A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
Deliberate introduction of air into the peritoneal cavity.
Incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis.
Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium.
ENDOSCOPES for examining the abdominal and pelvic organs in the peritoneal cavity.
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.
Surgery performed on the female genitalia.
Diseases involving the FALLOPIAN TUBES including neoplasms (FALLOPIAN TUBE NEOPLASMS); SALPINGITIS; tubo-ovarian abscess; and blockage.
Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.
A sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.
Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.
Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.
A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (>96%) occur in the FALLOPIAN TUBES, known as TUBAL PREGNANCY. They can be in other locations, such as UTERINE CERVIX; OVARY; and abdominal cavity (PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL).
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).
Methods for assessing the patency of the fallopian tubes.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the female pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced into the pelvic cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix.
Pathological processes of the OVARY.
Placement of one of the surgeon's gloved hands into the ABDOMINAL CAVITY to perform manual manipulations that facilitate the laparoscopic procedures.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of conditions related to pregnancy, labor, and the puerperium and of diseases of the female genitalia. It includes also demonstration of genital and pregnancy physiology.
Excision of the uterus.
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.
A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.
The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Washing out of the peritoneal cavity. The procedure is a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic technique following abdominal trauma or inflammation.
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.
The region in the abdomen extending from the thoracic DIAPHRAGM to the plane of the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet). The abdominal cavity contains the PERITONEUM and abdominal VISCERA, as well as the extraperitoneal space which includes the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the uterus.
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.
The most common (>96%) type of ectopic pregnancy in which the extrauterine EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs in the FALLOPIAN TUBE, usually in the ampullary region where FERTILIZATION takes place.
That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
The course of learning of an individual or a group. It is a measure of performance plotted over time.
The duration of a surgical procedure in hours and minutes.
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.
The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.
Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. For surgery of the male genitalia, UROLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MALE is available.
A benign neoplasm of muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A followup operation to examine the outcome of the previous surgery and other treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
Endoscopic surgical procedures performed with visualization via video transmission. When real-time video is combined interactively with prior CT scans or MRI images, this is called image-guided surgery (see SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Surgical procedures performed through a natural opening in the body such as the mouth, nose, urethra, or anus, and along the natural body cavities with which they are continuous.
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative procedures prescribed and performed by health professionals, the results of which do not justify the benefits or hazards and costs to the patient.
Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
Surgery performed on the male genitalia.
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.
A congenital abnormality characterized by the outpouching or sac formation in the ILEUM. It is a remnant of the embryonic YOLK SAC in which the VITELLINE DUCT failed to close.
Excision of a portion of the colon or of the whole colon. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.
A surgical procedure in which an undescended testicle is sutured inside the SCROTUM in male infants or children to correct CRYPTORCHIDISM. Orchiopexy is also performed to treat TESTICULAR TORSION in adults and adolescents.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.
Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.
A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male. Common urological problems include urinary obstruction, URINARY INCONTINENCE, infections, and UROGENITAL NEOPLASMS.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.
The serous fluid of ASCITES, the accumulation of fluids in the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
Removal of the uterus through the vagina.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
Pathological developments in the CECUM.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Changing an operative procedure from an endoscopic surgical procedure to an open approach during the INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD.
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Any woven or knit material of open texture used in surgery for the repair, reconstruction, or substitution of tissue. The mesh is usually a synthetic fabric made of various polymers. It is occasionally made of metal.
A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.
Pathological processes in the SIGMOID COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.
Artificial introduction of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE with a somewhat different social structure than PAPIO HAMADRYAS. They inhabit several areas in Africa south of the Sahara.
The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.
Procedures to reverse the effect of REPRODUCTIVE STERILIZATION and to regain fertility. Reversal procedures include those used to restore the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE or the VAS DEFERENS.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
Inability to reproduce after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive sterility is permanent infertility.
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.
A protrusion of abdominal structures through the retaining ABDOMINAL WALL. It involves two parts: an opening in the abdominal wall, and a hernia sac consisting of PERITONEUM and abdominal contents. Abdominal hernias include groin hernia (HERNIA, FEMORAL; HERNIA, INGUINAL) and VENTRAL HERNIA.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural cavity.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs.
Inferior and external epigastric arteries arise from external iliac; superficial from femoral; superior from internal thoracic. They supply the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, iliac region, and groin. The inferior epigastric artery is used in coronary artery bypass grafting and myocardial revascularization.
Pain during the period after surgery.
Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The pit in the center of the ABDOMINAL WALL marking the point where the UMBILICAL CORD entered in the FETUS.
Painful menstruation.
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.
Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.
Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
A double-layered fold of peritoneum that attaches the STOMACH to other organs in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.
A specialty in which manual or operative procedures are used in the treatment of disease, injuries, or deformities.
An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Excision of kidney.

Paracrine changes in the peritoneal environment of women with endometriosis. (1/4176)

During the past decade, macrophage-derived substances such as prostanoids, cytokines, growth factors and angiogenic factors have been detected in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. In particular, growth-promoting and angiogenic factors are considered to be substantially involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In this study, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), substances recently detected in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis, were assessed with regard to their concentrations in different stages of endometriosis and changes of the peritoneal paracrine activity after medical treatment with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). Peritoneal fluid was obtained from patients with endometriosis during laparoscopy before and after a 4-month treatment with a GnRHa. VEGF, TGF-beta and ICAM-1 could be detected in all women presenting with various stages of active endometriosis. After GnRHa therapy, all patients showed significant decreases in mean concentrations of VEGF (194+/-77 pg/ml), TGF-beta (902+/-273 pg/ml) and ICAM-1 (157+/-52 ng/ml). Patients with stage III and IV endometriosis (according to the rAFS score) had much higher concentrations of VEGF and TGF-beta before treatment compared with those patients with mild endometriosis (rAFS stages I and II). The most striking decrease in concentration was for TGF-beta, from 902 pg/ml before to 273 pg/ml after therapy. These results indicate an important role for paracrine activity in the establishment and maintenance of endometriosis. Indeed, treatment with a GnRHa may reduce paracrine activity in the peritoneal cavity via hypo-oestrogenism and provide proof of successful therapy.  (+info)

Reduction of laparoscopic-induced hypothermia, postoperative pain and recovery room length of stay by pre-conditioning gas with the Insuflow device: a prospective randomized controlled multi-center study. (2/4176)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of Insuflow (Georgia BioMedical, Inc.) filter heater hydrator device in reducing the incidence, severity and extent of hypothermia, length of recovery room stay and postoperative pain at the time of laparoscopy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled multi-center study. Patients underwent gynecologic procedures via laparoscopy; surgeons, anesthesiologists and recovery room personnel assessed the results. SETTING: Seven North American institutions. PATIENTS: Seventy-two women for safety evaluation and efficacy studies. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoperative pre-conditioning of laparoscopic gas with the Insuflow device (treatment) or standard raw gas (control) during laparoscopic surgery and postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence, severity and extent of hypothermia, postoperative pain perception and length of recovery room stay. RESULTS: The Insuflow group had significantly less intraoperative hypothermia, reduced length of recovery room stay and reduced postoperative pain. Pre-conditioning of laparoscopic gas by filtering heating and hydrating was well tolerated with no adverse effects. The safety profile of the Insuflow pre-conditioned gas showed significant benefits compared to currently used raw gas. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-conditioning laparoscopic gas by filtering heating and hydrating with the Insuflow device was significantly more effective than the currently used standard raw gas and was safe in reducing or eliminating laparoscopic-induced hypothermia, shortening recovery room length of stay and reducing postoperative pain.  (+info)

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature. (3/4176)

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.  (+info)

Primary aldosteronism with aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma in a pregnant woman. (4/4176)

A 30-year-old pregnant woman complained of muscle weakness at 29 weeks' gestation. She was hypertensive with severe hypokalemia. Lower plasma renin activity and higher aldosterone level than the normal values in pregnancy suggested primary aldosteronism. A cesarean delivery was performed at 31 weeks' gestation because of pulmonary congestion. The neonatal course was uncomplicated. The laparoscopic adrenalectomy for a 2.0-cm right adrenal adenoma resulted in normalizing of her blood pressure and serum potassium level. Although primary aldosteronism is rare, especially during pregnancy, it should be always considered as one of etiologies of hypertension in pregnancy.  (+info)

Surgical options in the management of groin hernias. (5/4176)

Inguinal and femoral hernias are the most common conditions for which primary care physicians refer patients for surgical management. Hernias usually present as swelling accompanied by pain or a dragging sensation in the groin. Most hernias can be diagnosed based on the history and clinical examination, but ultrasonography may be useful in differentiating a hernia from other causes of groin swelling. Surgical repair is usually advised because of the danger of incarceration and strangulation, particularly with femoral hernias. Three major types of open repair are currently used, and laparoscopic techniques are also employed. The choice of technique depends on several factors, including the type of hernia, anesthetic considerations, cost, period of postoperative disability and the surgeon's expertise. Following initial herniorrhaphy, complication and recurrence rates are generally low. Laparoscopic techniques make it possible for patients to return to normal activities more quickly, but they are more costly than open procedures. In addition, they require general anesthesia, and the long-term hernia recurrence rate with these procedures is unknown.  (+info)

How can videolaparoscopy be used in a peritoneal dialysis programme? (6/4176)

BACKGROUND: Recently videolaparoscopy is considered to have a vaster use in surgery due to the undeniable benefits such as low operatory traumatism, quick recovery of canalization, a short stay in the hospital and minor scarring. METHODS: Forty patients were treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD); 15 videolaparoscopic procedures were performed on 13 patients before starting PD and two during the course of PD. The videolaparoscopy procedure was started by inducing pneumoperitoneum after initiation of general anaesthesia through endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: Peritoneal catheter placement was carried out in 11 ESRD patients showing abdominal scars due to previous laparotomies; their abdominal condition precluded safe PC placement using conventional non-laparoscopic procedures with local anaesthesia. Release of adhesions was performed only in two patients. Videolaparoscopy was also used in three patients for elective cholecystectomy; 2/3 underwent concomitant PC insertion. One patient was submitted to cholecystectomy during the course of CAPD; following the procedure we left the peritoneum dry overnight and then we started temporary IPD, using small volumes, avoiding haemodialysis (HD). Regular CAPD was resumed 6 days later. Finally, videolaparoscopy was also used for diagnostic purpose i.e. in one 59-year-old man patient who had a peritoneal catheter obstruction. Repeated rescue attempts using urokinase solution to irrigate the peritoneal catheter had been used in vain attempts prior to the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Videolaparoscopy proves to be a useful tool in a PD programme. Firstly, it may be used as a technique for catheter implantation, not as a routine procedure but in patients with extensive abdominal scars due to previous laparotomy, i.e. at risk for accidental viscera perforation due to the possibility of adhesions between intestinal loops and parietal peritoneum. Secondly, videolaparoscopy used for abdominal surgery allows the resumption of PD immediately after surgical procedure and thus avoiding HD. Videolaparoscopy is fundamental for diagnosis and rescue of catheter dysfunction and has an integral role in the successful management of these patients in extending catheter function and permitting safe replacement of peritoneal catheter if it becomes necessary. Along with the undeniable advantages, remains the disadvantages that it must be carried out by an expert surgeon in an operating theatre while the patient is under general anaesthesia.  (+info)

Improvement in quality of life measures after laparoscopic antireflux surgery. (7/4176)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patients with gastroesophageal reflux "well controlled medically" had a different quality of life from those with residual symptoms receiving aggressive medical therapy, and to determine whether laparoscopic antireflux surgery significantly altered quality of life in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Clinical determinants of outcome may not adequately reflect the full impact of therapy. The medical outcomes study short form (SF-36) is a well-validated questionnaire that assays eight specific health concepts in three general fields. It may provide a more sensitive tool for judging the success of antireflux therapy. METHODS: A total of 345 patients undergoing laparoscopic antireflux surgery completed at least one questionnaire during the study period. Preoperative questionnaires were completed by 290 patients, 223 completed a questionnaire 6 weeks after surgery, and 50 completed the same questionnaire 1 year after surgery. A subgroup of 70 patients was divided before surgery into two groups on the basis of their response to standard medical therapy. RESULTS: Preoperative scores were extremely low. All eight SF-36 health categories improved significantly 6 weeks and 1 year after surgery. In the 70-patient subgroup, 53 patients (76%) underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery because of symptoms refractory to medical therapy and 17 patients (24%) reported that their symptoms were well controlled but elected to have surgery because they wished to be medication-free. The preoperative quality of life scores of these two patient groups were equivalent in all but one category. Postoperative scores were significantly improved in all categories and indistinguishable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is an effective therapy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux and may be more effective than medical therapy at improving quality of life.  (+info)

Controversies in the modern management of hydrosalpinx. (8/4176)

The management of hydrosalpinx is a difficult clinical problem. Surgical treatment includes fimbrioplasty for patients with fimbrial obstruction and salpingostomy to fashion a stoma in the distal Fallopian tube in patients with a damaged fimbrial end. Surgery is only suitable for a small thin-walled hydrosalpinx with healthy mucosa. These operations can be performed via laparoscopy or open microsurgery. The proper selection of patients for surgical treatment and of the type of surgical technique are essential to achieve good results. The results of open microsurgery and laparoscopic surgery are summarized. In general, the prognosis of surgery is poor; however, in well selected cases, good results can be achieved by an experienced surgeon. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) is the main line of treatment for infertility caused by hydrosalpinx. In 1991, our group was the first to report on fluid accumulation in the uterine cavity before embryo transfer as a possible hindrance for implantation. Later, several publications reported an association between patients with hydrosalpinx and a reduced pregnancy rate when treated by IVF. The cause of a low pregnancy rate could be due to mechanical, chemical or toxic effects of the tubal fluid on the endometrium preventing implantation. All these mechanisms are reviewed in detail. The literature is controversial concerning the effect of transvaginal aspiration of hydrosalpinx on the outcome of IVF. Several reports suggest that surgical correction of the hydrosalpinx may improve the outcome of IVF. Further studies are required to verify this assumption and to find out the most suitable surgical procedure and if there is a subgroup of patients who could benefit most from salpingectomy.  (+info)

Endometriosis can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)
* Heavy menstrual bleeding
* Pelvic pain or cramping
* Infertility or difficulty getting pregnant
* Abnormal bleeding or spotting
* Bowel or urinary symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, or painful urination during menstruation

The exact cause of endometriosis is not known, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Some possible causes include:

* Retrograde menstruation: The backflow of endometrial tissue through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity during menstruation
* Coelomic metaplasia: The transformation of cells that line the abdominal cavity (coelom) into endometrial cells
* Immunological factors: Abnormal immune responses that lead to the growth and accumulation of endometrial cells outside of the uterus
* Hormonal factors: Fluctuations in estrogen levels, which can stimulate the growth of endometrial cells
* Genetic factors: Inherited traits that increase the risk of developing endometriosis

There are several risk factors for developing endometriosis, including:

* Family history: A woman's risk increases if she has a mother, sister, or daughter with endometriosis
* Early onset of menstruation: Women who start menstruating at a younger age may be more likely to develop endometriosis
* Frequent or heavy menstrual bleeding: Women who experience heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding may be more likely to develop endometriosis
* Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS are at higher risk for developing endometriosis
* Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing endometriosis

There is no cure for endometriosis, but there are several treatment options available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:

* Hormonal therapies: Medications that reduce estrogen levels or block the effects of estrogen on the endometrium can help manage symptoms such as pain and heavy bleeding
* Surgery: Laparoscopic surgery can be used to remove endometrial tissue and scar tissue, and improve fertility
* Alternative therapies: Acupuncture, herbal remedies, and other alternative therapies may help manage symptoms and improve quality of life

It's important for women with endometriosis to work closely with their healthcare provider to find the best treatment plan for their individual needs. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many women with endometriosis can go on to lead fulfilling lives.

There are several types of fallopian tube diseases, including:

1. Hydrosalpinx: A condition in which the fallopian tubes become filled with fluid, leading to inflammation and scarring.
2. Salpingitis: An inflammation of the fallopian tubes, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
3. Tubal pregnancy: A rare condition in which a fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
4. Ectopic pregnancy: A condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, often in the fallopian tube.
5. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs in the pelvis, which can cause scarring and damage to the fallopian tubes.
6. Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often affecting the fallopian tubes.
7. Adenomyosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus, often affecting the fallopian tubes.
8. Fimbrial tumors: Rare growths that can occur in the fallopian tubes, often benign but can be cancerous.
9. Mullerian duct anomalies: Congenital abnormalities of the fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs.
10. Oophoritis: Inflammation of the ovaries, which can affect the fallopian tubes.

Fallopian tube diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including hysterosalpingography (HSG), laparoscopy, and ultrasound. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and can include antibiotics for infections, surgery to remove blockages or scar tissue, or assisted reproductive technology such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) if the fallopian tubes are damaged or blocked.

Examples of how 'Tissue Adhesions' is used in the medical field:

1. In gastrointestinal surgery, tissue adhesions can form between the intestines and other organs, leading to bowel obstruction, inflammation, or other complications.
2. In cardiovascular surgery, tissue adhesions can form between the heart and surrounding tissues, causing impaired heart function and increasing the risk of postoperative complications.
3. In gynecological surgery, tissue adhesions can form between the uterus and other pelvic organs, leading to pain, bleeding, and infertility.
4. In oncologic surgery, tissue adhesions can form between cancerous tissues and surrounding normal tissues, making it difficult to remove the tumor completely.
5. In chronic diseases such as endometriosis, tissue adhesions can form between the uterus and other pelvic structures, leading to pain and infertility.
6. Tissue adhesions can also form within the skin, causing keloids or other types of scarring.

Treatment options for tissue adhesions depend on the location, size, and severity of the adhesions, as well as the underlying cause. Some common treatment options include:

1. Surgical removal of adhesions: This involves surgically removing the fibrous bands or scar tissue that are causing the adhesions.
2. Steroid injections: Injecting steroids into the affected area can help reduce inflammation and shrink the adhesions.
3. Physical therapy: Gentle stretching and exercise can help improve range of motion and reduce stiffness in the affected area.
4. Radiofrequency ablation: This is a minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to break down and remove the fibrous bands causing the adhesions.
5. Laser therapy: Laser therapy can be used to break down and remove the fibrous bands causing the adhesions, or to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
6. Natural remedies: Some natural remedies such as turmeric, ginger, and omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce inflammation and improve symptoms.

Preventing tissue adhesions is not always possible, but there are some measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of their formation. These include:

1. Proper wound care: Keeping wounds clean and dry, and using sterile dressings can help prevent infection and reduce the risk of adhesion formation.
2. Minimizing trauma: Avoiding unnecessary trauma to the affected area can help reduce the risk of adhesion formation.
3. Gentle exercise: Gentle exercise and stretching after surgery or injury can help improve range of motion and reduce stiffness in the affected area.
4. Early mobilization: Early mobilization after surgery or injury can help reduce the risk of adhesion formation.
5. Avoiding smoking: Smoking can impede wound healing and increase the risk of adhesion formation, so avoiding smoking is recommended.
6. Using anti-adhesive agents: Applying anti-adhesive agents such as silicone or hydrogel to the affected area after surgery or injury can help reduce the risk of adhesion formation.

It's important to note that the most effective method for preventing or treating tissue adhesions will depend on the specific cause and location of the adhesions, as well as the individual patient's needs and medical history. A healthcare professional should be consulted for proper evaluation and treatment.

Causes of Female Infertility
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There are several potential causes of female infertility, including:

1. Hormonal imbalances: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid dysfunction, and premature ovarian failure can affect hormone levels and ovulation.
2. Ovulatory disorders: Problems with ovulation, such as anovulation or oligoovulation, can make it difficult to conceive.
3. Tubal damage: Damage to the fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, or surgery can prevent the egg from traveling through the tube and being fertilized.
4. Endometriosis: This condition occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus can interfere with implantation of a fertilized egg or disrupt ovulation.
6. Pelvic adhesions: Scar tissue in the pelvis can cause fallopian tubes to become damaged or blocked, making it difficult for an egg to travel through the tube and be fertilized.
7. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities such as a bicornuate uterus or a narrow cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
8. Age: A woman's age can affect her fertility, as the quality and quantity of her eggs decline with age.
9. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and being overweight or underweight can affect fertility.
10. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and ovulation, making it more difficult to conceive.

It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical assistance, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technology (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). If you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant, it is recommended that you speak with a healthcare provider to determine the cause of your infertility and discuss potential treatment options.

* Endometriosis: a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and bleeding.
* Adenomyosis: a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and heavy bleeding.
* Fibroids: noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause pain, bleeding, and infertility.
* Ovarian cysts: fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries that can cause pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
* Ectopic pregnancy: a pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which can cause severe pain and bleeding.
* Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): an infection of the reproductive organs that can cause pain, fever, and infertility.
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a condition that affects the large intestine and can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
* Interstitial cystitis: a chronic bladder condition that can cause pain and frequency of urination.
* Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause painful urination, fever, and infertility.

Pelvic pain can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options for pelvic pain depend on the underlying cause and can include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Types of Ovarian Cysts:

1. Functional cysts: These cysts form during the menstrual cycle and are usually small and disappear on their own within a few days or weeks.
2. Follicular cysts: These cysts form when a follicle (a tiny sac containing an egg) does not release an egg and instead fills with fluid.
3. Corpus luteum cysts: These cysts form when the corpus luteum (the sac that holds an egg after it's released from the ovary) does not dissolve after pregnancy or does not produce hormones properly.
4. Endometrioid cysts: These cysts are formed when endometrial tissue (tissue that lines the uterus) grows outside of the uterus and forms a cyst.
5. Cystadenomas: These cysts are benign tumors that grow on the surface of an ovary or inside an ovary. They can be filled with a clear liquid or a thick, sticky substance.
6. Dermoid cysts: These cysts are formed when cells from the skin or other organs grow inside an ovary. They can contain hair follicles, sweat glands, and other tissues.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts:

1. Pelvic pain or cramping
2. Bloating or discomfort in the abdomen
3. Heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding
4. Pain during sex
5. Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
6. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting

Diagnosis and Treatment of Ovarian Cysts:

1. Pelvic examination: A doctor will check for any abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound can help identify the presence of a cyst and determine its size, location, and composition.
3. Blood tests: Blood tests can be used to check hormone levels and rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
4. Laparoscopy: A laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera and light) is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen to visualize the ovaries and remove any cysts.
5. Surgical removal of cysts: Cysts can be removed by surgery, either through laparoscopy or open surgery.
6. Medications: Hormonal medications may be prescribed to shrink the cyst and alleviate symptoms.

It is important to note that not all ovarian cysts cause symptoms, and some may go away on their own without treatment. However, if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above or have concerns about an ovarian cyst, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Description: Appendicitis is a condition where the appendix, a small tube-like structure attached to the large intestine, becomes infected and inflamed. This can occur when the appendix becomes blocked by feces, foreign objects, or tumors, causing bacteria to grow and cause infection. The symptoms of appendicitis can vary from person to person, but typically include severe pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever, and loss of appetite.

Treatment: Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment. The standard treatment for appendicitis is an appendectomy, which is the surgical removal of the inflamed appendix. In some cases, the appendix may be removed through laparoscopic surgery, which involves making several small incisions in the abdomen and using a camera and specialized instruments to remove the appendix.

Prevalence: Appendicitis is a relatively common condition, especially among young adults and children. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), approximately 5% of people will develop appendicitis at some point in their lifetime.

Risk factors: While anyone can develop appendicitis, there are certain risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing the condition. These include:

* Age: Appendicitis is most common among children and young adults.
* Family history: People with a family history of appendicitis are more likely to develop the condition.
* Obstruction: Blockages in the appendix, such as feces or foreign objects, can increase the risk of appendicitis.
* Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, are at higher risk for developing appendicitis.

Prognosis: With prompt treatment, the prognosis for appendicitis is generally good. However, if left untreated, appendicitis can lead to serious complications, such as perforation of the appendix or sepsis. In rare cases, the condition can be fatal.

Treatment: The standard treatment for appendicitis is surgical removal of the inflamed appendix. In some cases, the appendix may be removed through laparoscopic surgery, which involves making several small incisions in the abdomen and using a camera and specialized tools to remove the appendix. In more severe cases, an open appendectomy may be necessary, which involves a larger incision in the abdomen to allow for easier access to the appendix.

Complications: While treatment for appendicitis is generally effective, there are potential complications that can arise, including:

* Perforation of the appendix: If the appendix ruptures or perforates, bacteria and inflammatory fluids can spread throughout the abdominal cavity, leading to potentially life-threatening infections.
* Abscess formation: An abscess may form in the abdomen as a result of the infection, which can be treated with antibiotics or surgical drainage.
* Inflammation of the pelvic tissues: In some cases, the inflammation from appendicitis may spread to the pelvic tissues, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
* Intestinal obstruction: The inflammation and swelling caused by appendicitis can lead to intestinal obstruction, which can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
* Delayed diagnosis: Delayed diagnosis of appendicitis can lead to potentially life-threatening complications, such as perforation of the appendix or sepsis.

Prevention: While it is not possible to completely prevent appendicitis, there are some steps that may help reduce the risk of developing the condition, including:

* Eating a healthy diet: A diet high in fiber and low in processed foods may help reduce the risk of developing appendicitis.
* Drinking plenty of fluids: Staying hydrated can help prevent constipation and reduce the risk of developing appendicitis.
* Avoiding heavy lifting or straining: Heavy lifting or straining can put pressure on the appendix, which may increase the risk of developing appendicitis.
* Managing stress: Stress may exacerbate symptoms of appendicitis and make it more difficult to diagnose. Practicing stress-reducing techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing, may help reduce the risk of developing appendicitis.

Treatment: The treatment for appendicitis is typically surgical removal of the inflamed appendix. In some cases, the appendix may be removed through laparoscopic surgery, which involves making several small incisions in the abdomen and using a camera and specialized instruments to remove the appendix. In more severe cases, open appendectomy may be necessary, which involves making a larger incision in the abdomen to allow for better visualization of the appendix.

Complications: Despite prompt treatment, complications can occur with appendicitis. Some possible complications include:

* Perforation of the appendix: The inflamed appendix may rupture or perforate, leading to potentially life-threatening infection and abscess formation.
* Abscess formation: If the appendix ruptures, an abscess may form in the abdomen, which can be a serious complication that requires prompt treatment.
* Intestinal obstruction: The inflammation and swelling of the appendix can cause intestinal obstruction, which can lead to bowel perforation and potentially life-threatening complications.
* Sepsis: Bacteria from the infected appendix can spread to the bloodstream and cause sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt treatment.

Prevention: While it is not possible to completely prevent appendicitis, there are some measures that may help reduce the risk of developing the condition. These include:

* Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fiber-rich foods can help reduce the risk of constipation and potentially lower the risk of appendicitis.
* Drinking plenty of fluids: Adequate hydration can help prevent constipation and reduce the risk of appendicitis.
* Exercise regularly: Regular exercise can help improve digestion and reduce stress, which may help reduce the risk of developing appendicitis.

Diagnosis: Appendicitis is typically diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and medical imaging tests. The following are some common diagnostic tests used to diagnose appendicitis:

* Physical examination: A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination to check for signs of abdominal tenderness, fever, and other symptoms that may indicate appendicitis.
* Blood tests: Blood tests may be ordered to check for signs of infection and inflammation, such as an elevated white blood cell count.
* Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasound may be used to visualize the appendix and confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment: The treatment of appendicitis typically involves surgical removal of the inflamed appendix. The following are some common treatment options for appendicitis:

* Appendectomy: This is the most common treatment for appendicitis, which involves removing the inflamed appendix through a small incision in the abdomen.
* Laparoscopic appendectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a laparoscope (a thin tube with a camera and light) to remove the appendix through small incisions.
* Open appendectomy: In some cases, an open appendectomy may be necessary if the appendix has ruptured or if there are other complications present.

Prevention: While it is not possible to completely prevent appendicitis, there are some measures that can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. These include:

* Eating a healthy diet: A diet high in fiber and low in processed foods may help reduce the risk of developing appendicitis.
* Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water may help prevent constipation, which can reduce the risk of developing appendicitis.
* Managing stress: Stress can exacerbate symptoms of appendicitis and may increase the risk of developing the condition. Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as meditation or yoga may help manage stress.
* Avoiding heavy lifting: Heavy lifting can put pressure on the appendix, which can increase the risk of developing appendicitis.

In conclusion, while appendicitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention, there are various treatment options available, including antibiotics and surgery. Additionally, taking preventive measures such as eating a healthy diet, staying hydrated, managing stress, and avoiding heavy lifting may help reduce the risk of developing appendicitis. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms of appendicitis are present to receive proper treatment and avoid complications.

* Severe abdominal pain, often on one side of the abdomen
* Vaginal bleeding, which may be heavy or light
* Faintness or dizziness
* Shoulder pain or a sense of heaviness in the shoulder
* Feeling faint or lightheaded

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. This can happen due to various reasons such as pelvic inflammatory disease, previous surgery, or abnormalities in the shape of the uterus or fallopian tubes. If left untreated, an ectopic pregnancy can lead to severe bleeding, organ damage, and even death.

There are several methods for diagnosing an ectopic pregnancy, including:

* Ultrasound: This test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the uterus and surrounding tissues. It can help identify the location of the pregnancy and detect any abnormalities.
* Blood tests: These tests can measure the levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. In an ectopic pregnancy, the level of hCG may be lower than expected.
* Laparoscopy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a thin, lighted tube through a small incision in the abdomen to visualize the pelvic organs. It can help confirm the diagnosis and locate the ectopic pregnancy.

Treatment for an ectopic pregnancy usually involves medication or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition. Medications such as methotrexate can be used to dissolve the pregnancy tissue and allow it to pass out of the body. Surgery may be necessary if the pregnancy is not responding to medication or if there are any complications. In some cases, the fallopian tube may need to be removed if it is severely damaged or if there is a risk of further damage.

Preventive measures for ectopic pregnancy include:

* Using contraception: Using a reliable form of contraception can help prevent unintended pregnancies, which can reduce the risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
* Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding risky sexual behaviors such as unprotected sex and multiple partners can help reduce the risk of infection and other complications that can lead to an ectopic pregnancy.
* Getting regular pelvic exams: Regular pelvic exams can help detect any abnormalities or changes in the reproductive organs, which can help identify any potential problems early on.

It is important to note that while these measures can help reduce the risk of an ectopic pregnancy, they are not foolproof and there is always a risk of complications during any pregnancy. If you suspect you may be experiencing an ectopic pregnancy or have any other concerns, it is important to seek medical attention right away.

There are several types of abdominal injuries that can occur, including:

1. Blunt trauma: This type of injury occurs when the abdomen is struck or crushed by an object, such as in a car accident or fall.
2. Penetrating trauma: This type of injury occurs when an object, such as a knife or bullet, pierces the abdomen.
3. Internal bleeding: This occurs when blood vessels within the abdomen are damaged, leading to bleeding inside the body.
4. Organ damage: This can occur when organs such as the liver, spleen, or kidneys are injured, either due to blunt trauma or penetrating trauma.
5. Intestinal injuries: These can occur when the intestines are damaged, either due to blunt trauma or penetrating trauma.
6. Hernias: These occur when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weakened area in the abdominal wall.

Symptoms of abdominal injuries can include:

* Abdominal pain
* Swelling and bruising
* Difficulty breathing
* Pale, cool, or clammy skin
* Weak pulse or no pulse
* Protrusion of organs or tissues through the abdominal wall

Treatment for abdominal injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury. Some common treatments include:

1. Immobilization: This may involve wearing a brace or cast to immobilize the affected area.
2. Pain management: Medications such as painkillers and muscle relaxants may be prescribed to manage pain and discomfort.
3. Antibiotics: These may be prescribed if there is an infection present.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged organs or tissues.
5. Monitoring: Patients with abdominal injuries may need to be closely monitored for signs of complications such as infection or bleeding.

Some common adnexal diseases include:

1. Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and infertility.
2. Adenomyosis: A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus, leading to heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and infertility.
3. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause heavy bleeding, pain, and infertility.
4. Ovarian cysts: Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries that can cause pelvic pain, bloating, and infertility.
5. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs that can cause pelvic pain, fever, and infertility.
6. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
7. Tubal pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops in the fallopian tube, which can cause bleeding, pain, and infertility.
8. Ovarian tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can occur on the ovaries, which can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, and abnormal vaginal bleeding.
9. Peritoneal adhesions: Scar tissue that forms in the abdomen, which can cause infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and bowel obstruction.
10. Uterine anomalies: Congenital or acquired abnormalities of the uterus, such as a bicornuate uterus or a unicornuate uterus, which can affect fertility and pregnancy outcome.

These are just some of the potential causes of infertility in women. It's important to note that many cases of infertility are caused by a combination of factors, rather than a single cause. A healthcare provider will typically perform a series of tests and evaluations to determine the underlying cause of infertility and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

1. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Common symptoms include pelvic pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
2. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects ovulation and can cause cysts on the ovaries. Symptoms include irregular periods, acne, and excess hair growth.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, and infertility.
4. Ovarian cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the ovaries. It is rare, but can be aggressive and difficult to treat. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and vaginal bleeding.
5. Premature ovarian failure (POF): This is a condition in which the ovaries stop functioning before the age of 40. Symptoms include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and infertility.
6. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition in which the ovary becomes twisted, cutting off blood flow. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Ovarian abscess: This is an infection that forms on the ovaries. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge.
8. Ectopic pregnancy: This is a condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often on the ovaries. Symptoms include severe pelvic pain, bleeding, and fainting.
9. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries. They can be benign or cancerous. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
10. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries, causing symptoms such as irregular periods, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.

It's important to note that these are just a few examples of the many possible conditions that can affect the ovaries. If you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in your pelvic area, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and receive proper treatment.

Types of torsion abnormalities include:

1. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition where the ovary twists around its own axis, cutting off blood supply to the ovary. It can cause severe pain and is a medical emergency.
2. Testicular torsion: Similar to ovarian torsion, this is a condition where the testicle twists, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It can also cause severe pain and is an emergency situation.
3. Intestinal torsion: This is a condition where the intestine twists, leading to bowel obstruction and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Twisting of the spleen or liver: These are rare conditions where the spleen or liver twists, causing various symptoms such as pain and difficulty breathing.

Symptoms of torsion abnormalities can include:

1. Severe pain in the affected area
2. Swelling and redness
3. Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal tenderness

Treatment of torsion abnormalities usually involves surgery to release or repair the twisted structure and restore blood flow. In some cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to prevent serious complications such as loss of the affected organ or tissue. Prompt medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

Some common types of uterine diseases include:

1. Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and infertility.
2. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths that develop in the uterus, often causing heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
3. Adenomyosis: A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle wall of the uterus, leading to heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and infertility.
4. Uterine polyps: Growths that develop on the inner lining of the uterus, often causing abnormal bleeding or spots on the uterine lining.
5. Uterine cancer: Cancer that develops in the cells of the uterus, often caused by factors such as obesity, hormonal imbalances, or family history of cancer.
6. Endometrial hyperplasia: A condition where the lining of the uterus becomes thicker than normal, often due to hormonal imbalances or excessive estrogen exposure.
7. Asherman's syndrome: Scar tissue that develops inside the uterus, often after a D&C procedure, leading to infertility and irregular menstrual bleeding.
8. Uterine septum: A congenital condition where a wall of tissue divides the uterus into two compartments, often causing irregular menstrual bleeding and fertility problems.
9. Endometrial cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop on the inner lining of the uterus, often causing abnormal bleeding or pelvic pain.
10. Uterine tuberculosis: A rare condition where the uterus becomes infected with tuberculosis bacteria, often caused by poor sanitation and hygiene.

These are just a few of the many conditions that can affect the uterus and cause abnormal bleeding. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience any unusual or persistent vaginal bleeding to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment.

The diagnosis of peritonitis, tuberculous is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove any infected tissue or organs. In some cases, the disease may be resistant to standard treatment, and more specialized therapies may be necessary.

The prognosis for peritonitis, tuberculous depends on several factors, including the severity of the disease, the extent of organ damage, and the response to treatment. In general, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis is good, but delays in diagnosis or resistance to treatment can lead to poor outcomes.

Some of the key risk factors for developing peritonitis, tuberculous include living in a region where tuberculosis is common, having a weakened immune system, and being in close contact with someone who has tuberculosis. Prevention measures include screening for tuberculosis before undergoing abdominal surgery or procedures, using protective equipment such as masks and gloves when caring for individuals with tuberculosis, and ensuring that anyone with active tuberculosis is properly treated and isolated.

In summary, peritonitis, tuberculous is a serious infection of the abdominal cavity caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and preventive measures are essential to reduce the risk of this disease.

1. Vaginitis: An inflammation of the vagina, often caused by bacterial or yeast infections.
2. Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix, often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
3. Endometritis: Inflammation of the lining of the uterus, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
4. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): A serious infection of the reproductive organs that can cause chronic pelvic pain and infertility.
5. Vulvodynia: Chronic pain of the vulva, often caused by a combination of physical and psychological factors.
6. Vaginal cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the vagina.
7. Cervical dysplasia: Abnormal cell growth on the cervix, which can develop into cervical cancer if left untreated.
8. Ovarian cysts: Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries that can cause pelvic pain and other symptoms.
9. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause heavy bleeding, pain, and infertility.
10. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that can cause irregular menstrual cycles, cysts on the ovaries, and excess hair growth.

These are just a few examples of the many genital diseases that can affect women. It's important for women to practice good hygiene, get regular gynecological check-ups, and seek medical attention if they experience any unusual symptoms to prevent and treat these conditions effectively.

Example of how 'Abdomen, Acute' might be used in a medical setting:

"The patient presents with acute abdominal pain and fever, which suggests a possible infection or blockage in the abdominal cavity."

Symptoms of PID may include:

* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Heavy vaginal discharge with a strong odor
* Pain during sex
* Painful urination

PID can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as pelvic exams, ultrasound, or blood tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, and may also involve hospitalization for severe cases. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair any damage caused by the infection.

Preventive measures for PID include:

* Safe sexual practices, such as using condoms and avoiding sexual intercourse during outbreaks of STIs
* Regular gynecological exams and screening for STIs
* Avoiding the use of douches or other products that can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina.

Examples of abdominal neoplasms include:

1. Colorectal cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the colon or rectum.
2. Stomach cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the stomach.
3. Small intestine cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the small intestine.
4. Liver cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the liver.
5. Pancreatic cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the pancreas.
6. Kidney cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the kidneys.
7. Adrenal gland cancer: A type of cancer that originates in the adrenal glands.
8. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): A type of tumor that originates in the digestive system, often in the stomach or small intestine.
9. Leiomyosarcoma: A type of cancer that originates in the smooth muscle tissue of the abdominal organs.
10. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the immune system and can affect the abdominal organs.

Abdominal neoplasms can cause a wide range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, and changes in bowel movements. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and endoscopy, along with biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options for abdominal neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Pneumoperitoneum can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Trauma: Blunt force trauma to the abdomen can cause air to enter the peritoneal cavity. This can occur due to car accidents, falls, or other types of injuries.
2. Surgery: During certain types of surgical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, gas may enter the peritoneal cavity.
3. Gastrointestinal perforation: A gastrointestinal perforation is a tear or hole in the lining of the digestive tract that can allow air to enter the peritoneal cavity. This can occur due to conditions such as ulcers, appendicitis, or diverticulitis.
4. Inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can cause air to enter the peritoneal cavity.
5. Intestinal obstruction: An intestinal obstruction can prevent the normal flow of food and gas through the digestive system, leading to a buildup of air in the peritoneal cavity.

The symptoms of pneumoperitoneum can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the location of the air in the abdomen. Common symptoms include:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the abdomen is the most common symptom of pneumoperitoneum. The pain may be sharp, dull, or colicky and may be accompanied by tenderness to the touch.
2. Distension: The abdomen may become distended due to the accumulation of air, which can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.
3. Nausea and vomiting: Patients with pneumoperitoneum may experience nausea and vomiting due to the irritation of the peritoneum and the presence of air in the digestive system.
4. Diarrhea or constipation: Depending on the location of the air, patients may experience diarrhea or constipation due to the disruption of normal bowel function.
5. Fever: Pneumoperitoneum can cause a fever due to the inflammation and infection of the peritoneal cavity.

If you suspect that you or someone else may have pneumoperitoneum, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests such as a CT scan or X-ray to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include antibiotics for infection, drainage of the air from the peritoneal cavity, and surgery if necessary.

Some common types of peritoneal diseases include:

1. Peritonitis: This is an inflammation of the peritoneum, often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
2. Ascites: This is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including liver disease, kidney failure, and cancer.
3. Peritoneal mesothelioma: This is a type of cancer that affects the peritoneum, often causing abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, and weight loss.
4. Omental torsion: This is a rare condition in which the omentum (a fold of peritoneum that covers the intestines) becomes twisted, cutting off blood supply to the intestines.
5. Peritoneal coccidiosis: This is an infection caused by the parasite Isospora belli, which can cause diarrhea, weight loss, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Peritoneal diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including abdominal imaging, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of disease and its severity, but may include antibiotics, surgery, or chemotherapy.

Symptoms of salpingitis may include:

* Pain in the lower abdomen
* Fever
* Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting
* Abdominal tenderness
* Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis of salpingitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as pelvic ultrasound, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopy. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear up any underlying infections, as well as pain management and other supportive measures. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected fallopian tube or tubes.

Salpingitis can have serious complications if left untreated, such as chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy (when an embryo implants outside of the uterus). Therefore, it is important for women who experience any symptoms of salpingitis to seek medical attention promptly.

Example sentences:

1. The patient's neoplasm seeding had spread to her liver and bones, making treatment more challenging.
2. Researchers are studying the mechanisms of neoplasm seeding in order to develop new therapies for cancer.

Some common examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding during surgery can lead to hypovolemia (low blood volume), anemia (low red blood cell count), and even death.
2. Infection: Surgical wounds can become infected, leading to sepsis or bacteremia (bacterial infection of the bloodstream).
3. Nerve damage: Surgery can sometimes result in nerve damage, leading to numbness, weakness, or paralysis.
4. Organ injury: Injury to organs such as the liver, lung, or bowel can occur during surgery, leading to complications such as bleeding, infection, or organ failure.
5. Anesthesia-related complications: Problems with anesthesia can include respiratory or cardiac depression, allergic reactions, or awareness during anesthesia (a rare but potentially devastating complication).
6. Hypotension: Low blood pressure during surgery can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs and tissues, resulting in organ damage or death.
7. Thromboembolism: Blood clots can form during surgery and travel to other parts of the body, causing complications such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, or deep vein thrombosis.
8. Postoperative respiratory failure: Respiratory complications can occur after surgery, leading to respiratory failure, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
9. Wound dehiscence: The incision site can separate or come open after surgery, leading to infection, fluid accumulation, or hernia.
10. Seroma: A collection of serous fluid that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
11. Nerve damage: Injury to nerves during surgery can result in numbness, weakness, or paralysis, sometimes permanently.
12. Urinary retention or incontinence: Surgery can damage the bladder or urinary sphincter, leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
13. Hematoma: A collection of blood that can develop at the surgical site, which can become infected and cause complications.
14. Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs after surgery can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can lead to serious complications.
15. Sepsis: A systemic inflammatory response to infection that can occur after surgery, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not treated promptly.

It is important to note that these are potential complications, and not all patients will experience them. Additionally, many of these complications are rare, and the vast majority of surgeries are successful with minimal or no complications. However, it is important for patients to be aware of the potential risks before undergoing surgery so they can make an informed decision about their care.

The causes of abdominal pain are numerous and can include:

1. Gastrointestinal disorders: Ulcers, gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, and appendicitis.
2. Infections: Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
3. Obstruction: Blockages in the intestines or other hollow organs.
4. Pancreatic disorders: Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
5. Kidney stones or other kidney disorders.
6. Liver disease: Hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
7. Hernias: Inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, and hiatal hernia.
8. Splenic disorders: Enlarged spleen, splenic rupture, and splenectomy.
9. Cancer: Colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer.
10. Reproductive system disorders: Ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts, and testicular torsion.

The symptoms of abdominal pain can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:

* Localized or generalized pain in the abdomen
* Cramping or sharp pain
* Difficulty breathing or swallowing
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Fever and chills
* Abdominal tenderness or guarding (muscle tension)

Abdominal pain can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans
3. Blood tests and urinalysis
4. Endoscopy and laparoscopy
5. Biopsy

Treatment for abdominal pain depends on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Medications such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and pain relievers
2. Surgery to repair hernias or remove tumors
3. Endoscopy to remove blockages or treat ulcers
4. Supportive care such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy
5. Lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes and stress management techniques.

Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic. Acute cholecystitis occurs when the gallbladder becomes inflamed suddenly, usually due to a blockage in the bile ducts. This can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Chronic cholecystitis is a long-standing inflammation of the gallbladder that can lead to scarring and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

The causes of cholecystitis include:

1. Gallstones: The most common cause of cholecystitis is the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. These stones can block the bile ducts and cause inflammation.
2. Infection: Bacterial infection can spread to the gallbladder from other parts of the body, causing cholecystitis.
3. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can spread to the gallbladder and cause cholecystitis.
4. Incomplete emptying of the gallbladder: If the gallbladder does not empty properly, bile can become stagnant and cause inflammation.
5. Genetic factors: Some people may be more susceptible to developing cholecystitis due to genetic factors.

Symptoms of cholecystitis may include:

1. Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right side of the abdomen
2. Nausea and vomiting
3. Fever
4. Loss of appetite
5. Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
6. Tea-colored urine
7. Pale or clay-colored stools

If you suspect that you or someone else may have cholecystitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider can diagnose cholecystitis based on a physical examination, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment for cholecystitis usually involves antibiotics to clear up any infection, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be necessary.

Sources:

1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2019). Uterine Fibroids. Retrieved from
2. Mayo Clinic. (2020). Uterine fibroids. Retrieved from
3. National Institutes of Health. (2019). Uterine Fibroids. Retrieved from

* Definition: A hernia that occurs when a part of the intestine bulges through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, typically near the inguinal region.
* Also known as: Direct or indirect inguinal hernia
* Prevalence: Common, affecting approximately 2% of adult males and 1% of adult females.
* Causes: Weakened abdominal muscles, age-related degeneration, previous surgery, or injury.

Slide 2: Types of Inguinal Hernia

* Indirect inguinal hernia: Occurs when a part of the intestine descends into the inguinal canal and protrudes through a weakened area in the abdominal wall.
* Direct inguinal hernia: Occurs when a part of the intestine protrudes directly through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, without passing through the inguinal canal.
* Recurrent inguinal hernia: Occurs when a previous hernia recurs after previous surgical repair.

Slide 3: Symptoms of Inguinal Hernia

* Bulge or lump in the groin area, often more prominent when coughing or straining.
* Pain or discomfort in the groin area, which may be exacerbated by straining or heavy lifting.
* Burning sensation or weakness in the groin area.
* Abdominal pain or nausea.

Slide 4: Diagnosis of Inguinal Hernia

* Physical examination to detect the presence of a bulge or lump in the groin area.
* Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Slide 5: Treatment of Inguinal Hernia

* Surgery is the primary treatment for inguinal hernia, which involves repairing the weakened area in the abdominal wall and returning the protruded intestine to its proper position.
* Open hernia repair: A surgical incision is made in the groin area to access the hernia sac and repair it with synthetic mesh or other materials.
* Laparoscopic hernia repair: A minimally invasive procedure in which a small camera and specialized instruments are inserted through small incisions to repair the hernia sac.

Slide 6: Prevention of Inguinal Hernia

* Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce strain on the abdominal wall.
* Avoiding heavy lifting or strenuous activities that can put additional pressure on the abdominal wall.
* Keeping the abdominal wall muscles strong through exercises such as crunches and planks.
* Avoiding smoking and other unhealthy habits that can weaken the abdominal wall.

Slide 7: Complications of Inguinal Hernia

* Strangulation: When the hernia sac becomes trapped and its blood supply is cut off, it can lead to tissue death and potentially life-threatening complications.
* Obstruction: The hernia can cause a blockage in the intestine, leading to abdominal pain, vomiting, and constipation.
* Recurrence: In some cases, the hernia may recur after initial repair.

Slide 8: Treatment of Complications

* Strangulation: Emergency surgery is necessary to release the trapped tissue and restore blood flow.
* Obstruction: Surgical intervention may be required to remove the blockage and restore intestinal function.
* Recurrence: Repeat hernia repair surgery may be necessary to prevent recurrence.

Slide 9: Prognosis and Quality of Life

* With prompt and proper treatment, the prognosis for inguinal hernia is generally good, and most people can expect a full recovery.
* In some cases, complications such as strangulation or obstruction may result in long-term health problems or impaired quality of life.
* However, with appropriate management and follow-up care, many people with inguinal hernia can lead active and healthy lives.

Slide 10: Conclusion

* Inguinal hernia is a common condition that can cause significant discomfort and complications if left untreated.
* Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.
* With proper management, most people with inguinal hernia can expect a full recovery and improved quality of life.

Stab wounds are often accompanied by other injuries, such as lacerations or broken bones, and may require immediate medical attention. Treatment for a stab wound typically involves cleaning and closing the wound with sutures or staples, and may also involve surgery to repair any internal injuries.

It is important to seek medical attention right away if you have been stabbed, as delayed treatment can lead to serious complications, such as infection or organ failure. Additionally, if the wound is deep or large, it may require specialized care in a hospital setting.

Cryptorchidism can be classified into two types:

1. Abdomenal cryptorchidism: In this type, the testis is located in the abdominal cavity above the inguinal ring and is not covered by any skin or membrane.
2. Inguinoscrotal cryptorchidism: In this type, the testis is located in the inguinal canal and may be covered by a thin layer of skin or membrane.

Cryptorchidism is usually diagnosed at birth or during childhood, and it can occur as an isolated condition or as part of other congenital anomalies. Treatment options for cryptorchidism include:

1. Watchful waiting: In mild cases, doctors may choose to monitor the child's development and delay any treatment until they are older.
2. Surgical repair: In more severe cases or those that cause discomfort or other complications, surgery may be recommended to move the testes into the scrotum.
3. Hormone therapy: In some cases, hormone therapy may be used to stimulate the descent of the testes.
4. Assisted reproductive technology (ART): In cases where fertility is a concern, ART such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be recommended.

It's important to note that cryptorchidism can increase the risk of complications such as testicular cancer, infertility, and twisting or inflammation of the testes (torsion). Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring and managing this condition.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Hemoperitoneum can be a life-threatening condition and requires prompt medical attention. Treatment options may include fluid resuscitation, blood transfusions, and surgery to locate and control the source of bleeding. In some cases, hemoperitoneum can lead to hypovolemic shock, sepsis, and even death if left untreated.

Some common causes of hemoperitoneum include:

1. Trauma: Blunt or penetrating trauma to the abdomen can cause bleeding in the peritoneal cavity.
2. Surgical complications: Bleeding during or after surgery can result in hemoperitoneum.
3. Digestive tract bleeding: Ulcers, varices, and malignancies in the digestive tract can cause bleeding that leads to hemoperitoneum.
4. Inflammatory conditions: Conditions such as appendicitis, diverticulitis, and pancreatitis can cause bleeding in the peritoneal cavity.
5. Vascular injuries: Injuries to the vessels within the peritoneal cavity, such as the aorta or vena cava, can cause hemoperitoneum.

Signs and symptoms of hemoperitoneum may include abdominal pain, distension, and tenderness, as well as hypovolemic shock, tachycardia, and tachypnea. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or ultrasound, and laboratory tests to evaluate blood count and coagulation status.

Treatment of hemoperitoneum depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, fluid resuscitation and observation may be sufficient, while in more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to locate and control the source of bleeding.

1. Endometrial carcinoma (cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus)
2. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (cancer that starts in the muscle layer of the uterus)
3. Leiomyosarcoma (cancer that starts in the smooth muscle of the uterus)
4. Adenocarcinoma (cancer that starts in the glands of the endometrium)
5. Clear cell carcinoma (cancer that starts in the cells that resemble the lining of the uterus)
6. Sarcoma (cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the uterus)
7. Mixed tumors (cancers that have features of more than one type of uterine cancer)

These types of cancers can affect women of all ages and are more common in postmenopausal women. Risk factors for developing uterine neoplasms include obesity, tamoxifen use, and a history of endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the lining of the uterus).

Symptoms of uterine neoplasms can include:

1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, spotting, or postmenopausal bleeding)
2. Postmenopausal bleeding
3. Pelvic pain or discomfort
4. Vaginal discharge
5. Weakness and fatigue
6. Weight loss
7. Pain during sex
8. Increased urination or frequency of urination
9. Abnormal Pap test results (abnormal cells found on the cervix)

If you have any of these symptoms, it is essential to consult your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment. A diagnosis of uterine neoplasms can be made through several methods, including:

1. Endometrial biopsy (a small sample of tissue is removed from the lining of the uterus)
2. Dilation and curettage (D&C; a surgical procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus)
3. Hysteroscopy (a thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the cervix to view the inside of the uterus)
4. Imaging tests (such as ultrasound or MRI)

Treatment for uterine neoplasms depends on the type and stage of cancer. Common treatments include:

1. Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
2. Radiation therapy (uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
3. Chemotherapy (uses drugs to kill cancer cells)
4. Targeted therapy (uses drugs to target specific cancer cells)
5. Clinical trials (research studies to test new treatments)

It is essential for women to be aware of their bodies and any changes that occur, particularly after menopause. Regular pelvic exams and screenings can help detect uterine neoplasms at an early stage, when they are more treatable. If you experience any symptoms or have concerns about your health, talk to your healthcare provider. They can help determine the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.

There are several types of intestinal obstruction, including:

1. Mechanical bowel obstruction: This type of obstruction is caused by a physical blockage in the intestine, such as adhesions or hernias.
2. Non-mechanical bowel obstruction: This type of obstruction is caused by a decrease in the diameter of the intestine, such as from inflammation or scarring.
3. Paralytic ileus: This type of obstruction is caused by a delay in the movement of food through the intestine, usually due to nerve damage or medication side effects.
4. Intestinal ischemia: This type of obstruction is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the intestine, which can lead to tissue damage and death.

Intestinal obstructions can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

1. Abdominal X-rays: These can help identify any physical blockages in the intestine.
2. CT scans: These can provide more detailed images of the intestine and help identify any blockages or other issues.
3. Endoscopy: This involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera into the mouth and down into the intestine to visualize the inside of the intestine.
4. Biopsy: This involves removing a small sample of tissue from the intestine for examination under a microscope.

Treatment for intestinal obstructions depends on the underlying cause and severity of the blockage. Some common treatments include:

1. Fluid and electrolyte replacement: This can help restore hydration and electrolyte balance in the body.
2. Nasojejunal tube placement: A small tube may be inserted through the nose and into the jejunum to allow fluids and medications to pass through the blockage.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the blockage or repair any damage to the intestine.
4. Medication: Depending on the underlying cause of the obstruction, medications such as antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed to help resolve the issue.

Preventing intestinal obstructions is often challenging, but some strategies can help reduce the risk. These include:

1. Avoiding foods that can cause blockages, such as nuts or seeds.
2. Eating a balanced diet and avoiding constipation.
3. Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.
4. Managing underlying medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease or diabetes.
5. Avoiding medications that can cause constipation or other digestive problems.

Peritoneal neoplasms are relatively rare, but they can be aggressive and difficult to treat. The most common types of peritoneal neoplasms include:

1. Peritoneal mesothelioma: This is the most common type of peritoneal neoplasm and arises from the mesothelial cells that line the abdominal cavity. It is often associated with asbestos exposure.
2. Ovarian cancer: This type of cancer originates in the ovaries and can spread to the peritoneum.
3. Appendiceal cancer: This type of cancer arises in the appendix and can spread to the peritoneum.
4. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the abdominal cavity and resembles a mucin-secreting tumor.
5. Primary peritoneal cancer: This type of cancer originates in the peritoneum itself and can be of various types, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma.

The symptoms of peritoneal neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, distension, and difficulty eating or passing stool. Treatment options for peritoneal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prognosis for peritoneal neoplasms is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20-30%.

Etymology: Named after German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel (1785-1833).

Synonyms: Meckel's Diverticulum, Meckel's Pouch.

Associated conditions:

* Congenital: It is present at birth and is the most common congenital abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract.
* Symptoms: Varies depending on the location and size of the diverticulum, but may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and obstruction.
* Diagnosis: Can be diagnosed through radiological studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or endoscopy.
* Treatment: May require surgical intervention to remove the diverticulum if it is causing symptoms or is suspected to be cancerous.

Note: This definition is intended for medical professionals and may contain technical terms or jargon that are not familiar to laypersons. If you have any further questions, please consult a qualified healthcare professional for clarification.

In general, surgical blood loss is considered excessive if it exceeds 10-20% of the patient's total blood volume. This can be determined by measuring the patient's hemoglobin levels before and after the procedure. A significant decrease in hemoglobin levels post-procedure may indicate excessive blood loss.

There are several factors that can contribute to surgical blood loss, including:

1. Injury to blood vessels or organs during the surgical procedure
2. Poor surgical technique
3. Use of scalpels or other sharp instruments that can cause bleeding
4. Failure to control bleeding with proper hemostatic techniques
5. Pre-existing medical conditions that increase the risk of bleeding, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.

Excessive surgical blood loss can lead to a number of complications, including:

1. Anemia and low blood counts
2. Hypovolemic shock (a life-threatening condition caused by excessive fluid and blood loss)
3. Infection or sepsis
4. Poor wound healing
5. Reoperation or surgical intervention to control bleeding.

To prevent or minimize surgical blood loss, surgeons may use a variety of techniques, such as:

1. Applying topical hemostatic agents to the surgical site before starting the procedure
2. Using energy-based devices (such as lasers or ultrasonic devices) to seal blood vessels and control bleeding
3. Employing advanced surgical techniques that minimize tissue trauma and reduce the risk of bleeding
4. Monitoring the patient's hemoglobin levels throughout the procedure and taking appropriate action if bleeding becomes excessive.

Leiomyomas are the most common type of gynecologic tumor and affect up to 80% of women at some point in their lifetime. They are more common in women who have a family history of leiomyomas or who are obese.

There are several different types of leiomyomas, including:

1. Submucosal leiomyomas: These tumors grow into the uterine cavity and can cause bleeding and other symptoms.
2. Intramural leiomyomas: These tumors grow within the muscle of the uterus and can cause pelvic pain and heavy menstrual bleeding.
3. Pedunculated leiomyomas: These tumors are attached to the uterine wall by a stalk-like structure and can be felt during a pelvic exam.
4. Broad ligament leiomyomas: These tumors grow on the broad ligament, which is a band of tissue that connects the uterus to the pelvis.

Leiomyomas are typically diagnosed through a combination of pelvic examination, ultrasound, and hysteroscopy (a procedure in which a small camera is inserted into the uterus to examine the inside of the organ). Treatment options for leiomyomas depend on the size and location of the tumors, as well as the severity of symptoms. Treatment may include watchful waiting, medications to regulate hormones or shrink the tumors, or surgery to remove the tumors.

In some cases, leiomyomas can be associated with other conditions such as endometriosis or adenomyosis, and it is important for women with these tumors to receive ongoing care from a healthcare provider to monitor for any changes in their condition.

There are different types of hernias, including:

1. Inguinal hernia: This is the most common type of hernia, which occurs in the groin area when a part of the intestine bulges through a weakened area in the abdominal wall.
2. Hiatal hernia: This type of hernia occurs when the stomach bulges up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen.
3. Umbilical hernia: This type of hernia occurs near the belly button when a weakened area in the abdominal wall allows the intestine or other tissue to bulge through.
4. Ventral hernia: This type of hernia occurs in the abdomen when a weakened area in the muscle or connective tissue allows the intestine or other tissue to bulge through.
5. Incisional hernia: This type of hernia occurs through a previous surgical incision, which can weaken the abdominal wall and allow the intestine or other tissue to bulge through.

Hernias can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Weakened abdominal muscles or connective tissue due to age, injury, or surgery.
2. Increased pressure within the abdomen, such as from heavy lifting, coughing, or straining during bowel movements.
3. Genetic predisposition, as some people may be more prone to developing hernias due to their genetic makeup.

Symptoms of hernias can include:

1. A bulge or lump in the affected area.
2. Pain or discomfort in the affected area, which may be worse with straining or heavy lifting.
3. Feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the abdomen.
4. Discomfort or pain in the testicles, if the hernia is in the inguinal region.
5. Nausea and vomiting, if the hernia is causing a blockage or strangulation.

If you suspect that you or someone else may have a hernia, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Hernias can be repaired with surgery, and prompt treatment can help prevent complications such as bowel obstruction or strangulation.

In addition to surgical repair, there are some lifestyle changes that can help manage the symptoms of hernias and improve overall health. These include:

1. Eating a healthy diet that is high in fiber and low in fat to promote digestive health and prevent constipation.
2. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water to help soften stool and prevent straining during bowel movements.
3. Avoiding heavy lifting, bending, or straining, as these activities can exacerbate hernias and lead to complications.
4. Getting regular exercise to improve overall health and reduce the risk of developing other health problems.
5. Managing stress and anxiety through relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga, as chronic stress can exacerbate hernia symptoms.

It is important to note that while lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms of hernias, surgical repair is often necessary to prevent complications and ensure proper healing. If you suspect that you or someone else may have a hernia, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are several types of cecal diseases that can affect humans, including:

1. Cecal volvulus: This is a condition where the cecum becomes twisted or looped, leading to abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
2. Cecal cancer: This is a type of colon cancer that originates in the cecum. It is rare and often symptomless in its early stages.
3. Cecal diverticulosis: This is a condition where small pouches or sacs form in the wall of the cecum, leading to abdominal pain and other symptoms.
4. Cecal inflammatory polyps: These are growths that occur in the lining of the cecum and can cause bleeding, pain, and other symptoms.
5. Cecal strictures: This is a condition where the cecum becomes narrowed or constricted, leading to abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
6. Cecal ulcers: These are open sores that occur in the lining of the cecum, often caused by inflammation or infection.
7. Cecal tuberculosis: This is a type of tuberculosis that affects the cecum, often causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss.
8. Cecal abscesses: These are pockets of pus that form in the cecum, often caused by bacterial infection.
9. Cecal fistulae: These are abnormal connections between the cecum and other organs or structures in the abdominal cavity.

These are just a few examples of cecal diseases that can affect humans. It's important to note that many of these conditions are rare and may not be well-known to the general public. If you suspect you have a cecal disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Some common examples of digestive system diseases include:

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): This is a chronic condition characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as constipation or diarrhea.
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation in the digestive tract.
3. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): This is a condition where stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
4. Peptic Ulcer: This is a sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) that can cause pain, nausea, and vomiting.
5. Diverticulosis: This is a condition where small pouches form in the wall of the colon, which can become inflamed and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
6. Constipation: This is a common condition where the stool is hard and difficult to pass, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as poor diet, dehydration, or certain medications.
7. Diabetes: This is a chronic condition that affects how the body regulates blood sugar levels, which can also affect the digestive system and cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
8. Celiac Disease: This is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, causing inflammation and damage to the small intestine.
9. Lipidosis: This is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fat in the body, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
10. Sarcoidosis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various organs in the body, including the digestive system, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there are many other conditions that can cause abdominal pain. If you are experiencing persistent or severe abdominal pain, it's important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment.

1. Sigmoiditis: This is an inflammation of the sigmoid colon that can be caused by infection or inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding.
2. Diverticulosis: This is a condition where small pouches form in the wall of the sigmoid colon. These pouches can become inflamed (diverticulitis) and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel movements.
3. Ulcerative colitis: This is an inflammatory condition that affects the lining of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding.
4. Crohn's disease: This is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the sigmoid colon. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss.
5. Cancer: Colon cancer can occur in the sigmoid colon, and symptoms may include blood in the stool, changes in bowel movements, and abdominal pain.
6. Hirschsprung's disease: This is a congenital condition where the nerve cells that control the movement of food through the colon are missing or do not function properly. Symptoms include constipation, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
7. Intestinal obstruction: This is a blockage that prevents food, fluids, and gas from passing through the intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.
8. Ischemic colitis: This is a condition where there is a reduction in blood flow to the colon, which can cause inflammation and symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding.
9. Ulcerative colitis: This is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the colon and symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding.
10. Diverticulosis: This is a condition where small pouches form in the wall of the colon, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea.

It's important to note that some of these conditions may not have any symptoms at all, so it's important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual changes in your bowel movements or abdominal pain. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and order diagnostic tests such as a colonoscopy or CT scan to determine the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.

1. Ureteral stones: Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain, bleeding, and blockage of urine flow.
2. Ureteral tumors: Abnormal growths that can be benign or cancerous and can cause symptoms such as blood in the urine, pain, and difficulty urinating.
3. Ureteral strictures: Narrowing of the ureters due to scarring or inflammation, which can cause pain and blockage of urine flow.
4. Ureteral injuries: Trauma to the ureters during surgery or other medical procedures can cause damage and lead to ureteral diseases.
5. Ureteral ectopia: A rare condition in which the ureters do not properly connect to the bladder, leading to urine leakage and other symptoms.
6. Ureteral tuberculosis: A type of bacterial infection that affects the ureters and can cause symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and blood in the urine.
7. Ureteral cancer: Cancer that affects the ureters and can cause symptoms such as blood in the urine, pain, and difficulty urinating.
8. Ureteral calculus: A small, hard deposit that forms in the ureters and can cause pain, bleeding, and blockage of urine flow.
9. Ureteral stenosis: A narrowing of the ureters due to scarring or inflammation, which can cause pain and blockage of urine flow.
10. Ureteral obstruction: A blockage of the ureters that can be caused by a variety of factors, such as tumors, stones, or inflammation.

Ureteral diseases can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays and CT scans, and endoscopic procedures such as ureteroscopy. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include antibiotics, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying cause of the disease. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Infertility can be classified into two main categories:

1. Primary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has not been able to conceive a child after one year of regular sexual intercourse, and there is no known cause for the infertility.
2. Secondary infertility: This type of infertility occurs when a couple has been able to conceive at least once before but is now experiencing difficulty in conceiving again.

There are several factors that can contribute to infertility, including:

1. Age: Women's fertility declines with age, especially after the age of 35.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances of hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormones can affect ovulation and fertility.
3. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): A common condition that affects ovulation and can cause infertility.
4. Endometriosis: A condition in which the tissue lining the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing inflammation and scarring that can lead to infertility.
5. Male factor infertility: Low sperm count, poor sperm quality, and blockages in the reproductive tract can all contribute to infertility.
6. Lifestyle factors: Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, being overweight or underweight, and stress can all affect fertility.
7. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid disorders can affect fertility.
8. Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormalities in the shape or structure of the uterus or cervix can make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus.
9. Previous surgeries: Surgeries such as hysterectomy, tubal ligation, and cesarean section can affect fertility.
10. Age: Both male and female age can impact fertility, with a decline in fertility beginning in the mid-30s and a significant decline after age 40.

It's important to note that many of these factors can be treated with medical interventions or lifestyle changes, so it's important to speak with a healthcare provider if you are experiencing difficulty getting pregnant.

Examples of penetrating wounds include:

1. Gunshot wounds: These are caused by a bullet entering the body and can be very serious, potentially causing severe bleeding, organ damage, and even death.
2. Stab wounds: These are caused by a sharp object such as a knife or broken glass being inserted into the skin and can also be very dangerous, depending on the location and depth of the wound.
3. Puncture wounds: These are similar to stab wounds but are typically caused by a sharp point rather than a cutting edge, such as a nail or an ice pick.
4. Impaling injuries: These are caused by an object being pushed or thrust into the body, such as a broken bone or a piece of wood.

Penetrating wounds can be classified based on their severity and location. Some common classifications include:

1. Superficial wounds: These are wounds that only penetrate the skin and do not involve any underlying tissue or organs.
2. Deep wounds: These are wounds that penetrate deeper into the body and may involve underlying tissue or organs.
3. Critical wounds: These are wounds that are potentially life-threatening, such as gunshot wounds to the head or chest.
4. Non-critical wounds: These are wounds that are not immediately life-threatening but may still require medical attention to prevent infection or other complications.

The treatment of penetrating wounds depends on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments for penetrating wounds include:

1. Wound cleaning and irrigation: The wound is cleaned and irrigated to remove any debris or bacteria that may be present.
2. Debridement: Dead tissue is removed from the wound to promote healing and prevent infection.
3. Stitches or staples: The wound is closed with stitches or staples to bring the edges of the skin together and promote healing.
4. Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infection.
5. Tetanus shot: If the patient has not had a tetanus shot in the past 10 years, they may receive one to prevent tetanus infection.
6. Pain management: Pain medication may be prescribed to manage any discomfort or pain associated with the wound.
7. Wound dressing: The wound is covered with a dressing to protect it from further injury and promote healing.

It is important to seek medical attention if you have sustained a penetrating wound, as these types of injuries can be serious and potentially life-threatening. A healthcare professional will be able to assess the severity of the wound and provide appropriate treatment.

Intestinal perforations can occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but they are most common in the small intestine. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Trauma: Intestinal perforation can occur as a result of blunt abdominal trauma, such as a car accident or fall.
2. Gastrointestinal (GI) disease: Certain GI conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or diverticulitis, can increase the risk of intestinal perforation.
3. Infections: Bacterial infections, such as appendicitis, can cause intestinal perforation.
4. Cancer: Intestinal cancer can cause a perforation if it grows through the wall of the intestine.
5. Intestinal obstruction: A blockage in the intestine can cause pressure to build up and lead to a perforation.

Symptoms of intestinal perforation include:

1. Severe abdominal pain
2. Fever
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Abdominal tenderness and guarding (muscle tension)
5. Diarrhea or constipation
6. Loss of appetite
7. Fatigue

If intestinal perforation is suspected, immediate medical attention is necessary. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the hole in the intestine and drain any abscesses that have formed. In some cases, the damaged portion of the intestine may need to be removed.

With prompt and appropriate treatment, the outlook for intestinal perforation is generally good. However, if left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, such as sepsis (a systemic infection) and death.

The exact cause of diverticulitis is not known, but it is thought to be related to increased pressure within the colon, which can lead to the formation of diverticula. Risk factors for developing diverticulitis include age, obesity, smoking, and a low-fiber diet.

There are several types of diverticulitis, including:

* Colonic diverticulitis: This is the most common type of diverticulitis and occurs in the colon.
* Diverticulosis: This is a condition where diverticula form in the colon but do not become inflamed.
* Ischemic colitis: This is a type of diverticulitis that occurs when there is a reduction in blood flow to the colon.
* Perforated diverticulitis: This is a severe form of diverticulitis where a diverticulum ruptures and spills bacteria into the abdominal cavity.

Diagnosis of diverticulitis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment for diverticulitis usually involves antibiotics to clear up any infection and may also include changes to the patient's diet, such as increasing fiber intake, and medication to manage symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair any damage to the colon or other organs.

Preventative measures for diverticulitis include maintaining a healthy diet high in fiber, drinking plenty of water, and getting regular exercise. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with diverticulitis.

1. Crohn's disease: A chronic inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but most commonly affects the ileum.
2. Ulcerative colitis: A chronic inflammatory condition that affects the large intestine and rectum, but can also affect the ileum.
3. Ileal tumors: Such as carcinoid tumors, lymphoma, and sarcomas.
4. Ileal polyps: Growths of abnormal tissue in the ileum that can cause bleeding, obstruction, or cancer.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A group of chronic conditions, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, that cause inflammation in the digestive tract.
6. Ileal strictures: Narrowing of the ileum that can cause obstruction and blockage of food passage.
7. Ileal dilatation: Expansion of the ileum beyond its normal size, which can cause abdominal pain and discomfort.
8. Ileal ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the ileum, which can cause damage and inflammation.
9. Ileal infections: Such as bacterial or viral infections that can cause inflammation and damage to the ileum.
10. Ileal varices: Enlarged veins in the ileum that can cause bleeding and other complications.

These are some of the common ileal diseases, but there may be others depending on the individual case and specific symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe abdominal symptoms to get an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

* Inguinal hernia: Occurs when part of the intestine bulges through a weakened area in the inguinal canal, which is located in the groin area.
* Umbilical hernia: Occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weakened area near the belly button.
* Hiatal hernia: Occurs when the stomach bulges up into the chest through a weakened area in the diaphragm.
* Ventral hernia: Occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, usually in the upper abdomen.

Symptoms of Abdominal Hernia may include pain or discomfort in the affected area, bulging or swelling, and difficulty passing stool or gas. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition.

Postoperative pain is typically managed with pain medication, which may include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or other types of medications. The goal of managing postoperative pain is to provide effective pain relief while minimizing the risk of complications such as addiction, constipation, or nausea and vomiting.

In addition to medication, other techniques for managing postoperative pain may include breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, and alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage. It is important for patients to communicate with their healthcare provider about the severity of their pain and any side effects they experience from medication, in order to provide effective pain management and minimize complications.

Postoperative pain can be categorized into several different types, including:

* Acute pain: This type of pain is intense but short-lived, typically lasting for a few days or weeks after surgery.
* Chronic pain: This type of pain persists for longer than 3 months after surgery and can be more challenging to manage.
* Neuropathic pain: This type of pain is caused by damage to nerves and can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
* Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs and can be referred to other areas of the body, such as the back or abdomen.

Bezoars are hard, concreted masses that form in the digestive tract and are composed of ingested substances that have not been properly digested or absorbed by the body. These substances can include food, hair, or other foreign materials. Bezoars can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and bowel obstruction.

There are several types of bezoars that can form in the digestive tract, including:

1. Gastric bezoars: These are found in the stomach and are typically made up of undigested food or other foreign materials.
2. Intestinal bezoars: These are found in the small intestine and are composed of undigested carbohydrates, such as rice, pasta, or potato.
3. Colonic bezoars: These are found in the colon and are often made up of fecal matter.
4. Ileal bezoars: These are found in the ileum, a part of the small intestine, and are typically composed of undigested proteins or fats.

Bezoars can be diagnosed through a variety of medical tests, including X-rays, CT scans, and endoscopy. Treatment for bezoars usually involves removing the mass through surgery or other minimally invasive methods. In some cases, medications may be used to help break down the mass and facilitate its passage through the digestive system.

In addition to causing digestive symptoms, bezoars can also lead to more serious complications, such as bowel obstruction or infection. As a result, it is important for individuals who experience any of these symptoms to seek medical attention promptly to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Source: Adapted from the article "Tuberculosis" in the medical encyclopedia MedlinePlus, available at medlineplus.gov (accessed March 28, 2017).

There are two main types of dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by uterine muscle contractions that occur during menstruation, while secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by an underlying medical condition such as endometriosis, fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease.

Symptoms of dysmenorrhea may include:

* Cramping pain in the lower abdomen, usually beginning before or at the onset of menstruation and lasting for 1-3 days
* Pain that can be sharp, dull, or throbbing
* Pelvic discomfort or heaviness
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Mild fever

While dysmenorrhea is not a life-threatening condition, it can significantly impact a woman's quality of life, particularly during her reproductive years. The exact cause of primary dysmenorrhea is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the production of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that cause uterine muscle contractions and increased blood flow to the pelvis.

Treatment for dysmenorrhea may include over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or naproxen, as well as home remedies such as heat application, exercise, and relaxation techniques. In some cases, prescription medications or surgery may be necessary to address underlying conditions that are contributing to the dysmenorrhea.

It's important for women who experience severe or persistent dysmenorrhea to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may need treatment. With proper diagnosis and management, most women with dysmenorrhea can find relief from their symptoms and lead normal, active lives.

There are different types of uterine perforation, including:

1. Cervical perforation: A tear in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
2. Uterine wall perforation: A tear or hole in the muscular wall of the uterus, which can be caused by instruments used during surgery or delivery.
3. Endometrial perforation: A tear in the lining of the uterus (endometrium), which is more common during invasive procedures such as hysteroscopy or endometrial ablation.

Symptoms of uterine perforation may include:

* Severe abdominal pain
* Heavy vaginal bleeding
* Fever
* Nausea and vomiting

If you suspect that you have a uterine perforation, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. Your healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scan to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the damage. Treatment options may include:

1. Observation: In mild cases, the body may be able to heal on its own without any intervention.
2. Surgery: Depending on the severity of the perforation, surgical repair or removal of the damaged tissue may be necessary.
3. Antibiotics: If there is an infection, antibiotics will be prescribed to treat it.
4. Blood transfusions: In cases where there is significant bleeding, blood transfusions may be required.

Prevention of uterine perforation is crucial, and it involves proper training and use of instruments during surgery or delivery, as well as careful monitoring of the patient's condition during these procedures.

The word 'ileus' comes from the Greek word 'íleos', which means 'intestine'.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer perforation may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and difficulty breathing. If you suspect that you or someone else is experiencing these symptoms, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment for a peptic ulcer perforation typically involves surgery to repair the hole and clean out any infected tissue. In some cases, this may involve opening up the abdominal cavity (laparotomy) or using minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy. Antibiotics and other medications may also be used to help manage infection and other complications.

Prevention is key in avoiding peptic ulcer perforation. This includes avoiding NSAIDs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen) and other medications that can irritate the stomach lining, eating a healthy diet, managing stress, and not smoking. If you have a peptic ulcer, it is crucial to follow your healthcare provider's recommendations for treatment and follow-up care to avoid complications.

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A chronic condition characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
2. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
3. Diverticulosis: A condition in which small pouches form in the wall of the intestine, often causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
4. Intestinal obstruction: A blockage that prevents food, fluids, and gas from passing through the intestine, often causing abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
5. Intestinal ischemia: A reduction in blood flow to the intestine, which can cause damage to the tissues and lead to life-threatening complications.
6. Intestinal cancer: Cancer that develops in the small intestine or large intestine, often causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and rectal bleeding.
7. Gastrointestinal infections: Infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites that affect the gastrointestinal tract, often causing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
8. Intestinal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the movement of food through the intestine, often causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation.
9. Malabsorption: A condition in which the body is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, often caused by conditions such as celiac disease or pancreatic insufficiency.
10. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction: A condition in which the intestine becomes narrowed or blocked, often causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation.

These are just a few examples of the many potential complications that can occur when the gastrointestinal system is not functioning properly. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in order to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

Benefits of laparoscopy appear to recede with younger age. Efficacy of laparoscopy is inferior to open surgery in certain ... "Female Pelvic Laparoscopy". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 22 September 2020. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laparoscopy. Feder ... Revision weight loss surgery Single port laparoscopy MedlinePlus > Laparoscopy Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... In gynecology, diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to inspect the outside of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, as, for ...
... (SPL) is a recently developed technique in laparoscopic surgery. It is a minimally invasive surgical ... Standard hand instruments are rigid in design and were developed over the last 30 years for use in laparoscopy. Articulation is ...
"Laparoscopy :: Dr.B.Narsaiah". Web.archive.org. 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013 ... One of pioneer surgeons of laparoscopy in India with more than 32,000 laparoscopic surgeries to his credit, from basic to ... He is a Teacher, Academician, Trainer in laparoscopy, writer and social worker. Education MS Gen. Surgery, 1984 - 1987 Osmania ... Most versatile surgeon in India with experience and expertise in general surgery, GI surgery, gynaec laparoscopy, thoracoscopy ...
". "Amrita School of Medicine" (PDF). "Laparoscopy Hospital". "Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Fellowship". v t e (Articles with topics ...
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Zucker, Karl A. (January 2001). Surgical Laparoscopy. ISBN 9780683306705. Aufses, Arthur H.; Niss, Barbara (December 2002). ...
Other findings, such as endometriotic lesions, may also be treated as part of laparoscopy. If laparoscopy with ... In this case, laparoscopy can be considered as the next step to verify the diagnosis of tubal occlusion. This procedure does ... Chromopertubation with laparoscopy is considered the "gold standard" to evaluate tubal patency. It is the most accurate way to ... While laparoscopy with chromopertubation is considered to be the first-line practice for the diagnosis of tubal occlusion, it ...
Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy. A Guide for Patients, Revised 2012. From the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Patient ...
"Laparoscopy Today". Laparoscopy Today. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2011-01-02. "Endometriosis - ... Nezhat & the Rise of Advanced Operative Video-Laparoscopy". Laparoscopy.blogs.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02. AAGL 2009 Honorary ... Nezhat is best known for the surgical innovation referred to as video-laparoscopy or "operating off the monitor", a method now ... However, by approximately the mid-1990s it can be established that most of the initial misgivings about video-laparoscopy had ...
During laparoscopy (laparoscopic surgery or minimally invasive surgery), it is necessary to insufflate the abdominal cavity (i. ... Mouton, W G; Bessell JR; Otten KT; Maddern GJ (1999). "Pain after laparoscopy". Surg Endosc. 13 (5): 445-448. doi:10.1007/ ... Binda, M; Molinas C; Hansen P; Koninckx P (2006). "Effect of desiccation and temperature during laparoscopy on Adhesion ... "Meta-analysis of the effect of warm humidified insufflation on pain after laparoscopy". Br J Surg. 95 (8): 950-956. doi:10.1002 ...
Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy. A Guide for Patients, Revised 2012. From the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Patient ... Hysteroscopy can be used in conjunction with laparoscopy or other methods to reduce the risk of perforation during the ...
Gynecological laparoscopy 6. Laparoscopic surgery 7. In vitro conception 8. Surrogate conception 9. Investigation of ...
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He specializes in laparoscopy. In December of the same year, Vollant began his career as a general surgeon in the Baie-Comeau ...
Hope reported in 1937 on the use of laparoscopy to diagnose ectopic pregnancy. In 1944, Raoul Palmer placed his patients in the ... Laparoscopy extends into gynecology". Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 1 (3): 289-92. PMC 3016739. PMID ... The laparoscopy: liver disease, biliary disease, etc. The respiratory tract: lung cancer, transbronchoscopy lung biopsy, ... 13-. ISBN 978-93-86150-49-3. Litynski GS (Jan-Mar 1997). "Laparoscopy-the early attempts: spotlighting Georg Kelling and Hans ...
... medical CO2 for laparoscopy. The group also provides hygiene and disinfection solutions, through its German subsidiary Schulke ...
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"Sterilization by Electrocoagulation and Division via Laparoscopy". Atlasofpelvicsurgery.com. Retrieved 2013-06-25. "Hulka Clip ... "Silastic Band Sterilization via Laparoscopy". Atlasofpelvicsurgery.com. Retrieved 2013-06-25. "Sterilization by the Modified ... "Frequently Asked Questions: Special Procedures: Laparoscopy". American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 1 February ...
Bittner, James G. IV (2010-10-02). "Mesh-free Laparoscopic Repair of Small Spigelian Hernias". Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy ... a Spigelian hernia can be repaired by doing robotic laparoscopy and most patients can go home the same day. This novel ...
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... he pioneered surgical laparoscopy and was the first worldwide to perform an appendectomy assisted by laparoscopy in 1975. Henk ... most notably the International Laparoscopy Congress in Miami, USA, (Feb. 1981) to popularise the use of laparoscopy in surgical ... "Laparoscopy: The Controversial Beginnings of a Surgical Revolution". Retrieved 2017-09-09. {{cite news}}: ,last= has generic ... His first publication describing his theory around the appendix as well as the use of the laparoscopy during surgery was ...
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For services to Laparoscopy Surgery. Philip George Rescorla. Formerly Team Leader, Working Age Benefits, Strategy, Department ...
Nephrectomy and heminephrectomy - Traditionally done with laparoscopy, it is not likely that a robotic procedure offers ... Satava RM (February 2002). "Surgical robotics: the early chronicles: a personal historical perspective". Surgical Laparoscopy, ... Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 12 (1): 52-57. doi:10.1097/00019509-200202000-00009. PMID 12008763. ...
Laparoscopy Laparoscopic surgery "About us". AAGL website. Retrieved 5 February 2014. "Our Vision". AAGL website. Retrieved 4 ... AAGL publishes the advancements in gynecologic laparoscopy and other conference proceedings in the Journal of Minimally ...
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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 18 (2): 216-218. doi:10.1097/SLE.0b013e318166145c. PMID 18427347. ...
Nduka, C. C.; Monson, J. R. T.; Menzies-Gow, N.; Darzi, A. (1994). "Abdominal wall metastases following laparoscopy". British ... dexterity on laparoscopy simulator". The Lancet. 352 (9135): 1191. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)00034-8. PMID 9777838. S2CID ...
Background Operative laparoscopy has become the standard approach for most common surgeries, including tubal ligation, ... Laparoscopy is routinely performed under general anesthesia. During laparoscopy, CO2 gas is insufflated inside the peritoneal ... encoded search term (Operative Laparoscopy) and Operative Laparoscopy What to Read Next on Medscape ... During operative laparoscopy, CO2 gas is typically lost through leakage of the multiple ports and suctioning. In these cases, ...
Keyword(s): ABD, abdominal distention, bladder rupture, CT scan, cystogram, DL, ETOH, hematuria, hemorrhage, intraabdominal injury, laparotomy, liver laceration, methylene blue, MIS, pelvis, repair, spleen, tachycardia, trauma laparoscopy, trigone, urinary catheter, urology. ...
Laparoscopy gynaecological investigation - Keyhole surgery examines and treats gynaecological conditions.. Choose Spire ... Following a gynaecological laparoscopy, it is normal to have a small amount of vaginal bleeding. Some laparoscopies involve the ... Laparoscopy is a form of surgery that allows doctors to examine and possibly treat internal organs by viewing images sent from ... Laparoscopy surgery is also known as keyhole surgery.. Your doctors may use it to help diagnose symptoms of gynaecological ...
A laparoscopy is surgery that lets a surgeon see your organs without making a large cut in your body. Its used to diagnose and ... What is a laparoscopy?. A laparoscopy is a type of surgery that lets a surgeon look inside your body without making a large ... Why do I need a laparoscopy?. There are many reasons why you may need a laparoscopy, including if:. *You have pain or other ... What happens during a laparoscopy?. Laparoscopy is usually done in a hospital or an outpatient clinic. In general, it includes ...
Whatever the problem related to laparoscopy is it is a single point of contact and free dvice and assistance are available for ... World Laparoscopy Hospital provides medico-legal advice and assistance to surgeons and patients with a team led by Dr R.K ... World Laparoscopy Hospital. Cyber City, Gurugram, NCR Delhi. INDIA : +919811416838. World Laparoscopy Training Institute. Bld. ... World Laparoscopy Hospital Cyber City Gurugram, NCR Delhi, 122002 India. All Inquiries. Tel: +91 124 2351555, +91 9811416838, + ...
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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques 33(2):p 99-107, April 2023. , DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000001151 ... Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques.. ... Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques.. ... Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques.. ...
Use of laparoscopy in zoo mammals may be out of the comfort zone for many veterinarians and curators due to lack of experience ... Diagnostic and surgical laparoscopy has become a routine procedure in human and veterinary medicine and has similar potential ... Rigid laparoscopy is considered minimally invasive surgery and is associated with a more rapid postoperative recovery rate and ... Laparoscopy can provide a variety of additional diagnostic options and may also provide an avenue for performing surgical ...
Developing the capacity of surgeons to use laparoscopy techniques in Ghana will reduce morbidity and improve the quality of ... Introducing safer laparoscopy surgery for child cancer patients in Ghana The Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Edinburgh is ... Home / News and Blog / Africa Grants Programme / Introducing safer laparoscopy surgery for child cancer patients in Ghana ... It is vital that we understand the laparoscopy techniques the surgeons will be using so that we can provide that right support ...
People who have laparoscopy surgery usually recover quite quickly. If you had a laparoscopy as a diagnostic procedure (where no ... Is it normal to have pain after a fallopian tube laparoscopy?. Pain after laparoscopy of the fallopian tubes occurs in everyone ... Can fallopian tubes be removed by laparoscopy?. Can fallopian tubes be removed by laparoscopy?. A laparoscopic salpingectomy is ... It is considered normal if the pain passes during the first or second week after laparoscopy. Bleeding after laparoscopy of the ...
Top Laparoscopy clinics Hospitals Near you in Thane. Find List of Doctors, Admission Fees, Registration Fees, Reviews & Timings ... Laparoscopy Clinics in Agra. Laparoscopy Clinics in Vijayawada. Laparoscopy Clinics in Delhi. Laparoscopy Clinics in Ludhiana. ... Laparoscopy Clinics in Thane West. Laparoscopy Clinics in Top Cities. Laparoscopy Clinics in Jaipur. Laparoscopy Clinics in ... Laparoscopy Clinics in Hyderabad. Laparoscopy Clinics in Indore. Laparoscopy Clinics in Ahmedabad. ...
Dive into the research topics of Urinary catecholamine excretion during gynecological laparoscopy. Together they form a ...
Laparoscopy For Infertility: Diagnosis Of Pelvic Cause. Leave a Comment / LAPAROSCOPY. Laparoscopy for infertility is a ... Leave a Comment / LAPAROSCOPY. Commonly hysteroscopy is done for evaluation of infertility. Your doctor may combine this ... Leave a Comment / ENDOMETRIOSIS, LAPAROSCOPY, Women Health. Diagnostic laparoscopic may show previously undetected features of ...
Laparoscopy is a key-hole surgical procedure that allows surgeons to see inside the abdomen. This type of surgery is very ...
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Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths. In the Northern and Southern parts of the world outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year. Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other health problems. Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. In the 20th century three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918, Asian influenza in 1958, and Hong Kong influenza in 1968, each resulting in more than a million deaths. The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June of 2009. Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and birds.. ...
Medline offers an extensive surgical drape line Our standard drape collection features atop-of-the-line SMS fabric, composed of five strong fiber layers for exceptionally high barrier strength MadeMedline SMS drapes have smaller fibers and a more uniform fiber lay-down SPT-3711SCS (102 x 97 x 35, 259 x246 x 89 cm) i
For the realization of a complete laparoscopy cart are some accessories are added to the cart, such as a camera holder, bottle ... The equipment cart shown here is a configuration for veterinary laparoscopy. The base is a Flexx one 150 equipment cart, in ...
Laparoscopy Preparation. Nov 30, 2016Posted by nameless. As with any surgery, food and drink are restricted for eight hours ... Recovery time is much shorter with laparoscopy than with regular (open) surgery. The procedure may even be performed on an ... Patients planning to undergo laparoscopy should speak with their doctor a few days before the procedure to ask whether they ...
Laparoscopy is one of the most widely used endoscopic surgery procedures for the treatment of conditions in the ovaries and ... Laparoscopy is one of the most widely used endoscopic surgery procedures for the treatment of conditions in the ovaries and ... Laparoscopy, like any surgery, can cause complications, but they are rare. It is a fairly safe technique and provides reliable ... Read the full article on: Endoscopic Surgery: Hysteroscopy & Laparoscopy ( 122).. By Clara Miret Lucio B.Sc., M.Sc. ( ...
Dr. Shivanshu Misra is one of the best general surgeons in Kanpur. He is known for his services and professional positive attitude. He is listed under top-rated and best laparoscopic surgeons in Kanpur. Dr. Shivanshu Misra has 6 years of experience in the field of general surgery, with a specialty in Minimal Access Surgery & …. Best Laparoscopic Surgeon in Kanpur Read More ». ...
I introduced a hybrid technique which includes both laparoscopy and endoscopy in the same setting in the same patient. Advanced ... Initially, I have begun general practice but nowadays I am practicing only laparoscopy and flexible endoscopic procedure. ...
advantages of laparoscopy cost of laparoscopy treatment laparoscopy for infertility laparoscopy in mumbai ... Laparoscopic treatment in Mumbai: Laparoscopy, a procedure not often given much credit, has proven to be incredibly useful in ...
Laparoscopy Instruments, Surgical Laparoscopy Instruments Supplier in India, US, UK. ... are a leading Manufacturer and Exporter of a wide range of Medical Instruments, Urology Instruments, Laparoscopy Instruments, ... Advance Co2 Insufflators (Cliniva Co2+) is a new generation Insufflators which makes easy Endoscopic/ Laparoscopy surgery. ... Advance Co2 Insufflators (Cliniva Co2+) is a new generation Insufflators which makes easy Endoscopic/ Laparoscopy surgery. ...
Many surgical procedures which previously required a Thoracotomy or Laparotomy can now be performed thoracoscopically or laparoscopically.
Saudi J Laparosc, Official publication of The Saudi Laparoscopic Society,Saudi Arabia
Posts about Atlas of Pediatric Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy written by drzezo ...
Laparoscopy has gained increasing acceptance in pediatric surgery and is often used to perform pyeloplasties in children. In ... and some studies have shown that laparoscopy offers the advantages of decreased morbidity, shorter hospital stay, and quicker ...
Laparoscopic correction of umbilical hernia in a patient with the excessive weight. Professor Puchkov K.V. is performing an operation (2012). In this film laparoscopic technique of closure of hernial port by mesh PhysioMeshEthicon and its fixation by means of herniostaplers with resorbable and non-resorbable tackers AbsorboTack and ProTack MEDTRONIC COVIDIEN is demonstrated. You can read about this technique in detail on the personal cite of Professor Puchkov Konstantin Viktorovich. To go to the link. ...
Thoracoscopy and laparoscopy. Similar to a bronchoscopy, these tests are done to determine if esophageal cancer has spread. The ... endoscope is inserted in the chest wall for thoracoscopy, or the abdomen for laparoscopy, to view the areas around the ...
  • World Laparoscopy Hospital organizes the National and International Convention on Medico legal issues related to Minimal Access Surgery every year, a platform to identify the legal issues relating to laparoscopic and robotic surgery, discuss them threadbare, and suggest remedial measures. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • Laparoscopic surgery does not always run the same amount of time: in light cases, laparoscopy can last about half an hour, on average - 40-50 minutes. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Laparoscopic treatment in Mumbai: Laparoscopy, a procedure not often given much credit, has proven to be incredibly useful in diagnosing and treating conditions related to infertility. (ivfspring.com)
  • Endoscopic Surgery: Hysteroscopy & Laparoscopy ( 122). (invitra.com)
  • Abnormal uterine findings were de Recherche et d'Application en identified in 95.8% of patients attending hysteroscopy at GESHRTH. (bvsalud.org)
  • How long does a laparoscopy of the fallopian tube last? (searchandrestore.com)
  • Is it normal to have pain after a fallopian tube laparoscopy? (searchandrestore.com)
  • The zygote was transferred by laparoscopy into the fallopian tube 24 hours after oocyst retrieval. (who.int)
  • Laparoscopy is sometimes called "minimally invasive surgery" or "keyhole surgery," because it requires smaller cuts than traditional, "open" surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rigid laparoscopy is considered minimally invasive surgery and is associated with a more rapid postoperative recovery rate and an improved prognosis as compared to conventional surgical techniques. (vin.com)
  • Laparoscopy for infertility is a minimally invasive surgery wherein a telescope-like instrument lets your doctor to look at the pelvis. (femelife.com)
  • If patients are selected properly, laparoscopy -assisted distal gastrectomy can be a curative and minimally invasive treatment for gastric cancer . (bvsalud.org)
  • Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. (lww.com)
  • I introduced a hybrid technique which includes both laparoscopy and endoscopy in the same setting in the same patient. (drmasfique.com)
  • Laparoscopy is one of the most widely used endoscopic surgery procedures for the treatment of conditions in the ovaries and uterus, but it can also have a diagnostic purpose. (invitra.com)
  • Initially, I have begun general practice but nowadays I am practicing only laparoscopy and flexible endoscopic procedure. (drmasfique.com)
  • Advance Co2 Insufflators (Cliniva Co2+) is a new generation Insufflators which makes easy Endoscopic/ Laparoscopy surgery. (clinivahealthcare.com)
  • Diagnostic and surgical laparoscopy has become a routine procedure in human and veterinary medicine and has similar potential uses in zoological medicine. (vin.com)
  • If you had a laparoscopy as a diagnostic procedure (where no surgery was performed), you can usually return to your usual activities within about 5 days. (searchandrestore.com)
  • When you wake from the laparoscopy procedure, you may feel a little sore around the cuts. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Laparoscopy is a key-hole surgical procedure that allows surgeons to see inside the abdomen. (repropedia.org)
  • Patients planning to undergo laparoscopy should speak with their doctor a few days before the procedure to ask whether they should take their current medications. (renaihospital.com)
  • however, laparoscopy is an invasive surgical procedure. (medscape.com)
  • A laparoscopy is a type of surgery that lets a surgeon look inside your body without making a large incision (cut). (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, if a laparoscopy finds a tumor, the surgeon may remove it completely during the same surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Laparoscopy is a form of surgery that allows doctors to examine and possibly treat internal organs by viewing images sent from a small, thin tube (a laparoscope) inserted through small cuts into your body. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • Gynaecological laparoscopy is a less invasive way than traditional surgery for doctors to see your reproductive organs. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • Laparoscopy surgery is also known as keyhole surgery. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • As the Premier Institute of Minimal Access Surgery World Laparoscopy Hospital provide Free medico legal advice to Patient and Surgeon. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • Today, in World, World Laparoscopy Hospital possesses the best resources in terms of professionals, information, and knowledge on medical laws related to Minimal Access Surgery and these are optimally utilized in providing Medico legal Legal solutions. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • However, surgeons at these hospitals, and across Ghana, lack confidence in the use of laparoscopy (keyhole) surgery, and instead are relying on open surgery - sometimes for something as simple as obtaining a sample of tissue for a biopsy. (thet.org)
  • Because laparoscopies are such a general surgery that can be used for anything from alleviating endometriosis to removing a burst appendix, it was overwhelming to sift through all that information. (searchandrestore.com)
  • But, generally speaking, you can expect a full recovery within three to six weeks after abdominal surgery or two to four weeks after laparoscopy. (searchandrestore.com)
  • People who have laparoscopy surgery usually recover quite quickly. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Recovery time is much shorter with laparoscopy than with regular (open) surgery. (renaihospital.com)
  • [ 4 ] The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not recommend prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy. (medscape.com)
  • Laparoscopy can provide a variety of additional diagnostic options and may also provide an avenue for performing surgical procedures that would otherwise be impossible in these animals. (vin.com)
  • Le diagnostic et la prise en charge adéquate des lésions intra cavitaires permettent d'am liorer les chances de conception. (bvsalud.org)
  • Laparoscopy is used to help diagnose the cause of symptoms in the belly or pelvis . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your doctor might recommend a laparoscopy examination to diagnose the cause of gynaecological symptoms, such as polycystic ovary syndrome , endometriosis or to perform small operations. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • Laparoscopy is usually done in a hospital or an outpatient clinic. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Institute of Medicine & Law department of World Laparoscopy Hospital provides education, information, and services in medical laws. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • Knowledge Bank of World Laparoscopy Hospital on Medical Laws is comprehensive and continuously updated with the latest developments in medical laws. (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • Why World Laparoscopy Hospital? (laparoscopyhospital.com)
  • To do a laparoscopy, a surgeon makes a small cut near your belly button that's usually a half-inch long or less. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sometimes during a laparoscopy, the surgeon will use these tools to do procedures to treat certain problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ils ont aussi donné 11 conférences et reçu en consultation 137 patients. (who.int)
  • Au total, 247 stagiaires et patients ont répondu à une enquête d'évaluation en 22 items. (who.int)
  • The equipment cart shown here is a configuration for veterinary laparoscopy. (medicars.com)
  • Developing the capacity of surgeons to use laparoscopy techniques in Ghana will reduce morbidity and improve the quality of life of children with cancer. (thet.org)
  • It is vital that we understand the laparoscopy techniques the surgeons will be using so that we can provide that right support and anaesthesia for both the patient and the theatre teams. (thet.org)
  • In most cases, you'll be able to go home after a few hours, but that depends on what procedures were done during the laparoscopy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This collaborative effort has been organized to critically review current equipment, techniques, and uses with the ultimate goal of overcoming some of the inherent difficulties with laparoscopy in these large vertebrates. (vin.com)
  • Laparoscopy can be incorporated into treatments in which endometriomas are cauterized or removed and adhesions are lysed. (medscape.com)
  • Laparoscopy is the standard modality for the diagnosis of endometriosis. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis and appropriate correction of intrauterine anomalies are considered et d'Application en Chirurgie essential in order to increase chances of conception. (bvsalud.org)
  • Prompt surgical treatment using laparoscopy was attempted with success and resulted in rapid and lasting improvement in symptoms. (bmj.com)
  • Le présent article détaille les étapes de planification et d'évaluation de la première mission du groupe de bénévoles médicaux à l'hôpital Almanagil au Soudan en 2013. (who.int)
  • You may have mild abdominal pain or discomfort for a few days after a laparoscopy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pain after laparoscopy of the fallopian tubes occurs in everyone, as well as after any surgical operation. (searchandrestore.com)
  • It is considered normal if the pain passes during the first or second week after laparoscopy. (searchandrestore.com)
  • 7,8,12 Recent advances in technology now provide the ability to perform laparoscopy in the largest mammalian species maintained in zoological collections. (vin.com)
  • Operative laparoscopy has become the standard approach for most common surgeries, including tubal ligation, cholecystectomy, appendectomy, and ovarian cystectomy (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The largest laparoscopy equipment commercially available is marketed for use in equine medicine (57-cm telescope and accessories). (vin.com)
  • You will need to fast (not eat or drink) for a period of time before a laparoscopy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For the realization of a complete laparoscopy cart are some accessories are added to the cart, such as a camera holder, bottle holder for the insufflator, shelves and a VESA for mounting the Tele Pack. (medicars.com)