Leucine. Medical search

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. This occurs in tissue cell cytosol, with high activity in the duodenum, liver, and kidney. The activity of this enzyme is commonly assayed using a leucine arylamide chromogenic substrate such as leucyl beta-naphthylamide.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

An octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. Leucine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-LEUCINE, to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoisocaproate) and AMMONIA, with the corresponding reduction of the cofactor NAD+.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain AMINO ACIDS to 2-oxoglutarate.

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway to LEUCINE, forming isopropyl malate from acetyl-CoA and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.12.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A family of transcription factors found primarily in PLANTS that bind to the G-box DNA sequence CACGTG or to a consensus sequence CANNTG.

Derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

A LEUCINE and DNA-binding protein that is found primarily in BACTERIA and ARCHAEA. It regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION involved in METABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS in response to the increased concentration of LEUCINE.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. It is involved in the biosynthesis of VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A zinc-containing sialoglycoprotein that is used to study aminopeptidase activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension. EC 3.4.11.3.

A mitochondrial flavoprotein, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA to 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA using FAD as a cofactor. Defects in the enzyme, is associated with isovaleric acidemia (IVA).

Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.

The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A ketone oxidoreductase that catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to ACYL-CoA and CO2. The enzyme requires THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE as a cofactor. Defects in genes that code for subunits of the enzyme are a cause of MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE. The enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.2.4.3.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of PYRUVATE in the biosynthesis of VALINE and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of ISOLEUCINE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.18.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Transforming protein coded by jun oncogenes (GENES, JUN). This is a gag-onc fusion protein of about 65 kDa derived from avian sarcoma virus. v-jun lacks a negative regulatory domain that regulates transcription in c-jun.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for KETONES.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Agents that improve the ability to carry out activities such as athletics, mental endurance, work, and resistance to stress. The substances can include PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; phytochemicals; and ILLICIT DRUGS.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

Glucose in blood.

A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Abstaining from all food.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).

Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KDa the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kDa proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kDa variants being formed.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

A family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that facilitate NEUROTRANSMITTER reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. They may play a role in regulating the intensity and duration of neurotransmission.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the deamination of THREONINE to 2-ketobutyrate and AMMONIA. The role of this enzyme can be biosynthetic or biodegradative. In the former role it supplies 2-ketobutyrate required for ISOLEUCINE biosynthesis, while in the latter it is only involved in the breakdown of threonine to supply energy. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.1.16.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Radioactive substances added in minute amounts to the reacting elements or compounds in a chemical process and traced through the process by appropriate detection methods, e.g., Geiger counter. Compounds containing tracers are often said to be tagged or labeled. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

EXOPEPTIDASES that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to free carboxyl groups of a protein molecule forming methyl esters. EC 2.1.1.-.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (1/5969)

In vitro and in vivo studies were made on the tissue specificity of oxidation of the ketogenic amino acids, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. In in vitro studies the abilities of slices of various tissues of rats to form 14CO2 from 14C-amino acids were examined. With liver, but not kidney slices, addition of alpha-ketoglutarate was required for the maximum activities with these amino acids. Among the various tissues tested, kidney had the highest activity for lysine oxidation, followed by liver; other tissues showed very low activity. Kidney also had the highest activity for leucine oxidation, followed by diaphragm; liver and adipose tissue had lower activities. Liver had the highest activity for tyrosine oxidation, but kidney also showed considerable activity; other tissues had negligible activity. In in vivo studies the blood flow through the liver or kidney was stopped by ligation of the blood vessels. Then labeled amino acids were injected and recovery of radioactivity in respiratory 14CO2 was measured. In contrast to results with slices, no difference was found in the respiratory 14CO2 when the renal blood vessels were or were not ligated. On the contrary ligation of the hepatic vessels suppressed the oxidations of lysine and tyrosine completely and that of leucine partially. Thus in vivo, lysine and tyrosine seem to be metabolized mainly in the liver, whereas leucine is metabolized mostly in extrahepatic tissues and partly in liver. Use of tissue slices seems to be of only limited value in elucidating the metabolisms of these amino acids. (+info)

A general method for selection of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient Lactococcus lactis mutants to improve diacetyl formation. (2/5969)

The enzyme acetolactate decarboxylase (Ald) plays a key role in the regulation of the alpha-acetolactate pool in both pyruvate catabolism and the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV). This dual role of Ald, due to allosteric activation by leucine, was used as a strategy for the isolation of Ald-deficient mutants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis. Such mutants can be selected as leucine-resistant mutants in ILV- or IV-prototrophic strains. Most dairy lactococcus strains are auxotrophic for the three amino acids. Therefore, the plasmid pMC004 containing the ilv genes (encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of IV) of L. lactis NCDO2118 was constructed. Introduction of pMC004 into ILV-auxotrophic dairy strains resulted in an isoleucine-prototrophic phenotype. By plating the strains on a chemically defined medium supplemented with leucine but not valine and isoleucine, spontaneous leucine-resistant mutants were obtained. These mutants were screened by Western blotting with Ald-specific antibodies for the presence of Ald. Selected mutants lacking Ald were subsequently cured of pMC004. Except for a defect in the expression of Ald, the resulting strain, MC010, was identical to the wild-type strain, as shown by Southern blotting and DNA fingerprinting. The mutation resulting in the lack of Ald in MC010 occurred spontaneously, and the strain does not contain foreign DNA; thus, it can be regarded as food grade. Nevertheless, its application in dairy products depends on the regulation of genetically modified organisms. These results establish a strategy to select spontaneous Ald-deficient mutants from transformable L. lactis strains. (+info)

Hmo1p, a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, genetically and physically interacts with the yeast FKBP12 prolyl isomerase. (3/5969)

The immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin bind to the cellular protein FKBP12, and the resulting FKBP12-drug complexes inhibit signal transduction. FKBP12 is a ubiquitous, highly conserved, abundant enzyme that catalyzes a rate-limiting step in protein folding: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization. However, FKBP12 is dispensible for viability in both yeast and mice, and therefore does not play an essential role in protein folding. The functions of FKBP12 may involve interactions with a number of partner proteins, and a few proteins that interact with FKBP12 in the absence of FK506 or rapamycin have been identified, including the ryanodine receptor, aspartokinase, and the type II TGF-beta receptor; however, none of these are conserved from yeast to humans. To identify other targets and functions of FKBP12, we have screened for mutations that are synthetically lethal with an FKBP12 mutation in yeast. We find that mutations in HMO1, which encodes a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, are synthetically lethal with mutations in the yeast FPR1 gene encoding FKBP12. Deltahmo1 and Deltafpr1 mutants share two phenotypes: an increased rate of plasmid loss and slow growth. In addition, Hmo1p and FKBP12 physically interact in FKBP12 affinity chromatography experiments, and two-hybrid experiments suggest that FKBP12 regulates Hmo1p-Hmo1p or Hmo1p-DNA interactions. Because HMG1/2 proteins are conserved from yeast to humans, our findings suggest that FKBP12-HMG1/2 interactions could represent the first conserved function of FKBP12 other than mediating FK506 and rapamycin actions. (+info)

Nuclear export of LIM-kinase 1, mediated by two leucine-rich nuclear-export signals within the PDZ domain. (4/5969)

LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates cofilin and regulates actin-filament dynamics. LIMK1, which contains two LIM domains and a single PDZ domain, localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm, but its mutant, deleted with the PDZ domain, localizes mainly in the nucleus, thereby indicating that the PDZ domain plays a role in the cytoplasmic localization of LIMK1. Here we provide evidence that the PDZ domain of LIMK1 contains two functional leucine-rich nuclear-export signals (NESs). The PDZ domain of LIMK1 fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST-PDZ), when injected into the nucleus, was rapidly excluded from the nucleus, but its mutant with replacements of conserved hydrophobic residues in two putative NESs by alanines remained in the nucleus. The nuclear export of GST-PDZ was sensitive to leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of nuclear export mediated by leucine-rich NESs. Malfunctional mutation of two NESs or LMB treatment prevented the nuclear export of full-length LIMK1 and induced its nuclear accumulation. These results suggest that the predominant localization of LIMK1 in the cytoplasm is supported by two NESs within the PDZ domain and that LIMK1 normally shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We also provide evidence that a short basic cluster sequence within the protein-kinase domain is involved in the nuclear import of LIMK1. (+info)

Ion binding and permeation through the lepidopteran amino acid transporter KAAT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (5/5969)

1. The transient and steady-state currents induced by voltage jumps in Xenopus oocytes expressing the lepidopteran amino acid co-transporter KAAT1 have been investigated by two-electrode voltage clamp. 2. KAAT1-expressing oocytes exhibited membrane currents larger than controls even in the absence of amino acid substrate (uncoupled current). The selectivity order of this uncoupled current was Li+ > Na+ approximately Rb+ approximately K+ > Cs+; in contrast, the permeability order in non-injected oocytes was Rb+ > K+ > Cs+ > Na+ > Li+. 3. KAAT1-expressing oocytes gave rise to 'pre-steady-state currents' in the absence of amino acid. The characteristics of the charge movement differed according to the bathing ion: the curves in K+ were strongly shifted (> 100 mV) towards more negative potentials compared with those in Na+, while in tetramethylammonium (TMA+) no charge movement was detected. 4. The charge-voltage (Q-V) relationship in Na+ could be fitted by a Boltzmann equation having V of -69 +/- 1 mV and slope factor of 26 +/- 1 mV; lowering the Na+ concentrations shifted the Q-V relationship to more negative potentials; the curves could be described by a generalized Hill equation with a coefficient of 1.6, suggesting two binding sites. The maximal movable charge (Qmax) in Na+, 3 days after injection, was in the range 2.5-10 nC. 5. Addition of the transported substrate leucine increased the steady-state carrier current, the increase being larger in high K+ compared with high Na+ solution; in these conditions the charge movement disappeared. 6. Applying Eyring rate theory, the energy profile of the transporter in the absence of organic substrate included a very high external energy barrier (25.8 RT units) followed by a rather deep well (1.8 RT units). (+info)

A surrogate measure of whole body leucine transport across the cell membrane. (6/5969)

Based on a mass-balance model, a surrogate measure of the whole body leucine transport into and out of cells under steady-state conditions was calculated as u/DeltaTTR, where u is the infusion rate of (stable label) leucine tracer and DeltaTTR is the difference between the tracer-to-tracee ratio of extracellular and intracellular leucine. The approach was evaluated in ten healthy subjects [8 males and 2 females; age, 31 +/- 9 (SD) yr; body mass index, 24.0 +/- 1.6 kg/m2] who received a primed (7.58 micromol/kg) constant intravenous infusion (7.58 micromol. kg-1. h-1) of L-[1-13C]leucine over 180 min (7 subjects) or 240 min (3 subjects). Five subjects were studied on two occasions >/=1 wk apart to assess reproducibility. Blood samples taken during the last 30 min of the leucine infusion were used to determine plasma leucine concentration (129 +/- 35 micromol/l), TTR of leucine (9.0 +/- 1.5%), and TTR of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (6.7 +/- 0.8%). The latter TTR was taken as the measure of the free intracellular leucine TTR. The whole body inward and outward transport was 6.66 +/- 3.82 micromol. kg-1. min-1; the rate of leucine appearance due to proteolysis was 1.93 +/- 0.24 micromol. kg-1. min-1. A positive linear relationship between the inward transport and plasma leucine was observed (P < 0.01), indicating the presence of the mass effect of leucine on its own transport. The transport was highly variable between subjects (between-subject coefficient of variation 57%) but reproducible (within-subject coefficient of variation 17%). We conclude that reproducible estimates of whole body transport of leucine across the cell membrane can be obtained under steady-state conditions with existing experimental and analytical procedures. (+info)

Transthyretin Leu12Pro is associated with systemic, neuropathic and leptomeningeal amyloidosis. (7/5969)

We report a middle-aged woman with a novel transthyretin (TTR) variant, Leu12Pro. She had extensive amyloid deposition in the leptomeninges and liver as well as the involvement of the heart and peripheral nervous system which characterizes familial amyloid polyneuropathy caused by variant TTR. Clinical features attributed to her leptomeningeal amyloid included radiculopathy, central hypoventilation, recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage, depression, seizures and periods of decreased consciousness. MRI showed a marked enhancement throughout her meninges and ependyma, and TTR amyloid deposition was confirmed by meningeal biopsy. The simultaneous presence of extensive visceral amyloid and clinically significant deposits affecting both the peripheral and central nervous system extends the spectrum of amyloid-related disease associated with TTR mutations. The unusual association of severe peripheral neuropathy with symptoms of leptomeningeal amyloid indicates that leptomeningeal amyloidosis should be considered part of the syndrome of TTR-related familial amyloid polyneuropathy. (+info)

Leucine metabolism in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition with medium-chain compared with long-chain triacylglycerol emulsions. (8/5969)

BACKGROUND: Although medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) may be utilized more efficiently than long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs), their effect on protein metabolism remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of mixed MCT-LCT and pure LCT emulsions on leucine metabolism in preterm infants. DESIGN: Fourteen preterm [gestational age: 30+/-1 wk; birth weight: 1409+/-78 g (x +/- SE)] neonates were randomly assigned to receive, from the first day of life, either a 50:50 MCT-LCT (mixed MCT group; n = 7) or an LCT (LCT group; n = 7) lipid emulsion as part of an isonitrogenous, isoenergetic total parenteral nutrition program. On the fourth day, infants received intravenous feeding providing 3 g lipid, 15 g glucose, and 3 g amino acids kg(-1) x d(-1) and underwent 1) indirect calorimetry and 2) a primed, 2-h infusion of H13CO3Na to assess the recovery of 13C in breath, immediately followed by 3) a 3-h infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine. RESULTS: The respiratory quotient tended to be slightly but not significantly higher in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (0.96+/-0.06 compared with 0.93+/-0.03). We did not detect a significant difference between the mixed MCT and LCT groups with regard to release of leucine from protein breakdown (B; 309+/-40 compared with 257+/-46 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; 296+/-36 compared with 285+/-49 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)). In contrast, leucine oxidation was greater in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (113+/-10 compared with 67+/-10 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1); P = 0.007). Net leucine balance (NOLD - B) was less positive in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (-14+/-9 compared with 28+/-10 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1); P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Mixed MCTs may not be as effective as LCT-containing emulsions in promoting protein accretion in parenterally fed preterm neonates. (+info)

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... During branched-chain amino acid degradation, MCC performs a single step in the breakdown of leucine to eventually yield acetyl ... Subramaniam R, Narayanan S, Walkowiak S, Wang L, Joshi M, Rocheleau H, Ouellet T, Harris LJ (Nov 2015). "Leucine metabolism ... MCC catalyzes the carboxylation of 3-methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase

Deaminated amino acids that are ketogenic, such as leucine, also feed TCA cycle, forming acetoacetate & ACoA and thereby ... Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine Kohlmeier M (2015). "Fatty acids". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes ( ... Ketone bodies Fatty acid metabolism Ketosis Ketogenic diet Kohlmeier M (2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenesis

... leucine zipper within a coiled-coil. These three motifs lie within exon 5, 16 and 17. The areas are either expressed or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM193A

Involvement of basic leucine zipper transcription factors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (50): 33741-9. doi:10.1074 ... ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor. Upon Grp78 dissociation, the entire ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded_protein_response

Leucine rich repeat containing 37A is a protein in humans that is encoded by the LRRC37A gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". ... "Entrez Gene: Leucine rich repeat containing 37A". Retrieved 2012-07-24. Jin H, Selfe J, Whitehouse C, Morris JR, Solomon E, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRC37A

Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LCMT2 gene. The protein encoded by this ... "Entrez Gene: LCMT2 leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 2". De Baere I, Derua R, Janssens V, et al. (2000). "Purification of ... porcine brain protein phosphatase 2A leucine carboxyl methyltransferase and cloning of the human homologue". Biochemistry. 38 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCMT2

"Entrez Gene: LRRC39 leucine rich repeat containing 39". Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, Bechtel ... Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC39 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRC39

Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC23 gene. The function of LRRC23 is ... "Entrez Gene: LRRC23 leucine rich repeat containing 23". Salomon B, Lenschow DJ, Rhee L, Ashourian N, Singh B, Sharpe A, ... It is a member of the leucine-rich repeat family of proteins, which are known for participating in protein-protein interactions ... Detected and aligned by RADAR, the most abundant repeat is the leucine-rich repeat, repeating 9 times in bases 89-287. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRC23

In total, there are 4 conserved domains within LRRIQ3: 3 leucine-rich repeats and 1 IQ calmodulin-binding motif. Leucine-rich ... LRRIQ3 (Leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 3), which is also known as LRRC44, is a protein that in humans is encoded ... "LRRIQ3 - Leucine-rich repeat and IQ domain-containing protein 3 - Homo sapiens (Human) - LRRIQ3 gene & protein". www.uniprot. ... Enkhbayar P, Kamiya M, Osaki M, Matsumoto T, Matsushima N (February 2004). "Structural principles of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRIQ3

In microcystin-LR these are leucine and arginine. Eighty microcystins have been identified to date, representing differences in ... leucine, methylaspartic acid and arginine leads to the coupled product. A nucleophilic attack of the nitrogen in the Adda ... and the leucine residue packs closely to another conserved tyrosine residue. Microcystin-LR is toxic for both humans and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcystin-LR

If X is leucine, the protein is geranylgeranylated. The second motif for prenylation is CXC, which, in the Ras-related protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylation

If a mutation in the IVD gene reduces or eliminates the activity of this enzyme, the body is unable to break down leucine ... Without biotin, leucine and isoleucine cannot be metabolized normally and results in elevated synthesis of isovaleric acid and ... Specifically, the enzyme is responsible for the third step in processing leucine, an essential amino acid. ... Treatment consists of dietary protein restriction, particularly leucine. During acute episodes, glycine is sometimes given, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleric_acidemia

... leucine, and isoleucine; 40 mg lysine hydrochloride; 30 mg serine; 20 mg each aspartic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxyproline, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPMI_1640

Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 48 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC48 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... "Entrez Gene: LRRC48 leucine rich repeat containing 48". CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRC48

Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LRRK1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl ... "Entrez Gene: LRRK1 leucine-rich repeat kinase 1". Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRK1

... , according to the genetic code, is Leucine. UUG is an acronym for: Uniface Users Group Universal Underwriters Group Unix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUG

Furthermore amino acids leucine and valine are assimilated. Carbohydrates that cannot be used are erythritol, D-arabinose, D- ... The bacterium is positive for alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrobacter_bussei

There are several leucine-rich nuclear export signals in the amino acid sequence of the protein. Making it likely to be ... "Analysis and prediction of leucine-rich nuclear export signals". Protein Engineering, Design and Selection. 17 (6): 527-536. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C13orf38

The most common polypeptide employed is poly-L-leucine. (7) Aryl alkyl (E)-enones have been epoxidized with high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_nucleophilic_epoxidation

la Cour T, Kiemer L, Mølgaard A, Gupta R, Skriver K, Brunak S (June 2004). "Analysis and prediction of leucine-rich nuclear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2orf16

"Entrez Gene: LZTR1 leucine-zipper-like transcription regulator 1". "OMIM Entry - * 600574 - LEUCINE ZIPPER-LIKE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ... Leucine-zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LZTR1 gene. The LZTR1 gene ... Initially described as a putative transcriptional regulator based on weak homology to members of the basic leucine zipper-like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZTR1

"Leucine zipper, down-regulated in cancer 1-like (Ldoc1l)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-02. Serment-Guerrero J, Cano ... "Ldoc1l leucine zipper, down-regulated in cancer 1-like [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. ... The RTL6 protein is localized to the nucleus and has a predicted leucine zipper motif that is known to bind nucleic acids in ... RTL6 contains a predicted leucine zipper motif known to participate in nucleic acid binding in other proteins. RTL6 also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL6

PepA, bovine lens LAP, and LAP-A preferentially cleave N-terminal leucine, arginine, and methionine residues. These enzymes are ... Gu YQ, Walling LL (March 2002). "Identification of residues critical for activity of the wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase ( ... Sträter N, Lipscomb WN (November 1995). "Two-metal ion mechanism of bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase: active site solvent ... Gu YQ, Walling LL (March 2002). "Identification of residues critical for activity of the wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucyl_aminopeptidase

Leucine is an example of a typical amino acid. Idiosyncratic amino acids - there are few similar amino acids that they can ... According to Grantham's distance, most similar amino acids are leucine and isoleucine and the most distant are cysteine and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_replacement

These amino acids have different characteristics; some are aliphatic and hydrophobic like Alanine and Leucine. Others, for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esculentin-2CHa

Chen JH, Wen L, Dupuis S, Wu JY, Rao Y (March 2001). "The N-terminal leucine-rich regions in Slit are sufficient to repel ... The functional region of Slit proteins is located within the leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Slit2 binds Robo1 in a flexible ... Howitt JA, Clout NJ, Hohenester E (November 2004). "Binding site for Robo receptors revealed by dissection of the leucine-rich ... Battye R, Stevens A, Perry RL, Jacobs JR (June 2001). "Repellent signaling by Slit requires the leucine-rich repeats". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit-Robo

"Analysis and prediction of leucine-rich nuclear export signals". Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 17 (6): 527-36. doi:10.1093/protein/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morn_repeat_containing_1

Kasai K, Suga K, Izumi T, Akagawa K (October 2008). "Syntaxin 8 has two functionally distinct di-leucine-based motifs". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STX8

It recognizes molecules that have leucine-rich nuclear export signals. The Crm1 is pulled to the large 60S subunit by the help ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_biogenesis

This gene encodes a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. The gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 20 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicentric_carpotarsal_osteolysis_syndrome

Infusion of leucine leads to an increase in thermogenesis, and at least one study in rats shows that leucine enhances fat loss ... In muscle cells leucine exposure increases their ability to burn fat for fuel.(5) The ability of leucine to increase protein ... The essential amino acid L-leucine is one of three BCAAs, along with isoleucine and valine. Of the three, leucine has become a ... After all, the muscle cannot synthesize new muscle proteins out of just leucine. The anabolic effect of leucine is dependent on ...

https://www.flexonline.com/nutrition/l-leucine

... l-leucine, play in the enhancement of anabolic signalling, ... This also justifies the leucine-bias of the ModernBCAA formula. ... AnabolicMinds.com , Forum , Supplement Forum , Supplement Companies , USPLabs , ModernBCAA and its high leucine content ... one reason that justifies a leucine-enriched BCAA complex such as ModernBCAA, as leucine is involved in the synthesis of other ... ModernBCAA and its high leucine content ModernBCAA is designed to exploit the fundamental role that BCAAs, in particular, l- ...

http://anabolicminds.com/forum/uspowders/215747-modernbcaa-its-high.html

Leucine rich repeat domain protein LRG, also known as LRG1, is important in neurodegenerative disease. Learn more about LRG ... Leucine-rich alpha 2-glycoprotein 1 (known as LRG1 or LRG) contains a leucine rich repeat domain and was first sequenced in ... 2013) Leucine-rich alpha 2-glycoprotein is a novel biomarker of neurodegenerative disease in human cerebrospinal fluid and ... Leucine Rich Repeat-containing Protein LRG. Detection of LRG protein enables biomedical research. ...

http://www.clontech.com/US/Products/Cell_Biology_and_Epigenetics/Brain_and_CNS/LRG_Focus?sitex=10020:22372:US&PEBCL1=9dsvDsyt7jQlzorDTxfePgKB1L&PEBCL1_pses=ZGFA7AC47FA40F843BFBE6FB2C11C00C72464DE9728219A78AB27D8F47EC1911D4830D82B604EEC879BD7E557AFFDB4E69834870B6AA7FD838

In previous studies using an 18-h constant infusion of [2H3]leucine, a 15% decrease in the rate of appearance (Ra) of leucine ... and leucine C (1.46 +/- 0.05 to 1.64 +/- 0.10 mumol X kg-1 X min-1, P less than 0.05) and leucine N (1.93 +/- 0.14 to 2.49 +/- ... leucine flux increases between 15 and 30 h of fasting. Because the only source of leucine in the postabsorptive periods is body ... incorporation of labeled leucine into and subsequent release from body protein could result in an apparent decrease in leucine ...

http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/247/3/E323

Human leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1), transcript variant 3 - 10 µg - RC226542 from OriGene ... LRRFIP1 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1), transcript variant 3 - 10 µg ... LRRFIP1 (Myc-DDK-tagged)-Human leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1), transcript variant 3. ...

https://www.bioscience.co.uk/product~177996

Leucine may need further examination, as it was unable to shown a between group difference compared to P but did minimize the ... Either leucine (250 mg/kg bm) or placebo was ingested at 3 time points during exercise and each recovery day following exercise ... Effect of Leucine Supplementation on Indices of Muscle Damage and Recovery Following Eccentric-Based Resistance Exercise. ASU ... Effect of Leucine Supplementation on Indices of Muscle Damage and Recovery Following Eccentric-Based Resistance Exercise. PDF ( ...

http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/listing.aspx?id=4142

Design: C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow diet, HFCD, HFCD supplemented with 1.5% leucine (HFCD+1.5% Leu group) or 3% leucine (HFCD ... Chronic leucine supplementation improves lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet * Jun Jiao ... were significantly decreased by supplemented leucine. At the protein level, leucine potently decreased the hepatic lipogenic ... Jiao, J., Han, S.-F., Zhang, W., Xu, J.-Y., Tong, X., Yin, X.-B., Yuan, L.-X., & Qin, L.-Q. (2016). Chronic leucine ...

https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/988

Product Number , 80688634. CAS Number , 328-38-1. EC , 206-327-7. Molecular Formula , C6H13NO2. Molecular Weight , 131.18. Storage Temp , Harmonized Tariff code , 29224985. Signal Word , ...

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Leucine. BCAA, Branch Chain Amino Acids for Muscle and Body Fitness Tagged: *Leucine ... leucine. The effect of leucine on protein synthesis appears t... ... Leucine and Protein Synthesis: mTOR and Beyond Tagged: *Leucine ... They include leucine, isoleucine and valine. These amino acids are not synthesized in man and must be obtained from foods. ... ... Essential amino acids include arginine, histidine and leucine, while nonessential amino acid include alanine, as... ...

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Home › Posts tagged amino acid leucine. Blog Archives Building Muscle With Amino Acids. Posted on February 23, 2012 by Jill ... Tags: amino acid leucine, amino acids building blocks, Building Muscle With Amino Acids, casein protein, isoleucine, leucin- ...

http://epicnutritiontoday.com/tag/amino-acid-leucine/

WHAT IS L-LEUCINE? L-LEUCINE is the free-form (single amino) version of the essential amino acid, Leucine. Leucine is the the ... and has also shown that adding Leucine to a high protein meal can increase protein synthesis by up to 40%. HOW TO USE L-LEUCINE ... Many athletes are also adding extra L-LEUCINE to traditional BCAAs, to reduce muscle breakdown during training, and muscle ... WHAT DOES IT DO? Recent research has revealed Leucines major role as a protein synthesis regulator, ...

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... or with leucine supplementation (LPL). Leucine was given in the drinking water during the last 4 weeks. As indicated by the ... art_FILIPUTTI_Augmentation_of_insulin_secretion_by_leucine_supplementation_2010.pdf. published version. 800.81 kB. Adobe PDF. ... Four groups were fed with different diets for 12 weeks: a normal protein diet (17%) without (NP) or with leucine ... In the present study, the influence of leucine supplementation on metabolic parameters, insulin secretion to glucose and to ...

http://www.repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/929?mode=full

... leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5). Available with optional GFP reporter or cell-specific promoter. ... leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5. Gene ID. 8549. Gene Synonyms. FEX; GPR49; GPR67; GRP49; HG38. ORF ...

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The Leucine operon leader is an RNA element found upstream of the first gene in the Leucine biosynthetic operon. The leader ... This structure forms when the cell has an excess of leucine and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. ... The leader also codes for very short peptide sequence that is rich in leucine amino acid. The terminator structure is ... Page for Leucine operon leader at Rfam v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine_operon_leader

Leucine responsive protein, or Lrp, is a global regulator protein, meaning that it regulates the biosynthesis of leucine, as ... Leucine-Responsive+Regulatory+Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e. ... de los Rios S, Perona JJ (March 2007). "Structure of the Escherichia coli leucine-responsive regulatory protein Lrp reveals a ... Baek, Chang-Ho; Wang, Shifeng; Roland, Kenneth L.; Curtiss, Roy (2009). "Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein (Lrp) Acts as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine-responsive_regulatory_protein

Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic acid, Glucose Monohydrate, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine acetate, ... Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic acid, Glucose Monohydrate, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine acetate, ... Alanine, Arginine, Calcium Chloride, Glucose Monohydrate, Glycine, Histidine,

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MATERNAL EMBRYONIC LEUCINE ZIPPER KINASE. A. 347. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: MELK, KIAA0175. EC: 2.7.11.1 (PDB ... Crystal Structure of Unphosphorylated Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase. Canevari, G., Re-Depaolini, S., Cucchi, U., ... Crystal structure of unphosphorylated Maternal Embryonic Leucine zipper Kinase (MELK) in complex with AMP-PNP. *DOI: 10.2210/ ...

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Hydrolyzed Casein and Whey Protein Supplementation and the Addition of Leucine to Induce Protein Anabolism in Malnourished COPD ... stimulate net whole-body protein synthesis in COPD patients with nutritional depletion without an additional effect of leucine ...

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... thymidine and leucine incorporation at station TT007_5-CTD58. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.122488 ... Leucine incorporation rate. Leu inc rate. pmol/l/h. Kirchman, David L. ... Kirchman, David L (2003): Bacterial abundance, thymidine and leucine incorporation. United States JGOFS Process Study Data 1989 ... Kirchman, David L (2003): Bacterial abundance, thymidine and leucine incorporation at station TT007_5-CTD58. PANGAEA, https:// ...

https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.122488

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Bacteria abundance and cell volume and thymidine/leucine incorporation at station TT049_20-7. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/ ... Ducklow, Hugh W (2003): Bacteria abundance and cell volume and thymidine/leucine incorporation at station TT049_20-7. PANGAEA, ... Ducklow, Hugh W (2003): Bacterial abundance, cell volume, thymidine and leucine incorporation. United States JGOFS Process ...

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Leucine-Rich Immune Factor APL1 Is Associated With Specific Modulation of Enteric Microbiome Taxa in the Asian Malaria Mosquito ... Here, we show that depletion of leucine-rich repeat immune factor APL1 in the Asian malaria mosquito is associated with higher ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/leucine-rich-immune-factor-apl1-is-associated-with-specific-modulation-of-enteric-microbiome-taxa-in-the-asian-malaria-mosquito/

Cambridge Isotope Laboratories offers L-LEUCINE (1-13C, 99%) for all your research needs. View pricing, availability and ...

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A comparative analysis of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (Lrrk2) expression in mouse brain and Lewy body disease. ...

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Excess Leucine. High amounts of Leucine supplement intake can cause ammonia buildup in the body. Too much ammonia circulating ... Servings of one ounce (28.7 grams) of foods that contain more Leucine, are:. *Isolated soy protein , 1.9 grams (g) of leucine ( ... FAO recommends 39 mg / kg / day and the RDA for leucine is estimated to be 45 mg / kg / day of leucine for sedentary people. ... Leucine is one of the 9 essential amino acids of the 20 that our cells have, which our body can not produce, so it must be ...

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Home » Health » What Is A Common Factor Between Leucine and Lysine?. What Is A Common Factor Between Leucine and Lysine?. by ... What Is Leucine?. Leucine is one of the 3 Branched chain amino acids that are a sub group of the nine essential amino acids. ... Leucine too is extremely useful in protein synthesis. Leucine is an α-amino acid,containing an α-amino group in protonated −NH3 ... Lineal Connection Between Leucine and Lysine. The connection between the two is dated back to the early days. The ancestral ...

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862.1460 Leucine aminopeptidase test system.. (a) Identification. A leucine aminopeptidase test system is a device intended to ... 862.1460 Leucine aminopeptidase test system.. §862.1465 Lipase test system.. §862.1470 Lipid (total) test system.. §862.1475 ... Leucine aminopeptidase measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases such as viral hepatitis and ... measure the activity of the enzyme leucine amino-peptidase in serum, plasma, and urine. ...

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Leucine. Leu. L. Isoleucine. Ile. I. Methionine. Met. M. Cysteine. Cys. C. ...

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Leucine is one of them. In several studies, researchers found that it helps explicitly with speeding up the synthesis of muscle ... Along with leucine, isoleucine helps with muscle recovery.. Studies show that isoleucine works specifically to slow protein ... The branched-chain amino acid blend includes leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The human body does not produce these three amino ...

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The essential amino acid L-leucine is one of three BCAAs, along with isoleucine and valine. (flexonline.com)
Eating foods rich in Branched Chain Amino Acids (Leucine, Isoleucine, & Valine) will greatly help maintain your muscles and contribute to the maintenance of the muscle-brain mutual feedback loop that also keeps your brain smart. (longerhealthylife.net)

The anabolic effect of leucine is dependent on the availability of essential amino acids. (flexonline.com)

She has recently completed research on Mount Everest, exploring the effects of leucine supplementation on the ability of climbers to keep muscle mass at altitude. (flexonline.com)
Studies of leucine supplementation clearly show that it can inhibit skeletal muscle breakdown. (flexonline.com)
Body fat may also be favorably affected by leucine supplementation. (flexonline.com)
Leucine supplementation has been reported to improve lipid metabolism. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
However, lipid metabolism in adipose tissues and liver has not been extensively studied for leucine supplementation in mice fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD). (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
Compared with HFCD, leucine supplementation lowered weight gain and TC levels in circulation and the liver without changing energy intake. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)
This study demonstrated that chronic leucine supplementation reduced the body weight and improved the lipid profile of mice fed with a HFCD. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)

Not only does leucine directly trigger muscle protein synthesis, it also inhibits protein breakdown (i.e., it's anticatabolic). (flexonline.com)
5) The ability of leucine to increase protein synthesis in muscle tissue, decrease fat storage, and increase fat burning makes leucine a true energy-partitioning supplement. (flexonline.com)
Twenty-five grams of whey protein provide 3 grams of leucine, which just happens to be the right amount to maximally stimulate protein synthesis. (flexonline.com)

L-LEUCINE is the 'free-form' (single amino) version of the essential amino acid, Leucine. (fitnessfanatic.com.au)

Many of the effects of leucine are associated with the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) transduction pathway in muscle cells. (flexonline.com)

In addition, leucine appears to have mTOR-independent anabolic effects as well. (flexonline.com)

You might be surprised to hear that something as simple as leucine, an amino acid that belongs to the group called branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), can have a big impact on how much you and how much you lose when faced with one of these challenges. (flexonline.com)
Many athletes are also adding extra L-LEUCINE to traditional BCAAs, to reduce muscle breakdown during training, and muscle soreness post-training. (fitnessfanatic.com.au)

In muscle cells leucine exposure increases their ability to burn fat for fuel. (flexonline.com)

Of the three, leucine has become a star because of its potent anabolic properties in muscle tissue. (flexonline.com)
leucine is a bona fide anabolic nutrient signal in muscle tissue. (flexonline.com)

Furthermore, serum levels of proinflammatory adipokines, such as leptin, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, were significantly decreased by supplemented leucine. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)

and at least one study in rats shows that leucine enhances fat loss and preserves muscle tissue during food restriction. (flexonline.com)

As you might have guessed by now, one of the most accessible sources of leucine combined with all essential amino acids is whey protein. (flexonline.com)

When dieting, however, I would recommend that you supplement with additional leucine in your protein drinks. (flexonline.com)

2) It should be clear why Dr. Wing-Gaia chose supplemental leucine to try to combat muscle loss at altitude. (flexonline.com)
After all, the muscle cannot synthesize new muscle proteins out of just leucine. (flexonline.com)
Power athletes, and especially bodybuilders most often use L-LEUCINE in conjunction with meals that are already high in protein, in order to accelerate muscle growth and recovery. (fitnessfanatic.com.au)

In her study, climbers were provided specially prepared food bars that contained the additional leucine. (flexonline.com)

C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow diet, HFCD, HFCD supplemented with 1.5% leucine (HFCD+1.5% Leu group) or 3% leucine (HFCD+3% Leu group) for 24 weeks. (foodandnutritionresearch.net)

Leucine aminopeptidase is a type of protein called an enzyme. (medlineplus.gov)
The leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) test measures how much of this enzyme is in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
On the other hand, radiolabel was removed efficiently from DAT in the presence of leucine aminopeptidase , a nonspecific exo-type aminopeptidase. (thefreedictionary.com)
Additional isoenzyme markers are currently being sought, including leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), which has been resolved with the same buffers as MDH. (thefreedictionary.com)
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), one of the important cancer-related biomarkers, is significantly over-expressed in many malignant tumor cells. (rsc.org)

Your search returned 16 basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 2 ELISA ELISA Kit across 3 suppliers. (biocompare.com)

Goal of 8 to 10% weight loss while consuming 150% of the recommended daily allowance of protein (i.e., 1.2 grams of protein per kg body weight per day) with the additional protein given in the form of whey protein, which has a high leucine content. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Very high leucine content (2400 mg/12 tabl. (sponser.de)

Leucine may help metabolized to produce energy, as can isoleucine and valine, the other branched-chain amino acids during periods of fasting or starvation. (healthy.net)
Leucine, like its cousins isoleucine and valine, is a hydrophobic amino acid that is found as a structural element on the interior of proteins and enzymes. (fsu.edu)
Leucine intervenes and acts with isoleucine and valine. (botanical-online.com)
This is a condition in which patients who suffer it can not metabolize leucine, isoleucine and valine which determines that these amino acids accumulate in the blood can cause serious damage to the body, even death. (botanical-online.com)

A leucine zipper (or leucine scissors) is a common three-dimensional structural motif in proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The localization of the leucines are critical for the DNA binding to the proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Leucine zippers are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic regulatory proteins, but are mainly a feature of eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Leucine also increases the levels of insulin in the blood, which leads to a similar effect on the proteins in muscle tissue. (news-medical.net)
leucine (lōō´sēn) , organic compund, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. (encyclopedia.com)
Leucine contributes to the structure of proteins into which it has been incorporated by the tendency of its side chain to participate in hydrophobic interactions. (encyclopedia.com)
Leucine ties glycine for the position of second most common amino acid found in proteins with a concentration of 7.5 percent on a molar basis compared to the other amino acids. (fsu.edu)
Spectrum™ Leucine, USP is a hydrophobic essential amino acid that is a component in astacin, ferritin and other buffer proteins. (fishersci.com)
Leucine has been shown to modulate the rate of protein synthesis, particularly by stimulating the activity of proteins involved in the translation process, which is critical for cells to control protein synthesis (Anthony et al . (scielo.br)
2004). When aminoacid storage, particularly leucine, is elevated, mTOR interacts with other proteins to form protein complexes in order to phosphorylate their key-components, which are in turn responsible for translating mRNA into proteins. (scielo.br)
Accumulating evidence on the developmental roles of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (class III HD-Zip) proteins implicate this family of genes as intriguing candidates for part of a basic plant patterning tool kit as they have been shown to be involved in several key developmental processes in the sporophyte body. (genetics.org)
Decorin and biglycan are modified post-translationally by substitution with chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAGs, whereas lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP have keratan sulphate side chains, and the core proteins have leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs that are characteristic of the LRR superfamily. (gu.se)
After all, the muscle cannot synthesize new muscle proteins out of just leucine. (flexonline.com)
In general, lower leucine levels are only reached by restriction of animal proteins. (nutritionfacts.org)

Therefore, this review aimed to identify the role of leucine in protein synthesis modulation and to discuss the metabolic aspects related to this aminoacid. (scielo.br)
The functional role of leucine in regulating TOR activity may help explain the extraordinary results reported in the Cornell-Oxford-China Study, "since quasi-vegan diets of modest protein content tend to be relatively low in leucine. (nutritionfacts.org)

Leucine is also important in the regulation of blood sugar levels since it acts as a source for gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates) in the liver. (news-medical.net)
The stucture of leucine was established by laboratory synthesis in 1891. (encyclopedia.com)
the problem with rice protein is that although it has a good amino profile, it has a miserably low amount of leucine (the amino acid most responsible for activating the mTOR pathway, which activates protein synthesis). (exrx.net)
Of the aminoacids, leucine is the most effective in stimulating protein synthesis and reducing proteolysis. (scielo.br)
Stimulate protein synthesis, improve recovery and build lean muscle with Leucine! (illpumpyouup.com)
Leucine in particular has emerged as a research proven, super-anabolic - a primary activator of protein synthesis which leads directly to the growth of new muscle tissue. (illpumpyouup.com)
Leucine stimulates protein synthesis through the anabolic mTOR pathway - basically, higher levels of Leucine activate the mTOR pathway which in turn activates protein synthesis. (illpumpyouup.com)
An elaborate signaling apparatus has evolved to harmonize mTORC1 kinase activation and protein synthesis with supplies of leucine and other amino acids ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
3 ) report that glucose modulates the functions of LARS1 in leucine sensing and disposition, thereby coordinating leucine-dependent mTORC1 activation and protein synthesis with cellular energy stores. (sciencemag.org)
Not only does leucine directly trigger muscle protein synthesis, it also inhibits protein breakdown (i.e., it's anticatabolic). (flexonline.com)
5) The ability of leucine to increase protein synthesis in muscle tissue, decrease fat storage, and increase fat burning makes leucine a true energy-partitioning supplement. (flexonline.com)
Twenty-five grams of whey protein provide 3 grams of leucine, which just happens to be the right amount to maximally stimulate protein synthesis. (flexonline.com)
Leucine is a branch chained amino acid, and is very good at one thing - stimulating skeletal muscle protein synthesis… Helping to grow muscle tissue, to you and me. (monstersupplements.com)
When muscle protein synthesis happens on a large scale, such as when you are working out, your muscles get bigger because of muscle protein synthesis - and Leucine is very good indeed at making that happen! (monstersupplements.com)
Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans which is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. (selleckchem.com)
Leucine also stimulates protein synthesis in muscle and is closely associated with the release of gluconeogenic precursors, such as alanine, from muscle [1] . (selleckchem.com)
Increase protein synthesis and lean muscle growth while enhancing muscle recovery with L-Leucine from Prime Nutrition. (evitamins.com)
Wang, Z. Synthesis and Antiviral Bioactivity of Chiral Thioureas Containing Leucine and Phosphonate Moieties. (mdpi.com)
The L-Leucine that this Source Natural product is named after promotes muscle protein synthesis and is thought to be a major component in hormonal reactions. (evitamins.com)
Leucine, one of the 9 essential amino acids-"essential" means it cannot be made by the body-is considered the "switch" that stimulates protein synthesis. (bodybuilding.com)
Interestingly, leucine has much greater power on stimulating protein synthesis compared to any other amino acid. (bodybuilding.com)
Upon ingesting increased concentrations of leucine, the elevated amino acid then signals mTOR that sufficient dietary protein exists, and switches on overall protein synthesis. (bodybuilding.com)
Leucine is considered the "switch" that stimulates protein synthesis. (bodybuilding.com)
The combination of whey protein and added leucine maximizes muscle protein synthesis before and after resistance exercise. (bodybuilding.com)
They found that the amount of leucine that was given to younger participants had no particular impact on protein synthesis. (bodybuilding.com)
In addition, rates of muscle protein synthesis reached similar peak levels regardless of whether the solution contained 26 or 41 percent leucine. (bodybuilding.com)

Of the essential amino acids leucine is perhaps the single most important for us exercising folk. (anabolicminds.com)
As you might have guessed by now, one of the most accessible sources of leucine combined with all essential amino acids is whey protein. (flexonline.com)
There may be 9 essential amino acids, but none is more important to the bodybuilder than leucine. (bodybuilding.com)
To better clarify the impact of essential amino acids, and in particular the impact of ingesting more (or less) leucine in comparison to the other essential amino acids, a study was completed at the University of Texas in Galveston. (bodybuilding.com)
The other condition provided 2.8 g of leucine, which made its leucine content 41 percent of the total amount of essential amino acids. (bodybuilding.com)

The bZIP domain is 60 to 80 amino acids in length with a highly conserved DNA binding basic region and a more diversified leucine zipper dimerization region. (wikipedia.org)

now show that leucyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase (LRS), which catalyzes the "charging" or aminoacylation of leucine to tRNA and also edits or proofreads amino acids, acts as a leucine sensor for mTORC1. (sciencemag.org)
Sestrin2 may not be a leucine sensor for mTORC1. (sciencemag.org)

The time has come for serious muscle growth - pick up a container of AllMax Nutrition Leucine today! (illpumpyouup.com)

The Leucine operon leader is an RNA element found upstream of the first gene in the Leucine biosynthetic operon. (wikipedia.org)
Structure of homeobox-leucine zipper genes suggests a model for the evolution of gene families. (ebi.ac.uk)
The gene encodes a 198 amino acids long leucine-rich repeat-containing protein of molecular mass 22568 Da. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Investigation of evolutionary and expressional relationships in the function of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene family (LRR-RLK) in the radish ( Raphanus sativus L. (nature.com)

An siRNA directed against LRS reduced the activation of mTORC1 in response to amino acids, leucine, and isoleucine (to a lesser extent) and reduced the lysosomal translocation of mTOR and Raptor in response to amino acid stimulation. (sciencemag.org)
Furthermore, leucine-stimulated activation of mTORC1 was increased in cells expressing wild-type LRS but not a form of LRS with mutations in a putative GAP motif. (sciencemag.org)
J. M. Han, S. J. Jeong, M. C. Park, G. Kim, N. H. Kwon, H. K. Kim, S. H. Ha, S. H. Ryu, S. Kim, Leucyl-tRNA synthetase is an intracellular leucine sensor for the mTORC1-signaling pathway. (sciencemag.org)
report that control of mTORC1 in response to glutamine does not require the Rag guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) implicated in the sensing of other amino acids such as leucine (see the Perspective by Abraham). (sciencemag.org)
We report that leucine and glutamine stimulate mTORC1 by Rag GTPase-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively. (sciencemag.org)
Leucine (Leu) ( 2 , 4 , 5 ), glutamine (Gln) ( 5 - 7 ), and arginine (Arg) ( 2 ) have been implicated in mTORC1 activation. (sciencemag.org)

The leader also codes for very short peptide sequence that is rich in leucine amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
Photo of soy, a vegetable very rich in leucine. (botanical-online.com)

Does increasing the amount of leucine from what is provided in a typical serving of whey protein result in positive changes in muscle protein metabolism? (bodybuilding.com)
In other words, the changes observed in muscle protein metabolism were similar in the young participants, whether the amount of leucine was 26 percent or 41 percent. (bodybuilding.com)

Professor Douglas Paddon-Jones from the University of Texas' department for nutrition and metabolism told us that protein and leucine could be a practical and affordable solution for sarcopenia, the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and strength associated with ageing, injury or illness. (dairyreporter.com)

They were first described by Landschulz and collaborators in 1988 when they found that an enhancer binding protein had a very characteristic 30-amino acid segment and the display of these amino acid sequences on an idealized alpha helix revealed a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns. (wikipedia.org)
With apolar amino acid residues at either the e or g position, a heterotetramer consisting of 2 different leucine zippers can be generated in-vitro, which implies that the overall hydrophobicity of the interaction surface and van der vaals interaction may alter the organization of coiled coils and play a role in the formation of leucine zipper heterodimer. (wikipedia.org)
leucine An aliphatic, non-polar, neutral amino acid that, unlike most amino acids, is sparingly soluble in water. (encyclopedia.com)
Leucine is an essential amino acid that the body can not synthesize and therefore must be provided by the diet. (botanical-online.com)
Although you can take supplements of leucine, it is recommended to meet the needs of this amino acid through a balanced diet . (botanical-online.com)
Nutritionally , in humans, leucine is an essential amino acid . (fact-index.com)
Leucine is the key amino acid for building muscle and everything else that matters. (exrx.net)
L-leucine is an essential, branched-chain amino acid. (europa.eu)
Leucine is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract either as the free amino acid or as a constituent of peptides. (europa.eu)
Elimination of L-leucine starts by deamination of the amino acid. (europa.eu)
Leucine is an essential amino acid that the body cannot manufacture. (herbalremedies.com)
Amino acid supplements prefaced by the letter L, such as L-Leucine, are more similar to the amino acids in the body than those that start with the letter D, with the exception of D-L phenylalanine, which treats chronic pain. (herbalremedies.com)
Applied Nutrition Leucine 4K is a high quality essential amino acid supplement. (monstersupplements.com)
Leucine is an essential amino acid that cannot by synthesised by the human body, meaning that supplementing it is required. (monstersupplements.com)
Our 100% L-Leucine Amino Acid is sourced from plant-based ingredients, using a highly refined process, making it perfect for vegetarian and vegan diets. (myprotein.com)
Whether you're a boxer, a runner, or a cardio king, 100% L-Leucine Amino Acid is a super-simple support to your daily regimen. (myprotein.com)
When to take 100% Vegan L-Leucine Amino Acid? (myprotein.com)
What does 100% Vegan L-Leucine Amino Acid work well with? (myprotein.com)
Our leucine is fantastic to give you an amino acid boost when you need it most, but to make sure you're getting your protein requirements, add Vegan Protein Blend to help you achieve your training goals. (myprotein.com)
Being anabolic is vital for building insanely dense muscle and the following will outline why the underestimated amino-acid, L-leucine, rises above the rest and is considered to be one of the best anabolic agents for bodybuilders! (bodybuilding.com)
Leucine is a branched chain amino acid that the liver readily converts to sugar. (drmirkin.com)
So taking leucine, a branched chain amino acid, helps to maintain blood sugar levels, but so will eating any source of carbohydrates. (drmirkin.com)
IB1001 (N-Acetyl-L-Leucine) is a modified amino-acid ester that is orally administered. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) seedlings contain five cyano glucosides derived from the amino acid l -leucine (Leu). (plantphysiol.org)
One amino acid in particular, leucine, appears to exert the greatest effect on TOR. (nutritionfacts.org)
Still on PI3K, leucine, the most anabolic amino acid around, is a powerful regulator of the insulin phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) signal cascade. (anabolicminds.com)
Three mutant KP elements were made that had either two amino acid substitutions or a single amino acid deletion in the putative leucine zipper domain found in the KP polypeptide. (genetics.org)
WHEY PEPTO LEUCINE of SPONSER ® is an instant drink powder with whey protein and the amino acid L-leucine. (sponser.de)
No source is better than whey protein , due to its high amino acid score, and more specifically its leucine content. (bodybuilding.com)

An experiment carried out as above without any addition of leucine gave 9732 grams of alcohol containing 040 per cent. (dictionary.com)
There is absolutely nothing else in this powerful formula -no fillers, no binders, just 5 grams of ultra-potent Leucine per serving! (illpumpyouup.com)
Twenty-six initially untrained men took either four grams per day of L-leucine or a corresponding amount of lactose. (anabolicminds.com)
Bottom line: I d suggest adding four grams of leucine to your postworkout protein shake for maximum performance and anabolic benefits. (anabolicminds.com)

wheat germ and oats also contain leucine. (healthy.net)
Buy Leucine supplements and products that contain leucine. (herbalremedies.com)

The purpose of this study is to determine whether consuming additional leucine during calorie restriction induced weight loss has beneficial or harmful effects on multi-organ (liver, muscle, adipose tissue) insulin sensitivity, colonocyte proliferation rates, the gut microbiome, muscle mass and function, and bone mineral density in obese, postmenopausal women. (clinicaltrials.gov)
In her study, climbers were provided specially prepared food bars that contained the additional leucine. (flexonline.com)
When dieting, however, I would recommend that you supplement with additional leucine in your protein drinks. (flexonline.com)

2) It should be clear why Dr. Wing-Gaia chose supplemental leucine to try to combat muscle loss at altitude. (flexonline.com)

Leucine is involved in another series of functions, such as metabolism of carbohydrates , facilitating the absorption of glucose by the cells, therefore it regulates the levels of blood sugar and it is suitable for diabetes . (botanical-online.com)
In this chapter we discuss evidence indicating that leucine improves insulin action and liver glucose metabolism through a metabolic sensing network in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). (springer.com)
Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms. (springer.com)
Activation of endogenous leucine intracellular metabolism produced longer-term reductions in meal number. (nih.gov)

Leucine by AllMax Nutrition contains ONLY 100% pure, superior quality, animal-free, fermented German Leucine - that's it! (illpumpyouup.com)
L-Leucine from Prime Nutrition works by increasing blood oxidation and therefore your training capacity so you can go harder, longer. (evitamins.com)
L-Leucine from Prime Nutrition can help amplify your muscles and maximize your workouts and athletic performance. (evitamins.com)

One of the most researched pathways of muscle growth is called the mTOR pathway (mechanistic target of rapamycin), and leucine activates complex muscle-building pathways via mTOR. (bodybuilding.com)

Leucine zipper motifs are considered a subtype of coiled coils, which are built by two or more alpha helices that are wound around each other to form a supercoil. (wikipedia.org)
This supports the multimer-poisoning model of P element repression, because leucine zipper motifs are involved in protein-protein interactions. (genetics.org)

It may be worth mentioning however that Leucine-based supplements (as in, with the name 'leucine' on the bottle) are springing up across pretty much all brands, at least here in Aus. (bullshido.net)
Leucine supplements are used to help treat diabetes, muscle wasting, twitching and tremors, and liver and brain damage in alcoholics. (herbalremedies.com)
A study from Australia showed that leucine helps athletes exercise longer (European Journal of Applied Physiology, August 2006), so now athletes are lining up to waste their money on supplements that are no more effective than any other source of sugar. (drmirkin.com)

The skeletal structure of leucine is shown below. (news-medical.net)
Here's what happens: Declining leucine levels signal mTOR that there's a lack of dietary protein present to synthesize new skeletal muscle protein, therefore disabling mTOR. (bodybuilding.com)

A deficiency of leucine can cause a biochemical malfunction producing hypoglycemia in infants. (healthy.net)
A Leucine deficency will cause symptoms of hypoglycemia such as dizziness, fatigue, headaches and irritability. (herbalremedies.com)

Spectrum Chemical manufactured USP LEUCINE products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) per 21CFR part 211 in FDA registered and inspected facilities. (fishersci.com)
As the chemical structure and reactivity, and the water solubility, log Kow and pKa values of L-leucine and L-valine are almost identical, it can be concluded that read-across for aquatic toxicity information between those 2 substances is acceptable. (europa.eu)
In this study, we combined chemical and genetic perturbants, including the development of a novel selective maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) inhibitor HTH-01-091, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MELK knockout, a novel chemical-induced protein degradation strategy, RNA interference and CRISPR interference to validate MELK as a therapeutic target in basal-like breast cancers (BBC). (rcsb.org)
To:Fmoc-L-Leucine (Shanghai agrotree chemical co.,ltd. (guidechem.com)

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 encodes a large, complex protein containing a kinase, a GTPase, and multiple protein-protein interaction domains. (alzforum.org)
The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (LRR-RLK) plays an important role in plant development and disease defence. (nature.com)

Sestrin regulation of TORC1: Is Sestrin a leucine sensor? (sciencemag.org)
The results show that the leucine zipper of the KP polypeptide is important for P element regulation. (genetics.org)
While central leucine reduces food intake and body weight, the specific neuroanatomical sites of leucine sensing, downstream neural substrates, and neurochemical effectors involved in this regulation remain largely unknown. (nih.gov)

The good news is that once you have the leucine taken care of (by utilising either approach above) the rice protein is every bit as good as whey. (exrx.net)
SPONSER ® WHEY PEPTO LEUCINE has been developed, with as base, the study of Chruchward- Venne [1] and thus provides at least an equivalent, if not an improved formulation compared to conventional protein formulations. (sponser.de)
3 In one condition, the solution contained 1.7 g of leucine (26 percent leucine which is commonly found in whey protein). (bodybuilding.com)

The ZIP domain is found in the alpha-helix of each monomer, and contains leucines, or leucine-like amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
These amino acids are spaced out in each region's polypeptide sequence in such a way that when the sequence is coiled in a 3D alpha-helix, the leucine residues line up on the same side of the helix. (wikipedia.org)
Leucine and isoleucine are among the 20 amino acids found naturally in the human body. (news-medical.net)
Leucine is one of the 20 most common amino acids on Earth , and coded for by DNA . (fact-index.com)
Additionally, Leucine has been shown to be critical in order for the body to fully utilize all the remaining amino acids - you may recall, there are 20 amino acids, commonly referred to as "the building blocks" of protein - in fact, protein serves thousands of functions in our body every day, and these functions are performed by various "groupings" of different amino acids. (illpumpyouup.com)
In the young group, when both amounts of leucine were provided, significant increases in blood levels of amino acids occurred very rapidly. (bodybuilding.com)

I actually watched a Layne Norton blog today where he talked about adding leucine to protein powders. (exrx.net)

Retrieved on April 06, 2020 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-are-Leucine-and-Isoleucine.aspx. (news-medical.net)

Get your dose of L-Leucine by Source Naturals and take advantage of the capsule and powder forms for the best fit for you. (evitamins.com)

Class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (class III HD-Zip) genes, identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , provide good candidates for basic land plant patterning genes. (genetics.org)
3,4) In vitro it's been shown that in fat cells exposed to leucine, genes that are needed to create fat are suppressed. (flexonline.com)

Leucine zippers are a dimerization motif of the bZIP (Basic-region leucine zipper) class of eukaryotic transcription factors. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of leucine zippers, leucines are predominant at the d position of the heptad repeat. (wikipedia.org)

Subsequently, L-leucine is transported to the liver and used as protein building blocks. (europa.eu)
Leucine is metabolized in the MBH to generate a neurogenic signal that is relayed to the liver via the vagus nerve to modulate the partition of glucose fluxes resulting in an overall decrease of glucose output. (springer.com)

Mediobasal hypothalamic leucine sensing regulates food intake through activation of a hypothalamus-brainstem circuit. (springer.com)
To reach the leucine intake provided by dairy or meat, we'd have to eat nine pounds of cabbage-about four big heads-or 100 apples. (nutritionfacts.org)
Here we demonstrate that MBH leucine engages a neural energy regulatory circuit by stimulating POMC (proopiomelanocortin) neurons of the MBH, oxytocin neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamus, and neurons within the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract to acutely suppress food intake by reducing meal size. (nih.gov)

This region is a plant specific leucine zipper that is always found associated with a homeobox [ PMID: 7915839 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)

Leucine Zippers

Leucyl Aminopeptidase

Keto Acids

Isoleucine

Amino Acids

Leucine Dehydrogenase

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Valine

Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Leucine Transaminase

2-Isopropylmalate Synthase

Phenylalanine

Carbon Isotopes

Base Sequence

Kinetics

Protein Biosynthesis

Mutation

RNA, Transfer, Leu

Norleucine

Proteins

Amino Acids, Essential

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Glutamine

Alanine

DNA-Binding Proteins

Transcription Factors

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Escherichia coli

Nitrogen

G-Box Binding Factors

Caproates

Dimerization

Pentanoic Acids

Insulin

Binding Sites

Muscle Proteins

Leucine-tRNA Ligase

Oxidation-Reduction

Transaminases

Protein Binding

Nutritional Requirements

Proline

Carbon Radioisotopes

Structure-Activity Relationship

Tritium

Pellagra

Dietary Proteins

Amino Acid Substitution

Cell Line

Lysine

Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein

Methionine

Glucose

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Liver

Oxo-Acid-Lyases

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Threonine

3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase

Protein Conformation

Biological Transport

Models, Molecular

DNA

Cystinyl Aminopeptidase

Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase

Deuterium

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Recombinant Proteins

Glycine

Peptides

Bacterial Proteins

Muscle, Skeletal

Nitrogen Isotopes

Transcription, Genetic

Aminopeptidases

Dicarboxylic Acids

Decarboxylation

TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases