone marrow transplantation.

A replication-defective strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) capable of transforming lymphoid cells and producing a rapidly progressing lymphoid leukemia after superinfection with FRIEND MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; MOLONEY MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; or RAUSCHER VIRUS.

Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.

The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.

A receptor subunit that combines with CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130 to form the dual specificity receptor for LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR and ONCOSTATIN M. The subunit is also a component of the CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR. Both membrane-bound and secreted isoforms of the receptor subunit exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. The secreted isoform is believed to act as an inhibitory receptor, while the membrane-bound form is a signaling receptor.

Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

Remnant of a tumor or cancer after primary, potentially curative therapy. (Dr. Daniel Masys, written communication)

The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.

A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.

Examination of CHROMOSOMES to diagnose, classify, screen for, or manage genetic diseases and abnormalities. Following preparation of the sample, KARYOTYPING is performed and/or the specific chromosomes are analyzed.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Highly proliferative, self-renewing, and colony-forming stem cells which give rise to NEOPLASMS.

Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.

Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the LTR.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.

A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.

A species of GAMMARETROVIRUS causing leukemia in the gibbon ape. Natural transmission is by contact.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

A member of the myeloid leukemia factor (MLF) protein family with multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. In hematopoietic cells, it is located mainly in the nucleus, and in non-hematopoietic cells, primarily in the cytoplasm with a punctate nuclear localization. MLF1 plays a role in cell cycle differentiation.

Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (abl) originally isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MuLV). The proto-oncogene abl (c-abl) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family. The human c-abl gene is located at 9q34.1 on the long arm of chromosome 9. It is activated by translocation to bcr on chromosome 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

A neoplastic disease of cats frequently associated with feline leukemia virus infection.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular analysis of the CHROMOSOMES, and location of the GENES on chromosomes, and the movements of chromosomes during the CELL CYCLE.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).

A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.

Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogenes have names of the form c-onc.

Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Transfer of HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS from BONE MARROW or BLOOD between individuals within the same species (TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS) or transfer within the same individual (TRANSPLANTATION, AUTOLOGOUS). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding.

An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)

A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of >20% MAST CELLS, multi-organ failure and a short survival.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.

Cell surface receptors formed from the dimerization of LIF RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT with CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130. Although originally described as receptors for LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR these receptors also bind the closely-related protein ONCOSTATIN M and are referred to as both LIF receptors and type I oncostatin M receptors.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) isolated from radiation-induced lymphomas in C57BL mice. It is leukemogenic, thymotrophic, can be transmitted vertically, and replicates only in vivo.

A 67-kDa sialic acid binding lectin that is specific for MYELOID CELLS and MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PRECURSOR CELLS. This protein is the smallest siglec subtype and contains a single immunoglobulin C2-set domain. It may play a role in intracellular signaling via its interaction with SHP-1 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE and SHP-2 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE.

A rare myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by a sustained, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis. No monocytosis, EOSINOPHILIA, or basophilia is present, nor is there a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr-abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups according to the staining properties of the granules: neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic. Mature granulocytes are the NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.

A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.

Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.

Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly.

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

Infections caused by the HTLV or BLV deltaretroviruses. They include human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED).

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

The development and formation of various types of BLOOD CELLS. Hematopoiesis can take place in the BONE MARROW (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).

A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)

Nucleosides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.

An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.

A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.

The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Proto-oncogene protein bcr is a serine-threonine kinase that functions as a negative regulator of CELL PROLIFERATION and NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. It is commonly fused with cellular abl protein to form BCR-ABL FUSION PROTEINS in PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME positive LEUKEMIA patients.

An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and HYDROLYSIS of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-RIBOSE. It is a cell surface molecule which is predominantly expressed on LYMPHOID CELLS and MYELOID CELLS.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Tetracyclic spiro-BENZAZEPINES isolated from the seeds of CEPHALOTAXUS. They are esters of the alkaloid cephalotaxine and may be effective as antineoplastic agents.

An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. It is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

Incidence and occupational pattern of leukaemias, lymphomas, and testicular tumours in western Ireland over an 11 year period. (1/5761)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence of the following malignancies, testicular tumours, all leukaemias and all lymphomas in the West of Ireland in an 11 year period. Secondly, to examine the relation between disease patterns and available occupational data in male subjects of working age. DESIGN: A census survey of all cases occurring in the three counties in the Western Health Board (WHB) area, Galway, Mayo and Roscommon, for the 11 year period 1980 to 1990 inclusive. Average annual age standardised incidence rates for the period were calculated using the 1986 census data. Rates for the area are compared with rates from the southern region of Ireland, which had a tumour registry. Trends over the time period are evaluated. All male subjects for whom occupational data were available were categorised using the Irish socioeconomic group classification and incidence rates by occupation were compared using the standardised incidence ratio method. In one of the counties, Galway, a detailed occupational history of selected cases and an age matched control group was also elicited through patients' general practitioners. SETTING: All available case records in the West of Ireland. RESULTS: There are no national incidence records for the period. Compared with data from the Southern Tumour Registry, the number of cases of women with myeloid leukaemias was significantly lower. Male leukaemia rates were significantly lower as a group (SIR 84 (95% CI 74, 95) but not when considered as individual categories. Regression analysis revealed an increasing trend in the number of new cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among both men (r = 0.47, p = 0.02) and women (r = 0.90, p = 0.0001) and of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in men (r = 0.77, p = 0.005) and women (r = 0.68 p = 0.02) in the WHB region over the last decade. Four hundred and fifty six male cases over the age of 15 years were identified and adequate occupational information was available for 74% of these. Standardised incidence ratios of testicular tumours 100, 938) and agriworkers other than farmers (SIR 377, 95% CI 103, 967). There were also significantly increased incidence ratios for both non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR 169, 95% CI 124, 266) and three categories of leukaemias among farmers. Hodgkin's disease and acute myeloid leukaemias were significantly increased among semi-skilled people. Interview data with 90 cases and 54 controls of both sexes revealed that among farmers, cases (n = 31) were significantly less likely than controls (n = 20) to use tractor mounted spraying techniques (OR = 0.19 (95% CI 0.04, 0.80)) and less likely to wear protective masks (OR 0.22 (95% CI 0.05, 0.84)). CONCLUSIONS: Trends of increase in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and some leukaemias are consistent with studies elsewhere. The study provides further evidence of the relation between agricultural work and certain lymphoproliferative cancers. The possible carcinogenic role of chemicals used in agricultural industries must be considered as an explanation. (+info)

Tissue specific expression and chromosomal mapping of a human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha1,3-d-mannoside beta1, 4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. (2/5761)

A human cDNA for UDP- N -acetylglucosamine:alpha1,3-d-mannoside beta1,4- N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT-IV) was isolated from a liver cDNA library using a probe based on a partial cDNA sequence of the bovine GnT-IV. The cDNA encoded a complete sequence of a type II membrane protein of 535 amino acids which is 96% identical to the bovine GnT-IV. Transient expression of the human cDNA in COS7 cells increased total cellular GnT-IV activity 25-fold, demonstrating that this cDNA encodes a functional human GnT-IV. Northern blot analysis of normal tissues indicated that at least five different sizes of mRNA (9.7, 7.6, 5.1, 3.8, and 2.4 kb) forGnT-IV are expressed in vivo. Furthermore, these mRNAs are expressed at different levels between tissues. Large amounts of mRNA were detected in tissues harboring T lineage cells. Also, the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 and the lymphoblastic leukemia cell line MOLT-4 revealed abundant mRNA. Lastly, the gene was mapped at the locus on human chromosome 2, band q12 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. (+info)

Bone marrow transplantation in pediatric patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia and leukemia. (3/5761)

Eleven children underwent BMT for therapy-related MDS or leukemia, four from HLA-identical siblings and seven from unrelated donors. Ten of the 11 were conditioned with busulfan and cyclophosphamide as the majority had received prior irradiation to the chest and/or abdomen. All patients engrafted. Regimen-related toxicity was more common when compared to historical controls. Eight patients developed acute GVHD and four of eight who survived 100 days post transplant developed extensive chronic GVHD. Non-relapse related mortality occurred in three patients. Five patients developed recurrent malignancy: one died from recurrence of osteosarcoma, three died of recurrent leukemia or MDS and another developed two subsequent malignancies (duodenal carcinoma and anaplastic astrocytoma). Three survive disease-free at 14+, 22+ and 43+ months for a 2 year actuarial cancer-free survival of 24% (95% confidence interval = 5-53%). Although allogeneic BMT can be curative, regimen-related toxicity is frequent and recurrent malignancy remains the major obstacle. (+info)

Advances in therapy of multiple myeloma: lessons from acute leukemia. (4/5761)

This paper traces the lack of progress, until recently, in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) to having ignored the principles that led to cure in acute leukemia more than 2 decades ago. Only in the mid-1980s did investigation begin to consider complete remission (CR) a research objective, representing a necessary first step toward cure. The experience with autologous and allogeneic stem cell-supported high-dose therapy is reviewed, demonstrating, in both historically controlled and randomized studies, the validity of the dose-response concept in MM in terms of increased CR rates as well as extended event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS). Avoidance of hematopoietic stem cell-damaging agents, especially melphalan, nitrosoureas, and ionizing radiation to marrow-containing sites, assures the ability of peripheral stem cell collection of high quality and quantity, providing rapid engraftment so that mortality is well under 5% following high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m2). This treatment can be applied safely to patients even >70 years of age and in the presence of renal failure. Tandem autotransplants after multiregimen induction have yielded CR rates in the 40% range with median durations of EFS and OS of 43 and 62 months, respectively. Certain chromosomal abnormalities (11 and 13; and translocations) represent the dominant adverse prognosticator for EFS and OS, confirmed in over 500 patients including those with prior therapy. Allogeneic transplants, possible in less than 10% of MM patients, are associated with a 50% mortality during the first year and, unfortunately, late relapses; thus, this approach should be reserved for patients with high-risk disease early in their management. A risk-based treatment algorithm that matches a patient's disease risk with the risk of intervention is presently used, followed by bisphosphonate therapy, not only to delay the onset of MM-related bone disease but also to induce tumor cell apoptosis, indirectly or directly, by down-regulation of cytokines with antiapoptotic activities. Although many patients relapse, this author subscribes to his mentor's motto: "Be Prepared for Success!". (+info)

The evolution of antibiotic therapy for neutropenic patients. (5/5761)

Considerable progress has been made in the treatment of infections in neutropenic patients during the past three decades. A major contribution to this progress has been the discovery of effective new therapies and their prompt administration. Unfortunately, successful therapy of each important pathogen has resulted in the emergence of new pathogens, usually with unique patterns of antibiotic susceptibility. Unfortunately, antibiotic resistance has become an increasing threat in recent years, raising the possibility of infections that will be difficult to eradicate. Fortunately, there are new classes of antimicrobials that hold promise for therapeutic success in the future. (+info)

Toward a leukemia treatment strategy based on the probability of stem cell death: an essay in honor of Dr. Emil J Freireich. (6/5761)

Dr. Emil J Freireich is a pioneer in the rational treatment of cancer in general and leukemia in particular. This essay in his honor suggests that the cell kill concept of chemotherapy of acute myeloblastic leukemia be extended to include two additional ideas. The first concept is that leukemic blasts, like normal hemopoietic cells, are organized in hierarchies, headed by stem cells. In both normal and leukemic hemopoiesis, killing stem cells will destroy the system; furthermore, both normal and leukemic cells respond to regulators. It follows that acute myelogenous leukemia should be considered as a dependent neoplasm. The second concept is that cell/drug interaction should be considered as two phases. The first, or proximal phase, consists of the events that lead up to injury; the second, or distal phase, comprises the responses of the cell that contribute to either progression to apoptosis or recovery. Distal responses are described briefly. Regulated drug sensitivity is presented as an example of how distal responses might be used to improve treatment. (+info)

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: therapeutic implications. (7/5761)

Genetic instability is a hallmark of cancer. Alterations in DNA through mutations, deletions, and translocations affect genes that are fundamental to normal cell growth differentiation and programmed cell death. Here, we discuss these alterations as they relate to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, we describe the implications the changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have on designing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. (+info)

Cyclin A1 expression in leukemia and normal hematopoietic cells. (8/5761)

Human cyclin A1 is a newly cloned, tissue-specific cyclin that is prominently expressed in normal testis. In this study, we showed that cyclin A1 was highly expressed in a subset of leukemia samples from patients. The highest frequency of cyclin A1 overexpression was observed in acute myelocytic leukemias, especially those that were at the promyelocyte (M3) and myeloblast (M2) stages of development. Cyclin A1 expression was also detected in normal CD34(+) progenitor cells. The expression of cyclin A1 increased when these cells were stimulated to undergo myeloid differentiation in vitro. Taken together, our observations suggest that cyclin A1 may have a role in hematopoiesis. High levels of cyclin A1 expression are especially associated with certain leukemias blocked at the myeloblast and promyelocyte stages of differentiation. (+info)

There are several different types of leukemia, including:

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.

Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

AML is a fast-growing and aggressive form of leukemia that can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. It is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 60, but it can also occur in children.

There are several subtypes of AML, including:

1. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of a specific genetic abnormality called the PML-RARA fusion gene. It is usually responsive to treatment with chemotherapy and has a good prognosis.
2. Acute myeloid leukemia, not otherwise specified (NOS): This is the most common subtype of AML and does not have any specific genetic abnormalities. It can be more difficult to treat and has a poorer prognosis than other subtypes.
3. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML): This is a subtype of AML that is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called monocytes in the blood and bone marrow. It can progress slowly over time and may require ongoing treatment.
4. Juvenile myeloid leukemia (JMML): This is a rare subtype of AML that occurs in children under the age of 18. It is characterized by the presence of too many immature white blood cells called blasts in the blood and bone marrow.

The symptoms of AML can vary depending on the subtype and the severity of the disease, but they may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headache
* Confusion or seizures

AML is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): This test measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Bone marrow biopsy: This test involves removing a small sample of bone marrow tissue from the hipbone or breastbone to examine under a microscope for signs of leukemia cells.
3. Genetic testing: This test can help identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with AML.
4. Immunophenotyping: This test uses antibodies to identify the surface proteins on leukemia cells, which can help diagnose the subtype of AML.
5. Cytogenetics: This test involves staining the bone marrow cells with dyes to look for specific changes in the chromosomes that are associated with AML.

Treatment for AML typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and in some cases, bone marrow transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of AML, the patient's age and overall health, and other factors. Some common treatments for AML include:

1. Chemotherapy: This involves using drugs to kill cancer cells. The most commonly used chemotherapy drugs for AML are cytarabine (Ara-C) and anthracyclines such as daunorubicin (DaunoXome) and idarubicin (Idamycin).
2. Targeted therapy: This involves using drugs that specifically target the genetic abnormalities that are causing the cancer. Examples of targeted therapies used for AML include midostaurin (Rydapt) and gilteritinib (Xospata).
3. Bone marrow transplantation: This involves replacing the diseased bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor. This is typically done after high-dose chemotherapy to destroy the cancer cells.
4. Supportive care: This includes treatments to manage symptoms and side effects of the disease and its treatment, such as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Examples of supportive care for AML include blood transfusions, antibiotics, and platelet transfusions.
5. Clinical trials: These are research studies that involve testing new treatments for AML. Participating in a clinical trial may give patients access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available.

It's important to note that the treatment plan for AML is highly individualized, and the specific treatments used will depend on the patient's age, overall health, and other factors. Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to determine the best course of treatment for their specific needs.

In LLCB, the B cells undergo a mutation that causes them to become cancerous and multiply rapidly. This can lead to an overproduction of these cells in the bone marrow, causing the bone marrow to become crowded and unable to produce healthy red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.

LLCB is typically a slow-growing cancer, and it can take years for symptoms to develop. However, as the cancer progresses, it can lead to a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes.

LLCB is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for LLCB include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, stem cell transplantation.

Overall, while LLCB is a serious condition, it is typically slow-growing and can be managed with appropriate treatment. With current treatments, many people with LLCB can achieve long-term remission and a good quality of life.

The two main types of lymphoid leukemia are:

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This type of leukemia is most commonly seen in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow.
2. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia usually affects older adults and is characterized by the gradual buildup of abnormal white blood cells in the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.

Symptoms of lymphoid leukemia include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options for lymphoid leukemia can vary depending on the type of cancer and the severity of symptoms, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or bone marrow transplantation.

Examples of experimental leukemias include:

1. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA): A rare inherited disorder that leads to a lack of antibody production and an increased risk of infections.
2. Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA): A rare inherited disorder characterized by a failure of red blood cells to mature in the bone marrow.
3. Fanconi anemia: A rare inherited disorder that leads to a defect in DNA repair and an increased risk of cancer, particularly leukemia.
4. Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT): A rare inherited disorder characterized by progressive loss of coordination, balance, and speech, as well as an increased risk of cancer, particularly lymphoma.
5. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which increases the risk of developing leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

These experimental leukemias are often used in research studies to better understand the biology of leukemia and to develop new treatments.

The BCR-ABL gene is a fusion gene that is present in the majority of cases of CML. It is created by the translocation of two genes, called BCR and ABL, which leads to the production of a constitutively active tyrosine kinase protein that promotes the growth and proliferation of abnormal white blood cells.

There are three main phases of CML, each with distinct clinical and laboratory features:

1. Chronic phase: This is the earliest phase of CML, where patients may be asymptomatic or have mild symptoms such as fatigue, night sweats, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). The peripheral blood count typically shows a high number of blasts in the blood, but the bone marrow is still functional.
2. Accelerated phase: In this phase, the disease progresses to a higher number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, with evidence of more aggressive disease. Patients may experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and pain in the joints or abdomen.
3. Blast phase: This is the most advanced phase of CML, where there is a high number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, with significant loss of function of the bone marrow. Patients are often symptomatic and may have evidence of spread of the disease to other organs, such as the liver or spleen.

Treatment for CML typically involves targeted therapy with drugs that inhibit the activity of the BCR-ABL protein, such as imatinib (Gleevec), dasatinib (Sprycel), or nilotinib (Tasigna). These drugs can slow or stop the progression of the disease, and may also produce a complete cytogenetic response, which is defined as the absence of all Ph+ metaphases in the bone marrow. However, these drugs are not curative and may have significant side effects. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is also a potential treatment option for CML, but it carries significant risks and is usually reserved for patients who are in the blast phase of the disease or have failed other treatments.

In summary, the clinical course of CML can be divided into three phases based on the number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, and treatment options vary depending on the phase of the disease. It is important for patients with CML to receive regular monitoring and follow-up care to assess their response to treatment and detect any signs of disease progression.

Pre-B ALL is characterized by the abnormal growth of immature white blood cells called B lymphocytes. These cells are produced in the bone marrow and are normally present in the blood. In Pre-B ALL, the abnormal B cells accumulate in the bone marrow, blood, and other organs, crowding out normal cells and causing a variety of symptoms.

The symptoms of Pre-B ALL can vary depending on the individual patient, but may include:

* Fatigue
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Frequent infections
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Enlarged liver or spleen
* Bone pain
* Headaches
* Confusion or seizures (in severe cases)

Pre-B ALL is most commonly diagnosed in children, but it can also occur in adults. Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and sometimes bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for Pre-B ALL is generally good, especially in children, with a high survival rate if treated promptly and effectively. However, the cancer can be more difficult to treat in adults, and the prognosis may be less favorable.

Overall, Pre-B ALL is a rare and aggressive form of leukemia that requires prompt and specialized treatment to improve outcomes for patients.

The symptoms of T-cell leukemia can vary depending on the severity of the disease, but they may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Frequent infections
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Pain in the bones or joints
* Headaches
* Confusion or seizures (in severe cases)

T-cell leukemia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and restore the body's normal production of blood cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

The prognosis for T-cell leukemia varies depending on the patient's age and overall health, as well as the aggressiveness of the disease. However, with current treatments, the 5-year survival rate is around 70% for children and adolescents, and around 40% for adults.

It's important to note that T-cell leukemia is relatively rare compared to other types of leukemia, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, it can be a very aggressive and difficult-to-treat form of cancer, and patients with T-cell leukemia often require intensive treatment and close follow-up care.

Hairy cell leukemia typically affects older adults, and it is usually slow-growing and progresses gradually over many years. Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia can include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes.

Hairy cell leukemia is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment for hairy cell leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. In some cases, the disease may go into remission with treatment, but it can also be a chronic condition that requires ongoing management.

Prevention: There is no known prevention for hairy cell leukemia, as the cause of the disease is not fully understood. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes.

Prognosis: The prognosis for hairy cell leukemia varies depending on the individual patient and the aggressiveness of the disease. In general, the condition tends to be slow-growing and progresses gradually over many years. With appropriate treatment, some patients can achieve long-term remission or even be cured. However, in more advanced cases, the disease can be more difficult to treat and may have a poorer prognosis.

Symptoms: Symptoms of hairy cell leukemia can include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms can develop gradually over time, and they may be mild at first but become more severe as the disease progresses.

Treatment: Treatment for hairy cell leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual patient and the severity of their condition. In some cases, watchful waiting may be appropriate, especially if the disease is not causing significant symptoms.

Lifestyle Changes: There are no lifestyle changes that can cure hairy cell leukemia, but they can help improve overall health and well-being. These changes may include eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, getting enough rest, and managing stress. In addition, avoiding exposure to certain chemicals and toxins may be beneficial for some patients.

Medications: There are several medications that can be used to treat hairy cell leukemia. These include chemotherapy drugs such as pentostatin and cladribine, which can help kill cancer cells and slow the progression of the disease. In addition, some patients may receive radiation therapy to help shrink swollen lymph nodes or other affected tissues.

Supportive Care: Supportive care is an important part of treatment for hairy cell leukemia. This type of care focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life, rather than directly targeting the cancer cells. Supportive care may include medications to manage pain, fatigue, or infection, as well as blood transfusions to help improve anemia.

Bone Marrow Transplant: In some cases, bone marrow transplant may be an option for patients with hairy cell leukemia. This involves replacing the patient's bone marrow with healthy cells from a donor, which can help cure the disease. However, this is typically reserved for patients who have not responded to other treatments or who have experienced significant complications from the disease.

Overall, the prognosis for hairy cell leukemia is generally good, with many patients experiencing a good response to treatment and a low risk of complications. However, it is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that meets their individual needs and helps them achieve the best possible outcome.

There are several subtypes of B-cell leukemia, including:

1. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): This is the most common type of B-cell leukemia, and it typically affects older adults. CLL is a slow-growing cancer that can progress over time.
2. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): This is a fast-growing and aggressive form of B-cell leukemia that can affect people of all ages. ALL is often treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.
3. Burkitt lymphoma: This is an aggressive form of B-cell leukemia that typically affects older adults in Africa and Asia. Burkitt lymphoma can be treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.
4. Hairy cell leukemia: This is a rare type of B-cell leukemia that is characterized by the presence of hair-like projections on the surface of cancer cells. Hairy cell leukemia can be treated with chemotherapy and sometimes with bone marrow transplantation.

The diagnosis of B-cell leukemia is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options for B-cell leukemia include chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, and in some cases, targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells. The prognosis for B-cell leukemia varies depending on the subtype of the disease and the patient's overall health.

Radiation-induced leukemia is a rare but potentially fatal condition that occurs when a person is exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as from nuclear fallout or radiation therapy. The radiation damages the DNA in the stem cells of the bone marrow, leading to mutations that can cause the development of cancer.

There are two main types of radiation-induced leukemia: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). AML is the more common type and typically occurs within 1-5 years after exposure to high levels of radiation. CML can take up to 10 years or more to develop.

Symptoms of radiation-induced leukemia can include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and easy bruising or bleeding. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for radiation-induced leukemia is generally poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%.

Prevention is key to avoiding radiation-induced leukemia. People who work with or are exposed to high levels of radiation, such as nuclear power plant workers, should take precautions to minimize their exposure and undergo regular medical checkups to monitor their health. Additionally, people who have undergone radiation therapy for cancer should be closely monitored by their healthcare providers for any signs of leukemia or other radiation-related side effects.

In the medical field, Leukemia P388 is defined as a subline of leukemia cells that exhibits a specific set of genetic alterations and characteristics, including the ability to grow and proliferate in culture and in vivo, resistance to certain drugs and therapies, and the presence of specific markers and mutations.

Leukemia P388 is commonly used in research to study the biology of leukemia and to develop new treatments for this disease. It is also sometimes used as a model to study other types of cancer, such as lymphoma and solid tumors.

Overall, Leukemia P388 is an important tool in the study of cancer biology and is used to advance our understanding of the disease and to develop new treatments for patients with leukemia and other types of cancer.

The symptoms are similar to those of ALL or AML, and may include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, night sweats, and frequent infections.

The diagnosis of biphenotypic acute leukemia is based on the presence of both ALL and AML blasts in the blood and bone marrow, as well as genetic studies that confirm the presence of both types of cells.

Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and, in some cases, bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for this condition is generally poorer than for ALL or AML treated separately, but it can vary depending on the specific subtype and the response to treatment.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare type of cancer that affects the immune system. It is caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which is transmitted through breastfeeding or blood transfusions. ATLL typically affects adults and can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes.

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have ATLL, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests to determine if HTLV-1 is present in the body. Diagnostic tests for ATLL may include blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies.

There are several treatment options available for ATLL, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. The choice of treatment will depend on the stage and severity of the disease, as well as the patient's overall health. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be used to achieve the best possible outcome.

Unfortunately, the prognosis for ATLL is poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 30%. However, early detection and treatment can improve the chances of survival. It is important to note that there is currently no cure for ATLL, but ongoing research is exploring new treatments and therapies to improve outcomes for patients with this disease.

In conclusion, ATLL is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the immune system. It is caused by the HTLV-1 virus and can progress slowly over several years before symptoms appear. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have ATLL, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment. While the prognosis is poor, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates. Ongoing research is exploring new treatments and therapies to improve outcomes for patients with ATLL.

Symptoms of megakaryoblastic leukemia may include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and an enlarged spleen. The disease can progress quickly, and without treatment, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as bleeding, infection, and organ failure.

Treatment for megakaryoblastic leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, which is a type of cancer medication that kills cancer cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may also be recommended. The prognosis for this disease is generally poor, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 30%.

Megakaryoblastic leukemia is a rare condition, accounting for only about 1% to 2% of all cases of acute leukemia. It is most commonly seen in children, but it can also occur in adults. The exact cause of this disease is not known, but genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation have been implicated as potential risk factors.

Overall, megakaryoblastic leukemia is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. With current treatment options, the prognosis for this disease is generally poor, but ongoing research is exploring new and innovative approaches to improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

CP is considered a chronic phase because it is characterized by a slow progression of the disease without any symptoms or signs of acute leukemia. This stage can last for months or even years before progressing to more advanced stages.

Treatment options for ML-CP typically involve chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and/or stem cell transplantation to kill the abnormal cells and promote the growth of healthy ones. The goal of treatment is to achieve a complete remission (CR), which means that there are no signs of cancer cells in the body. Patients with ML-CP may require ongoing monitoring and maintenance therapy to prevent the disease from progressing.

Previous articleDefinition of 'Leukemia, Lymphoid, Chronic-Phase' in the medical field. Next articleDefinition of 'Lymphoma' in the medical field.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of PRE-B-ALL can include fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the central nervous system, spleen, and bones.

PRE-B-ALL is most commonly seen in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is a rare cancer, accounting for only about 5% of all childhood leukemias and less than 1% of all adult leukemias.

The exact cause of PRE-B-ALL is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development or early childhood. Some risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing PRE-B-ALL include:

1. Genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Fanconi anemia.
2. Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals during pregnancy or early childhood.
3. Infections, such as HIV or Epstein-Barr virus.
4. Family history of PRE-B-ALL or other blood cancers.

To diagnose PRE-B-ALL, a bone marrow biopsy and aspiration are typically performed to collect a sample of cells for analysis. Additional tests, such as flow cytometry, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetic analysis, may also be conducted to confirm the diagnosis and identify any specific genetic abnormalities.

Treatment for PRE-B-ALL usually involves a combination of chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation. The prognosis for PRE-B-ALL varies depending on the patient's age, overall health, and the specific genetic abnormalities present in the cancer cells. With current treatments, the 5-year survival rate for PRE-B-ALL is approximately 70-80%. However, the disease can sometimes relapse, and patients may require ongoing monitoring and treatment to prevent relapse and manage any long-term complications.

Note: It is important to note that this definition is a general overview of the medical condition "Leukemia, Plasma Cell" and may not cover all aspects of the disease. If you are seeking specific information or have questions about Leukemia, Plasma Cell, it is best to consult with a qualified healthcare professional such as a doctor or oncologist.

During accelerated phase, patients may experience symptoms such as fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The condition is typically diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as blood counts and bone marrow biopsy), and imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans).

Treatment for accelerated phase myeloid leukemia usually involves chemotherapy, which is a type of drug therapy that kills cancer cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended. The goals of treatment are to reduce the number of blasts in the blood and bone marrow, improve symptoms, and prolong survival.

Progression to accelerated phase is a common occurrence in myeloid leukemia, and it can be challenging to treat. However, with appropriate therapy, many patients with accelerated phase myeloid leukemia can achieve long-term remission or even be cured.

Symptoms of PLL include fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation. Prognosis is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%.

Also known as PTCL or T-cell leukemia.

Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell: A rare type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by excessive proliferation of mature T-cells. Symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation, with a poor five-year survival rate of less than 50%. Also known as PTCL or T-cell leukemia.

Note: This definition is a summary of key points and may not include all information or nuances relevant to medical professionals.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) typically affects children under the age of six, with most cases occurring before the age of two. The symptoms of JMML can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, bleeding, and infection. If left untreated, JMML can progress quickly and lead to life-threatening complications such as anemia, infection, and organ damage.

The exact cause of JMML is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that affect the function of immune cells. Treatment options for JMML include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for JMML is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 70%.

Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile

T-ALL typically occurs in children and young adults, although it can also occur in older adults. The symptoms of T-ALL can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and an enlarged spleen. If left untreated, T-ALL can progress rapidly and lead to life-threatening complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

The exact cause of T-ALL is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the T cells. The diagnosis of T-ALL typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies such as CT scans or PET scans.

Treatment for T-ALL usually involves a combination of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill the abnormal T cells. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may also be recommended. The prognosis for T-ALL depends on several factors, including the age of the patient, the severity of the disease, and the response to treatment. Overall, the survival rate for T-ALL is relatively low, but with intensive treatment, many patients can achieve long-term remission.

The term "basophilic" refers to the staining properties of these abnormal cells, which have a distinctive appearance under a microscope. The disease is often referred to as "acute" because it progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.

There are two main subtypes of basophilic leukemia: acute and chronic. Acute basophilic leukemia is the more aggressive and common form of the disease, accounting for approximately 75% of all cases. It typically affects adults in their 40s and 50s and is characterized by a high white blood cell count, anemia, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen).

Chronic basophilic leukemia, on the other hand, is a rarer form of the disease that progresses more slowly and typically affects adults in their 60s and 70s. It is characterized by a lower white blood cell count, splenomegaly, and an increased risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (a precancerous condition).

The exact cause of basophilic leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and the prognosis varies depending on the subtype and overall health of the patient.

Leukemic infiltration refers to the abnormal growth and spread of cancer cells (leukemia) into normal tissues, organs, or bones. It is a common feature of many types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Leukemic infiltration can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty with movement or function. In severe cases, it can also lead to life-threatening complications such as organ failure or sepsis.

The diagnosis of leukemic infiltration typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as blood and bone marrow studies), and imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or PET scans). Treatment options for leukemic infiltration depend on the specific type of leukemia and the severity of the infiltration, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or bone marrow transplantation.

Overall, leukemic infiltration is a serious condition that can have significant impacts on quality of life and survival. Early detection and prompt treatment are important for achieving the best possible outcomes.

Synonyms: BCR-ABL fusion gene, t(9;22)(q34;q11), p210 protein, bcr-abl fusion transcript, breakpoint cluster region (BCR) - Abelson tyrosine kinase (ABLE) fusion gene.

Word Origin: Named after the city of Philadelphia, where it was first described in 1960.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

This type of leukemia is considered "chronic" because it progresses slowly over time, and it is "atypical" because the cancer cells do not fit into any of the standard subtypes of myeloid leukemia. It is also "BCR-ABL negative," meaning that there is no evidence of a specific genetic abnormality (the BCR-ABL fusion gene) that is present in other types of chronic myeloid leukemia.

This type of leukemia is relatively rare and tends to affect older adults. It can cause symptoms such as fatigue, fever, night sweats, and an enlarged spleen, and it can increase the risk of infections and bleeding. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and, in some cases, bone marrow transplantation.

There are several types of chromosome aberrations, including:

1. Chromosomal deletions: Loss of a portion of a chromosome.
2. Chromosomal duplications: Extra copies of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
3. Chromosomal translocations: A change in the position of a chromosome or a portion of a chromosome.
4. Chromosomal inversions: A reversal of a segment of a chromosome.
5. Chromosomal amplifications: An increase in the number of copies of a particular chromosome or gene.

Chromosome aberrations can be detected through various techniques, such as karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). These tests can help identify changes in the chromosomal makeup of cells and provide information about the underlying genetic causes of disease.

Chromosome aberrations are associated with a wide range of diseases, including:

1. Cancer: Chromosome abnormalities are common in cancer cells and can contribute to the development and progression of cancer.
2. Birth defects: Many birth defects are caused by chromosome abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
3. Neurological disorders: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to various neurological disorders, including autism and intellectual disability.
4. Immunodeficiency diseases: Some immunodeficiency diseases, such as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), are caused by chromosome abnormalities.
5. Infectious diseases: Chromosome aberrations can increase the risk of infection with certain viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
6. Ageing: Chromosome aberrations have been linked to the ageing process and may contribute to the development of age-related diseases.
7. Radiation exposure: Exposure to radiation can cause chromosome abnormalities, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases.
8. Genetic disorders: Many genetic disorders are caused by chromosome aberrations, such as Turner syndrome (45,X), which is caused by a missing X chromosome.
9. Rare diseases: Chromosome aberrations can cause rare diseases, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), which is caused by an extra copy of the X chromosome.
10. Infertility: Chromosome abnormalities can contribute to infertility in both men and women.

Understanding the causes and consequences of chromosome aberrations is important for developing effective treatments and improving human health.

There are several different types of preleukemia, including:

1. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): A condition where there is a defect in the development of immature blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of blasts and a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs): A group of conditions characterized by an overproduction of one or more types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. MPNs can progress to leukemia over time.
3. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): A type of leukemia that develops from a preleukemic condition called chronic myeloid leukemia. CML is characterized by the presence of a genetic abnormality known as the Philadelphia chromosome, which leads to an overproduction of white blood cells.
4. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): A type of leukemia that can develop from preleukemic conditions such as MDS and MPNs. AML is characterized by the rapid growth of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow, which can crowd out healthy cells and lead to a decrease in the number of normal red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Preleukemia can be difficult to diagnose, as it often does not have clear symptoms in its early stages. However, doctors may use a variety of tests, including blood tests and bone marrow biopsies, to detect abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow that could indicate preleukemia.

Treatment for preleukemia depends on the specific type of condition and its severity. Some common treatments include:

1. Chemotherapy: A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used to treat preleukemia, particularly in cases where there are abnormalities in the blood or bone marrow.
2. Blood transfusions: Transfusions of healthy red blood cells, platelets, or plasma may be given to patients with preleukemia who have low levels of these cells.
3. Supportive care: Patients with preleukemia may require supportive care, such as antibiotics or other medications, to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
4. Stem cell transplantation: In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be recommended for patients with preleukemia who have a high risk of developing acute leukemia. This involves replacing the patient's defective bone marrow stem cells with healthy ones from a donor.

Overall, early detection and treatment of preleukemia can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of developing acute leukemia. If you have been diagnosed with preleukemia or are experiencing symptoms that may indicate preleukemia, it is important to discuss your treatment options with your healthcare provider.

A residual neoplasm is a remaining portion of a tumor that may persist after primary treatment. This can occur when the treatment does not completely remove all of the cancer cells or if some cancer cells are resistant to the treatment. Residual neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

It is important to note that a residual neoplasm does not necessarily mean that the cancer has come back. In some cases, a residual neoplasm may be present from the start and may not grow or change over time.

Residual neoplasms can be managed with additional treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the type of cancer, the size and location of the residual neoplasm, and other factors.

It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider regularly to monitor the residual neoplasm and ensure that it is not growing or causing any symptoms.

The exact cause of LGL leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and environmental factors. The disease typically affects older adults and is more common in men than women.

Symptoms of LGL leukemia can include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. If the disease progresses, it can lead to anemia, infections, and bleeding problems.

Diagnosis of LGL leukemia is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for LGL leukemia varies depending on the aggressiveness of the disease and the response to treatment.

In summary, large granular lymphocytic leukemia is a rare and complex blood cancer that requires specialized medical care and close monitoring for effective management and treatment.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): This is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, making it difficult to fight off infections and diseases. HIV is a type of retrovirus that can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
2. HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1): This is a virus that affects the immune system and can lead to diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy.
3. HBV (Hepatitis B Virus): This is a virus that attacks the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
4. HCV (Hepatitis C Virus): This is a virus that attacks the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cirrhosis.
5. FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus): This is a virus that affects cats and can cause a variety of diseases, including leukemia and lymphoma.
6. FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus): This is a virus that affects cats and can weaken their immune system, making them more susceptible to other infections and diseases.
7. Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV): This is a virus that affects cattle and can cause a variety of diseases, including leukemia and lymphoma.
8. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): This is a virus that affects horses and can cause a variety of diseases, including anemia and swelling of the lymph nodes.

Retroviridae infections are typically diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies or genetic material from the virus. Treatment options vary depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection, but may include antiretroviral medications, immune-suppressive drugs, and supportive care such as blood transfusions or antibiotics for secondary infections.

It is important to note that retroviruses can be transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk. Therefore, it is important to take precautions such as using condoms, gloves, and other protective measures when dealing with infected individuals or animals. Additionally, it is important to maintain good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly, to reduce the risk of transmission.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

Word count: 190

Also known as Burkitt's Lymphoma.

Symptoms of EBL can vary widely and may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Chronic diarrhea
* Weight loss
* Anemia
* Lethargy
* Enlarged spleen and liver
* Neoplastic diseases such as lymphosarcoma, leukemia, or other types of cancer.

EBL is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies. There is no cure for EBL, and treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing the spread of the disease.

Prevention of EBL includes:

* Testing herds for BLV regularly
* Avoiding close contact between animals
* Practicing good hygiene and sanitation
* Implementing strict biosecurity measures
* Eliminating infected animals from the herd

It is important to note that EBL is not a reportable disease in all countries, and testing for BLV may not be mandatory in all regions. However, it is still important for farmers and veterinarians to be aware of the risk of EBL and take appropriate measures to prevent its spread.

Note: This definition is an abstract from the online medical encyclopedia MedScape, which is available to healthcare professionals only. Please consult a qualified healthcare professional for further information and appropriate treatment.

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The definition of Neutrophilic Leukemia, Chronic in the medical field is as follows:

* A rare and slow-growing form of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called neutrophils.
* Often associated with a genetic mutation in the CALR gene.
* Can cause a variety of symptoms such as fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
* May progress slowly over years or even decades before diagnosis.
* Treatment options include supportive care, chemotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation.

The diagnosis of GVHD is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options include immunosuppressive drugs, corticosteroids, and in severe cases, stem cell transplantation reversal or donor lymphocyte infusion.

Prevention of GVHD includes selecting the right donor, using conditioning regimens that minimize damage to the recipient's bone marrow, and providing appropriate immunosuppression after transplantation. Early detection and management of GVHD are critical to prevent long-term complications and improve survival rates.

There are several types of MPDs, including:

1. Polycythemia vera (PV): This is a rare disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Essential thrombocythemia (ET): This is a rare disorder characterized by an overproduction of platelets.
3. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF): This is a rare and severe disorder characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): This is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells, characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells.

The symptoms of MPDs can vary depending on the specific disorder, but may include:

* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Headaches
* Dizziness
* Pale skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding
* Swollen spleen
* Bone pain

The exact cause of MPDs is not known, but they are thought to be due to genetic mutations that occur in the bone marrow cells. Treatment options for MPDs include:

* Chemotherapy: This is a type of drug that kills cancer cells.
* Radiation therapy: This is a type of treatment that uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells.
* Stem cell transplantation: This is a procedure in which healthy stem cells are transplanted into the body to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow cells.

Overall, MPDs are rare and complex disorders that can have a significant impact on quality of life. While there is no cure for these conditions, treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and improve outcomes.

Prolymphocytic leukemia is rare, accounting for only about 1% of all adult cases of leukemia. It tends to affect older adults, typically between the ages of 50 and 70. The exact cause of this type of leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.

Symptoms of prolymphocytic leukemia can include fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. The diagnosis is typically made through a physical exam, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options for this type of leukemia can include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Prognosis for prolymphocytic leukemia varies depending on the specific subtype and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients who are diagnosed at an early stage and who receive prompt and appropriate treatment. With current treatments, the 5-year survival rate for this type of leukemia is approximately 30% to 40%.

Sources:

* American Cancer Society. (2022). Prolymphocytic Leukemia. Retrieved from
* Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. (n.d.). Prolymphocytic Leukemia. Retrieved from
* National Cancer Institute. (2022). Prolymphocytic Leukemia Treatment. Retrieved from

The most common deltaretrovirus infection is HIV, which has become a major global health concern since its discovery in the early 1980s. HIV primarily infects CD4+ T cells, which are essential for cell-mediated immunity and immune responses. As HIV progressively destroys these cells, the body becomes less able to fight off infections and cancers.

Other deltaretrovirus infections include SIV, which affects nonhuman primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees, and FIV, which affects domestic cats. These viruses are similar to HIV in terms of their molecular structure and replication strategies but have some differences in their host range and disease progression.

Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of viral antigens or genetic material. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which combines several drugs to suppress viral replication and slow disease progression. However, the virus can develop resistance to these drugs over time, making it essential to monitor treatment response and adjust medications as needed.

Prevention strategies for deltaretrovirus infections include safe sex practices such as using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medication for high-risk individuals, and avoiding sharing needles or other injection equipment. Vaccines are also being developed to prevent HIV and other deltaretrovirus infections.

There are many different types of chromosome disorders, including:

1. Trisomy: This is a condition in which there is an extra copy of a chromosome. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
2. Monosomy: This is a condition in which there is a missing copy of a chromosome.
3. Turner syndrome: This is a condition in which there is only one X chromosome instead of two.
4. Klinefelter syndrome: This is a condition in which there are three X chromosomes instead of the typical two.
5. Chromosomal translocations: These are abnormalities in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.
6. Inversions: These are abnormalities in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end-to-end.
7. Deletions: These are abnormalities in which a portion of a chromosome is missing.
8. Duplications: These are abnormalities in which there is an extra copy of a segment of a chromosome.

Chromosome disorders can have a wide range of effects on the body, depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some common features of chromosome disorders include developmental delays, intellectual disability, growth problems, and physical abnormalities such as heart defects or facial anomalies.

There is no cure for chromosome disorders, but treatment and support are available to help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with these conditions. Treatment may include medications, therapies, and surgery, as well as support and resources for families and caregivers.

Preventive measures for chromosome disorders are not currently available, but research is ongoing to understand the causes of these conditions and to develop new treatments and interventions. Early detection and diagnosis can help identify chromosome disorders and provide appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.

In conclusion, chromosome disorders are a group of genetic conditions that affect the structure or number of chromosomes in an individual's cells. These conditions can have a wide range of effects on the body, and there is no cure, but treatment and support are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Early detection and diagnosis are important for identifying chromosome disorders and providing appropriate support and resources for individuals and families.

2. Chronic HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the acute phase of HTLV-I infection persists for more than 6 months, leading to the development of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation.
3. Carrier state: A person who has been infected with HTLV-I but does not show any symptoms can be considered a carrier of the virus.
4. Vertically transmitted HTLV-I infection: This refers to the transmission of the virus from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
5. Horizontally transmitted HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the virus is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, and breast milk.
6. Symptomatic HTLV-I infection: This refers to a condition where the patient shows symptoms of the disease, such as TSP/HAM or ATLL.
7. Asymptomatic HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the patient does not show any symptoms despite being infected with the virus.
8. Latent HTLV-I infection: This refers to a condition where the virus is present in the body but is not actively replicating or causing symptoms.
9. Reactivated HTLV-I infection: This occurs when the virus becomes active again after a period of latency, leading to a recurrence of symptoms.

These categories are important for understanding the progression and management of HTLV-I infection, as well as for determining the risk of transmission to others.

1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

There are several different types of tumor viruses, including:

1. Human papillomavirus (HPV): This virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV): This virus can cause liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus has been linked to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV): This virus is responsible for causing Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
6. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1): This virus has been linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).

Tumor virus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies. Treatment for these infections often involves antiviral medications, chemotherapy, and surgery. In some cases, tumors may also be removed through radiation therapy.

It's important to note that not all tumors or cancers are caused by viruses, and that many other factors, such as genetics and environmental exposures, can also play a role in the development of cancer. However, for those tumor virus infections that are caused by a specific virus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, tumor virus infections are a complex and diverse group of conditions, and further research is needed to better understand their causes and develop effective treatments.

There are several subtypes of NHL, including:

1. B-cell lymphomas (such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma)
2. T-cell lymphomas (such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma and mycosis fungoides)
3. Natural killer cell lymphomas (such as nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma)
4. Histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma
5. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
6. Mantle cell lymphoma
7. Waldenström macroglobulinemia
8. Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma
9. Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) related lymphoma

These subtypes can be further divided into other categories based on the specific characteristics of the cancer cells.

Symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching
* Abdominal pain
* Swollen spleen

Treatment for NHL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the subtype of NHL, the stage of the cancer, and other individual factors.

Overall, NHL is a complex and diverse group of cancers that require specialized care from a team of medical professionals, including hematologists, oncologists, radiation therapists, and other support staff. With advances in technology and treatment options, many people with NHL can achieve long-term remission or a cure.

Symptoms of myeloid sarcoma may include:

* Painless lumps or swelling in the skin, often on the arms, legs, or trunk
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Night sweats
* Weight loss
* Bone pain

Myeloid sarcoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans and PET scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and relieve symptoms. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Myeloid sarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow. It is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can occur at any age but is more common in adults. Symptoms include painless lumps or swelling in the skin, fever, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and bone pain. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT scans and PET scans, and blood tests. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill cancer cells and relieve symptoms, with bone marrow transplantation sometimes being recommended.

There are several subtypes of myeloid sarcoma, including:

* Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation
* Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation
* Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with myeloid sarcomatous differentiation

Myeloid sarcoma is often associated with genetic mutations, such as the FLT3 and NPM1 genes. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer. Treatment for myeloid sarcoma can be challenging, as it can be difficult to distinguish from other types of cancer and may require a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation.

Prognosis for myeloid sarcoma varies depending on the subtype, but in general, the prognosis is poor. The 5-year survival rate for all subtypes of myeloid sarcoma is less than 30%, and the disease can be difficult to treat. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some patients with myeloid sarcoma can achieve long-term survival.

Overall, myeloid sarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of this disease and to develop more effective treatment strategies.

The term "refractory" refers to the fact that this type of anemia does not respond well to standard treatments, such as blood transfusions or medications. The term "excess blasts" refers to the presence of a large number of immature cells in the bone marrow.

RAEB is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can develop into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. AML is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells, which can crowd out normal cells in the bone marrow and lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

RAEB is usually diagnosed in adults over the age of 60, although it can occur at any age. The condition is often associated with other health problems, such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a group of disorders that affect the bone marrow and blood cells.

Treatment for RAEB typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation. The goal of treatment is to slow the progression of the disease, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life. In some cases, RAEB may be managed with supportive care, such as blood transfusions and antibiotics, to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Overall, refractory anemia with excess blasts is a serious and complex condition that requires careful management by a healthcare team of hematologists, oncologists, and other specialists. With appropriate treatment, many people with RAEB are able to achieve long-term remission and improve their quality of life.

* Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL): This is a rare type of T-cell lymphoma that can develop in the skin, lymph nodes, or other organs.
* Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): This is a type of PTCL that affects the skin and can cause lesions, rashes, and other skin changes.
* Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL): This is a rare subtype of PTCL that can develop in the lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow.
* Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL): This is a rare and aggressive subtype of PTCL that is caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1).

Symptoms of T-cell lymphoma can include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Skin lesions or rashes

Treatment options for T-cell lymphoma depend on the subtype and stage of the cancer, but may include:

* Chemotherapy
* Radiation therapy
* Immunotherapy
* Targeted therapy

Prognosis for T-cell lymphoma varies depending on the subtype and stage of the cancer, but in general, the prognosis for PTCL is poorer than for other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, with prompt and appropriate treatment, many people with T-cell lymphoma can achieve long-term remission or even be cured.

The Leukemia L5178 cell line has been used in numerous studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. For example, researchers have used these cells to study the role of specific genes and proteins in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of environmental factors such as radiation and chemical carcinogens on cancer development.

In addition to its use in basic research, the Leukemia L5178 cell line has also been used as a model system for testing the efficacy of new anti-cancer drugs. These cells are often implanted into mice and then treated with different drug regimens to assess their ability to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Overall, the Leukemia L5178 cell line is a valuable tool for cancer researchers, providing a reliable and well-characterized model system for studying various aspects of cancer biology. Its use has contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression, and has helped to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease.

The term splenomegaly is used to describe any condition that results in an increase in the size of the spleen, regardless of the underlying cause. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as infection, inflammation, cancer, or genetic disorders.

Splenomegaly can be diagnosed through a physical examination, where the doctor may feel the enlarged spleen during an abdominal palpation. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of the splenomegaly.

Treatment for splenomegaly depends on the underlying cause. For example, infections such as malaria or mononucleosis are treated with antibiotics, while cancerous conditions may require surgical intervention or chemotherapy. In some cases, the spleen may need to be removed, a procedure known as splenectomy.

In conclusion, splenomegaly is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen that can be caused by various factors and requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Anatomy25

Organisms22

Diseases60

Chemicals and Drugs75

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science5

Health Care7

Incidence and occupational pattern of leukaemias, lymphomas, and testicular tumours in western Ireland over an 11 year period. (1/5761)

Tissue specific expression and chromosomal mapping of a human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: alpha1,3-d-mannoside beta1, 4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. (2/5761)

Bone marrow transplantation in pediatric patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia and leukemia. (3/5761)

Advances in therapy of multiple myeloma: lessons from acute leukemia. (4/5761)

The evolution of antibiotic therapy for neutropenic patients. (5/5761)

Toward a leukemia treatment strategy based on the probability of stem cell death: an essay in honor of Dr. Emil J Freireich. (6/5761)

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: therapeutic implications. (7/5761)

Cyclin A1 expression in leukemia and normal hematopoietic cells. (8/5761)

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Leukemia

Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute

Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell

Leukemia, Lymphoid

Leukemia, Experimental

Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive

Leukemia Virus, Murine

Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

Leukemia, T-Cell

Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute

Moloney murine leukemia virus

Leukemia, Hairy Cell

Leukemia L1210

Leukemia, B-Cell

Leukemia Virus, Bovine

Leukemia Virus, Feline

Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic

Leukemia, Radiation-Induced

Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein

Leukemia P388

Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute

Friend murine leukemia virus

HL-60 Cells

Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell

Cytarabine

Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute

AKR murine leukemia virus

Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl

Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase

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Remission Induction

Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

Antineoplastic Agents

Daunorubicin

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Leukemia, Plasma Cell

Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase

Karyotyping

K562 Cells

Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1

Cell Line

Leukemia, Prolymphocytic

Neoplasm Proteins

Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit

Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile

Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma

Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute

Base Sequence

Leukemic Infiltration

Asparaginase

fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3

Philadelphia Chromosome

Lymphoma

Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative

Molecular Sequence Data

Apoptosis

Graft vs Leukemia Effect

Abelson murine leukemia virus

Chromosome Aberrations

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit

Preleukemia

Prognosis

Immunophenotyping

Neoplasm, Residual

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Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic

Cytogenetic Analysis

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