Lethal dose 50. Medical search

The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)

Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.

Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of one-time, short-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.

A species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. It is the etiologic agent of BOTULISM in humans, wild fowl, HORSES; and CATTLE. Seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (BOTULINUM TOXINS). The organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

The relationship between the dose of administered radiation and the response of the organism or tissue to the radiation.

Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.

Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.

Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.

Antiserum given therapeutically in BOTULISM.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Experimentally produced harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing RADIATION in CHORDATA animals.

A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.

Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.

A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellant agents.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during NUCLEAR DECAY. The range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard X-RAYS wavelengths. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

Infections with bacteria of the genus LISTERIA.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.

A suspension of killed Yersinia pestis used for immunizing people in enzootic plague areas.

The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that may be pathogenic for frogs, fish, and mammals, including man. In humans, cellulitis and diarrhea can result from infection with this organism.

Irradiation of the whole body with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation. It is applicable to humans or animals but not to microorganisms.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Infections with bacteria of the genus YERSINIA.

Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Infections with bacteria of the genus VIBRIO.

Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.

Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The etiologic agent of TULAREMIA in man and other warm-blooded animals.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Administration of the total dose of radiation (RADIATION DOSAGE) in parts, at timed intervals.

Virus diseases caused by the TOGAVIRIDAE.

Resistance to a disease agent resulting from the production of specific antibodies by the host, either after exposure to the disease or after vaccination.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

The total amount of radiation absorbed by tissues as a result of radiotherapy.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by various species of Rickettsia.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

A group of ALPHAVIRUS INFECTIONS which affect horses and man, transmitted via the bites of mosquitoes. Disorders in this category are endemic to regions of South America and North America. In humans, clinical manifestations vary with the type of infection, and range from a mild influenza-like syndrome to a fulminant encephalitis. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp8-10)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A disease of humans and animals that resembles GLANDERS. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI and may range from a dormant infection to a condition that causes multiple abscesses, pneumonia, and bacteremia.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Agents that promote the production and release of interferons. They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (Dictionary of Pharmacy, 1986)

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes MELIOIDOSIS. It has been isolated from soil and water in tropical regions, particularly Southeast Asia.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.

Acute VIRAL CNS INFECTION affecting mammals, including humans. It is caused by RABIES VIRUS and usually spread by contamination with virus-laden saliva of bites inflicted by rabid animals. Important animal vectors include the dog, cat, bat, fox, raccoon, skunk, and wolf.

A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS.

A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.

Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

Computer-assisted mathematical calculations of beam angles, intensities of radiation, and duration of irradiation in radiotherapy.

A species of the genus YERSINIA, isolated from both man and animal. It is a frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in children.

The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.

Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.

A family of CRUSTACEA, order DECAPODA, comprising the palaemonid shrimp. Genera include Macrobrachium, Palaemon, and Palaemonetes. Palaemonidae osmoregulate by means of gills.

A species of gram-negative bacteria parasitic on HORSES and DONKEYS causing GLANDERS, which can be transmitted to humans.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.

A species of halophilic bacteria in the genus VIBRIO, which lives in warm SEAWATER. It can cause infections in those who eat raw contaminated seafood or have open wounds exposed to seawater.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.

A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.

Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.

The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.

The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER.

An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.

Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.

Leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as VIRUSES; RADIATION; or by TRANSPLANTATION of leukemic tissues.

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.

The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

The use of a device composed of thermoluminescent material for measuring exposure to IONIZING RADIATION. The thermoluminescent material emits light when heated. The amount of light emitted is proportional to the amount of ionizing radiation to which the material has been exposed.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

The ability of some cells or tissues to survive lethal doses of IONIZING RADIATION. Tolerance depends on the species, cell type, and physical and chemical variables, including RADIATION-PROTECTIVE AGENTS and RADIATION-SENSITIZING AGENTS.

Animals or humans raised in the absence of a particular disease-causing virus or other microorganism. Less frequently plants are cultivated pathogen-free.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It shares 50-60% homology with SHIGA TOXIN and SHIGA TOXIN 1.

Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with SALMONELLA. This includes vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER or PARATYPHOID FEVER; (TYPHOID-PARATYPHOID VACCINES), and vaccines used to prevent nontyphoid salmonellosis.

Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

An aspect of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).

Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.

Assaying potential carcinogens with Drosophila. (1/1650)

Drosophila offers many advantages for the detection of mutagenic activity of carcinogenic agents. It provides the quickest assay system for detecting mutations in animals today. Its generation time is short, and Drosophila is cheap and easy to breed in large numbers. The simple genetic testing methods give unequivocal answers about the whole spectrum of relevant genetic damage. A comparison of the detection capacity of assays sampling different kinds of genetic damage revealed that various substances are highly effective in inducing mutations but do not produce chromosome breakage effects at all, or only at much higher concentrations than those required for mutation induction. Of the different assay systems available, the classical sex-linked recessive lethal test deserves priority, in view of its superior capacity to detect mutagens. Of practical importance is also its high sensitivity, because a large number of loci in one fifth of the genome is tested for newly induced forward mutations, including small deletions. The recent findings that Drosophila is capable of carrying out the same metabolic activation reactions as the mammalian liver makes the organism eminently suitable for verifying results obtained in prescreening with fast microbial assay systems. An additional advantage in this respect is the capacity of Drosophila for detecting short-lived activation products, because intracellular metabolic activation appears to occur within the spermatids and spermatocytes. (+info)

Quantitative aspects in the assessment of liver injury. (2/1650)

Liver function data are usually difficult to use in their original form when one wishes to compare the hepatotoxic properties of several chemical substances. However, procedures are available for the conversion of liver function data into quantal responses. These permit the elaboration of dose-response lines for the substances in question, the calculation of median effective doses and the statistical analysis of differences in liver-damaging potency. These same procedures can be utilized for estimating the relative hazard involved if one compares the liver-damaging potency to the median effective dose for some other pharmacologie parameter. Alterations in hepatic triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, and the activities of various hepatic enzymes can also be quantitiated in a dose-related manner. This permits the selection of equitoxic doses required for certain comparative studies and the selection of doses in chemical interaction studies. The quantitative problems involved in low-frequency adverse reactions and the difficulty these present in the detection of liver injury in laboratory animals are discussed. (+info)

Isolation and amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. (3/1650)

The complete amino acid sequence of notechis 5, a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake), has been elucidated. The main fragmentation of the 119-residue peptide chain was accomplished by digesting the reduced and S-carboxymethylated derivative of the protein with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. Tryptic peptides were used to align and complete the sequence of the four staphylococcal protease peptides. The sequence was determined by Edman degradation by means of the direct phenylthiohydantoin method. Notechis 5 differs in seven positions from the recently elucidated sequence of the presynaptic neurotoxin notexin from the same venom. Notechis 5 has a 50% higher specific prospholipase A activity than notexin when assayed against egg yolk but is only one-third as toxic. (+info)

Efflux-mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. (4/1650)

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is intrinsically resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and polymyxins. We used Tn5-OT182 to mutagenize B. pseudomallei to identify the genes involved in aminoglycoside resistance. We report here on the identification of AmrAB-OprA, a multidrug efflux system in B. pseudomallei which is specific for both aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotics. We isolated two transposon mutants, RM101 and RM102, which had 8- to 128-fold increases in their susceptibilities to the aminoglycosides streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin, kanamycin, and spectinomycin. In addition, both mutants, in contrast to the parent, were susceptible to the macrolides erythromycin and clarithromycin but not to the lincosamide clindamycin. Sequencing of the DNA flanking the transposon insertions revealed a putative operon consisting of a resistance, nodulation, division-type transporter, a membrane fusion protein, an outer membrane protein, and a divergently transcribed regulatorprotein. Consistent with the presence of an efflux system, both mutants accumulated [3H] dihydro streptomycin, whereas the parent strain did not. We constructed an amr deletion strain, B. pseudomallei DD503, which was hypersusceptible to aminoglycosides and macrolides and which was used successfully in allelic exchange experiments. These results suggest that an efflux system is a major contributor to the inherent high-level aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance found in B. pseudomallei. (+info)

The contribution of acute toxicity in animals to occupational exposure limits of chemical substances. (5/1650)

The correlations of lethal doses of various industrial chemicals for rats and mice with occupational exposure limit values were investigated. 50% lethal dose (LD50) values obtained by oral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values obtained by inhalation exposure were collected from Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). Threshold Limit Value (Time-Weighted Average) (TLVs-TWA) and Threshold Limit Value (Short Term Exposure Limit) (TLVs-STEL) recommended by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) were used as exposure limits. TLVs-TWA or TLVs-STEL and LD50 or LC50 values obtained for the rats were plotted on logarithmic scales on the ordinate and abscissa, respectively. High correlations were obtained between these parameters. The order of correlations was: TLVs-STEL vs. LC50s > TLVs-TWA vs. LC50s > TLVs-TWA vs. LD50s i.p. > TLVs vs. LD50s p.o. The same calculations for the relationship between TLVs and lethal doses in mice were also performed. The order of the three types of correlations was same as that of the rats; however, correlation coefficients for TLVs-STEL vs. LC50s and for TLVs-TWA vs. LC50s obtained in mice were smaller than those in rats. TLVs-TWA are, therefore, well correlated with LC50 values rather than LD50 values, particularly with those in rats. High correlations between TLVs-STEL vs. LC50s were also obtained, as had been expected before calculation. The equation: TLV-TWA = 10b x (LC50)a can be obtained from these plottings, where the values a and b are taken from each linear regression line. TLV-TWA for each chemical can be calculated by using LC50 and the equation. The upper and lower 95% confidence limits for calculated TLV-TWA were TLV-TWA (calculated from LC50) x 22.9 and TLV-TWA (calculated)/22.9, respectively, where LC50 for rats expressed in ppm x hr was used. (+info)

Biological activity of netilmicin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic. (6/1650)

Netilmicin (Sch 20569) is a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic aminoglycoside derived from sisomicin. Netilmicin was compared to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in a variety of in vitro test systems as well as in mouse protection tests. Netilmicin was found to be similar in activity to gentamicin against aminoglycoside-susceptible strains in both in vitro and in vivo tests. Netilmicin was also active against many aminoglycoside-resistant strains of gram-negative bacteria, particularly those known to possess adenylating enzymes (ANT 2') or those with a similar resistance pattern. Netilmicin was found to be markedly less toxic than gentamicin in chronic studies in cats, although gentamicin appeared less toxic in acute toxicity tests in mice. The concentrations of netilmicin and gentamicin in serum were compared in dogs after intramuscular dosing, and the pharmacokinetics including peak concentrations in serum were found to be similar. (+info)

Waglerin-1 selectively blocks the epsilon form of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (7/1650)

Neonatal mice resist the lethal effect of Waglerin-1. Because Waglerin-1 blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of mature end-plates, the appearance of lethality may result from the epsilon- for gamma-subunit substitution. In support of this hypothesis, adult knockout (KO) mice lacking the gene coding for the epsilon-subunit resist the lethal effect of Waglerin-1. In contrast, heterozygous litter mates respond to Waglerin-1 like adult wild-type mice. In vitro application of 1 microM Waglerin-1 inhibited spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials and evoked end-plate potentials of adult wild-type and heterozygous KO mice. Both miniature end-plate potentials and end-plate potentials of neonatal wild-type and adult homozygous KO mice resisted Waglerin-1. Waglerin-1 decreased the end-plate response of adult wild-type mice to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) with an IC50 value of 50 nM; 1 microM Waglerin-1 decreased the ACh response to 4 +/- 1% of control for adult heterozygous KO mice. In contrast, 1 microM Waglerin-1 decreased the ACh response to 73 +/- 2% of control for wild-type mice less than 11 days old and had no effect on the ACh response of adult homozygous KO mice. Between 11 and 12 days after birth, the suppressant effect of Waglerin-1 on wild-type end-plate responses to ACh dramatically increased. Waglerin-1 reduced binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to end-plates of adult but not neonatal wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that Waglerin-1 selectively blocks the mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor containing the epsilon-subunit. (+info)

Role of lysine and tryptophan residues in the biological activity of toxin VII (Ts gamma) from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus. (8/1650)

Toxin VII (TsVII), also known as Ts gamma, is the most potent neurotoxin in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus. It has been purified to homogeneity using a new fast and efficient method. Chemical modification of TsVII with the tryptophan-specific reagent o-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride yielded three modified derivatives (residues Trp39, Trp50 and Trp54). Acetylation of TsVII mostly generated the monoacetylated Lys12 derivative. No side reactions were detected, as indicated by endoproteinase Lys-C peptide mapping, Edman degradation and electrospray mass spectrometry. Circular dichroism and fluorimetric measurements showed that none of the chemical modifications altered the overall structure of the derivatives. The acetylation of Lys12 or the sulfenylation of Trp39 or Trp54 led to a loss of both toxicity in mice and apparent binding affinity for rat brain and cockroach synaptosomal preparations. Sulfenylation of Trp50, however, moderately affected the toxicity of TsVII in mice and had almost no effect on its binding properties. A 3-dimensional model of TsVII was constructed by homology modeling. It suggests that the most reactive residues (Lys12 and Trp39 and Trp54) are all important in the functional disruption of neuronal sodium channels by TsVII, and are close to each other in the hydrophobic conserved region. (+info)

... is a 2003 horror film directed by Simon De Selva, produced by Alistair MacLean-Clark and Basil Stephens and ... LD 50 Lethal Dose at IMDb Lethal Dose at Rotten Tomatoes (Use British English from May 2016, Use dmy dates from May 2016, ... "LD 50 Lethal Dose (2003) Movie Review". Beyond Hollywood. 31 May 2004. Retrieved 31 July 2012. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD_50_Lethal_Dose

Much research makes use of the lethal dose 50 protocol. Subjects are given enough pathogen to kill half of them. The remaining ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_to_infections

An estimated lethal dose for humans is 40-50 mg. A number of subspecies have been described: Cerastes ceraste hoofieni Werner ... This species is oviparous, laying 8-23 eggs that hatch after 50 to 80 days of incubation. The eggs are laid under rocks and in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerastes_cerastes

The median lethal dose of hexavalent chromium is 50-150 mg/kg. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum allowable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_toxicity

Mayo, James (1997-03-13). "Lethal Dose: LD-50 makes electronic music that doesn't go down smooth". Denver Westword. Retrieved ... LD-50. Their debut release, "Recone Helmut vs. Clark ov Saturn" was one of the Denver Westword's "20 best recordings to come ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH10

Mayo, James (1997-03-13). "Lethal Dose: LD-50 makes electronic music that doesn't go down smooth". Denver Westword. Retrieved ... After joining the industrial band LD-50, Saturn and Recone Helmut split off and formed pH10 and moved to New York City in 1999 ... and LD-50. Saturn was a resident DJ in Brooklyn, NY at Halcyon's Sunday evening "Undercity" party, along with DJs Spinoza, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Saturn

... oral median lethal dose (LD50) is 7700 mg/kg in rats. However, when cyanuric acid is present together with melamine (which by ... It binds to free chlorine and releases it slowly, extending the time needed to deplete each dose of sanitizer. A chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanuric_acid

For a 70 kg human, the lethal dose is estimated at 50 mL. An acceptable daily intake of 15 mg/day has been identified for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzaldehyde

In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is ... this also means that LD50 is not the lethal dose for all subjects; some may be killed by much less, while others survive doses ... Mayer B (January 2014). "How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self- ... ISBN 978-1-55581-180-8. Winfried K (2013). "Lethal dose". www.euronuclear.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose

LD50 is defined as the lethal dose that kills 50% of a sample population. This allows for a simpler study of the toxicity of ... Strong, temporal, and dose-dependent associations have been reported, and a plausible biological mechanism (via rodent and ... 50 (4): 307-364. doi:10.1080/009841097160393. PMID 9120872. Hurt, RD; Robertson, CR (October 7, 1998). "Prying open the door to ... 50 (2): 205-212. doi:10.1007/s00244-004-0132-y. PMID 16328625. S2CID 26207468. Kathleen M. Register. "Cigarette Butts as Litter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette

It is highly toxic, and the lethal dose for humans is about 50-60 mg. A dose of 25 mg cyanogenic glycoside fed to rats (100-120 ... page 50, Applewood Books, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4290-1281-2 MT Yakubu and BB Bukoye, "Abortifacient potentials of the aqueous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusa_vulgaris

For example, the median lethal dose (LD-50) for ingested polonium-210 is 240 μCi; about 53.5 nanograms. Although, millicurie ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_(unit)

"The lethal dose for an adult is reported to be 50 g of yew needles. Patients who ingest a lethal dose frequently die due to ... 50-51. ISBN 0710004311. Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, Volume 62. 2004. Page 35. Romuald Sztyk. Obrót ... 50-51). In a similar way, Orosius notes that when the Astures were besieged at Mons Medullius, they preferred to die by their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata

With an average intravenous murine median lethal dose (LD50) of 0.53 mg/kg, the venom of the eastern subspecies kaimosae is ... The strength or toxicity of snake venom is traditionally measured using the LD50 (lethal dose 50%) test; in essence, injecting ... a certain amount of toxin into number of mice and recording what dose kills half of them. A monovalent antivenom is specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson's_mamba

"50 Best Dressed Men in Britain 2015". GQ. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. "Debrett's 500 List: ... Hardy was named one of GQ magazine's 50 best-dressed British men in 2015. He appeared on a 2016 Debrett's list of the most ... He then returned to the United Kingdom to feature in the horror film LD 50 Lethal Dose (2003). Hardy was awarded the 2003 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy

In 1981, a paper by Gosselin estimated that the lethal dose is between 50 and 500 mg/kg. Doses as high as 15-20 mg/kg are taken ... In addition to producing PCP-like mental effects, high doses may cause a false-positive result for PCP and opiates in some drug ... At high doses, dextromethorphan is classified as a dissociative general anesthetic and hallucinogen, similar to the controlled ... Due to dextromethorphan's selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-like action, the sudden cessation of recreational dosing in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan

Lethal doses by ingestion in adults are in the range 50-500 mg/kg (orally). Generally, ingestion of two grams causes serious ... In high ingested doses, camphor produces symptoms of irritability, disorientation, lethargy, muscle spasms, vomiting, abdominal ... toxicity and four grams is potentially lethal. Airborne camphor may be toxic if respired by humans. Permissible camphor limit ( ... natural camphor imported from Formosa and selling normally for about 50 cents a pound, reached the high price of $3.75 in 1918 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor

"LD50: Lethal Dose". Amazon.co.uk. 28 February 2005. Sullivan, Caroline (23 June 2005). "Melanie Brown, LA State of Mind (Amber ... She appeared in a horror film entitled, LD 50 Lethal Dose, which was released directly to DVD in 2005. She acted in a long run ... Mel B has also appeared in various films, including Spice World (1997), LD 50 Lethal Dose (2003), The Seat Filler (2005), ... 50 million (£38.3 million), if not more". The divorce was finalised on 15 December 2017. Brown cited her divorce from Belafonte ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_B

VR has similar lethal dose levels to VX (between 10-50 mg), as well as being similar in appearance. However, due to usage of ... will reduce symptoms of nerve agent toxicity but may not be sufficient to prevent death if a large dose of nerve agent has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)

The median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 (lethal ... Because resistance varies from one individual to another, the "lethal dose" represents a dose (usually recorded as dose per ... In toxicology, the lethal dose (LD) is an indication of the lethal toxicity of a given substance or type of radiation. ... The lethal concentration is a lethal dose measurement used for gases or particulates. The LD may be based on the standard ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_dose

That is 200 times the median lethal dose of around 238 μCi or 50 nanograms in the case of ingestion. The studies of the ... On this occasion, Litvinenko ingested far less amount of polonium than the lethal dose and survived though feeling ill. ... reported that doctors had told him the body had five times the lethal dose of polonium-210. However, the table where he had sat ... According to the 6 pm Channel 4 (9 December 2006) news, the intake of polonium she suffered would only result in a dose of 100 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko

In animal studies with mice, the median lethal dose of TTX was found to be 232 µg per kg body weight. Tetrodotoxin levels are ... Determination of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)". Toxins. 9 (3): 75. doi:10.3390/ ... Fugu contains lethal amounts of the poison tetrodotoxin in its organs, especially the liver, the ovaries, eyes, and skin. The ... In high doses, breathing stops and asphyxiation follows. There is no known antidote, and treatment consists of emptying the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu

... lethal doses (LD50) are 5.3 g/kg for guinea pig, 2g/kg for rats. However, it is classified as "reproductive toxicity category ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium_octaborate

The lethal oral dose of TMA for humans has been estimated at 3-4 mg/kg. The lethal dose for rats was estimated to be ~45-50 mg/ ... Parenteral administration of radio-labeled tetramethylammonium iodide to rats resulted in almost the whole dose being excreted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethylammonium

... is lethal if ingested and the lethal dose by injection is about 1/10th of that (approximately 0.6 μg/kg). The human inhalation ... The lethal doses (LD50) for mice are very similar with varying administration routes: i.v. is 3.4 μg/kg, i.p. is 10 μg/kg and p ... Saxitoxin can enter the body via open wounds and a lethal dose of 50 μg/person by this route has been suggested. The human ... On the other hand, the CIA is known to have issued a small dose of saxitoxin to U-2 spy plane pilot Francis Gary Powers in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxitoxin

... the estimated lethal dose is thought to be between 40-50 mg. In his 1984 study, Latifi found the average venom yield to be 10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montivipera_xanthina

After intravenous administration, LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of animals) values were 33 and 45-75 mg/kg in mice and rats, ... Australian dosing guidelines for Allertine give a maximum dose of 20mg (one tablet) daily as needed (PRN). Dose changes are not ... up to 11 times the therapeutic dose), nor at multiple doses (up to 10 times the therapeutic dose). Phase II and III studies on ... Ninety six percent of the administered dose is eliminated within 24 hours. In relation to its antihistamine effect, oral doses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilastine

This is despite the top 10 most toxic snakes (determined by LD50 (lethal dose in mice to kill 50%)) being Australian elapid ... Also non-lethal guns, spray cans with appropriate content, whips and aversive baits should be used to increase the caution of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_attacks_in_Australia

... lethal dose of DCPA, is 12,500 mg/kg in spartan rats, and greater than 10,000 mg/kg in beagle dogs. In humans, it seems that ... but at lower doses than necessary for DCPA. TPA does not degrade, and infiltrates soil and nearby water sources. The ... mainly weight loss and diarrhea occurring at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. There were also effects on the lungs, liver, kidney, and ... DCPA is poorly absorbed, as 6% of a 25-mg dose and 12% of a 50-mg dose were absorbed according to metabolites in urine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_tetrachloroterephthalate

The oral LD50 (lethal dose in 50% of the population) of diazepam is 720 mg/kg in mice and 1240 mg/kg in rats. D. J. Greenblatt ... Dose increases may overcome the effects of tolerance, but tolerance may then develop to the higher dose and adverse effects may ... Doses of diazepam are recommended to be about half of those given to younger people, and treatment limited to a maximum of two ... Continual daily doses of diazepam quickly build to a high concentration in the body (mainly in adipose tissue), far in excess ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam

The DDMM regimen consists of priming with two doses of the pGA2/JS7 recombinant DNA vaccine and boosting with two doses of VA/ ... HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS is considered by many in the scientific and medical community to be the most lethal infectious disease in the ... The MMM regimen consists of priming and boosting with a total of three doses of the recombinant MVA vaccine. HVTN 205 Study-In ... Despite decades of vaccine research, vaccine candidates have failed to induce substantial protection (e.g. >50%). From ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoVax

The vaccination would still be given in two doses, 28 days apart. A 2015 study had tested a regimen of one-fifth dose given ... alerted the citizens of Cambodia that Monkeypox could be lethal due to the lesions caused by this disease, which can lead to ... monkeypox vaccination using a lower dose of Jynneos, which would increase the number of available doses up to five-fold. ... The contract for 500,000 doses closed on 5 May, and was awarded to Bavarian Nordic. On 24 May, the Public Health Agency of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_monkeypox_outbreak

A third vaccine, the Moderna vaccine, was approved for use in the UK on 8 January 2021, and the first dose was administered in ... As of 22 March there had been 1120 confirmed cases, with one lethal outcome. On 12 March, the Czech Republic declared a 30-day ... "first dose of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19 given". BBC News. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021. "Oxford ... It was announced on January 14, 2021, that both he and Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI had received the first dose of a vaccine. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe

For an adult, the ingestion of more than 100 mg (0.1 gram) of coniine (about six to eight fresh leaves, or a smaller dose of ... Acute toxicity, if not lethal, may resolve in spontaneous recovery, provided further exposure is avoided. Death can be ... With its high potency, the ingestion of seemingly small doses can easily result in respiratory collapse and death. The alkaloid ... up to 50 centimetres (20 inches) long and 40 cm (16 in) broad. Hemlock's flower is small and white; they are loosely clustered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conium_maculatum

Treatment with high doses of carnitine supplementation is effective, but needs to be rigorously maintained for life. The ... presentation of patient with SPCD can be incredibly varied, from asymptomatic to lethal cardiac manifestations. Early cases ... Treatment for SPCD involves high dose carnitine supplementation, which must be continued for life. Individuals who are ... 100 (1): 46-50. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.12.015. PMID 20074989. "Faroe Islands Ministry of Health - Information on Carnitine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_primary_carnitine_deficiency

Inedible parts of the plant, such as the leaves, stems, roots, seeds and unripe fruits, can be toxic at lethal doses due to the ... of berries in one sitting to reach the lower limits of lethal toxicity (1 mg cyanide/kg of weight). For the upper limits (3 mg/ ... and assuming a toxicity of 50 mg for a 50 kg vertebrate, one would need to eat 2 kilograms (~4.4 pounds) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_canadensis

Many essential oils can burn the skin or are simply too high dose used straight; diluting them in olive oil or another food ... Plants have chemical defense mechanisms against predators that can have adverse or lethal effects on humans. Examples of highly ... 70: 42-50. Kala CP (2005). "Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India". ... p. 50. ISBN 9780470289532. Hong F (2004). "History of Medicine in China" (PDF). McGill Journal of Medicine. 8 (1): 7984. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine

January 2007). "Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus". Nature. 445 ( ... when given at high doses in animal studies. Lim, Boon H.; Mahmood, Tahir A. (23 September 2011). "Influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine ... that killed from 17 to 50 or more million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1920. It was one of the deadliest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1

In dogs, the minimum lethal dose of THC is over 3000 mg/kg. Edible forms of cannabis often contain several hundred milligrams ... Reuters Health E-Line Bolla KI, Brown K, Eldreth D, Tate K, Cadet JL (November 2002). "Dose-related neurocognitive effects of ... Children can become exposed to cannabis, typically through accidental exposure which can lead to very high doses, especially in ... the dose which causes the death of 50% of individuals) is 1270 mg/kg for male rats and 730 mg/kg for female rats from oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis

... as failure to initiate the appropriate dosage compensation mechanisms is lethal. Male specific lethal proteins (MSLs) are a ... Meyer, BJ (2000). "Sex in the wormcounting and compensating X-chromosome dose". Trends in Genetics. 16 (6): 247-253. doi: ... The Male Specific Lethal complex, composed of protein and RNA binds and selectively modifies hundreds of X-linked genes, ... The immediate target of SXL is male specific lethal-2 (MSL-2). Current dogma suggests that the binding of MSL-2 at multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-chromosome_dosage_compensation

Many prostate cancers are not destined to be lethal, and most men will ultimately not die as a result of the disease. Mortality ... Therefore, the desire to improve CRPC outcomes resulted in increasing doses or combination therapy with synergistic androgen- ... March 2020). "A planning study of focal dose escalations to multiparametric MRI-defined dominant intraprostatic lesions in ... and sepsis even if the most appropriate course or dose is undefined. About 55% of men report discomfort during prostate biopsy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

No lethal substances were found to identify the cause of death. Sani Abacha, military dictator of Nigeria, who died on 8 June ... But tests also found a level of the sedative Zolpidem in her blood that was eight times higher than a normal dose would have ... Margaret Hanmer (49-50), 1420, was the wife of Owain Glyndŵr; her death was never recorded and her body was never found. Agnès ... Aman Andom (50), was an Ethiopian military figure and was the acting head of state of Ethiopia who died on 23 November 1974. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_deaths

... she turned against the researchers and killed nearly everyone in the facility with lethal doses of neurotoxin gas. In the games ... 50-62. Kiestmann, Ludwig (March 6, 2008). "Individual Orange Box games hit retail April 9". Joystiq. Archived from the original ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(series)

The bottle was full to the shoulder although it was possible, said Nickolls, to have extracted a lethal dose from it. An ... The glass bottle seen by Burgess turned out not to contain flash powder, but Sodium cyanide, a lethal poison. ... Coordinates: 54°08′50″N 2°22′17″W / 54.147104°N 2.371414°W / 54.147104; -2.371414 The Trow Ghyll skeleton is a set of human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trow_Ghyll_skeleton

Instead, Anselmo recorded a second album with Superjoint Ritual, A Lethal Dose of American Hatred (2003). Also around this time ... 19 on Louder's list of "The 50 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" in 2018. He placed at No. 5 on Gibson's list of "The Top 10 ... 49-50. Crain 2009, pp. 52-53. Crain 2009, p. 54. Crain 2009, p. 69. Torreano, Bradley. "Power Metal - Pantera". AllMusic. Crain ... Abbott was praised for his instrumental tone and was included in Guitar Player's list of "The 50 Greatest Tones of All Time". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimebag_Darrell

Moon, C. S. (2017). "Estimations of the lethal and exposure doses for representative methanol symptoms in humans". Annals of ... of Energy Production of methanol by Clean Coal power plants for $.50 - .60 per gallon. DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuel

... and a lethal dose is 500 röntgens over 5 hours). It was decided that the sarcophagus would be replaced with a New Safe ... The western end of the shelter roof is supported by a wall at a point designated axis 50. This wall is reinforced concrete and ... p. 50. ISBN 978-0-252-06820-1. Retrieved 7 November 2019. corium silicate. "Chernobyl Tour". United States Environmental ... In December 2006 the "Designed Stabilisation Steel Structure" (DSSS) was extended until 50% of the roof load (about 400 tons) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant_sarcophagus

On 22 May 2002, Crick, in the presence of over 20 friends and family (but not Nitschke), took a lethal dose of barbiturates, ... Nitschke was the first doctor in the world to administer a legal, voluntary, lethal injection, after which the patient ... by misrepresenting his age as over 50. Waterman subsequently imported Nembutal and ended his life. In another case Lucas Taylor ... acknowledged that the information about the drug that was provided online could be accessed by people below the age of 50 who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Nitschke

The minimum lethal dose of the racemate in rabbits, i.v., is given as 100 mg/kg. Studies carried out to determine whether ... progressively larger doses caused less bradycardia), and which was quantitatively less than that produced by the same doses of ... halostachine produced only a slight mydriasis at a dose of 30 mg/kg, i.v., and "excitation" at 100 mg/kg; in guinea pigs, doses ... In man, an oral dose of 50 mg produced no effects on blood pressure, but this is only according to a single study from 1929. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halostachine

For example, the uptake of 20 nm gold nanoparticles can be stimulated in cancer cells using non-lethal doses of cold plasma. ... Besides surgical plasma application like argon plasma coagulation (APC), which is based on high-intensity lethal plasma effects ... There is a strict upper limit of 50 °C when treating tissue to avoid burns. The plasmas are only partially ionized, with less ... In order to use DC and 50/60 Hz power sources investigators developed the Resistive Barrier Discharge (RBD). However, for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_medicine

In 1955, in a tragedy known as the Cutter incident, Cutter Laboratories produced 120,000 doses of the Salk polio vaccine that ... with potentially lethal consequences." Vaccine hesitancy is becoming an increasing concern, particularly in industrialized ... At a 1998 press conference, Wakefield suggested that giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer than a ... Thiomersal (called "thimerosal" in the US) is an antifungal preservative used in small amounts in some multi-dose vaccines ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

The Red Skull tries to kill Rogers with a cigarette holding a lethal dose of the dust of death (the Red Skull's favorite poison ... When the Red Skull's son Rheinholt Schmidt releases his father from the vortex 50 years later, Captain America is inadvertently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skull

Hackett DW (October 3, 2020). "8-Gram Dose of COVID-19 Antibody Cocktail Provided to President Trump". Precision Vaccinations. ... in most populations far less lethal!!!" Many doctors expressed alarm at the notion that the public should "learn to live with" ... "8 gram dose of REGN-COV2". The drug was immediately provided in response to a "compassionate use" request from the medical team ... On October 6 and 7, Trump made no public appearances and had an empty public schedule, although he made more than 50 Twitter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak

Therefore, intraspecific variance in gape size, and hence in the likelihood consuming a lethal dose of toxin, induces a strong ... Some snake species have also adapted physiologically in such a way that the likelihood of ingesting lethal quantities of toxin ... Therefore, larger snakes with smaller heads are less likely to consume large cane toads with potentially lethal concentrations ... an attack on a cane toad results is fatal in as many as 50% of encounters. Snakes have strong negative allometry for head size ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptations_of_Australian_animals_to_cane_toads

One way of comparing the toxicity of chemicals is by LD50, which gives the dose relative to bodyweight sufficient to kill 50% ... would have to be maintained for up to five hours in order to produce a temperature that would be lethal to fungus within a 230 ... as wood preservatives are put on and into the timber and are designed to stay there for 50 or more years. Pesticides in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot_treatment

... exposed to lethal doses of X-rays; subjected to various chemical weapons inside gas chambers; injected with seawater; and ... was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that engaged in lethal ... often performed without anesthesia and usually lethal. In a video interview, former Unit 731 member Okawa Fukumatsu admitted to ... "two naked men put in an area 40-50 degrees below zero and researchers filmed the whole process until [the subjects] died. [The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731

DiFonzo, C. Cantharidin content and lethal dose of common Michigan blister beetles. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine ... The toxic dose of cantharidin in horses is about one milligram per kilogram body weight, and the ingestion of 30 to 50 beetles ... It is estimated that as little as 200 grams of frog legs from beetle-fed frogs could contain a potentially fatal dose of toxin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicauta_vittata

Bukele donated 44,000 more doses of the COVID-19 vaccine to Honduras on 19 June 2021 after Mexico had donated 154,100 doses to ... "use of lethal force" by the National Civil Police and the government's release of prisoners being lined up in San Salvador, ... On 13 May 2021, Bukele donated 34,000 doses of the COVID-19 vaccine to several towns and villages in Honduras after pleas from ... As of 3 November 2022, El Salvador had 201,785 confirmed cases and 4,230 deaths, and as of 28 October 2022, 11,250,496 doses of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayib_Bukele

This includes presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles, double-membrane vesicles, and a dose-dependent decrease in ATP levels. Melanoma ... Human α-Lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells)", Bioactive Components of Milk, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, ... In the mid-1970s, a scientist by the name of Peter Tegtmeyer happened upon a protein with an approximate size of 50 kDa. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticancer_gene

LD50 - lethal dose, 50% endpoint * LEIV - Laboratory for Ecology, Institute of Virology ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/ArboCAT/Abbr.aspx

Max Permissable Adult Dose 50,000 mRem/yr (hands), 15,000 mRem/yr (eyes). Lethal Dose LD(50) Exposure 400,000 to 500,000 mRem. ... 08.AD.50 Monazite-(Nd) (Nd,Ce,La)(P,Si)O4 P 21/n 2/m. ... 08.AD.50 Brabantite? CaTh(PO4)2 P 21 2. 08.AD.50 Gasparite-(Ce) ... 08.AD.50 Monazite-(Ce) (Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO4 P 21/n 2/m. ... 08.AD.50 Rooseveltite BiAsO4 P 2/m 2/m. 08.AD.50 Monazite-(Sm) ... 08.AD.50 Monazite-(La) (La,Ce,Nd)PO4 P 21/n 2/m. ...

https://webmineral.com/data/Monazite-

Lethal Dose 50 [‎1]‎. Letter [‎4]‎. Leukemia [‎7]‎. Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell [‎1]‎. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?rpp=20&offset=3423&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=P&order=ASC

Dermal lethal dose 50%; Octanol-water partition coefficient; Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of ... to identify dermal hazards based on potential of systemic absorption compared to hazard assignments based on dermal lethal dose ... 50% or logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficient. A total of 480 chemicals assigned an SN from at least one of seven ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asthma+OR+%27allerg%2A%27+OR+%27immune%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=161&RecNo=1602&View=f&

lethal dose 50% LER lowest effective rate OM organic matter PCPA Pest Control Products Act PCPR Pest Control Products ... However, if dose-response curves have been developed in the early stages of the development of a new herbicide active ... Range-finding or dose-response field studies which clearly demonstrate the lowest effective rate must be included. Refer to ... Ideally at least 5-6 data points are required to plot a dose-response curve but such a requirement would be very cumbersome for ...

https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/consumer-product-safety/reports-publications/pesticides-pest-management/policies-guidelines/regulatory-directive/2004/efficacy-guidelines-plant-protection-products-dir2003-04.html

lethal dose (50 percent kill): >5000 mg/kg. Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea. HPV123 -,-,2002. ... Other Multiple Dose Data and References. Route/Organism. Dose. Effect. Reference. inhalation/human lowest published toxic dose ... Dose. Effect. Reference. intramuscular/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 12 gm/kg/12W- intermittent. Tumorigenic: Neoplastic ... lowest published toxic dose: 26.64 mg/kg/3D- intermittent. Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above. JJTHEC 65,1247, ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh-rtecs/CI970FE0.html

lethal dose 50%. LPS. lipopolysaccharide. MHC. major histocompatibility complex. MIP-1β. macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta ... lethal dose 50%. LPS. lipopolysaccharide. MHC. major histocompatibility complex. MIP-1β. macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta ... effective dose 50%. ELISA. enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. G-CSF. granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. GM-CSF. granulocyte ... effective dose 50%. ELISA. enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. G-CSF. granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. GM-CSF. granulocyte ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424036v1

Filmaffinity, tu página personalizada de votación y recomendación de películas y series

https://www.filmaffinity.com/ar/search.php?stype=cast&sn&stext=Ross%20McCall

... refers to the lethal dose in mice).[4] The Zika virus was also shown to be highly neurotropic in mice. After intracerebral ... they neutralized more than 100 LD50 of virus ("LD" ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/859307_3

LD50: Lethal Dose 50%. *RID: Regulation concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail ...

https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.htm

The LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the population) of lewisite (L) is 2.8 g on the skin. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/832158-clinical

3,000 Billion Lethal Doses Of Radiation. Read moreFukushima Now Equal To 50 Plus Chernobyls & 3,000 Billion Lethal Doses Of ... 3,000 Billion Lethal Doses Of Radiation. November 13, 2017. by Infinite ... Fukushima nuclear disaster: Lethal levels of radiation detected in leak seven years after plant meltdown in Japan. February 22 ... Fukushima nuclear disaster: Lethal levels of radiation detected in leak seven years after plant meltdown in Japanhttps://t.co/ ...

https://infiniteunknown.net/tag/nuclear/

LD50: Lethal Dose 50%. *EC50: Effective Concentration 50%. References. *IPCS - The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC), ...

https://www.lookchem.com/sds367274-58-6.html

13/11/2022 · British actor Tom Hardy is a fan favourite to become the new Tuxedo-wearing James Bond. However, the actor has refused to comment on the 007 casting news, according to reports. Tom Hardys Venom will be telecasted on Channel 4 tonight. The British actor has played the anti-hero role in two of Marvels movies. ...

https://it.search.yahoo.com/yp/search?p=Tom+Hardy&ei=UTF-8&fl=0&rd=r1&norw=1&age=1w&d=%7B%22domain%22%3A%22actor%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22yk%22%2C%22id%22%3A%221e649227-d6bd-490e-a2b2-7e9164ae529c%22%7D&fr2=p%3As%2Cv%3Aw%2Cm%3Akg-pasf%2Cct%3AGetPersonInfo&fr=yhs-Elex-elex_22find

Max Permissable Adult Dose 50,000 mRem/yr (hands), 15,000 mRem/yr (eyes). Lethal Dose LD(50) Exposure 400,000 to 500,000 mRem. ...

https://webmineral.com/data/Dingdaohengite-

Max Permissable Adult Dose 50,000 mRem/yr (hands), 15,000 mRem/yr (eyes). Lethal Dose LD(50) Exposure 400,000 to 500,000 mRem. ...

http://www.webmineral.com/data/Uranospathite.shtml

... lethal dose.. Efficacy is assessed by comparing the suppression of lesion size after 28 days in the drug treated group to that ... Initial drug dose schedule. Drug dose. Duration of therapy. Route and drug doses/week. Endpoint evaluated (day after infection) ... initial dosing in the mouse treatment model with oral drug administration uses two doses: the dose that was successful in the ... A full range of doses are evaluated in the hamster. The therapeutic index for this in vivo model is also defined as the dose ...

https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/88/2/article-p216.xml?rskey=Un8ppZ&result=15

https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/88/2/article-p216.xml?rskey=5Qyqq3&result=15

Lethal Dose 50 7% * Animals 6% * Inhalation 6% Chemical Compounds. * Cyanide Salt 83% ...

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/projects/a-large-animal-critical-care-laboratory-with-247-specialist-suppo/fingerprints/

Lethal doses could not be achieved due to emesis. *** 250 mg/kg produced local reaction; temporary inappetence, higher doses ... Low dose mice were given a total of 6.6 g/kg b.w. for 635 days and high dose mice were given a total of 32.1 g/kg b.w. for 634 ... dose females and in 1/3 animals given the intermediate dose. There was some evidence of recovery after dosing ceased in the ... The total dose was 4.7 g/kg b.w. with individual doses being in the range of 50-150 mg/kg b.w. Each dose was given by gavage as ...

https://inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v27je08.htm

Kucharska and colleagues (2016) have identified 113 chemicals in 50 brands of liquids. Even more compounds are observed in the ... PG is considered "practically non-toxic" orally, with acute lethal dose (LD50) values of 20 g/kg or greater (see Table 5-3). ... Estimated daily dose for this subject was 114 mg (2-ml dose) to 228 mg (4-ml dose) of PG/kg body weight (Arulanantham and Genel ... Acute Lethal Dose (LD50) of Propylene Glycol in Rats, Mice, Guinea Pigs, and Rabbits. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507184/

... lethal dose 50; longevity; metals; mice; phenols; quercetin; sucrose; superoxide anion; tannins; volatile compounds. Abstract: ... lethal dose 50; linalool; minimum inhibitory concentration; neoplasm cells; neoplasms; oils; pathogens; phenols; toxicity ... During this study, different doses of AOS are added to a basal diet to evaluate its effects on the lifespan, motor vigor and ... Results showed that SFN inhibited cell viability and induced DNA strand breaks at high doses (≥20 μM). It also activated the ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bpublication_year_rev_facet%5D%5B%5D=7981-2019&f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=antineoplastic+activity&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=antioxidant+activity&per_page=50&sort=date-asc

Lethal Dose, 50%.. PEL. Permissible Exposure Limit.. STEL. Short Term Exposure Limit.. ...

https://www.pilotchemical.com/about/acronyms/

Acute Toxicity (Lethal Dose 50 Calculation) of Herbal Drug Somina in Rats and Mice (Articles) ...

https://scirp.org/journal/articles.aspx?searchcode=Ahmed+Sarki&searchfield=authors&page=1&skid=0

LD50: Lethal Dose 50%. *EC50: Effective Concentration 50%. References. *IPCS - The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC), ...

https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/1-isopropyl-3-piperidinone.htm

Published median lethal dose (LD50) values in dogs may range from 2.38-4.7 mg/kg. Ingested doses equivalent to or higher than ... The median lethal dose (LD50) may vary in the literature; however, toxic doses are widely accepted at one-tenth of the lowest ... Ingested doses lower than the average LD50 (approximately 3.54 mg/kg) may result in a paralytic (subacute or chronic) syndrome ... Administration of activated charcoal in multiple doses, if the quantity consumed is of concern for poisoning in the patient ( ...

https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/rodenticide-poisoning/bromethalin-poisoning-in-animals?query=bromethalin

Published median lethal dose (LD50) values in dogs may range from 2.38-4.7 mg/kg. (merckvetmanual.com)
The subcutaneous median lethal dose (LD 50 ) in mice was 514 mg/kg. (genelabs.com)
As part of the clinical development pathway LD50 values (median lethal dose) have often been determined, giving some indication of where the MTD will be. (biomedcentral.com)

The LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the population) of lewisite (L) is 2.8 g on the skin. (medscape.com)
Ingested doses equivalent to or higher than the average LD50 (approximately 3.54 mg/kg) may cause a convulsant syndrome in dogs within 4-36 hours. (merckvetmanual.com)
Ingested doses lower than the average LD50 (approximately 3.54 mg/kg) may result in a paralytic (subacute or chronic) syndrome in some dogs typically within 1-5 days of exposure. (merckvetmanual.com)
The lethal doses for 10 (LD10) or 50 (LD50) % of population were estimated with Probit regression analysis. (ufrgs.br)
Discussion: Aqueous extracts of the fruit peels and leaves of C. brasiliense were classified as very toxic since the LD50 ranged from 50 to 500 mg / kg BW. (ufrgs.br)
Acute toxicity testing began during the World War I era, with the now-infamous lethal dose 50 percent (LD50) test, which, even today, remains a common animal-poisoning study. (peta.org)
One international study that examined the results of rat and mouse LD50 tests for 50 chemicals found that these tests predicted toxicity in humans with only 65 percent accuracy--while a series of human cell-line tests was found to predict toxicity in humans with 75 to 80 percent accuracy. (peta.org)

The antimicrobial potentials were observed with the extracts of Adathoda vasika, Ficus bengalensis and Solanum torvum The LD 50 value of all the plant extracts were determined against Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the concentration below LD 50 was taken for further study to determine the antioxidant property. (ispub.com)
The lethal dose of atropine is around 10 mg while that of scopolamine is much lower (2-4 mg) [ 6 ] Relatively very high concentration of atropine (0.1 mg/ seed) and scopolamine (3.85 mg/g leaves) is present in Datura stramonium (Jimsonweed) and Datura inoxia (Moon flower), respectively [ 6 ]. (springer.com)
The concentration of AZA required to cause 50% cytotoxicity in 2 hrs at 37°C was found to be 400 μ M. A significant increase in AZA-induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was observed when glutathione- (GSH-) depleted hepatocytes were used. (hindawi.com)
The LCt 50 (the concentration-time product capable of killing 50% of the exposed group) for hydrogen cyanide is 2500-5000 mg/min/m 3 . (medscape.com)

This study evaluated the efficacy of a predictive model utilized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to identify dermal hazards based on potential of systemic absorption compared to hazard assignments based on dermal lethal dose 50% or logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficient. (cdc.gov)

Treatment plans typically consist of repeated cycles of chemotherapy at as high a dose as possible, without causing unacceptable toxicity, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). (biomedcentral.com)
Maximum drug doses are determined in dose escalating phase I clinical trials until reaching an appropriate balance between efficacy and toxicity [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Oral Toxicity at 60-days of Sacha Inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) and Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), and determination of lethal dose 50 in rodents. (frontiersin.org)
This study aimed to assess the single-dose toxicity of THJ-2201 by hematological and histopathological evaluation of liver and kidney specimens in Swiss albino mice. (springeropen.com)
The LD 50 value of THJ-2201 was 822.20 mg/kg, which is considered as a chemical compound of low toxicity. (springeropen.com)
Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the single-dose toxicity of THJ-2201 in Swiss albino mice on hematological and histopathological alternation of liver and kidney specimens treated with THJ-2201. (springeropen.com)
For drug doses necessary to achieve high levels of sensitization the toxicity of Ro-07-0582 to aerobic cells is quite acceptable. (ubc.ca)

We assessed and compared the protective efficacy of two monoclonal antibodies, Ig121 and c19F1, when administered after aerosol exposure in a uniformly lethal nonhuman primate model of SEB intoxication. (biorxiv.org)
To determine the danger of a single short-term exposure to a product or chemical, the substance is administered to animals (usually rodents) in extremely high doses via force-feeding, forced inhalation, and/or eye or skin contact. (peta.org)
A major assumption with ACMS is that high dose/short time ( in vitro ) exposure simulates low dose/long time ( in vivo ) exposure [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Clinical manifestations vary widely, depending on the dose and route of exposure, and may range from minor upper airway irritation to cardiovascular collapse and death within minutes. (medscape.com)
It is not known what level of airborne exposure would result in acute intoxication resulting in lethal respiratory depression in an occupational setting. (cdc.gov)
Studies in experimental incidence and multiplicity of tumours to Wilms tumour in humans - in the animals increase and the latency period de adult rat after perinatal exposure to a creases with increasing dose. (who.int)
Most experimental studies of the predominant results of earlylife do not develop in rats exposed to the carcinogenesis during prenatal life exposure are what would be expect same carcinogen during adult life and infancy have been conducted ed from a higher effective dose to the (Diwan and Rice, 1995 ). (who.int)

El objetivo de este estudio fue irradiar con rayos gamma semillas de C. arabica de las variedades Geisha, Oro Azteca y Marsellesa para determinar la dosis letal media (DL 50 ) y evaluar su respuesta fisiológica sobre la germinación, supervivencia, altura de planta (AP), diámetro de tallo (DT), altura al primer par de hojas (APPH) y área foliar (AF). (scielo.org.mx)

they neutralized more than 100 LD 50 of virus ("LD" refers to the lethal dose in mice). (medscape.com)
In addition, while patients often receive supportive treatments in order to allow dose escalation, mice do not. (biomedcentral.com)
To address this, we determined the single-dose MTD in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice for a range of chemotherapeutics covering the canonical classes, with clinical score and weight as endpoints. (biomedcentral.com)
These data form a resource for future studies using chemotherapy in mice, increasing comparability between studies, reducing the number of mice needed for dose optimisation experiments and potentially improving translation to the clinic. (biomedcentral.com)
We therefore aimed to create a murine cancer chemotherapy MTD resource in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, which would both reduce individual dose optimising investigations and allow standardized dosing strategies in preclinical cancer research. (biomedcentral.com)
20 μL of challenge dose was introduced intranasally onto the nostrils of the mice by using a pipette tip. (cdc.gov)
20 μL of challenge dose was introduced orally to the back of the throat of the mice by using a pipette tip. (cdc.gov)
The experimental protocol included oral treatment of mice with different doses (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg/kg body weight of THJ-2201) for 24 h. (springeropen.com)
Results showed that dose-dependent treatment with THJ-2201 leads to mild tremor clinical signs with low doses and photophobia (sensitivity to light) and even cessation of breathing as a potential cause of death with high doses in treated mice. (springeropen.com)
Systemic melioidosis can be generated in C57BL/6 mice by using different routes of infection, if a high dose is used. (cdc.gov)
However, if BALB/c mice are injected SC with NCTC 13178, the LD 50 value increases 100-fold to 1 x 10 3 CFU. (cdc.gov)
BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were administered 570 CFU (equivalent to 60 x LD 50 delivered IV) or 3 x 10 5 CFU (equivalent to 60 x LD 50 delivered IV), respectively. (cdc.gov)

BISMARCK, ND ( KXNET ) - North Dakota law enforcement agencies participating in a joint detail as part of the American Governors' Border Strike Force recently seized more than 50 pounds of illegal drugs, including enough fentanyl to kill hundreds of thousands of people. (kxnet.com)
2 milligrams of fentanyl is considered a potentially lethal dose by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. (kxnet.com)
The approximate medical estimate of a lethal dose of Fentanyl in humans is 2-mg. (cityoffrederickmd.gov)
The 90 grams of fentanyl recovered in this case equals 90,000 mg which would indicate an estimated 45,000 potential lethal doses seized from this group. (cityoffrederickmd.gov)
Since 2018, the BSF seized over 190 million lethal doses of fentanyl, 400 pounds of heroin, $14 million in cash, 700 firearms, and 8,000 prescription pills. (azfreenews.com)
Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid, up to 50 times more potent than heroin and up to 100 times stronger than morphine. (demcoinc.net)

however, toxic doses are widely accepted at one-tenth of the lowest reported LD 50 in companion animal species. (merckvetmanual.com)
However, the active metabolites those are likely to confer these pharmacological properties healing may also be toxic dependent upon the dose and route of administration. (ufrgs.br)
For chloroquine in adults, the lethal dose is estimated to be between 30 and 50 mg/kg, while doses higher than 20 mg/kg can also be toxic (11). (who.int)
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population. (bvsalud.org)
The purpose of this work was to study the drug Ro-07-0582 both for its toxic effects and its ability to preferentially sensitize hypoxic cells to the lethal effects of radiation (radiosensitize). (ubc.ca)

Similar findings were made after intravenous dosing. (inchem.org)

Statistically derived dose of a chemical or physical agent (radiation) expected to kill 50% of organisms in a given population under a defined set of conditions. (iupac.org)
During their development, yeast cells from the G1 into the G2 nuclear stages were treated with X-rays and UV radiation at various doses. (unipi.it)
Cells experiencing a low oxygen tension show relative resistance to the lethal effects of radiation. (ubc.ca)

Rhesus macaques were challenged using small particle aerosols of SEB, and then were infused intravenously with a single dose of either Ig121 or c19F1 (10 mg/kg) at either 0.5, 2 or 4 hours postexposure. (biorxiv.org)
Bromethalin is a nonanticoagulant rodenticide that is intended to lead to death in target species after ingestion of a single dose. (merckvetmanual.com)

Containing a compound called amygdalin, when the seed is crushed or chewed, this amygdalin produces hydrogen cyanide - lethal in high enough doses, around 50-300mg for an adult. (listverse.com)
Cyanide is a rapidly lethal agent when used in enclosed spaces where high concentrations can be achieved easily. (medscape.com)

Dosis de sustancias venenosas o tóxicas, o dosis de radiación ionizante, requeridas para matar al 50 por ciento de la población sometida a prueba. (bvsalud.org)

In humans, the lethal oral dose is estimated to be 1-20 mg/kg body weight with symptoms like abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)

Ingestion of excessive calcium channel blocker (CCB) agents is one of the most potentially lethal prescription drug overdoses. (medscape.com)

Pb(Ac) 2 , 200 mglkg/day for 2 days, produced a statistically significant anticonvulsant effect, while 50 mglkg Pb(N0 3 ) 2 resulted in a fall in threshold. (elsevier.com)
Pb(Ac)2, 200 mglkg/day for 2 days, produced a statistically significant anticonvulsant effect, while 50 mglkg Pb(N03)2 resulted in a fall in threshold. (elsevier.com)

The groups treated with the two lower doses of both extracts completely abolished the clinical alteration between two and four hours after inoculation. (ufrgs.br)
The high doses of their extracts and/or compounds could result in delirium, stupefaction and intense hallucinations [ 5 ]. (springer.com)

There is a clear dose-response relationship between chemotherapy and tumour regression in preclinical studies [ 4 ] and in the clinical setting [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, the dose used in preclinical studies may significantly affect translation into clinical trials [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

By 28 days after dosing only low levels were found in kidney and muscle (0.9 and 0.5-0.8 ppb, respectively) with slightly higher concentrations in the liver (2 ppb) (Duhm et al . (inchem.org)
With 24 halobenzenes, it was found that the relative lethal concentrations required to cause 50% cytotoxicity in 2 hrs at 37°C (LC 50 , according to ACMS) that was determined using hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-induced Sprague-Dawley rats in vitro correlated with hepatotoxicity in vivo at 24 to 54 hrs [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
The radiosensitizing capability of Ro-07-0582 was determined by measuring the Dose Modifying Factors (DMF's) for various drug concentrations with each cell line. (ubc.ca)

2016). The high doses of chemotherapy used in al. (bvsalud.org)

According to University of Delaware marine biologist Danielle Dixson, the chemical oxybenzone in sunscreens is lethal to horseshoe crab eggs. (skinorganics.life)
Eggs of one group were injected with a sub-lethal dose of cadmium chloride (1.5 µg/egg) in albumin on 7th day of incubation. (researcherslinks.com)
All of the eggs (40-50 per day) are laid in the fur. (uky.edu)

Kucharska and colleagues (2016) have identified 113 chemicals in 50 brands of liquids. (nih.gov)

Experiments with 3- 14 C-olaquindox intraduodenally administered to rats with bile duct fistulas suggested that around 18% of the dose was excreted in the bile. (inchem.org)

scientists estimate a lethal dose would accumulate from ingesting over 400 a day - before which being sick would almost surely remove the offending article from your system. (listverse.com)

This value is equivalent to the LD 50 of the less virulent NCTC 13179 delivered SC The results emphasize that virulence depends on the route of infection. (cdc.gov)
Just two milligrams of the synthetic opioid-equivalent to 10-15 grains of table salt-is considered a lethal dose. (demcoinc.net)

We analyzed T and B cell responses after first dose vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 in healthcare workers (HCW) followed longitudinally, with or without prior Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 infection. (cdc.gov)
By comparison, HCW receiving one vaccine dose without prior infection showed reduced immunity against variants. (cdc.gov)
In South Africa, a 2-dose Oxford/AZ vaccine did not prevent mild to moderate COVID-19 (cases mainly B.1.351 variant). (cdc.gov)
In adults in South Africa, a 2-dose Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine regimen did not prevent mild to moderate COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
That's why today I'm glad to announce that COVAX has signed an agreement with Pfizer BioNTech for up to 40 million doses of its vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
00:04:46 Additionally, pending WHO emergency use listing, we expect almost 150 million doses of the AstraZeneca Oxford vaccine to be available for distribution by COVAX in the first quarter of this year. (bvsalud.org)
Together these announcements mean COVAX could begin delivering doses in February provided we can finalise a supply agreement for the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine and emergency use listing for the AstraZeneca Oxford vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
This agreement also opens the door for countries who are willing to share doses of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine to donate them to COVAX and support rapid roll-out. (bvsalud.org)

68 Ge/ 68 Ga radionuclide generators have been the object of development and investigation for almost 50 y. (snmjournals.org)

Histologically oil higher doses reduced the thickness of the area of tissue inflammation, mainly for P. huayllabambana. (frontiersin.org)
The higher dose administered in both experiments were lethal for all animals, but the doses 250 mg/kg BW of fruit peels extract and 150 mg/kg of BW of leaves extract caused mortality of 100% just in males. (ufrgs.br)
The X-ray-induced mutations were earlier saturated, possibly because of the higher number of lethal lesions so induced. (unipi.it)

However, in both experiments there were no significant differences between the mortality frequency for groups of male and female, as well the comportment of these animals when these doses were administered. (ufrgs.br)

1973). When pigs were dosed at levels in the range of those recommended in use (up to 100 ppm in the diet) for up to 20 weeks, relatively high levels were found in the kidney (around 2000 ppb) with relatively moderate levels in the liver (300 ppb) when the animals were killed six hours after drug withdrawal. (inchem.org)
When killed 2 days after withdrawal, levels had fallen to below the limits of detection (50 ppb) in liver, kidney and muscle. (inchem.org)
which may render the genetic mate doses of NDMA is the kidney, but a Transplacental carcinogenesis rial of fetal cells highly accessible to much lower incidence of tumours is stu dies with ENU in nonhuman pri carcinogens. (who.int)

ENU during the final week of gestat the rapidly changing patterns of gene In both the fetus and the pregnant ion is approximately 50 times that of expression in fetal target tissues, female rat, the target organ for single the mother. (who.int)

Over 90% of an oral dose of 2 mg/kg b.w. was eliminated in the urine within 24 hours, which is indicative of rapid and extensive absorption. (inchem.org)

Integrated analyses revealed significant alterations in cellular composition, transcriptional cell states, and cell-to-cell interactions, providing insights into the biology of lethal COVID-19. (cdc.gov)

The availability of a cell-division-cycle (cdc) mutant in the fission yeast S. pombe, wee 1-50, has made possible the production of a large population of G1 nuclear-stage synchronized cells. (unipi.it)

Radioactivity was present in all tissues when examined 2 days after dosing, but the levels were extremely low. (inchem.org)

Distribution occurred in a generalized manner throughout the body after oral dosing and most of the radioactivity had disappeared by 24 hours. (inchem.org)
The majority of an oral dose of olaquindox (70%) was excreted in the urine unchanged. (inchem.org)
Again the major urinary component after oral dosing was olaquindox with about 7% present as the 4-mono-N-oxide. (inchem.org)

For a new system, dose 4 oz (119 ml / ½ cup) per 5 US gallons (19 L). For established systems, use 2 oz (60 ml / ¼ cup) per 5 US gallons (19 L). For a large livestock system or systems with heavy bioload, new system dosage may be safely increased up to 10x. (coralreeftn.com)

The 1918 virus caused the deadliest flu pandemic in recorded human history, claiming the lives of an estimated 50 million people worldwide. (cdc.gov)
The 1918 H1N1 flu pandemic, sometimes referred to as the "Spanish flu," killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide, including an estimated 675,000 people in the United States. (cdc.gov)
This past year, the state budget awarded $11.6 million to expand the BSF, as well as $50 million to improve patrolling, physical barriers, detention, and prosecution efforts. (azfreenews.com)
Best Buy Co. plans to close 50 big box stores and open 100 small mobile locations in the U.S. in fiscal 2013 and cut $800 million in costs by fiscal 2015. (joesherlock.com)

Maximum plasma levels were attained within 1-2 hours of dosing (1-2 ppm). (inchem.org)
The experiment was established under a completely randomized factorial design with two factors (variety, with three levels, and irradiation dose, with six levels) and three replicates (225 seeds per replicate). (scielo.org.mx)
Nitrifying bacteria can take weeks to naturally establish colonies in new aquariums while ammonia and nitrite can reach lethal levels in only a few days. (coralreeftn.com)

Doses lower than 100 Gy can be used in breeding programs for C. arabica . (scielo.org.mx)

Animals in the highest-dose groups often endure severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, convulsions, seizures, paralysis, or bleeding from the nose, mouth, or genitals before they ultimately die or are killed. (peta.org)

Gagnez du temps : Sélectionnez en ligne, retirez en pharmacie diazepam with alcohol . (biz.tr)
Pharmacie de Steinfort au Luxembourg, vente en ligne de produits de pharmacie et parapharmacie des plus grandes marques.com, a été diazepam with alcohol . (biz.tr)
MegaPharma est une parapharmacie en ligne proposant plus de 20 diazepam with alcohol . (biz.tr)
Site de conseils pharmaceutiques rédigé par un docteur en pharmacie diazepam with alcohol . (biz.tr)
The lethal dose of a barbiturate is far less if alcohol is also ingested. (fioricetcod.com)
Objetivo: el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo relacionar el patrón de uso abusivo y problemas relacionados con el alcohol entre pacientes que intentaron suicidarse en Recife en 2015. (bvsalud.org)

Tolerance, psychological dependence, and physical dependence may occur especially following prolonged use of high doses of barbiturates. (fioricetcod.com)

50 grams of suspected CDS and/or cutting agent was also recovered and will require further lab testing. (cityoffrederickmd.gov)

Anatomy16

Organisms46

Diseases40

Chemicals and Drugs68

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment54

Phenomena and Processes42

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care16

Assaying potential carcinogens with Drosophila. (1/1650)

Quantitative aspects in the assessment of liver injury. (2/1650)

Isolation and amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. (3/1650)

Efflux-mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. (4/1650)

The contribution of acute toxicity in animals to occupational exposure limits of chemical substances. (5/1650)

Biological activity of netilmicin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic. (6/1650)

Waglerin-1 selectively blocks the epsilon form of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (7/1650)

Role of lysine and tryptophan residues in the biological activity of toxin VII (Ts gamma) from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus. (8/1650)

Lethal Dose 50

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Virulence

Botulism

Injections, Intraperitoneal

Botulinum Toxins

Bacterial Vaccines

Administration, Oral

Plague

Immunization, Passive

Anthrax

Immunization

Yersinia pestis

Time Factors

Disease Models, Animal

Antibodies, Bacterial

Orthomyxoviridae Infections

Toxicity Tests, Acute

Clostridium botulinum

Vaccines, Synthetic

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation

Antitoxins

Vaccines, Attenuated

Mice, Inbred ICR

Radiation Dosage

Injections, Intravenous

Spleen

Anthrax Vaccines

Radiation-Protective Agents

Drug Administration Schedule

Botulinum Antitoxin

Bacterial Toxins

Radiation Injuries, Experimental

Bacillus anthracis

Liver

Injections, Intramuscular

Lung

Mice, Inbred Strains

Administration, Intranasal

Toxins, Biological

Tularemia

Salmonella typhimurium

Aerosols

Survival Analysis

Antibodies, Viral

Gamma Rays

Vaccination

Mice, Inbred C3H

Injections, Subcutaneous

Listeriosis

Antigens, Bacterial

Endotoxins

Plague Vaccine

Radiometry

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Aeromonas hydrophila

Whole-Body Irradiation

Neutralization Tests

Lipopolysaccharides

Yersinia Infections

Shock, Septic

Viral Vaccines

Vibrio Infections

Immunity

Salmonella Infections, Animal

Rabbits

Acute Radiation Syndrome

Bacterial Proteins

Treatment Outcome

Francisella tularensis

Listeria monocytogenes

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Immunoglobulin G

Half-Life

Cell Line

Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic

Pseudomonas Infections

Kidney

Dose Fractionation

Togaviridae Infections