ISBN 0-89203-002-X. Colvin AC, West RV (Dec 2008). "Patellar instability". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90: 2751-62. doi:10.2106/JBJS. ... They may however not alter medial or lateral displacement, but can be helpful as a diagnostic tool for occult patellofemoral ... especially indicated in patient with miserable malalignment syndrome or medial collapse. Several patellar braces or taping ... Such pain is commonly caused by running and jumping sports and activities that place large forces on the patellofemoral joint. ...

Lateral view *Carpal malalignment - A line is drawn along the long axis of the capitate bone and another line is drawn along ... "The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 91 (8): 1868-1873. doi:10.2106/jbjs.h.01297. PMC 2714808. PMID 19651943 ... If the carpal bones are aligned, both lines will intersect within the carpal bones. If the carpal bones are not aligned, both ... 33% of broken bones[2]. A distal radius fracture, also known as wrist fracture, is a break of the part of the radius bone which ...

A thirty-year follow-up". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 82 (2): 217-21. PMID 10755429. Rockborn, P; ... Uncorrected varus or valgus axial malalignment Uncorrected knee joint instability Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency Knee ... "Effect of lateral meniscal allograft sizing on contact mechanics of the lateral tibial plateau: an experimental study in human ... Surgical technique". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 88 Suppl 1 Pt 1: 109-18. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00875 ...

Malalignment of pelvic and/or back joints. Struggle to sit or stand. Pain may also radiate down the inner thighs. Waddling or ... There is an increase of load on the lateral side of the foot and the hind foot. These changes may also be responsible for the ... apparent suddenly after parturition or gradually during pregnancy and permitting a degree of mobility of the pelvic bones which ... The nature of the bony pelvic ring with its three joints determines that no one joint can move independently of the other two. ...

A horse with insufficient bone is more at risk for injury (within the bones, joints, muscle, tendons, ligaments, and feet). ... Causes excessive strain on the lateral surfaces of the joints from the knee down and on the outside portions of the hoof. There ... Often a result of a short back, or injury or malalignment of the lumbar vertebrae. Often accompanied by less-developed loin ... An upright shoulder causes the shoulder joint to be open and set low over a short, steep arm bone, making it difficult for a ...

A horse with insufficient bone is more at risk for injury (within the bones, joints, muscle, tendons, ligaments, and feet). ... Causes excessive strain on the lateral surfaces of the joints from the knee down and on the outside portions of the hoof. ... The horse has an enlargement at the top of the croup, or a malalignment of the croup with the pelvis and lumbar vertebrae, ... Overall balance and bone[edit]. Insufficient Bone *Measuring the circumference of the top of the cannon bone, just below the ...

Lupus erythematosus Madarosis Malalignment of the nail plate Male-pattern baldness Marie-Unna hereditary hypotrichosis (Marie- ... Lichen amyloidosis Limited joint mobility Lipoid proteinosis (hyalinosis cutis et mucosae, Urbach-Wiethe disease) Lipoprotein ... Break-bone fever) Disseminated herpes zoster Eczema herpeticum (Kaposi's varicelliform eruption) Eczema vaccinatum ... Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of the hallux Congenital lip pit ( ...

... is the degree of maturation of a child's bones. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray. The "bone age" of a child is the average age at which children reach this stage of bone maturation. A child's current height and bone age can be used to predict adult height. For most people, their bone age is the same as their biological age but for some individuals, their bone age is a couple years older or younger. Those with advanced bone ages typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing early sooner while those with delayed bone ages hit their growth spurt ...

... is constantly being created and replaced in a process known as remodeling. This ongoing turnover of bone is a process of resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change in shape. This is accomplished through osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Cells are stimulated by a variety of signals, and together referred to as a remodeling unit. Approximately 10% of the skeletal mass of an adult is remodelled each year.[42] The purpose of remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis, repair microdamaged bones from everyday stress, and to shape the skeleton during growth.[citation needed] Repeated stress, such as weight-bearing exercise or bone healing, results in the bone thickening at the points of maximum stress (Wolff's law). It has been hypothesized that this is a result of bone's piezoelectric ...

The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity. Located in the main shaft of a long bone (diaphysis) (consisting mostly of compact bone), the medullary cavity has walls composed of spongy bone (cancellous bone) and is lined with a thin, vascular membrane (endosteum). However, the medullary cavity is the area inside any bone (long, flat, etc.) that holds the bone marrow. This area is involved in the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells, and the calcium supply for bird eggshells. Intramedullary is a medical term meaning the ...

... is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly. Some kind of small or acute fractures can be cured but risky for large fractures like compound fractures. Bone generally has the ability to regenerate completely but requires a very small fracture space or some sort of scaffold to do so. Bone grafts may be autologous (bone harvested from the patient's own body, often from the iliac crest), allograft (cadaveric bone usually obtained from a bone bank), or synthetic (often made of hydroxyapatite or other naturally occurring and biocompatible substances) with similar mechanical properties to bone. Most ...

The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage ("articular cartilage"). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The long bones include the femora, tibiae, and fibulae of the legs; the ...

Bone reabsorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoclasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the ...

... is constantly being created and replaced in a process known as remodeling. This ongoing turnover of bone is a process of resorption followed by replacement of bone with little change in shape. This is accomplished through osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Cells are stimulated by a variety of signals, and together referred to as a remodeling unit. Approximately 10% of the skeletal mass of an adult is remodelled each year.[42] The purpose of remodeling is to regulate calcium homeostasis, repair microdamaged bones from everyday stress, and to shape the skeleton during growth.[citation needed] Repeated stress, such as weight-bearing exercise or bone healing, results in the bone thickening at the points of maximum stress (Wolff's law). It has been hypothesized that this is a result of bone's piezoelectric ...

... (also known medically by several other names) is pain coming from a bone. It occurs as a result of a wide range of diseases and/or physical conditions and may severely impair the quality of life for patients who suffer from it. Bone pain belongs to the class of deep somatic pain, often experienced as a dull pain that cannot be localized accurately by the patient. This is in contrast with the pain which is mediated by superficial receptors in, e.g., the skin. Bone pain can have several possible causes ranging from extensive physical stress to serious diseases such as cancer. For many years it has been known that bones are innervated with sensory neurons. Yet their exact anatomy remained obscure due to the contrasting physical properties of bone and neural tissue. More recently, it is becoming clear what types of nerves innervated which ...

The Mechanostat is a term describing the way in which mechanical loading influences bone structure by changing the mass (amount of bone) and architecture (its arrangement) to provide a structure that resists habitual loads with an economical amount of material. As changes in the skeleton are accomplished by the processes of formation (bone growth) and resorption (bone loss), the mechanostat models the effect of influences on the skeleton by those processes, through their effector cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The term was invented by Harold Frost an orthopaedic surgeon and researcher and described extensively in articles referring to Frost and Webster Jee's Utah Paradigm of Skeletal Physiology[1][2][3][4][5] in the 1960s. The Mechanostat is often defined as a practical description of Wolff's law described by Julius Wolff (1836-1902), but this is not ...

The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is made up of about 300 bones at birth. As some bones join together, there are 206 bones in adulthood.[1] The bones are at their strongest around age 20. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The human skeleton performs six major functions. These are: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation. The male and female skeletons are not so different as those of many other ...

Mouse and other animal models are being heavily used to determine the neuron tissue densities in bone[5] and mechanisms for maintenance of bone pain.[1] This information is pertinent to determining the biological and physiological components of pain in the bone. By creating a detailed map relating the types of nerves going through the different sections of bone, it is possible to pin-point locations in the bone that are at a higher risk of being susceptible to bone pain.[citation needed]. Treatments focusing on biological components such as cannabinoid receptors are being tested for effectiveness. Through testing in mouse models, it has been shown that activation of the CB-1 receptor helps reduce reactions associated with acute pain, indicating that it alleviates bone pain. ...

Bone age is the degree of maturation of a child's bones. As a person grows from fetal life through childhood, puberty, and finishes growth as a young adult, the bones of the skeleton change in size and shape. These changes can be seen by x-ray. The "bone age" of a child is the average age at which children reach this stage of bone maturation. A child's current height and bone age can be used to predict adult height. For most people, their bone age is the same as their biological age but for some individuals, their bone age is a couple of years older or younger. Those with advanced bone ages typically hit a growth spurt early on but stop growing sooner, while those with delayed ...

神經母細胞瘤（Neuroblastoma）是一種在特定神經組織中形成的癌症。它最常從一側腎上腺開始，但也可以在頸部、胸部、腹部或脊髓中發展。[1]症狀包括骨痛（英语：bone pain）、腹部、頸部或胸部腫塊，或皮膚下無痛的藍色腫塊[1]。 神經母細胞瘤可能是由於基因突變所造成的[1]。尚未發現與環境因素的相關性[2]。根據其組織病理切片進行診斷[1]。有時懷孕時可透過超音波，在胎兒的身上檢查出來。當診斷出疾病時，癌症通常已經擴散[1]。神經母細胞瘤可以根據兒童的年齡、癌症分期以及癌症之樣貌，分為低、中、高風險[1]。 治療的結果取決於個人所處的風險群[1][4]。處置包括觀察、手術、放射線治療、化學治療或幹細胞移植[1]。低風險的嬰兒疾病通常觀察或透過手術即可獲得不錯的預後。[4]在高危疾病中，儘管採取了積極的治療長期存活率仍不到40％[4]。 ...