Leucine. Medical search

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. This occurs in tissue cell cytosol, with high activity in the duodenum, liver, and kidney. The activity of this enzyme is commonly assayed using a leucine arylamide chromogenic substrate such as leucyl beta-naphthylamide.

An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

An octameric enzyme belonging to the superfamily of amino acid dehydrogenases. Leucine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidative deamination of L-LEUCINE, to 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (2-ketoisocaproate) and AMMONIA, with the corresponding reduction of the cofactor NAD+.

Amino acids which have a branched carbon chain.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain.

A PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE containing enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain AMINO ACIDS to 2-oxoglutarate.

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic pathway to LEUCINE, forming isopropyl malate from acetyl-CoA and alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.12.

An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying leucine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Amino acids that are not synthesized by the human body in amounts sufficient to carry out physiological functions. They are obtained from dietary foodstuffs.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

A family of transcription factors found primarily in PLANTS that bind to the G-box DNA sequence CACGTG or to a consensus sequence CANNTG.

Derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

An enzyme that activates leucine with its specific transfer RNA. EC 6.1.1.4.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).

Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

A LEUCINE and DNA-binding protein that is found primarily in BACTERIA and ARCHAEA. It regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION involved in METABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS in response to the increased concentration of LEUCINE.

A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond of a 3-hydroxy acid. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 4.1.3.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

An NAD+ dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 3-carboxy-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate. It is involved in the biosynthesis of VALINE; LEUCINE; and ISOLEUCINE.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A zinc-containing sialoglycoprotein that is used to study aminopeptidase activity in the pathogenesis of hypertension. EC 3.4.11.3.

A mitochondrial flavoprotein, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA to 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA using FAD as a cofactor. Defects in the enzyme, is associated with isovaleric acidemia (IVA).

Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.

Stable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.

The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A ketone oxidoreductase that catalyzes the overall conversion of alpha-keto acids to ACYL-CoA and CO2. The enzyme requires THIAMINE DIPHOSPHATE as a cofactor. Defects in genes that code for subunits of the enzyme are a cause of MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE. The enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.2.4.3.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of PYRUVATE in the biosynthesis of VALINE and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of ISOLEUCINE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.18.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Enzymes that catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond leading to unsaturated products via the removal of water. EC 4.2.1.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Cellular proteins and protein complexes that transport amino acids across biological membranes.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Transforming protein coded by jun oncogenes (GENES, JUN). This is a gag-onc fusion protein of about 65 kDa derived from avian sarcoma virus. v-jun lacks a negative regulatory domain that regulates transcription in c-jun.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A class of enzymes that catalyze geometric or structural changes within a molecule to form a single product. The reactions do not involve a net change in the concentrations of compounds other than the substrate and the product.(from Dorland, 28th ed) EC 5.

Oxidoreductases that are specific for KETONES.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Agents that improve the ability to carry out activities such as athletics, mental endurance, work, and resistance to stress. The substances can include PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; phytochemicals; and ILLICIT DRUGS.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.

A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

Glucose in blood.

A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

Abstaining from all food.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A subclass of enzymes which includes all dehydrogenases acting on primary and secondary alcohols as well as hemiacetals. They are further classified according to the acceptor which can be NAD+ or NADP+ (subclass 1.1.1), cytochrome (1.1.2), oxygen (1.1.3), quinone (1.1.5), or another acceptor (1.1.99).

Calculation of the energy expenditure in the form of heat production of the whole body or individual organs based on respiratory gas exchange.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are considered the major physiological kinases for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6. Unlike RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 90KDa the proteins in this family are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of RAPAMYCIN and contain a single kinase domain. They are referred to as 70kDa proteins, however ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs for proteins in this class also results in 85kDa variants being formed.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Amino acids containing an aromatic side chain.

A family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that facilitate NEUROTRANSMITTER reuptake into PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. They may play a role in regulating the intensity and duration of neurotransmission.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Amino acid transporter systems capable of transporting neutral amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, NEUTRAL).

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the deamination of THREONINE to 2-ketobutyrate and AMMONIA. The role of this enzyme can be biosynthetic or biodegradative. In the former role it supplies 2-ketobutyrate required for ISOLEUCINE biosynthesis, while in the latter it is only involved in the breakdown of threonine to supply energy. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.1.16.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of the amino acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

Peptides composed of two amino acid units.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The production of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS by the constituents of a living organism. The biosynthesis of proteins on RIBOSOMES following an RNA template is termed translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). There are other, non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NUCLEIC ACID-INDEPENDENT) mechanisms carried out by PEPTIDE SYNTHASES and PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASES. Further modifications of peptide chains yield functional peptide and protein molecules.

A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Radioactive substances added in minute amounts to the reacting elements or compounds in a chemical process and traced through the process by appropriate detection methods, e.g., Geiger counter. Compounds containing tracers are often said to be tagged or labeled. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

EXOPEPTIDASES that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to free carboxyl groups of a protein molecule forming methyl esters. EC 2.1.1.-.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (1/5969)

In vitro and in vivo studies were made on the tissue specificity of oxidation of the ketogenic amino acids, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. In in vitro studies the abilities of slices of various tissues of rats to form 14CO2 from 14C-amino acids were examined. With liver, but not kidney slices, addition of alpha-ketoglutarate was required for the maximum activities with these amino acids. Among the various tissues tested, kidney had the highest activity for lysine oxidation, followed by liver; other tissues showed very low activity. Kidney also had the highest activity for leucine oxidation, followed by diaphragm; liver and adipose tissue had lower activities. Liver had the highest activity for tyrosine oxidation, but kidney also showed considerable activity; other tissues had negligible activity. In in vivo studies the blood flow through the liver or kidney was stopped by ligation of the blood vessels. Then labeled amino acids were injected and recovery of radioactivity in respiratory 14CO2 was measured. In contrast to results with slices, no difference was found in the respiratory 14CO2 when the renal blood vessels were or were not ligated. On the contrary ligation of the hepatic vessels suppressed the oxidations of lysine and tyrosine completely and that of leucine partially. Thus in vivo, lysine and tyrosine seem to be metabolized mainly in the liver, whereas leucine is metabolized mostly in extrahepatic tissues and partly in liver. Use of tissue slices seems to be of only limited value in elucidating the metabolisms of these amino acids. (+info)

A general method for selection of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient Lactococcus lactis mutants to improve diacetyl formation. (2/5969)

The enzyme acetolactate decarboxylase (Ald) plays a key role in the regulation of the alpha-acetolactate pool in both pyruvate catabolism and the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV). This dual role of Ald, due to allosteric activation by leucine, was used as a strategy for the isolation of Ald-deficient mutants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis. Such mutants can be selected as leucine-resistant mutants in ILV- or IV-prototrophic strains. Most dairy lactococcus strains are auxotrophic for the three amino acids. Therefore, the plasmid pMC004 containing the ilv genes (encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of IV) of L. lactis NCDO2118 was constructed. Introduction of pMC004 into ILV-auxotrophic dairy strains resulted in an isoleucine-prototrophic phenotype. By plating the strains on a chemically defined medium supplemented with leucine but not valine and isoleucine, spontaneous leucine-resistant mutants were obtained. These mutants were screened by Western blotting with Ald-specific antibodies for the presence of Ald. Selected mutants lacking Ald were subsequently cured of pMC004. Except for a defect in the expression of Ald, the resulting strain, MC010, was identical to the wild-type strain, as shown by Southern blotting and DNA fingerprinting. The mutation resulting in the lack of Ald in MC010 occurred spontaneously, and the strain does not contain foreign DNA; thus, it can be regarded as food grade. Nevertheless, its application in dairy products depends on the regulation of genetically modified organisms. These results establish a strategy to select spontaneous Ald-deficient mutants from transformable L. lactis strains. (+info)

Hmo1p, a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, genetically and physically interacts with the yeast FKBP12 prolyl isomerase. (3/5969)

The immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin bind to the cellular protein FKBP12, and the resulting FKBP12-drug complexes inhibit signal transduction. FKBP12 is a ubiquitous, highly conserved, abundant enzyme that catalyzes a rate-limiting step in protein folding: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization. However, FKBP12 is dispensible for viability in both yeast and mice, and therefore does not play an essential role in protein folding. The functions of FKBP12 may involve interactions with a number of partner proteins, and a few proteins that interact with FKBP12 in the absence of FK506 or rapamycin have been identified, including the ryanodine receptor, aspartokinase, and the type II TGF-beta receptor; however, none of these are conserved from yeast to humans. To identify other targets and functions of FKBP12, we have screened for mutations that are synthetically lethal with an FKBP12 mutation in yeast. We find that mutations in HMO1, which encodes a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, are synthetically lethal with mutations in the yeast FPR1 gene encoding FKBP12. Deltahmo1 and Deltafpr1 mutants share two phenotypes: an increased rate of plasmid loss and slow growth. In addition, Hmo1p and FKBP12 physically interact in FKBP12 affinity chromatography experiments, and two-hybrid experiments suggest that FKBP12 regulates Hmo1p-Hmo1p or Hmo1p-DNA interactions. Because HMG1/2 proteins are conserved from yeast to humans, our findings suggest that FKBP12-HMG1/2 interactions could represent the first conserved function of FKBP12 other than mediating FK506 and rapamycin actions. (+info)

Nuclear export of LIM-kinase 1, mediated by two leucine-rich nuclear-export signals within the PDZ domain. (4/5969)

LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates cofilin and regulates actin-filament dynamics. LIMK1, which contains two LIM domains and a single PDZ domain, localizes predominantly in the cytoplasm, but its mutant, deleted with the PDZ domain, localizes mainly in the nucleus, thereby indicating that the PDZ domain plays a role in the cytoplasmic localization of LIMK1. Here we provide evidence that the PDZ domain of LIMK1 contains two functional leucine-rich nuclear-export signals (NESs). The PDZ domain of LIMK1 fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST-PDZ), when injected into the nucleus, was rapidly excluded from the nucleus, but its mutant with replacements of conserved hydrophobic residues in two putative NESs by alanines remained in the nucleus. The nuclear export of GST-PDZ was sensitive to leptomycin B (LMB), a specific inhibitor of nuclear export mediated by leucine-rich NESs. Malfunctional mutation of two NESs or LMB treatment prevented the nuclear export of full-length LIMK1 and induced its nuclear accumulation. These results suggest that the predominant localization of LIMK1 in the cytoplasm is supported by two NESs within the PDZ domain and that LIMK1 normally shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We also provide evidence that a short basic cluster sequence within the protein-kinase domain is involved in the nuclear import of LIMK1. (+info)

Ion binding and permeation through the lepidopteran amino acid transporter KAAT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (5/5969)

1. The transient and steady-state currents induced by voltage jumps in Xenopus oocytes expressing the lepidopteran amino acid co-transporter KAAT1 have been investigated by two-electrode voltage clamp. 2. KAAT1-expressing oocytes exhibited membrane currents larger than controls even in the absence of amino acid substrate (uncoupled current). The selectivity order of this uncoupled current was Li+ > Na+ approximately Rb+ approximately K+ > Cs+; in contrast, the permeability order in non-injected oocytes was Rb+ > K+ > Cs+ > Na+ > Li+. 3. KAAT1-expressing oocytes gave rise to 'pre-steady-state currents' in the absence of amino acid. The characteristics of the charge movement differed according to the bathing ion: the curves in K+ were strongly shifted (> 100 mV) towards more negative potentials compared with those in Na+, while in tetramethylammonium (TMA+) no charge movement was detected. 4. The charge-voltage (Q-V) relationship in Na+ could be fitted by a Boltzmann equation having V of -69 +/- 1 mV and slope factor of 26 +/- 1 mV; lowering the Na+ concentrations shifted the Q-V relationship to more negative potentials; the curves could be described by a generalized Hill equation with a coefficient of 1.6, suggesting two binding sites. The maximal movable charge (Qmax) in Na+, 3 days after injection, was in the range 2.5-10 nC. 5. Addition of the transported substrate leucine increased the steady-state carrier current, the increase being larger in high K+ compared with high Na+ solution; in these conditions the charge movement disappeared. 6. Applying Eyring rate theory, the energy profile of the transporter in the absence of organic substrate included a very high external energy barrier (25.8 RT units) followed by a rather deep well (1.8 RT units). (+info)

A surrogate measure of whole body leucine transport across the cell membrane. (6/5969)

Based on a mass-balance model, a surrogate measure of the whole body leucine transport into and out of cells under steady-state conditions was calculated as u/DeltaTTR, where u is the infusion rate of (stable label) leucine tracer and DeltaTTR is the difference between the tracer-to-tracee ratio of extracellular and intracellular leucine. The approach was evaluated in ten healthy subjects [8 males and 2 females; age, 31 +/- 9 (SD) yr; body mass index, 24.0 +/- 1.6 kg/m2] who received a primed (7.58 micromol/kg) constant intravenous infusion (7.58 micromol. kg-1. h-1) of L-[1-13C]leucine over 180 min (7 subjects) or 240 min (3 subjects). Five subjects were studied on two occasions >/=1 wk apart to assess reproducibility. Blood samples taken during the last 30 min of the leucine infusion were used to determine plasma leucine concentration (129 +/- 35 micromol/l), TTR of leucine (9.0 +/- 1.5%), and TTR of alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (6.7 +/- 0.8%). The latter TTR was taken as the measure of the free intracellular leucine TTR. The whole body inward and outward transport was 6.66 +/- 3.82 micromol. kg-1. min-1; the rate of leucine appearance due to proteolysis was 1.93 +/- 0.24 micromol. kg-1. min-1. A positive linear relationship between the inward transport and plasma leucine was observed (P < 0.01), indicating the presence of the mass effect of leucine on its own transport. The transport was highly variable between subjects (between-subject coefficient of variation 57%) but reproducible (within-subject coefficient of variation 17%). We conclude that reproducible estimates of whole body transport of leucine across the cell membrane can be obtained under steady-state conditions with existing experimental and analytical procedures. (+info)

Transthyretin Leu12Pro is associated with systemic, neuropathic and leptomeningeal amyloidosis. (7/5969)

We report a middle-aged woman with a novel transthyretin (TTR) variant, Leu12Pro. She had extensive amyloid deposition in the leptomeninges and liver as well as the involvement of the heart and peripheral nervous system which characterizes familial amyloid polyneuropathy caused by variant TTR. Clinical features attributed to her leptomeningeal amyloid included radiculopathy, central hypoventilation, recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage, depression, seizures and periods of decreased consciousness. MRI showed a marked enhancement throughout her meninges and ependyma, and TTR amyloid deposition was confirmed by meningeal biopsy. The simultaneous presence of extensive visceral amyloid and clinically significant deposits affecting both the peripheral and central nervous system extends the spectrum of amyloid-related disease associated with TTR mutations. The unusual association of severe peripheral neuropathy with symptoms of leptomeningeal amyloid indicates that leptomeningeal amyloidosis should be considered part of the syndrome of TTR-related familial amyloid polyneuropathy. (+info)

Leucine metabolism in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition with medium-chain compared with long-chain triacylglycerol emulsions. (8/5969)

BACKGROUND: Although medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) may be utilized more efficiently than long-chain triacylglycerols (LCTs), their effect on protein metabolism remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of mixed MCT-LCT and pure LCT emulsions on leucine metabolism in preterm infants. DESIGN: Fourteen preterm [gestational age: 30+/-1 wk; birth weight: 1409+/-78 g (x +/- SE)] neonates were randomly assigned to receive, from the first day of life, either a 50:50 MCT-LCT (mixed MCT group; n = 7) or an LCT (LCT group; n = 7) lipid emulsion as part of an isonitrogenous, isoenergetic total parenteral nutrition program. On the fourth day, infants received intravenous feeding providing 3 g lipid, 15 g glucose, and 3 g amino acids kg(-1) x d(-1) and underwent 1) indirect calorimetry and 2) a primed, 2-h infusion of H13CO3Na to assess the recovery of 13C in breath, immediately followed by 3) a 3-h infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine. RESULTS: The respiratory quotient tended to be slightly but not significantly higher in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (0.96+/-0.06 compared with 0.93+/-0.03). We did not detect a significant difference between the mixed MCT and LCT groups with regard to release of leucine from protein breakdown (B; 309+/-40 compared with 257+/-46 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; 296+/-36 compared with 285+/-49 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)). In contrast, leucine oxidation was greater in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (113+/-10 compared with 67+/-10 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1); P = 0.007). Net leucine balance (NOLD - B) was less positive in the mixed MCT than in the LCT group (-14+/-9 compared with 28+/-10 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1); P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Mixed MCTs may not be as effective as LCT-containing emulsions in promoting protein accretion in parenterally fed preterm neonates. (+info)

Human metabolic pathway for HMB and isovaleryl-CoA relative to L-leucine.[1][2][3] Of the two major pathways, L-leucine is ... HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385-388. ISBN 978-0-12-387784-0 ... metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA

Human metabolic pathway for HMB and isovaleryl-CoA relative to L-leucine.[1][2][3] Of the two major pathways, L-leucine is ... 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA or β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine.[1][2][3] ... HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385-388. ISBN 978-0-12-387784-0 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA

See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans - this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3- ... Leucine[edit]. The leucine synthesis pathway diverges from the valine pathway beginning with α-ketoisovalerate. α- ... Pyruvate: alanine, valine, and leucine[edit]. Pyruvate, the end result of glycolysis, can feed into both the TCA cycle and ... Leucine, like valine, regulates the first step of its pathway by inhibiting the action of the α-Isopropylmalate synthase.[21] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis

Treatment includes lowering leucine intake and a specialized diet to make up for the lack of leucine ingestion. CID 70 from ... are metabolic intermediates in the metabolic pathway for L-leucine. Leucine is an essential amino acid, and its degradation is ... HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... The degradation of L-leucine in the muscle to this compound allows for the production of the amino acids alanine and glutamate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketoisocaproic_acid

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... During branched-chain amino acid degradation, MCC performs a single step in the breakdown of leucine to eventually yield acetyl ... Subramaniam R, Narayanan S, Walkowiak S, Wang L, Joshi M, Rocheleau H, Ouellet T, Harris LJ (Nov 2015). "Leucine metabolism ... MCC catalyzes the carboxylation of 3-methylcrotonyl CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovaleric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... Localized in the mitochondria, AUH is responsible for the fifth step in the leucine degradation pathway and deficiencies in ... AUH is seen to catalyze the transformation of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA in the leucine ... 2000). Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglutaconyl-CoA_hydratase

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A (HMB-CoA), also known as 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA, is a metabolite of L-leucine that is ... Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385-388 ... Metabolism of L-leucine "KEGG Reaction: R10759". Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Kanehisa Laboratories. Retrieved 24 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyryl-CoA

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... This enzyme participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation. It employs one cofactor, FAD. As of late 2007, only one ... Tanaka K, Budd MA, Efron ML, Isselbacher KJ (1966). "Isovaleric acidemia: a new genetic defect of leucine metabolism". Proc. ... 2000). Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA_dehydrogenase

Kohlmeier M (2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385-388. ... Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine Gunsior M, Ravel J, Challis GL, Townsend CA (Jan 2004). "Engineering p- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase

Its metabolic precursor and metabolic product in the leucine metabolic pathway are β-leucine and β-ketoisocaproyl-CoA, ... Metabolism of L-LEUCINE CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Leucine metabolism". BRENDA. Technische Universität ... Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385-388 ... β-Ketoisocaproic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Ketoisocaproic_acid

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... 2000). Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. ... Metabolism of L-leucine Bahnson BJ, Anderson VE, Petsko GA (February 2002). "Structural mechanism of enoyl-CoA hydratase: three ... metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase

HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB ... HMG-CoA is a metabolic intermediate in the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acids, which include leucine, isoleucine, and ... "Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation - Reference pathway". Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Kanehisa Laboratories ... 2000). Kohlmeier M (May 2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMG-CoA

Deaminated amino acids that are ketogenic, such as leucine, also feed TCA cycle, forming acetoacetate & ACoA and thereby ... Figure 8.57: Metabolism of L-leucine Kohlmeier M (2015). "Fatty acids". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes ( ... Ketone bodies Fatty acid metabolism Ketosis Ketogenic diet Kohlmeier M (2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenesis

... leucine aminopeptidase; urease; arginase; several phosphatases and phosphoesterases-that includes two bridging carboxylate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAP2

"The biosynthesis of leucine. III. The conversion of α-hydroxy-β-carboxyisocaproate to α-ketoisocaproate". Biochemistry. 2 (5): ... an Intermediate in Leucine Biosynthesis". Biochemistry. 3 (12): 2024-7. doi:10.1021/bi00900a043. PMID 14269331. Parsons SJ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Isopropylmalate_dehydrogenase

... leucine and alanine. The amino acid moves in the opposite direction of glutamine. In the opposite direction of the amino acid, ... a corresponding molecule is transported; for alanine this molecule is lactate; for leucine, α-ketoisocaproate. The ammonia ... enzyme reaction in the neurons is transaminated into α-ketoisocaproate to form the branched-chain amino acid leucine, which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate–glutamine_cycle

... in the biosynthesis of leucine. Gross SR, Burns RO, Umbarger HE (1963). "The biosynthesis of leucine. II. The enzymic ... an intermediate in leucine biosynthesis". Biochemistry. 3 (12): 2024-7. doi:10.1021/bi00900a043. PMID 14269331. Cole FE, ... of alpha isopropylmalate and the mechanism of its conversion to beta isopropylmalate in the biosynthesis of leucine". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Isopropylmalate_dehydratase

Leucine beta-Ergocryptine. CH(CH3)2. CH(CH3)CH2CH3 (S). Isoleucine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline

Leucine. 1.797 g. Lysine. 2.011 g. Methionine. 0.657 g. Cystine. 0.329 g. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_(food)

Leucine. 1.027 g. Lysine. 0.497 g. Methionine. 0.300 g. Cystine. 0.271 g. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_(genus)

Leucine. 1.488 g. Lysine. 0.580 g. Methionine. 0.151 g. Cystine. 0.189 g. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond

See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans - this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase

Leucine. 0.890 g. Lysine. 0.369 g. Methionine. 0.395 g. Cystine. 0.189 g. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili_nut

Leucine. 2.163 g. Lysine. 1.276 g. Methionine. 0.933 g. Cystine. 0.672 g. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp

Leucine**. 5.5 g. 9.623 g. 7.132 g 10.597 g. 7.654 g. 6.296 g. 7.532 g. 7.334 g. 8.608 g. 6.1 g. 9.475 g. 9.5 g. 9.321 g ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_quality

Leucine. 1.075 g. Lysine. 0.904 g. Methionine. 0.392 g. Cystine. 0.292 g. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggs

Leucine. 4.947 g. Lysine. 3.025 g. Methionine. 1.149 g. Cystine. 0.662 g. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)

See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans - this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_cleavage_system

leucine (countable and uncountable, plural leucines) *(biochemistry) An essential amino acid, C6H13NO2, isomeric with ... Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=leucine&oldid=55308983" ...

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leucine

D-leucine (CHEBI:28225) is a leucine (CHEBI:25017). L-leucine (CHEBI:15603) is a leucine (CHEBI:25017). leucinium (CHEBI:32628 ... is conjugate acid of leucine (CHEBI:25017). leucinate (CHEBI:32627) is conjugate base of leucine (CHEBI:25017). leucine residue ... leucine (CHEBI:25017) has role Daphnia magna metabolite (CHEBI:83056) leucine (CHEBI:25017) is a α-amino acid (CHEBI:33704) ... leucine (CHEBI:25017) is a branched-chain amino acid (CHEBI:22918) leucine (CHEBI:25017) is conjugate acid of leucinate (CHEBI: ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:25017

The leucines are primarily the four isomeric amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, tert-leucine and norleucine. Being compared with ... L-Leucine. L-Isoleucine. L-tert-Leucine (Terleucine). L-Norleucine Other names 2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid,. Isobutylglycine ... Including the stereoisomers, six further isomers could be added: D-leucine, D-isoleucine, L-alloisoleucine, D-alloisoleucine, D ... Leucine and isoleucine belong to the proteinogenic amino acids; the others are non-natural. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucines

Other names: L-Leucine; Leucine, L-; L-«alpha»-Aminoisocaproic acid; «alpha»-Amino-«gamma»-methylvaleric acid; (S)-(+)-Leucine ... L-(+)-Leucine; Leu; Pentanoic acid, 2-amino-4-methyl-, (S)-; 2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, (L)-; 2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid ... Leucine; (S)-2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid; L-Norvaline, 4-methyl-; NSC 46709 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=Leu&Units=SI

Leucine aminopeptidase is a type of protein called an enzyme. It is normally found in liver cells and cells of the small ... Leucine aminopeptidase is a type of protein called an enzyme. It is normally found in liver cells and cells of the small ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003617.htm

These have a high degree of homology to GCN4 which is a yeast leucine zipper that also binds DNA. schematic of a leucine zipper ... The leucines occur at regular intervals in the sequence, seven residues apart. In many cases, the joining of the two components ... These helices contain a large number of the amino acid leucine, which forms an interdigitating hydrophobic interface allowing ...

https://everything2.com/title/leucine+zipper

acid amino amino acid biology chemistry hydrophobic leucine model science structure Safe for Work?. Yes. Download. SVG (Vector) ... A ball-and-stick model structure of non-polar, hydrophobic amino acid leucine (Leu, L). Carbon in blue-grey, oxygen in red, ... Leucine (amino acid). by J_Alves - uploaded on May 20, 2010, 4:37 am ...

https://openclipart.org/detail/61363/leucine-amino-acid

Leucine definition, a white, crystalline, water-soluble amino acid, C6H13NO2, obtained by the decomposition of proteins and ... leucine. leu enkephalin, leuc-, leucaena, leucas, leucemia, leucine, leucinuria, leucippus, leucite, leuco base, leuco- ... leucine. *. An experiment carried out as above without any addition of leucine gave 9732 grams of alcohol containing 040 per ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/leucine

The leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) test measures how much of this enzyme is in your blood. ... Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) - blood. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St ... The leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) test measures how much of this enzyme is in your blood. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003559.htm

DescriptionL-leucine-skeletal.svg. English: Chemical structure of L-leucine, shown as non-charged molecule ... File:L-leucine-skeletal.svg. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository ... Information ,Description={{en,1=Chemical structure of L-leucine, shown as non-charged molecule}} ,Source={{own}} ,Author= ... Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:L-leucine-skeletal.svg&oldid=54893831" ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AL-leucine-skeletal.svg

Definition of leucine hypoglycemia. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms and ... leucine hypoglycemia. Definition: reduction in blood glucose concentration produced by administration of leucine; believed to ...

https://www.drugs.com/dict/leucine-hypoglycemia.html

Leucine and isoleucine are among the 20 amino acids found naturally in the human body. They are very similar in structure but ... Role of leucine in the body. Both these amino acids have many essential roles in the body, but despite their similar structure ... Leucine also increases the levels of insulin in the blood, which leads to a similar effect on the proteins in muscle tissue. ... Leucine and isoleucine are among the 20 amino acids found naturally in the human body. They are very similar in structure but ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-are-Leucine-and-Isoleucine.aspx

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C25322638&Units=CAL

Both L-leucine and D-leucine protect mice against seizures. D-leucine also terminates seizures in mice after the onset of ... Leucines, the isomers and derivatives of leucine Leucine zipper, a common motif in transcription factor proteins This reaction ... The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases, leucine binding to leucyl-tRNA synthetase, leucine binding ... and urinary leucine excretion were observed with leucine intakes >500 mg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹. The oxidation of l-[1-¹³C]-leucine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine

leucine synonyms, leucine pronunciation, leucine translation, English dictionary definition of leucine. n. An essential amino ... Related to leucine: glutamine. leu·cine. (lo͞o′sēn′). n.. An essential amino acid, C6H13NO2, obtained by the hydrolysis of ... leu•cine. (ˈlu sin, -sɪn) n. one of the essential amino acids, (CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COOH, present in most proteins. Abbr.: Leu; ... Leucine - definition of leucine by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/leucine ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/leucine

Structure of homeobox-leucine zipper genes suggests a model for the evolution of gene families.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... This region is a plant specific leucine zipper that is always found associated with a homeobox [PMID: 7915839]. ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR003106

β-Leucine (beta-leucine) is a beta amino acid and positional isomer of L-leucine which is naturally produced in humans via the ... Metabolism of L-leucine Archived 22 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine "Leucine metabolism". BRENDA. Technische Universität ... is initially catalyzed by leucine aminomutase, producing β-leucine, which is subsequently metabolized into β-ketoisocaproate (β ... A small fraction of L-leucine metabolism - less than 5% in all tissues except the testes where it accounts for about 33% - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Leucine

Make research projects and school reports about leucine easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and ... posses regions in which leucines are arranged in configurations called leucine zippers. Leucine was isolated from cheese in an ... Leucine can be degraded into simpler compounds by the enzymes of the body. Leucine contributes to the structure of proteins ... leucine (lōō´sēn), organic compund, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. Only the l-stereooisomer ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biochemistry/biochemistry/leucine

... you can slow this process by engaging in exercise and consuming optimal amounts of leucine. ... you can slow this process by engaging in exercise and consuming optimal amounts of leucine. ... Leucine Is Crucial to Prevent Muscle Depletion. Analysis by Dr. Joseph Mercola Fact Checked ...

https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2020/12/17/leucine.aspx

... or aminoacylation of leucine to tRNA and also edits or proofreads amino acids, acts as a leucine sensor for mTORC1. However, ... Furthermore, leucine-stimulated activation of mTORC1 was increased in cells expressing wild-type LRS but not a form of LRS with ... Leucine-stimulated GTP hydrolysis by RagD was increased in transfected cells expressing wild-type LRS but not the F50A/Y25A ... Phe50 and Tyr52 in LRS form the hydrophobic pocket that accommodates the side chain of leucine, and a form of LRS containing ...

https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/5/222/ec121

More information: Foods rich in leucine. Leucine supplements. Although you can take supplements of leucine, it is recommended ... What is leucine?. Leucine is an essential amino acid that the body can not synthesize and therefore must be provided by the ... Leucine prevents dwarfism, buy means of stimulating the growth hormone. Leucine is necessary for proper mental health, helping ... Foods containing leucine. Animal foods are those that contain more leucine, especially cheese and protein supplements made from ...

https://www.botanical-online.com/english/leucine-properties.htm

The structural modification includes addition or deletion of a leucine-based motif or parts thereof. In one embodiment, methods ... Preferably, the duplet of amino acid is a leucine-leucine, a leucine-isoleucine, an isoleucine-leucine or an isoleucine- ... Even more preferably, the duplet is a leucine-leucine.. In one embodiment, the leucine-based motif is xDxxxLL (SEQ ID NO: 1), ... Preferably, the leucine-based motif is fused to the light chain of BoNT/E at the carboxyl terminal. The fusion of the leucine- ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US7393925?dq=7,321,221

Find patient medical information for Leucine Oral on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures ... Leucine 0.1 Gram-15 Kcal/4 Gram Oral Powder Packet. GENERIC NAME(S): Leucine ... More Resources for Leucine 0.1 Gram-15 Kcal/4 Gram Oral Powder Packet. *Find Lowest Prices on ... How to use Leucine 0.1 Gram-15 Kcal/4 Gram Oral Powder Packet. Consult your pharmacist or physician. ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-146649/leucine-oral/details

leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1. Names. [Phosphatase 2A protein]-leucine-carboxy methyltransferase 1. protein phosphatase ... LCMT1 leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 [Homo sapiens] LCMT1 leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1 [Homo sapiens]. Gene ID: ... leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 1provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:17557 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000205629 MIM: ... protein C-terminal leucine carboxyl O-methyltransferase activity IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51451

... is one of the 20 most common amino acids on Earth, and coded for by DNA. Its chemical composition is identical ... Nutritionally, in humans, leucine is an essential amino acid.\n Fact-index.com financially supports the Wikimedia Foundation. ...

http://www.fact-index.com/l/le/leucine.html

L-Leucine even more so. I used BCAAs successfully when I was in Japan in the hospital, but that was because I didnt know that ... So its not likely BCAAs and L-Leucine are going to be worth the cash at this point.. And ironmaiden, I understand you have ... So its not likely BCAAs and L-Leucine are going to be worth the cash at this point.. And ironmaiden, I understand you have ... What is the benefit of L-Leucine supplementation?. Ive been reading about it, but I keep hitting a conceptual wall - if BCAAs ...

https://exrx.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=6199&p=41245

5g of leucine post workout seems good. hmmm I dunno about whey + leucine to be honest.. The reason for adding it to the rice ... Ive been having the leucine+whey combo for months now. 5g of leucine post workout seems good ... 2 - Add leucine to the rice protein. 3g or so would be enough, although Id probably add 5 just because I prefer the number 5. ... I wonder then what the upper limit of leucine is to be effective? I mean you cant surely just keep on adding more and more... ...

https://exrx.net/forum/viewtopic.php?p=96366

LRR_AMN1; leucine-rich repeat [structural motif]. cl26161. Location:167 → 272. LRR_RI; Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), ... LRR_AMN1; leucine-rich repeat [structural motif]. cl26161. Location:167 → 272. LRR_RI; Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), ... LRR_AMN1; leucine-rich repeat [structural motif]. cl26161. Location:167 → 272. LRR_RI; Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), ... LRR_AMN1; leucine-rich repeat [structural motif]. cl26161. Location:167 → 272. LRR_RI; Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/115353

The leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) test measures how much of this enzyme is in your blood. Your urine can also be checked for ... Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) - blood. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St ... The leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) test measures how much of this enzyme. is in your blood. ...

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/medical-tests/003559

As a consequence, acute toxicity to fish is not expected to occur upon exposure to the L-leucine up to a concentration of 1000 ... This is further confirmed by the result of the QSAR (EcoSAR, EpiSuite) that predicted an 96h-LC50 of , 33000 mg/L for L-leucine ... As the chemical structure and reactivity, and the water solubility, log Kow and pKa values of L-leucine and L-valine are almost ... No test results for L-leucine are available. However, based on test results available for read-across substance L-valine it can ...

https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/11897/6/2/2

Yep I take it, as part of a BCAA supplement, but this article seems to indicate the benefit of taking Leucine by itself with food. (bullshido.net)
Allmax Nutrition Leucine is research proven to be the most anabolic BCAA. (illpumpyouup.com)
L-Leucine is an essential amino acid, specifically classified as a 'branched-chain amino acid' (BCAA). (iherb.com)
Three branched chain amino acids(BCAA), L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine compose one third of all muscle tissues. (patientslikeme.com)
Leucine is a BCAA, or branched-chain amino acid - they naturally occur in protein, which helps to build and repair new muscle 1 . (myprotein.com)
L-leucine (leucine for short) is an essential amino acid and is considered to be the strongest and most important Branch Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) for inducing anabolism because of its involvement in stimulating the signal for protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. (bodybuilding.com)
L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway. (selleckchem.com)
There are several aspects of the 'science behind the formulation', and a lot of these center around the unique role that leucine, the chief BCAA and EAA, plays in the initiation and mediation of anabolic signalling and muscle protein synthesis. (anabolicminds.com)
Herein comes the advantage of consuming a leucine-enriched BCAA compex such as ModernBCAA. (anabolicminds.com)
We have already established that intra- and post-exercise dosing of a leucine-enriched BCAA complex , such as ModernBCAA, are useful, both to counteract the exercise-induced transient inhibition in protein synthesis during exercise (itself due to the activation of AMPK caused by lowered cellular status reflected by decreased ATP/AMP ratio and glycogen depletion. (anabolicminds.com)

Leucine may help metabolized to produce energy, as can isoleucine and valine, the other branched-chain amino acids during periods of fasting or starvation. (healthy.net)
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine (another amino acid) are grouped together as branched chain amino acids or BCAAs. (news-medical.net)
Summary: Branched chain amino acids are amino acids composed of amino acids leucine , isoleucine and valine amino acids. (thefreedictionary.com)
Leucine, like its cousins isoleucine and valine, is a hydrophobic amino acid that is found as a structural element on the interior of proteins and enzymes. (fsu.edu)
Leucine intervenes and acts with isoleucine and valine. (botanical-online.com)
This is a condition in which patients who suffer it can not metabolize leucine, isoleucine and valine which determines that these amino acids accumulate in the blood can cause serious damage to the body, even death. (botanical-online.com)
Long associated with the related BCAAs, isoleucine and valine, leucine has lately emerged as a uniquely powerful anabolic agent in its own right. (prosource.net)
The essential amino acid L-leucine is one of three BCAAs, along with isoleucine and valine. (flexonline.com)

These helices contain a large number of the amino acid leucine , which forms an interdigitating hydrophobic interface allowing the helices to stick. (everything2.com)
A ball-and-stick model structure of non-polar, hydrophobic amino acid leucine (Leu, L). Carbon in blue-grey, oxygen in red, nitrogen in green, hydrogen in silver. (openclipart.org)
NV-5138 binds to and modulates sestrin, a recently discovered cellular sensor protein for the amino acid leucine , a potent natural activator of mTORC1. (thefreedictionary.com)
Paddon-Jones and colleagues were now in the process of writing up a second NASA-funded study, splitting middle-aged, bed-rest patients between two groups: one supplemented with the amino acid leucine and one without. (dairyreporter.com)
Two papers ( 37 , 38 ) suggest that amino acid leucine disrupts the Sestrin2-GATOR2 interaction, thereby modulating the ability of Sestrin2 to inhibit TORC1 signaling. (sciencemag.org)
This product utilizes the amino acid leucine to help boost the overall quality of your athletic training. (evitamins.com)

Factors such as lifestyle choices, age, gender, diet, exercise, etc. must be factored into the analyses to isolate the effects of supplemental leucine as a standalone, or if taken with other branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). (wikipedia.org)
Dietary restriction of leucine and the other BCAAs can reverse diet-induced obesity in wild-type mice by increasing energy expenditure, and can restrict fat mass gain of hyperphagic rats. (wikipedia.org)
BCAAs, which are three essential amino acids called leucine , valine, and isoleucine, are meant to help increase muscle mass in people who are interested in bodybuilding, though some scientists believe this claim to be "unwarranted. (thefreedictionary.com)
I've been thinking about possibly supplementing with BCAAs or L-Leucine to ensure I have sufficient quality protein no matter what my meal. (exrx.net)
So it's not likely BCAAs and L-Leucine are going to be worth the cash at this point. (exrx.net)
BCAAs, especially leucine, stimulate muscle protein synthesis and may be the major fuel involved in anabolic reactions. (iherb.com)
You might be surprised to hear that something as simple as leucine, an amino acid that belongs to the group called branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), can have a big impact on how much you and how much you lose when faced with one of these challenges. (flexonline.com)
BCAAs, including L-leucine, are required for protein synthesis necessary for muscle growth, in addition to helping to support healing of injured tissues and the healthy functioning of the liver and nervous systems. (purebulk.com)
L-leucine, along with the other BCAAs, are commonly consumed as a dietary supplement by weightlifters and performance athletes in workout routines. (purebulk.com)
ModernBCAA is designed to exploit the fundamental role that BCAAs, in particular, l-leucine, play in the enhancement of anabolic signalling, initiation translation, and muscle protein synthesis. (anabolicminds.com)
To put it simply, BCAAs, particularly leucine, stimulate anabolic signalling through a variety of molecular mechanisms that are both mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent. (anabolicminds.com)
This implies that BCAAs can penetrate cells and initiate translation, independent of insulin, thus further underlining the key significance of BCAAs, especially leucine, in anabolic-anticatabolic processes. (anabolicminds.com)

This might be due to the effect of leucine to stimulate mTOR signaling. (wikipedia.org)
This effect of leucine arises results from its role as an activator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates protein biosynthesis and cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
2011). Effect of leucine supplementation on indices of muscle damage following drop jumps and resistance exercise. (anabolicminds.com)
The anabolic effect of leucine is dependent on the availability of essential amino acids. (flexonline.com)

Long-term leucine supplementation does not increase muscle mass or strength in healthy elderly men. (wikipedia.org)
What is the benefit of L-Leucine supplementation? (exrx.net)
The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of 10-weeks leucine supplementation on muscle growth, metabolism, body composition, inflammation and wellbeing in adolescents and young adults with CP. (clinicaltrials.gov)
However, there has been no investigation of the effects of leucine supplementation on any of these parameters in CP. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Protein and leucine may be a useful tool in tackling muscle wasting, but if individuals are already consuming enough of the nutrients, supplementation may not have much impact, according to a researcher. (dairyreporter.com)
2011). Daily L-leucine supplementation in novice trainees during a 12-week weight-training program. (anabolicminds.com)
She has recently completed research on Mount Everest, exploring the effects of leucine supplementation on the ability of climbers to keep muscle mass at altitude. (flexonline.com)
Studies of leucine supplementation clearly show that it can inhibit skeletal muscle breakdown. (flexonline.com)
Body fat may also be favorably affected by leucine supplementation. (flexonline.com)
Guo K, Yu YH, Hou J, Zhang Y. Chronic leucine supplementation improves glycemic control in etiologically distinct mouse models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. (springer.com)

Leucine aminopeptidase is a type of protein called an enzyme. (medlineplus.gov)
The leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) test measures how much of this enzyme is in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
On the other hand, radiolabel was removed efficiently from DAT in the presence of leucine aminopeptidase , a nonspecific exo-type aminopeptidase. (thefreedictionary.com)
Additional isoenzyme markers are currently being sought, including leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), which has been resolved with the same buffers as MDH. (thefreedictionary.com)
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), one of the important cancer-related biomarkers, is significantly over-expressed in many malignant tumor cells. (rsc.org)

Leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid, a minor leucine metabolite, exhibit pharmacological activity in humans and have been demonstrated to promote protein biosynthesis via the phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). (wikipedia.org)
The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases, leucine binding to leucyl-tRNA synthetase, leucine binding to sestrin 2, and possibly other mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
found that LRS immunoprecipitated with mTOR and Raptor in a leucine-dependent manner. (sciencemag.org)
An siRNA directed against LRS reduced the activation of mTORC1 in response to amino acids, leucine, and isoleucine (to a lesser extent) and reduced the lysosomal translocation of mTOR and Raptor in response to amino acid stimulation. (sciencemag.org)
the problem with rice protein is that although it has a good amino profile, it has a miserably low amount of leucine (the amino acid most responsible for activating the mTOR pathway, which activates protein synthesis). (exrx.net)
1 - Take a large enough serving of rice protein that the leucine amount increases to the point necessary for mTOR activation. (exrx.net)
2004). When aminoacid storage, particularly leucine, is elevated, mTOR interacts with other proteins to form protein complexes in order to phosphorylate their key-components, which are in turn responsible for translating mRNA into proteins. (scielo.br)
Leucine stimulates protein synthesis through the anabolic mTOR pathway - basically, higher levels of Leucine activate the mTOR pathway which in turn activates protein synthesis. (illpumpyouup.com)
Many of the effects of leucine are associated with the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) transduction pathway in muscle cells. (flexonline.com)
In addition, leucine appears to have mTOR-independent anabolic effects as well. (flexonline.com)
Although mechanical strain and growth factors can also activate mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), leucine remains one of the most potent activators of mTOR. (anabolicminds.com)
By activating mTOR, leucine triggers translation initiation and translational control. (anabolicminds.com)

Goal of 8 to 10% weight loss while consuming 150% of the recommended daily allowance of protein (i.e., 1.2 grams of protein per kg body weight per day) with the additional protein given in the form of whey protein, which has a high leucine content. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Very high leucine content (2400 mg/12 tabl. (sponser.de)

Like valine and isoleucine, leucine is a branched-chain amino acid. (wikipedia.org)

Therefore, this review aimed to identify the role of leucine in protein synthesis modulation and to discuss the metabolic aspects related to this aminoacid. (scielo.br)
The functional role of leucine in regulating TOR activity may help explain the extraordinary results reported in the Cornell-Oxford-China Study, "since quasi-vegan diets of modest protein content tend to be relatively low in leucine. (nutritionfacts.org)

Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
As a dietary supplement, leucine has been found to slow the degradation of muscle tissue by increasing the synthesis of muscle proteins in aged rats. (wikipedia.org)
Leucine also increases the levels of insulin in the blood, which leads to a similar effect on the proteins in muscle tissue. (news-medical.net)
leucine (lōō´sēn) , organic compund, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. (encyclopedia.com)
Leucine contributes to the structure of proteins into which it has been incorporated by the tendency of its side chain to participate in hydrophobic interactions. (encyclopedia.com)
Leucine ties glycine for the position of second most common amino acid found in proteins with a concentration of 7.5 percent on a molar basis compared to the other amino acids. (fsu.edu)
Spectrum™ Leucine, USP is a hydrophobic essential amino acid that is a component in astacin, ferritin and other buffer proteins. (fishersci.com)
Leucine has been shown to modulate the rate of protein synthesis, particularly by stimulating the activity of proteins involved in the translation process, which is critical for cells to control protein synthesis (Anthony et al . (scielo.br)
Accumulating evidence on the developmental roles of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (class III HD-Zip) proteins implicate this family of genes as intriguing candidates for part of a basic plant patterning tool kit as they have been shown to be involved in several key developmental processes in the sporophyte body. (genetics.org)
Decorin and biglycan are modified post-translationally by substitution with chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAGs, whereas lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP have keratan sulphate side chains, and the core proteins have leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs that are characteristic of the LRR superfamily. (gu.se)
Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are 20-29-residue sequence motifs present in a number of proteins with diverse functions. (nih.gov)
After all, the muscle cannot synthesize new muscle proteins out of just leucine. (flexonline.com)
In general, lower leucine levels are only reached by restriction of animal proteins. (nutritionfacts.org)

The amino acid profile of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (Table 2) showed presence of essential amino acids such as methionine (0.37%), lysine (1.32%), leucine (1.95%) and iso-leucine (0.825%) which are lower than that reported by Moyo et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
Of the essential amino acids leucine is perhaps the single most important for us exercising folk. (anabolicminds.com)
As you might have guessed by now, one of the most accessible sources of leucine combined with all essential amino acids is whey protein. (flexonline.com)
Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans which is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. (selleckchem.com)

The vast majority of L-leucine metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, producing α-ketoisocaproate (α-KIC). (wikipedia.org)
β-Leucine (beta-leucine) is a beta amino acid and positional isomer of L-leucine which is naturally produced in humans via the metabolism of L-leucine by the enzyme leucine 2,3-aminomutase. (wikipedia.org)
A small fraction of L-leucine metabolism - less than 5% in all tissues except the testes where it accounts for about 33% - is initially catalyzed by leucine aminomutase, producing β-leucine, which is subsequently metabolized into β-ketoisocaproate (β-KIC), β-ketoisocaproyl-CoA, and then acetyl-CoA by a series of uncharacterized enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Leucine is involved in another series of functions, such as metabolism of carbohydrates , facilitating the absorption of glucose by the cells, therefore it regulates the levels of blood sugar and it is suitable for diabetes . (botanical-online.com)
Professor Douglas Paddon-Jones from the University of Texas' department for nutrition and metabolism told us that protein and leucine could be a practical and affordable solution for sarcopenia, the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and strength associated with ageing, injury or illness. (dairyreporter.com)
In this chapter we discuss evidence indicating that leucine improves insulin action and liver glucose metabolism through a metabolic sensing network in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). (springer.com)
Increasing dietary leucine intake reduces diet-induced obesity and improves glucose and cholesterol metabolism in mice via multimechanisms. (springer.com)

now show that leucyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase (LRS), which catalyzes the "charging" or aminoacylation of leucine to tRNA and also edits or proofreads amino acids, acts as a leucine sensor for mTORC1. (sciencemag.org)
Furthermore, leucine-stimulated activation of mTORC1 was increased in cells expressing wild-type LRS but not a form of LRS with mutations in a putative GAP motif. (sciencemag.org)
J. M. Han, S. J. Jeong, M. C. Park, G. Kim, N. H. Kwon, H. K. Kim, S. H. Ha, S. H. Ryu, S. Kim, Leucyl-tRNA synthetase is an intracellular leucine sensor for the mTORC1-signaling pathway. (sciencemag.org)
report that control of mTORC1 in response to glutamine does not require the Rag guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) implicated in the sensing of other amino acids such as leucine (see the Perspective by Abraham). (sciencemag.org)
We report that leucine and glutamine stimulate mTORC1 by Rag GTPase-dependent and -independent mechanisms, respectively. (sciencemag.org)
Leucine (Leu) ( 2 , 4 , 5 ), glutamine (Gln) ( 5 - 7 ), and arginine (Arg) ( 2 ) have been implicated in mTORC1 activation. (sciencemag.org)
An elaborate signaling apparatus has evolved to harmonize mTORC1 kinase activation and protein synthesis with supplies of leucine and other amino acids ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
3 ) report that glucose modulates the functions of LARS1 in leucine sensing and disposition, thereby coordinating leucine-dependent mTORC1 activation and protein synthesis with cellular energy stores. (sciencemag.org)
Sestrin2 may not be a leucine sensor for mTORC1. (sciencemag.org)

Leucine is a dietary amino acid with the capacity to directly stimulate myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Around 40% of dietary L-leucine is converted to acetyl-CoA, which is subsequently used in the synthesis of other compounds. (wikipedia.org)
Leucine is also important in the regulation of blood sugar levels since it acts as a source for gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates) in the liver. (news-medical.net)
The stucture of leucine was established by laboratory synthesis in 1891. (encyclopedia.com)
Of the aminoacids, leucine is the most effective in stimulating protein synthesis and reducing proteolysis. (scielo.br)
Stimulate protein synthesis, improve recovery and build lean muscle with Leucine! (illpumpyouup.com)
Leucine in particular has emerged as a research proven, super-anabolic - a primary activator of protein synthesis which leads directly to the growth of new muscle tissue. (illpumpyouup.com)
In clinical testing, leucine has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to decrease protein degradation and improve protein synthesis, especially after intense exercise. (prosource.net)
Not only does leucine directly trigger muscle protein synthesis, it also inhibits protein breakdown (i.e., it's anticatabolic). (flexonline.com)
5) The ability of leucine to increase protein synthesis in muscle tissue, decrease fat storage, and increase fat burning makes leucine a true energy-partitioning supplement. (flexonline.com)
Twenty-five grams of whey protein provide 3 grams of leucine, which just happens to be the right amount to maximally stimulate protein synthesis. (flexonline.com)
Leucine is a branch chained amino acid, and is very good at one thing - stimulating skeletal muscle protein synthesis… Helping to grow muscle tissue, to you and me. (monstersupplements.com)
When muscle protein synthesis happens on a large scale, such as when you are working out, your muscles get bigger because of muscle protein synthesis - and Leucine is very good indeed at making that happen! (monstersupplements.com)
Leucine also stimulates protein synthesis in muscle and is closely associated with the release of gluconeogenic precursors, such as alanine, from muscle [1] . (selleckchem.com)
Increase protein synthesis and lean muscle growth while enhancing muscle recovery with L-Leucine from Prime Nutrition. (evitamins.com)
Wang, Z. Synthesis and Antiviral Bioactivity of Chiral Thioureas Containing Leucine and Phosphonate Moieties. (mdpi.com)
The L-Leucine that this Source Natural product is named after promotes muscle protein synthesis and is thought to be a major component in hormonal reactions. (evitamins.com)

Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. (wikipedia.org)
In healthy individuals, approximately 60% of dietary L-leucine is metabolized after several hours, with roughly 5% (2-10% range) of dietary L-leucine being converted to β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB). (wikipedia.org)
leucine An aliphatic, non-polar, neutral amino acid that, unlike most amino acids, is sparingly soluble in water. (encyclopedia.com)
Leucine is an essential amino acid that the body can not synthesize and therefore must be provided by the diet. (botanical-online.com)
Although you can take supplements of leucine, it is recommended to meet the needs of this amino acid through a balanced diet . (botanical-online.com)
Nutritionally , in humans, leucine is an essential amino acid . (fact-index.com)
Leucine is the key amino acid for building muscle and everything else that matters. (exrx.net)
Leucine is an essential amino acid that the body cannot manufacture. (herbalremedies.com)
Amino acid supplements prefaced by the letter L, such as L-Leucine, are more similar to the amino acids in the body than those that start with the letter D, with the exception of D-L phenylalanine, which treats chronic pain. (herbalremedies.com)
Applied Nutrition Leucine 4K is a high quality essential amino acid supplement. (monstersupplements.com)
Leucine is an essential amino acid that cannot by synthesised by the human body, meaning that supplementing it is required. (monstersupplements.com)
L-Leucine is an essential amino acid. (myprotein.com)
Our 100% L-Leucine Amino Acid is sourced from plant-based ingredients, using a highly refined process, making it perfect for vegetarian and vegan diets. (myprotein.com)
Whether you're a boxer, a runner, or a cardio king, 100% L-Leucine Amino Acid is a super-simple support to your daily regimen. (myprotein.com)
When to take 100% Vegan L-Leucine Amino Acid? (myprotein.com)
What does 100% Vegan L-Leucine Amino Acid work well with? (myprotein.com)
Our leucine is fantastic to give you an amino acid boost when you need it most, but to make sure you're getting your protein requirements, add Vegan Protein Blend to help you achieve your training goals. (myprotein.com)
Being anabolic is vital for building insanely dense muscle and the following will outline why the underestimated amino-acid, L-leucine, rises above the rest and is considered to be one of the best anabolic agents for bodybuilders! (bodybuilding.com)
Leucine is a branched chain amino acid that the liver readily converts to sugar. (drmirkin.com)
So taking leucine, a branched chain amino acid, helps to maintain blood sugar levels, but so will eating any source of carbohydrates. (drmirkin.com)
IB1001 (N-Acetyl-L-Leucine) is a modified amino-acid ester that is orally administered. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) seedlings contain five cyano glucosides derived from the amino acid l -leucine (Leu). (plantphysiol.org)
One amino acid in particular, leucine, appears to exert the greatest effect on TOR. (nutritionfacts.org)
Still on PI3K, leucine, the most anabolic amino acid around, is a powerful regulator of the insulin phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) signal cascade. (anabolicminds.com)
Three mutant KP elements were made that had either two amino acid substitutions or a single amino acid deletion in the putative leucine zipper domain found in the KP polypeptide. (genetics.org)
WHEY PEPTO LEUCINE of SPONSER ® is an instant drink powder with whey protein and the amino acid L-leucine. (sponser.de)

The time has come for serious muscle growth - pick up a container of AllMax Nutrition Leucine today! (illpumpyouup.com)

Secondary disorders and diseases such as myelodysplastic syndrome, hemochromatosis, and organ failure will be discussed, as well as gene therapy, bone marrow transplants, and leucine therapy treatments. (thefreedictionary.com)
The gene encodes a 198 amino acids long leucine-rich repeat-containing protein of molecular mass 22568 Da. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Investigation of evolutionary and expressional relationships in the function of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase gene family (LRR-RLK) in the radish ( Raphanus sativus L. (nature.com)

Photo of soy, a vegetable very rich in leucine. (botanical-online.com)

An experiment carried out as above without any addition of leucine gave 9732 grams of alcohol containing 040 per cent. (dictionary.com)
There is absolutely nothing else in this powerful formula -no fillers, no binders, just 5 grams of ultra-potent Leucine per serving! (illpumpyouup.com)
Twenty-six initially untrained men took either four grams per day of L-leucine or a corresponding amount of lactose. (anabolicminds.com)
Bottom line: I d suggest adding four grams of leucine to your postworkout protein shake for maximum performance and anabolic benefits. (anabolicminds.com)

It may be worth mentioning however that Leucine-based supplements (as in, with the name 'leucine' on the bottle) are springing up across pretty much all brands, at least here in Aus. (bullshido.net)
Leucine supplements are used to help treat diabetes, muscle wasting, twitching and tremors, and liver and brain damage in alcoholics. (herbalremedies.com)
Buy Leucine supplements and products that contain leucine. (herbalremedies.com)
In other words, every bodybuilder should incorporate leucine into their regimen, either through protein formulas that have added amounts such as NytroWh ey Ultra Elite, or as a single compound product like ProSource L-Leucine, which is one of the few leucine supplements available in a 100% pure, high-potency form. (prosource.net)
A study from Australia showed that leucine helps athletes exercise longer (European Journal of Applied Physiology, August 2006), so now athletes are lining up to waste their money on supplements that are no more effective than any other source of sugar. (drmirkin.com)

wheat germ and oats also contain leucine. (healthy.net)

however, most dietary leucine is metabolized within the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle tissue. (wikipedia.org)

The purpose of this study is to determine whether consuming additional leucine during calorie restriction induced weight loss has beneficial or harmful effects on multi-organ (liver, muscle, adipose tissue) insulin sensitivity, colonocyte proliferation rates, the gut microbiome, muscle mass and function, and bone mineral density in obese, postmenopausal women. (clinicaltrials.gov)
In her study, climbers were provided specially prepared food bars that contained the additional leucine. (flexonline.com)
When dieting, however, I would recommend that you supplement with additional leucine in your protein drinks. (flexonline.com)

Until then, dietary supplemental leucine cannot be associated as the prime reason for muscular growth or optimal maintenance for the entire population. (wikipedia.org)
2) It should be clear why Dr. Wing-Gaia chose supplemental leucine to try to combat muscle loss at altitude. (flexonline.com)

Leucine by AllMax Nutrition contains ONLY 100% pure, superior quality, animal-free, fermented German Leucine - that's it! (illpumpyouup.com)
L-Leucine from Prime Nutrition works by increasing blood oxidation and therefore your training capacity so you can go harder, longer. (evitamins.com)
L-Leucine from Prime Nutrition can help amplify your muscles and maximize your workouts and athletic performance. (evitamins.com)

Find out why anabolic agent L-leucine rises above the rest for bodybuilders! (bodybuilding.com)
Find out why L-leucine rises above the rest and is considered to be one of the best anabolic agents for bodybuilders! (bodybuilding.com)
Leucine is a vital supplement for every level of bodybuilder because of its huge contribution to the creation of a total anabolic environment for your system. (bodybuilding.com)
In fact, the effectiveness of leucine as an anabolic signal activator has been tested and proven by some of the world's most renowned universities. (bodybuilding.com)
Of the three, leucine has become a star because of its potent anabolic properties in muscle tissue. (flexonline.com)
leucine is a bona fide anabolic nutrient signal in muscle tissue. (flexonline.com)

A deficiency of leucine can cause a biochemical malfunction producing hypoglycemia in infants. (healthy.net)
A Leucine deficency will cause symptoms of hypoglycemia such as dizziness, fatigue, headaches and irritability. (herbalremedies.com)

medical citation needed] Adipose and muscle tissue use leucine in the formation of sterols and other compounds. (wikipedia.org)
Leucine is important for the general health of muscle. (news-medical.net)
Leucine and isoleucine are especially useful in the build-up of muscle in these conditions. (news-medical.net)
While not a complete protein, like meat or chicken, peas have important amino acids including isoleucine, leucine and valine, needed for building muscle. (thefreedictionary.com)
Leucine was isolated from cheese in an impure form in 1819 and from muscle and wool in the crystalline state in 1820. (encyclopedia.com)
Leucine is very necessary for proper healing of our tissues , either muscle, skin or even our bones. (botanical-online.com)
Leucine is important in muscle development , preventing muscular dystrophy or lack of muscle. (botanical-online.com)
Although it promotes muscle recovery, Leucine does not product significant changes in body composition. (herbalremedies.com)
In fact, leucine is an essential component to building muscle as well as preserving gains by also providing anti-catabolic recovery. (prosource.net)
He said it seemed that leucine, a building block for protein, could have a "protective effect" against muscle loss, although the results of this experiment were yet to be published. (dairyreporter.com)
The researchers found that high-dose leucine may help maintain muscular strength following exercise-induced muscle damage.2 Wow, the stuff is amazing. (anabolicminds.com)
and at least one study in rats shows that leucine enhances fat loss and preserves muscle tissue during food restriction. (flexonline.com)
In muscle cells leucine exposure increases their ability to burn fat for fuel. (flexonline.com)

Retrieved on April 06, 2020 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-are-Leucine-and-Isoleucine.aspx. (news-medical.net)

2019. What are Leucine and Isoleucine? . (news-medical.net)

The structural modification includes addition or deletion of a leucine-based motif or parts thereof. (google.com)
2. The modified botulinum neurotoxin type E of claim 1 , wherein the added leucine based motif is SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 12. (google.com)
The wild-type Vrs1 allele (for two-rowed barley) encodes a transcription factor that includes a homeodomain with a closely linked leucine zipper motif. (pnas.org)

I actually watched a Layne Norton blog today where he talked about adding leucine to protein powders. (exrx.net)

Spectrum Chemical manufactured USP LEUCINE products are manufactured, packaged and stored under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) per 21CFR part 211 in FDA registered and inspected facilities. (fishersci.com)
As the chemical structure and reactivity, and the water solubility, log Kow and pKa values of L-leucine and L-valine are almost identical, it can be concluded that read-across for aquatic toxicity information between those 2 substances is acceptable. (europa.eu)
To:Fmoc-L-Leucine (Shanghai agrotree chemical co.,ltd. (guidechem.com)

Earlier findings implicated the leucyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase 1 (LARS1) as a proximate sensor of leucine availability ( 2 ). (sciencemag.org)

However, based on test results available for read-across substance L-valine it can be concluded that acute toxicity to fish is not expected to occur upon exposure to up to 1000 mg/L of L-leucine. (europa.eu)
As a consequence, acute toxicity to fish is not expected to occur upon exposure to the L-leucine up to a concentration of 1000 mg/L. (europa.eu)

Get your dose of L-Leucine by Source Naturals and take advantage of the capsule and powder forms for the best fit for you. (evitamins.com)

Sestrin regulation of TORC1: Is Sestrin a leucine sensor? (sciencemag.org)
The results show that the leucine zipper of the KP polypeptide is important for P element regulation. (genetics.org)

medical citation needed] Combined leucine use in these two tissues is seven times greater than in the liver. (wikipedia.org)

High blood levels of leucine are associated with insulin resistance in humans, mice, and rodents. (wikipedia.org)
Growth factors such as insulin and IGF-1 can also induce PI3K activation independently of leucine. (anabolicminds.com)

Anatomy13

Organisms9

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes62

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science3

Health Care1

Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (1/5969)

A general method for selection of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient Lactococcus lactis mutants to improve diacetyl formation. (2/5969)

Hmo1p, a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, genetically and physically interacts with the yeast FKBP12 prolyl isomerase. (3/5969)

Nuclear export of LIM-kinase 1, mediated by two leucine-rich nuclear-export signals within the PDZ domain. (4/5969)

Ion binding and permeation through the lepidopteran amino acid transporter KAAT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (5/5969)

A surrogate measure of whole body leucine transport across the cell membrane. (6/5969)

Transthyretin Leu12Pro is associated with systemic, neuropathic and leptomeningeal amyloidosis. (7/5969)

Leucine metabolism in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition with medium-chain compared with long-chain triacylglycerol emulsions. (8/5969)

Leucine Zippers

Leucyl Aminopeptidase

Keto Acids

Isoleucine

Amino Acids

Leucine Dehydrogenase

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Valine

Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Leucine Transaminase

2-Isopropylmalate Synthase

Phenylalanine

Carbon Isotopes

Base Sequence

Kinetics

Protein Biosynthesis

Mutation

RNA, Transfer, Leu

Norleucine

Proteins

Amino Acids, Essential

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Glutamine

Alanine

DNA-Binding Proteins

Transcription Factors

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Escherichia coli

Nitrogen

G-Box Binding Factors

Caproates

Dimerization

Pentanoic Acids

Insulin

Binding Sites

Muscle Proteins

Leucine-tRNA Ligase

Oxidation-Reduction

Transaminases

Protein Binding

Nutritional Requirements

Proline

Carbon Radioisotopes

Structure-Activity Relationship

Tritium

Pellagra

Dietary Proteins

Amino Acid Substitution

Cell Line

Lysine

Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein

Methionine

Glucose

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Liver

Oxo-Acid-Lyases

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Threonine

3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase

Protein Conformation

Biological Transport

Models, Molecular

DNA

Cystinyl Aminopeptidase

Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase

Deuterium

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Recombinant Proteins

Glycine

Peptides

Bacterial Proteins

Muscle, Skeletal

Nitrogen Isotopes

Transcription, Genetic

Aminopeptidases

Dicarboxylic Acids

Decarboxylation

TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases