Language. Medical search

The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.

Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.

Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors.

A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.

Specific languages used to prepare computer programs.

Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders.

Computer processing of a language with rules that reflect and describe current usage rather than prescribed usage.

The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Skills in the use of language which lead to proficiency in written or spoken communication.

The relationships between symbols and their meanings.

A research and development program initiated by the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE to build knowledge sources for the purpose of aiding the development of systems that help health professionals retrieve and integrate biomedical information. The knowledge sources can be used to link disparate information systems to overcome retrieval problems caused by differences in terminology and the scattering of relevant information across many databases. The three knowledge sources are the Metathesaurus, the Semantic Network, and the Specialist Lexicon.

Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.

A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.

The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.

The artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings).

Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.

The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.

The continuous developmental process of a culture from simple to complex forms and from homogeneous to heterogeneous qualities.

Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.

Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.

Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Conversion from one language to another language.

Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits.

Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.

A language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. The individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. This condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the TEMPORAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p484)

The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.

Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.

The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

An aphasia characterized by impairment of expressive LANGUAGE (speech, writing, signs) and relative preservation of receptive language abilities (i.e., comprehension). This condition is caused by lesions of the motor association cortex in the FRONTAL LOBE (BROCA AREA and adjacent cortical and white matter regions).

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

A specified list of terms with a fixed and unalterable meaning, and from which a selection is made when CATALOGING; ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING; or searching BOOKS; JOURNALS AS TOPIC; and other documents. The control is intended to avoid the scattering of related subjects under different headings (SUBJECT HEADINGS). The list may be altered or extended only by the publisher or issuing agency. (From Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed, p163)

Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language.

A concept that stands for or suggests something else by reason of its relationship, association, convention, or resemblance. The symbolism may be mental or a visible sign or representation. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.

The act or practice of literary composition, the occupation of writer, or producing or engaging in literary work as a profession.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

The act, process, or an instance of narrating, i.e., telling a story. In the context of MEDICINE or ETHICS, narration includes relating the particular and the personal in the life story of an individual.

The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill.

Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.

Personal names, given or surname, as cultural characteristics, as ethnological or religious patterns, as indications of the geographic distribution of families and inbreeding, etc. Analysis of isonymy, the quality of having the same or similar names, is useful in the study of population genetics. NAMES is used also for the history of names or name changes of corporate bodies, such as medical societies, universities, hospitals, government agencies, etc.

Impairment in the comprehension of speech and meaning of words, both spoken and written, and of the meanings conveyed by their grammatical relationships in sentences. It is caused by lesions that primarily affect Wernicke's area, which lies in the posterior perisylvian region of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. (From Brain & Bannister, Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p141; Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p846)

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

Terms or expressions which provide the major means of access by subject to the bibliographic unit.

The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.

A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.

Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another.

The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice.

The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)

Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies.

The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

The application of a concept to that which it is not literally the same but which suggests a resemblance and comparison. Medical metaphors were widespread in ancient literature; the description of a sick body was often used by ancient writers to define a critical condition of the State, in which one corrupt part can ruin the entire system. (From Med Secoli Arte Sci, 1990;2(3):abstract 331)

A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)

Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)

A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)

The period of history before 500 of the common era.

Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.

Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilate various cultural patterns from another.

Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.

Cultural and linguistic competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. Competence implies the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Activities performed to identify concepts and aspects of published information and research reports.

The science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference and deals with the canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration. This system of reasoning is applicable to any branch of knowledge or study. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)

A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.

The mimicking of the behavior of one individual by another.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

A collective expression for all behavior patterns acquired and socially transmitted through symbols. Culture includes customs, traditions, and language.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.

Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.

Software designed to store, manipulate, manage, and control data for specific uses.

Computer-based systems for input, storage, display, retrieval, and printing of information contained in a patient's medical record.

Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

Standardized tests that measure the present general ability or aptitude for intellectual performance.

Method of nonverbal communication utilizing hand movements as speech equivalents.

Computerized compilations of information units (text, sound, graphics, and/or video) interconnected by logical nonlinear linkages that enable users to follow optimal paths through the material and also the systems used to create and display this information. (From Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

Coexistence of numerous distinct ethnic, racial, religious, or cultural groups within one social unit, organization, or population. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 2d college ed., 1982, p955)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Numeric or quantitative entities, descriptions, properties, relationships, operations, and events.

The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.

Use of sophisticated analysis tools to sort through, organize, examine, and combine large sets of information.

People who leave their place of residence in one country and settle in a different country.

Involuntary ("parrot-like"), meaningless repetition of a recently heard word, phrase, or song. This condition may be associated with transcortical APHASIA; SCHIZOPHRENIA; or other disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p485)

Procedures and programs that facilitate the development or skill acquisition in infants and young children who have disabilities, who are at risk for developing disabilities, or who are gifted. It includes programs that are designed to prevent handicapping conditions in infants and young children and family-centered programs designed to affect the functioning of infants and children with special needs. (From Journal of Early Intervention, Editorial, 1989, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 3; A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, prepared for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 1976)

Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.

Software capable of recognizing dictation and transcribing the spoken words into written text.

Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.

Systematic study of the body and the use of its static and dynamic position as a means of communication.

Derived from TELENCEPHALON, cerebrum is composed of a right and a left hemisphere. Each contains an outer cerebral cortex and a subcortical basal ganglia. The cerebrum includes all parts within the skull except the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, the PONS, and the CEREBELLUM. Cerebral functions include sensorimotor, emotional, and intellectual activities.

The sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the LARYNX and over the VOCAL CORDS, and then modified by the resonance organs, the NASOPHARYNX, and the MOUTH.

Theory and development of COMPUTER SYSTEMS which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include speech recognition, LEARNING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; reasoning, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING, and translation of language.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.

Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)

The analysis of a critical number of sensory stimuli or facts (the pattern) by physiological processes such as vision (PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL), touch, or hearing.

The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned.

The process of leaving one's country to establish residence in a foreign country.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.

Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.

Persons living in the United States having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.

Writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. The body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age. (Webster, 3d ed)

Periodic movement of human settlement from one geographical location to another.

Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.

Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.

A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

The ability to attribute mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, feelings, intentions, thoughts, etc.) to self and to others, allowing an individual to understand and infer behavior on the basis of the mental states. Difference or deficit in theory of mind is associated with ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; and SCHIZOPHRENIA, etc.

Spontaneous or voluntary recreational activities pursued for enjoyment and accessories or equipment used in the activities; includes games, toys, etc.

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.

Specifications and instructions applied to the software.

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation.

Performance of complex motor acts.

Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.

Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).

Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.

Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another.

Procedures for correcting HEARING DISORDERS.

Media that facilitate transportability of pertinent information concerning patient's illness across varied providers and geographic locations. Some versions include direct linkages to online consumer health information that is relevant to the health conditions and treatments related to a specific patient.

Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.

Persons functioning as natural, adoptive, or substitute parents. The heading includes the concept of parenthood as well as preparation for becoming a parent.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

The science devoted to the comparative study of man.

Theoretical representations that simulate psychological processes and/or social processes. These include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Modifying, carrying, or manipulating an item external to itself by an animal, before using it to effect a change on the environment or itself (from Beck, Animal Tool Behavior, 1980).

The procedures involved in combining separately developed modules, components, or subsystems so that they work together as a complete system. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The interactions between physician and patient.

A set of cognitive functions that controls complex, goal-directed thought and behavior. Executive function involves multiple domains, such as CONCEPT FORMATION, goal management, cognitive flexibility, INHIBITION control, and WORKING MEMORY. Impaired executive function is seen in a range of disorders, e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; and ADHD.

The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.

Equipment that provides mentally or physically disabled persons with a means of communication. The aids include display boards, typewriters, cathode ray tubes, computers, and speech synthesizers. The output of such aids includes written words, artificial speech, language signs, Morse code, and pictures.

Loss or impairment of the ability to write (letters, syllables, words, or phrases) due to an injury to a specific cerebral area or occasionally due to emotional factors. This condition rarely occurs in isolation, and often accompanies APHASIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p485; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.

The field of information science concerned with the analysis and dissemination of medical data through the application of computers to various aspects of health care and medicine.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Specialized instruction for students deviating from the expected norm.

A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.

Non-invasive methods of visualizing the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the brain, by various imaging modalities.

Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.

The use of diffusion ANISOTROPY data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules.

The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.

Education of the individual who markedly deviates intellectually, physically, socially, or emotionally from those considered to be normal, thus requiring special instruction.

Procedures for assisting a person with a speech or language disorder to communicate with maximum efficiency.

Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.

Change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation. The transfer can be positive (with second learning improved by first) or negative (where the reverse holds).

The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.

Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, FACTUAL which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them.

The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.

Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of radiology services and facilities.

Tests of accuracy in pronouncing speech sounds, e.g., Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, Deep Test of Articulation, Templin-Darley Tests of Articulation, Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, Screening Speech Articulation Test, Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale.

Collections of facts, assumptions, beliefs, and heuristics that are used in combination with databases to achieve desired results, such as a diagnosis, an interpretation, or a solution to a problem (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed).

A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)

Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.

A receptive visual aphasia characterized by the loss of a previously possessed ability to comprehend the meaning or significance of handwritten words, despite intact vision. This condition may be associated with posterior cerebral artery infarction (INFARCTION, POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY) and other BRAIN DISEASES.

Descriptive study of cooperative language in primary care consultations by male and female doctors. (1/3485)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of some of the characteristics of male and female language by male and female primary care practitioners during consultations. DESIGN: Doctors' use of the language of dominance and support was explored by using concordancing software. Three areas were examined: mean number of words per consultation; relative frequency of question tags; and use of mitigated directives. The analysis of language associated with cooperative talk examines relevant words or phrases and their immediate context. SUBJECTS: 26 male and 14 female doctors in general practice, in a total of 373 consecutive consultations. SETTING: West Midlands. RESULTS: Doctors spoke significantly more words than patients, but the number of words spoken by male and female doctors did not differ significantly. Question tags were used far more frequently by doctors (P<0.001) than by patients or companions. Frequency of use was similar in male and female doctors, and the speech styles in consultation were similar. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that male and female doctors use a speech style which is not gender specific, contrary to findings elsewhere; doctors consulted in an overtly non-directive, negotiated style, which is realised through suggestions and affective comments. This mode of communication is the core teaching of communication skills courses. These results suggest that men have more to learn to achieve competence as professional communicators. (+info)

Disrupted temporal lobe connections in semantic dementia. (2/3485)

Semantic dementia refers to the variant of frontotemporal dementia in which there is progressive semantic deterioration and anomia in the face of relative preservation of other language and cognitive functions. Structural imaging and SPECT studies of such patients have suggested that the site of damage, and by inference the region critical to semantic processing, is the anterolateral temporal lobe, especially on the left. Recent functional imaging studies of normal participants have revealed a network of areas involved in semantic tasks. The present study used PET to examine the consequences of focal damage to the anterolateral temporal cortex for the operation of this semantic network. We measured PET activation associated with a semantic decision task relative to a visual decision task in four patients with semantic dementia compared with six age-matched normal controls. Normals activated a network of regions consistent with previous studies. The patients activated some areas consistently with the normals, including some regions of significant atrophy, but showed substantially reduced activity particularly in the left posterior inferior temporal gyrus (iTG) (Brodmann area 37/19). Voxel-based morphometry, used to identify the regions of structural deficit, revealed significant anterolateral temporal atrophy (especially on the left), but no significant structural damage to the posterior inferior temporal lobe. Other evidence suggests that the left posterior iTG is critically involved in lexical-phonological retrieval: the lack of activation here is consistent with the observation that these patients are all anomic. We conclude that changes in activity in regions distant from the patients' structural damage support the argument that their prominent anomia is due to disrupted temporal lobe connections. (+info)

Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. (3/3485)

Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine gender effects on brain activation during a language comprehension task. A large number of subjects (50 women and 50 men) was studied to maximize the statistical power to detect subtle differences between the sexes. To estimate the specificity of findings related to sex differences, parallel analyses were performed on two groups of randomly assigned subjects. Men and women showed very similar, strongly left lateralized activation patterns. Voxel-wise tests for group differences in overall activation patterns demonstrated no significant differences between women and men. In further analyses, group differences were examined by region of interest and by hemisphere. No differences were found between the sexes in lateralization of activity in any region of interest or in intrahemispheric cortical activation patterns. These data argue against substantive differences between men and women in the large-scale neural organization of language processes. (+info)

Is grammar special? (4/3485)

Recent studies of children with developmental disorders provide striking insights into the nature of language. These studies suggest that, although much of language arises from more general cognitive capacities, certain aspects of grammar have an autonomous psychological and neural basis. (+info)

Linguistic diversity of the Americas can be reconciled with a recent colonization. (5/3485)

The Americas harbor a very great diversity of indigenous language stocks, many more than are found in any other continent. J. Nichols [(1990) Language 66, 475-521] has argued that this diversity indicates a great time depth of in situ evolution. She thus infers that the colonization of the Americas must have begun around 35,000 years ago. This estimate is much earlier than the date for which there is strong archaeological support, which does not much exceed 12,000 years. Nichols' assumption is that the diversity of linguistic stocks increases linearly with time. This paper compares the major continents of the world to show that this assumption is not correct. In fact, stock diversity is highest in the Americas, which are by consensus the youngest continents, intermediate in Australia and New Guinea, and lowest in Africa and Eurasia where the time depth is greatest. If anything, then, after an initial radiation, stock diversity decreases with time. A simple model is outlined that predicts these dynamics. It assumes that early in the peopling of continents, there are many unfilled niches for communities to live in, and so fissioning into new lineages is frequent. As the habitat is filled up, the rate of fissioning declines and lineage extinction becomes the dominant evolutionary force. (+info)

Molecular genetic evidence for the human settlement of the Pacific: analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HLA markers. (6/3485)

Present-day Pacific islanders are thought to be the descendants of Neolithic agriculturalists who expanded from island South-east Asia several thousand years ago. They speak languages belonging to the Austronesian language family, spoken today in an area spanning half of the circumference of the world, from Madagascar to Easter Island, and from Taiwan to New Zealand. To investigate the genetic affinities of the Austronesian-speaking peoples, we analysed mitochondrial DNA, HLA and Y-chromosome polymorphisms in individuals from eight geographical locations in Asia and the Pacific (China, Taiwan, Java, New Guinea highlands, New Guinea coast, Trobriand Islands, New Britain and Western Samoa). Our results show that the demographic expansion of the Austronesians has left a genetic footprint. However, there is no simple correlation between languages and genes in the Pacific. (+info)

Language outcome following multiple subpial transection for Landau-Kleffner syndrome. (7/3485)

Landau-Kleffner syndrome is an acquired epileptic aphasia occurring in normal children who lose previously acquired speech and language abilities. Although some children recover some of these abilities, many children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome have significant language impairments that persist. Multiple subpial transection is a surgical technique that has been proposed as an appropriate treatment for Landau-Kleffner syndrome in that it is designed to eliminate the capacity of cortical tissue to generate seizures or subclinical epileptiform activity, while preserving the cortical functions subserved by that tissue. We report on the speech and language outcome of 14 children who underwent multiple subpial transection for treatment of Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Eleven children demonstrated significant postoperative improvement on measures of receptive or expressive vocabulary. Results indicate that early diagnosis and treatment optimize outcome, and that gains in language function are most likely to be seen years, rather than months, after surgery. Since an appropriate control group was not available, and that the best predictor of postoperative improvements in language function was that of length of time since surgery, these data might best be used as a benchmark against other Landau-Kleffner syndrome outcome studies. We conclude that multiple subpial transection may be useful in allowing for a restoration of speech and language abilities in children diagnosed with Landau-Kleffner syndrome. (+info)

Laterality in animals: relevance to schizophrenia. (8/3485)

Anomalies in the laterality of numerous neurocognitive dimensions associated with schizophrenia have been documented, but their role in the etiology and early development of the disorder remain unclear. In the study of normative neurobehavioral organization, animal models have shed much light on the mechanisms underlying and the factors affecting adult patterns of both functional and structural asymmetry. Nonhuman species have more recently been used to investigate the environmental, genetic, and neuroendocrine factors associated with developmental language disorders in humans. We propose that the animal models used to study the basis of lateralization in normative development and language disorders such as dyslexia could be modified to investigate lateralized phenomena in schizophrenia. (+info)

Algeria: University of Algiers[1] Australia: University of Queensland James Cook University La Trobe University University of Sydney University of Newcastle, Australia Charles Sturt University Macquarie University Flinders University Curtin University of Technology Bangladesh: University of Dhaka Bangladesh Health Professions Institute (BHPI) Brazil: College of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo University of São Paulo Federal University of São Paulo State University of São Paulo Canada: University of Alberta University of British Columbia Dalhousie University Université Laval McGill University Université de Montréal University of Ottawa University of Toronto University of Western Ontario Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong India: All India Institute of Speech and Hearing National Institute of Speech and Hearing Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped- There are four regional centres Israel: University of Haifa Tel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_university_speech–language_pathology_departments

Romance and Celtic languages, regional variation in language, and local history. He is editor of the Survey of English Place- ... Coates, Richard (2007). "A strictly Millian approach to the definition of the proper name". Mind and Language. 24 (4): 433-444 ... London and New York: Routledge (Routledge Language Workbooks); pp. ix + 101 (ISBN 0 415 20631 6). [Student guide to morphology ... Coates, Richard (2006). "Properhood" (PDF). Language. 82 (2): 356-382. doi:10.1353/lan.2006.0084. Coates, Richard (2006). "Some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coates

Hall describes the language of the text as "nearly undifferentiated conservative Pre-French". The difficulty of discerning a ... 317-321 Ayres-Bennett, Wendy (1995). A History of the French Language through Texts. London/New York: Routledge. Hilty, Gerold ... Lowe, Lawrence F. H.; Edwards, Bateman (1927). "The Language of the Strassburg Oaths". Speculum. 2 (3): 310-317. doi:10.2307/ ... Rea, John A. (1958). "Again the Oaths of Strassburg". Language. 34 (3): 367-369. doi:10.2307/410928. JSTOR 410928. Thompson, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourg

Language; Natural Sciences & Mathematics; Technology (Applied Science); The Arts - Fine and Decorative arts; Literature & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Maldives

Languages, language history, and the history of linguistics: From structure to transformation, between Europe and America. An ... In Languages and Linguists: Aims, perspectives, and duties of linguistics; Les langues et les linguistes: Buts, perspectives et ... Language Change and Linguistic Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 232 pp. 1970. Indo-European and Indo- ... His major work Language change and linguistic reconstruction (Hoenigswald 1960) recapitulates and epitomizes his thinking and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Hoenigswald

They sometimes developed Creole languages by mixing European tongues with their original African languages. One such maroon ... At other times, the maroons would adopt variations of a local European language (creolization) as a common tongue, for members ... ISBN 978-0-19-514050-7. Leo Spitzer (1938). "Spanish cimarrón". Language. Linguistic Society of America". 14 (2): 145-147. doi: ... Lyle Campbell (2000). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. p. 400 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroons

... generate and explain language in his 1943 book Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. In this view, language is regarded as ... Garvin, Paul L. (1954). "Prolegomena to a Theory of Language by Louis Hjelmslev; Francis J. Whitfield". Language. 30 (1): 69-96 ... The formal description of language was further developed by linguists including J. R. Firth and Simon Dik, giving rise to ... Berwick, Robert C.; Chomsky, Noam (2015). Why Only Us: Language and Evolution. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262034241. v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_linguistics

Phenomena in the Germanic Languages". Language. 56 (1): 126-136. doi:10.2307/412645. JSTOR 412645. Quirk, Randolph; Wrenn, ... Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most ... There are only a dozen preterite-presents, but most are among the most frequent verbs in the language. They are magan ("can"), ... As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_grammar

Language? None. Inability-full of it. All natural things in my life point exactly opposite to my being able to stand on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Wigglesworth

Wood, Henry Trueman (1870). Changes In The English Language: Between The Publication Of Wiclif's Bible And That Of The ... London: Macmillan Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0- ... The Earliest Germanic Phonology". Language. 26 (4): 4-64. doi:10.2307/522272. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 522272. Everson, Michael; ... Icelandic is the only living language to retain the letter thorn (in Icelandic; þ, pronounced þoddn, [θ̠ɔtn̥] or þordn [θ̠ɔrtn̥ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(letter)

... occurred in all continental Germanic languages, resulting in cognates such as German die for "the" and Bruder for " ... Wolfram, Walter A. (September 1970). "A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech". Language. 46 (3): 764. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th-stopping

"Language". www.heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-06. "Zuckerberg: 'I'm really sorry that this happened' - CNN Video - CNN.com; ... Canadian government forced first nation people to send them to the residential schools for oppressing first nation language ... assimilation policy which aimed for eliminating first nation culture and language and let them learn Canadian official language ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_apology

Language contact and language change in the history of the Sinitic languages. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), ... ISBN 978-0-19-985633-6. 王洪君 (2006), 層次與演變階段-蘇州話文白異讀析層擬測三例, Language and Linguistics, 7 (1) 王福堂 (2006), 文白異讀中讀書音的幾個問題, 語言學論叢, 32 ... 吳瑞文 (Wu Ruei-wen). (2002). 論閩方言四等韻的三個層次 [Chronological Strata of Qieyun Grade IV Finals in Min]. Language and

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters

Language. Vol. 68, No. 2. pp. 450-451. Lowell, Julia C. (1992). Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Williams_(archaeologist)

ISBN 978-0-19-541816-3.[need quotation to verify] "CBC News > Indepth > Language > 5,000 new words". CBC. July 26, 2004. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Day

Despite the strengthening position of the Azeri language, Russian continues to be a vernacular language of Baku. Periodicals ... Unlike in Central Asia, Russians in modern Azerbaijan are more likely to be bilingual in Russian and the national language, ... Language). Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918-1920). Army. [Documents and materials]. - Baku, 1998, с.226-227 Aryeh Wasserman ... Change in numbers of Azerbaijan's ethnic Russian population Russians in Azerbaijan speak Russian as a first language. However, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Azerbaijan

The Lepontic language and the Galatian language are sometimes considered to be dialects of Gaulish. The exact time of the final ... Their Gaulish language forms the main branch of the Continental Celtic languages. The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC ... The Galatian language continued to be spoken in central Anatolia until the 6th century. In the Second Punic War the famous ... The Celtic Languages in Contact: 106. Henri Guiter, "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania", in Munus amicitae. Studia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls

Languages with bound case markings for nouns, for example, tend to have more flexible word orders than languages where case is ... Languages worldwide also vary in the number of sounds they use. These languages can go from very small phonemic inventories ( ... Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their ... Some languages however exhibit regular inefficient patterning. These include the VO languages Chinese, with the adpositional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology

McAlpin, David W. (1974). "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian". Language. 50 (1): 89-101. doi:10.2307/412012. JSTOR 412012. McAlpin, ... and the close relationship between the Dravidian and Elamite languages. M30 haplogroup has been detected in Palestinians and is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_M30_(mtDNA)

Therefore, languages that do not assign object case via prepositions (such as French) cannot have the double-object form. In ... Larson's motivations for V' Raising are the same motivations used to derive the surface order of raising in VSO languages, such ... This is similar to case marking appearing on indirect object in more highly inflected languages. Secondly, Larson extends ... Gropen, J; Wilson (1989). "The Learnability and Acquisition of the Dative Alternation in English". Language 65: 204. Baker, C. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_shift

... is a variety of the Tewa language of Tanoan family and has been influenced by Hopi (which is an unrelated Uto-Aztecan ... Tewa is the preferred autonym (over Hano, Tano, and Hopi-Tewa) because the Tewa language refers to its people as "Tewas." The ... What is remarkable about this speech community is that the influence of the Hopi language on Hopi-Tewa is extremely small in ... In P. V. Kroskrity (Ed.), Regimes of language: Ideologies, polities, and identities (pp. 329-359). Santa Fe: School of American ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi-Tewa

Australian Aboriginal languages: Many Australian languages use bound pronoun enclitics to mark inanimate arguments and, in many ... It is common in Romance languages. For example, in French, there is il s'est réveillé ("he woke up") or je t'aime ("I love you ... Independent words enjoy free ordering with respect to other words, within the confines of the word order of the language. If a ... In the Indo-European languages, some clitics can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European: for example, *-kʷe is the original form ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic

Pronouns are used less frequently in the Japanese language than in many other languages, mainly because there is no grammatical ... Japanese pronouns (or Japanese deictic classifiers) are words in the Japanese language used to address or refer to present ... In linguistics, generativists and other structuralists suggest that the Japanese language does not have pronouns as such, since ... Retrieved on October 21, 2007 "Language Log » Japanese first person pronouns". languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu. "old boy". Kanjidict. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pronouns

Cercignani, Fausto, Early "Umlaut" Phenomena in the Germanic Languages, in «Language», 56/1, 1980, pp. 126-136. Cercignani, ... It took place separately in various Germanic languages starting around AD 450 or 500 and affected all of the early languages ... and some other old Germanic languages. The precise developments varied from one language to another, but the general trend was ... Phenomena in the Germanic Languages". Language. 56 (1): 126-136. doi:10.2307/412645. JSTOR 412645. Cercignani, Fausto (1980). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut

A Study in the Acquisition of Language: Free Responses to Commands. Language 45: 322-342. Carlota S. Smith. 1991. The parameter ... Her early work examined English syntax and child language acquisition. (Shipley et al. 1969 was an influential paper in this ... ISBN 978-90-481-2616-3. "Language Log: Sad news: Carlota Smith". itre.cis.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-11. "Google Scholar". ... Birner, Betty J. (2007). "Modes of discourse: The local structure of texts (review)". Language. 83 (4): 904-907. doi:10.1353/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_S._Smith

Thus, the Lutheran church helped to preserve the language in public use. German was more commonly used in the countryside than ... Emeneau, M. B. (1935). "The Dialect of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia". Language. 11 (2): 140-147. doi:10.2307/408846. JSTOR 408846. ... Boberg, Charles (2010). The English Language in Canada: Status, History, and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press. ... from the German läppisch Canada portal Language portal Canadian English Atlantic Canadian English Pennsylvania German language ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunenburg_English

"Muhamid e Osman". Language. Linguistics. Literature. Hyderabad: Taj Press. Sayyid Ahmadullah Quadri (1934). "Tanqid Qamus-ul- ... Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri (1934). "Naveed e Massarat". Language. Linguistics. Literature (in Urdu). Hyderabad: Shams ul Islam ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Ahmedullah_Qadri

... language = , ref=CITEREFMakgoba2013 +Karla Ward (24 February 2018). "Episcopal Diocese of Lexington affirms Bishop Provisional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Van_Koevering

Language. 32 (2): 310-313. doi:10.2307/411011. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 411011. "Education: Why Johnny Can't Read". Time. March 14 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Johnny_Can't_Read

The Modern Language Journal (68)2: 130-137. Joos, M. (1948). Acoustic Phonetics. Language, 24(2), 5-136. doi:10.2307/522229. ... Language 48(2), 257-265. Hill, Archibald A. (1979). "Martin Joos". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 55 (3): 665-669. ... either as a class of sounds grouped within the language, or as an abstract opposition within the structure of the language. ... Language. It was written in times of exploration of phonetics and explored the unknown in phonetics, more specifically the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Joos

Working with a certified speech-language pathologist can help a child with speech or language difficulties. ... What Is Speech-Language Therapy?. Speech-language therapy is the treatment for most kids with speech and/or language disorders. ... What Are Language Disorders?. A language disorder refers to a problem understanding or putting words together to communicate ... Who Gives Speech-Language Therapy?. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs), often called speech therapists, are educated in the ...

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/speech-therapy.html

... The language of instruction at NAIT is English. Applicants must meet the following English ... where the language of instruction was in English do not need to provide further proof of English Language Proficiency. ... ELP requirement for Business Administration with English as a Second Language is one of the following.. NAITs ESL *Minimum ... Completion of the Canadian Language Benchmarks Assessment (CLB) with minimum test scores for each component *8 in the Speaking ...

http://www.nait.ca/56525.htm

... speech and language deficits, or no speech or language deficits, Nathan et al. reported that preschool language ability, ... speech-language pathologists; speech, language, and hearing scientists; audiology and speech-language pathology support ... Journal of Child Language, 8, 511-524. Boysson-Bardies, B. D., & Vihman, M. M. (1991). Adaptation to language: Evidence from ... Journal of Child Language, 31, 749-778. Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1984). Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for ...

https://www.asha.org/content.aspx?id=10737450490

lang. and xml:lang. Attributes. Use both the lang. and xml:lang. attributes when specifying the language of an element. The ... SGML is a language for describing markup languages, particularly those used in electronic document exchange, document ... lang="en" lang="en", ,title,Cheaper by the Dozen,/title, ,isbn:number,1568491379,/isbn:number, ,notes, ,!-- make HTML the ... xml:lang. attribute takes precedence.. C.8. Fragment Identifiers. In XML, URI-references [RFC2396] that end with fragment ...

http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/

Speech, language, and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes, such as a stroke, brain injury, hearing loss, ... Speech-language pathologists (sometimes called speech therapists) assess, diagnose, treat, and help to prevent communication ... What Speech-Language Pathologists Do About this section. Speech-language pathologists must be able to listen to and communicate ... Speech-language pathologists may work with people who are unable to understand language or with those who have voice disorders ...

https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/speech-language-pathologists.htm

I am interested in Natural and Formal Language Processing, the Semantic Web, Linked/Open Data and Provenance. These postings ... Tags: text markov probability trigram model semantic rule assumption web unstructured chain language bigram ngram simplifying ... Tags: semantics opennlp tokenization lexer natural_language_processi... parsing parse syntax apache tokens open_nlp rdf ... language_model model analysis context nlp language data gamma ... Tags: precision recall natural language nlp semantics watson ...

https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/nlp?sortby=0&maxresults=30&lang=en_us

Hebrew language, and the languages of the Sahara region, such as the Berber languages and Hausa. The Austronesian languages are ... and becomes a dead language. If eventually no one speaks the language at all, it becomes an extinct language. While languages ... A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family; in contrast, a language that has been ... This type of language is generally called a creole language. An example of such mixed languages is Tok Pisin, the official ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

To read our website in a variety of different languages, please utilize the Google Translate option available at the bottom of ...

https://nwf.org/Language

Index terms: language. Reference this material as: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1982). Language [Relevant ... Language. Relevant Paper Committee on Language. About this Document. The following definition, drafted by the Committee on ... speech-language pathologists; speech, language, and hearing scientists; audiology and speech-language pathology support ... Definition of Language Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for ...

https://www.asha.org/policy/RP1982-00125/

... an ausbau language, a language through elaboration, and not an abstand language, a language through detachment.[15] ... Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers. *Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on ... Language unification would also have the benefit of linking the Galician language to another major language with its own ... Galician (/ɡəˈlɪʃən/,[5] /-ˈlɪsiən/[6]; galego [ɡaˈleɣʊ]) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language

"Bengali language". Retrieved 2016-09-02.. *^ "The Second Most Spoken Languages Around the World". Olivet Nazarene University. ... marking Bengali language the only language in the world to be also known for its language movements and people sacrificing ... C. Encyclopedia of Worlds Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the Worlds Languages) (PDF). WW Wilson, New York. ISBN 0- ... "Languages of India". Ethnologue Report. Retrieved 2006-11-04.. *^ NIC, Assam State Centre, Guwahati, Assam. "Language". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language

Flu print materials includes posters, flyers, matte articles and Vaccine Information Statements available in Spanish - CDC

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/freeresources/print-spanish.htm

Greetings and Welcome to Angelical Linguistics! This Group is dedicated to my latest work: The Angelical Language Vols I and II ... Check it out!:The Angelical Language: Vols I and II ... The Angelical Language is a Public Group with 241 members.. * ... Greetings and Welcome to Angelical Linguistics! This Group is dedicated to my latest work: The Angelical Language Vols I and II ...

https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/angelical_linguistics/info?m=0

Appendix C: ECMAScript Language Binding. This appendix contains the complete ECMAScript [ECMAScript] binding for the Level 3 ...

http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-DOM-Level-3-LS-20030226/ecma-script-binding.html

What world languages does your student hope to study at LGHS (or is studying at LGHS)? * ... If your student is currently studying a language, which one is it? * ... so our schools can gather feedback regarding parent and student interest in studying Mandarin Language. ...

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeGqRSbUHalyag7AtYC8YEaNGwczar1V2Jf34P2ryH0pgsjOw/viewform?usp=send_form

29-1127 Speech-Language Pathologists. Assess and treat persons with speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders. May select ... May perform research related to speech and language problems.. National estimates for Speech-Language Pathologists. Industry ... Geographic profile for Speech-Language Pathologists. National estimates for Speech-Language Pathologists: Top. Employment ... Top paying states for Speech-Language Pathologists: State Employment (1) Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient (9) ...

https://www.bls.gov/OES/Current/oes291127.htm

... Curriculum Elementary has just adopted the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Journeys language arts curriculum ... The language arts blocks are broken into areas of instruction, they include whole group, small group, and language arts. I will ... Since 2013, teachers from sixth through twelfth grade have been in the process of writing English Language Arts units following ... Teachers utilize the balanced language arts program in a blended learning model of technology and curriculum materials. The ...

https://sites.google.com/a/mcsdonline.org/english-language-arts/

Foreign language learning Eurostat publishes below two infographics on foreign language learning in the European Union. ... Further information can be found in the Eurostat news on Foreign language learning.. You might also be interested in the ... following Statistics Explained articles on foreign language learning.. *Eurostat: Statistics on languages ...

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/news/themes-in-the-spotlight/language-learning

Some Alagwa have shifted to other languages such as Sandawe. Alagwa has five vowels (/a, e, i, u, o/). The five vowels have ... However, it cannot be described as a tone language because some words have only one tone (despite the number of the syllables) ... Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Mous, Maarten (2016). Alagwa--a ... Alagwa functional sentence perspective and "incorporation". Omotic and Cushitic Language Studies. Papers from the Fourth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagwa_language

Motembo Kitembo Tembo dialect of Nyamwanga This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tembo language. If ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembo_language

Abon (Abõ) is a Tivoid language of Nigeria. Abon at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016) "(PDF) A Robust Language Processor for African ... 2009). A Robust Language Processor for African Tone Language Systems. Georgian Electronic Scientific Journal: Computer Science ... Tone Language Systems". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2018-12-19. Ekpenyong, Moses & Udoinyang, Mfon & Urua, Eno-Abasi. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abon_language

The extinct Guanebucan language may actually have been a dialect of Wayuu. To promote bilingual education among Wayuu and other ... Wayuu (Wayuu: Wayuunaiki [waˈjuːnaiki]), or Guajiro, is a major Arawakan language spoken by 305,000 indigenous Wayuu people in ... Smith (1995) reports that a mixed Guajiro-Spanish language is replacing Wayuu in both countries. However, Campbell (1997) could ... Wayuu People and Wayuu Art Media related to Wayuu language at Wikimedia Commons Brief explanation of the Wayuunaiiki language ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language

Jahanka is a Manding language of Guinea. It is partially intelligible with Mandinka. (The Jahanka of Senegal and Bissau is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahanka_language

Unified Expression Language (sometimes called just "the Expression Language") Rights Expression Languages for representing ... An expression language is a language for creating a computer-interpretable representation of specific knowledge and may refer ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Expression Language. If an internal link led you here, you ... copyright/license information Advanced Boolean Expression Language for hardware descriptions. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_Language

Tsum is a language from the subgroup of Tibetic languages spoken by the Tsum people primarily in the Tsum Valley of the Gorka ... The language is also known as Tsumke. There are over 4000 speakers of Tsum, known as Tsumpas. Many speakers of the language ... Languages of the World/Dictionaries, 61.) München: LINCOM. 197pp. Liu, Naijing. 2015. Tsum tone: a challenge for typology and ... Younger Tsumpas are more likely to be educated in Nepali and English, leading to attrition of the language. Tsum has a two-tone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsum_language

Gbanziri (Gbanzili) is a Ubangian language of the Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Gbanziri at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbanzili_language

The Klamath Tribes Language Project Languages of Oregon: Klamath Klamath-Modoc language, native-languages.org Modoc language ... It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only ... Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family ... Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_language

It is also spoken as a second language by the Kalash people. The native name of the language is Khō-wār, meaning "language" ( ... Prior to that, the language was carried on through oral tradition. Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the ... Allophones of /x ɣ h ʋ ɾ/ are heard as sounds [χ ʁ ɦ w ɹ]. Khowar, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or ... Another name, used by Leitner in 1880, is Arnyiá or Arniya, derived from the Shina language name for the part of the Yasin (a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khowar_language

... and literacy rate in a second language such as Hindi is about 40%. There are many unpublished materials in this language. ... Malvi, or Malwi, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Malwa region of India. It is closely related to Nimadi, which is ... About 75% of the Malvi population can converse in Hindi, which is the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state, ... Rangri dialect (Malvi) "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_language

The language of the 10,000 speakers in Malawi is different enough to sometimes be considered a distinct language. (Tanzania, ... New Updated Guthrie List Online University of Malawi Language Mapping Survey (2006) Contains comparative vocabulary and a short ... 2009) "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Nyiha and Nyika language communities in Tanzania, Zambia and Malawi". ... Nyiha (Nyixa, Nyika) is a Bantu language primarily spoken in Tanzania and Zambia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiha_language

However, any precise estimate depends on the arbitrary distinction (dichotomy) between languages and dialect. (wikipedia.org)
Tembo may refer to: Motembo Kitembo Tembo dialect of Nyamwanga This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tembo language. (wikipedia.org)
The extinct Guanebucan language may actually have been a dialect of Wayuu. (wikipedia.org)
It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. (wikipedia.org)
Ujjaini is the prestige dialect, and the language as a whole sometimes goes by that name.mixed dialect of malvi bhoyari speak in betul and chhindwada district. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike Common Lisp , the other main dialect, Scheme follows a minimalist design philosophy specifying a small standard core with powerful tools for language extension. (princeton.edu)
In human language, dialect differences certainly provide plenty of grist for the mill of what Pagel calls our "groupishness", but intergenerational transmission, not groupishness, is the main reason the differences come about in the first place. (newscientist.com)
The oft-cited distinction between a language and a dialect is that 'a language is a dialect with an army and a navy': there are no hard and fast rules, and distinctions often tell us as much about politics as they do about linguistics. (bbc.co.uk)

Effective October 1, 2016, submitted documents and/or assessments that had been previously completed are now subject to review under the current English Language Proficiency guidelines. (nait.ca)
About 2 out of 5 speech-language pathologists worked in schools in 2016. (bls.gov)
The median annual wage for speech-language pathologists was $74,680 in May 2016. (bls.gov)
Employment of speech-language pathologists is projected to grow 18 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. (bls.gov)
Microsoft Exchange Server 2016 has enhanced language support for both servers and clients. (microsoft.com)
This topic lists the languages that are available for both servers and clients in Exchange 2016. (microsoft.com)

The scientific study of language is called linguistics. (wikipedia.org)
This article specifically concerns the properties of natural human language as it is studied in the discipline of linguistics. (wikipedia.org)
Springer Education & Language includes a comprehensive range of authoritative books, journals, and reference works covering key areas including higher education, learning and instruction, (applied) linguistics, mathematics education, professional & vocational education and science education. (springer.com)
1 This in turn demands research into human capacity for language 2 And this involves the incorporation of psychology into linguistics. (slideshare.net)
So today's linguists say 1-Linguistics is a branch of psychology or 2-Psychology is a branch of linguistics since language is central to all human activities. (slideshare.net)
Research into language shift has been conducted in a variety of scientific disciplines, from linguistics and sociolinguistics to economics and physics. (pnas.org)
The authors, members of the Department of Linguistics at Stockholm University, have created an ArcIMS-based Language Map Server that demonstrates the flexibility of GIS in mapping an area of great linguistic diversity and presenting languages in a spatial and physical context. (esri.com)
A detailed discussion of these issues was presented in GISLI (GIS in Linguistics) An Interactive Language Atlas , a research proposal submitted to the Swedish Research Council by one of the authors (Dahl) in 2005. (esri.com)
And it places Conrad in the context of late-nineteenth-century interest in comparative linguistics: "While Conrad may not have thought of his own writing practice in this quasi-scientific way, nonetheless his own assessment of language in the world echoes in an existential vein the same concerns for the precarious and arbitrary condition of language expressed by Frege, Wittgenstein and Saussure. (jhu.edu)
The focus on language also does little to delineate the content of the volume, so the chapters range widely in their focus and theoretical foundations, from literary theory to linguistics to colonial discourse theory to various areas of philosophy. (jhu.edu)
The nature of language has long been an obsession of philosophers, more recently it has also become the focus of empirical investigation in linguistics. (ucl.ac.uk)
Certain figures have dominated discussion of language in the twentieth century, from Frege, and Russell on to Wittgenstein's emphasis on use of language over representation, to Quine's scepticism about the determinacy of translation, Grice's attempt to explicate meaning in terms of speaker's intentions, Davidson's work on theories of truth and radical interpretation, to the consequences of Chomskian linguistics. (ucl.ac.uk)
A thorough introduction to philosophy of language for both philosophy and linguistics students. (ucl.ac.uk)

Ethnologue: Languages of the World. (wikipedia.org)
Atpanaa-rabbit Alama-grass Amüchi-clay jar Wayuu at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021) (in Spanish) El Wayuunaiki impreso Fundación Wayuu Tayá y Microsoft Venezuela presentan Diccionario de Computación en Wayuunaiki (in Spanish) Tatiana Chang (2011-12-27). (wikipedia.org)
List of extinct languages of North America Klamath at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) Lane, Valeree. (wikipedia.org)
Consider the following simple statistics from the latest edition of The Ethnologue: Languages of the World , an online reference database for the languages of the world. (esri.com)
Also, Ethnologue.com is an excellent source of data around language adoptions. (adobe.com)

Expressive disorders are problems with putting words together, having a limited vocabulary, or being unable to use language in a socially appropriate way. (kidshealth.org)
The therapist may model correct vocabulary and grammar, and use repetition exercises to build language skills. (kidshealth.org)
Dictionaries from the early 20th century attributed slightly more than half of the Bengali vocabulary to native words (i.e., naturally modified Sanskrit words, corrupted forms of Sanskrit words, and loanwords from non-Indo-European languages), about 30 percent to unmodified Sanskrit words, and the remainder to foreign words. (wikipedia.org)
New Updated Guthrie List Online University of Malawi Language Mapping Survey (2006) Contains comparative vocabulary and a short text in Malawian Nyika. (wikipedia.org)
Svan has four dialects and differs from the other Kartvelian languages especially in vocabulary. (britannica.com)
It is not always possible to convey exact thoughts or emotions using only the relatively limited vocabulary of our languages. (bookrags.com)
The mini series Medlock Chinese Language Builder - Entertainment will teach you the core Chinese vocabulary and expressions you need to have fun when you are in China. (youtube.com)
As a result languages that are part of the same family will share similar features and vocabulary. (bbc.co.uk)
Because people with language disorder typically have a limited understanding of vocabulary and grammar, they also have a limited capacity for engaging in conversation. (psychologytoday.com)
Individuals with language disorder typically speak with grammatical errors, have a small vocabulary, and may have trouble finding the right word at times. (psychologytoday.com)
diglossia exhibited by Tamil, and the prestige accorded to classical Tamil, have resulted in much of the vocabulary and forms of classical Tamil being preserved in modern literary Tamil, such that the higher registers of literary Tamil tend towards the classical language. (mcgill.ca)

This development is sometimes thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative and social functions. (wikipedia.org)
In December 2011, the Wayuu Tayá Foundation and Microsoft presented the first ever dictionary of technology terms in the Wayuu language, after having developed it for three years with a team of technology professionals and linguists. (wikipedia.org)
Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages. (wikipedia.org)
Linguists would like to make generalizations about all languages or about particular kinds of languages. (indiana.edu)
According to the arguments presented by Allan Paivio Len Begg }Psychology ofLanguage, p-222}, there exists three main school of ideas regarding language acquisition1-Behavioural approaches to language acquisition2-Linguistic approaches to language acquisition3-Cognitive approaches to language acquisitionLINGUISTICS AND PSYCHOLOGYUntil non for most linguists the main aim of their discipline was providing structural analysis of a body oflanguage data. (slideshare.net)
And to be truly scientific in their approach they dealt with the substance of language inisolation from any sociological or psychological factors that might effect its use .Although they had beeninterested in the processes involved in using language but they believed it to be the function of thepsychologists and not the linguists to investigate. (slideshare.net)
They tended to adopt fairly uncritically whatever thepsychologists proposedBut in recent years many linguists have retained this point of view that the true task of a linguist should benot the description of individual languages but 1 the explanation of language use. (slideshare.net)
Linguists recognize that frequency of use, proficiency, and perceived value are among the most important immediate factors affecting persistence or endangerment of minority languages ( 8 ), and Prochazka and Vogl's ( 7 ) model assumes that such factors are captured by a measure of the local abundance of speakers. (pnas.org)
Language Matters includes interviews with songmen, linguists and poets, and features original music and songs in Welsh, Hawaiian and Aboriginal languages. (pbs.org)

The language is also spoken in some border zones of the neighbouring Spanish regions of Asturias and Castile and León , as well as by Galician migrant communities in the rest of Spain, in Latin America, the United States, Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe. (wikipedia.org)
Modern Galician is part of the West Iberian languages group, a family of Romance languages that includes the Portuguese language , which developed locally from Vulgar Latin and evolved into what modern scholars have called Galician-Portuguese . (wikipedia.org)
Historically, the Galician-Portuguese language originated from Vulgar Latin as a Western Romance language in the lands now in Galicia, Asturias and northern half of Portugal , which belonged to the mediaeval Kingdom of Galicia, itself comprising approximately the former Roman territory of Gallaecia as modified during the two centuries of the Suevic Kingdom of Galicia . (wikipedia.org)
The collapse of the Roman empire, in time, resulted in the evolution of Latin into different languages: Italian, French, Spanish amongst others. (bbc.co.uk)
During this time, the inhabitants of southern Belgium were heavily influenced by Latin culture, giving rise to Latinate cultural traditions and the use of a Latin language . (encyclopedia.com)
The invasion of Salian Franks in the fifth century abruptly interrupted the period of Latin Influence and established a Germanic Frankish kingdom, which included the use of a Germanic language. (encyclopedia.com)
This is a unicode version of Tex and LaTeX that supports alphabets besides the Latin and languages beside the European very well. (tug.org)
Certain language skills are required to study most courses offered at the University, in modern foreign languages and/or in ancient languages (Latin, Greek, Hebrew), depending on the course. (uni-jena.de)

Why study with the Modern Language Centre? (kcl.ac.uk)
If this proof cannot be provided, level B1 (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages/CEFRL) must be demonstrated parallel to the course of study with a reading test (duration 60 minutes) in the Language Centre. (uni-jena.de)
In cooperation with the Multimedia Centre, there is a multimedia language self-learning tutorial and also link collections to polyglot radio stations, and other tips for learning languages independently. (uni-jena.de)

[24] The local Apabhraṃśa of the eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta ("Meaningless Sounds"), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups of the Bengali-Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . (wikipedia.org)
Some argue that the points of divergence occurred much earlier - going back to even 500, [25] but the language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. (wikipedia.org)
Scheme is one of the two main dialects of the programming language Lisp . (princeton.edu)
What were different dialects of Serbo-Croat have now become known as languages, namely Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian. (bbc.co.uk)
In France, where the use of regional dialects has been actively discouraged and proscribed in the schools, the Flemish have developed an ethnic political movement that emphasizes the use of the Flemish language at home, practice of Flemish art forms, and training in traditional industrial skills and work patterns. (encyclopedia.com)
It gives the rather erroneous impression that dialects or languages are discrete entities with clearly definable boundaries. (esri.com)
Figure 2: The approach used for this map service gives the erroneous impression that dialects or languages are discrete entities with clearly definable boundaries. (esri.com)

The language of instruction at NAIT is English. (nait.ca)
Applicants must meet the following English Language Proficiency (ELP) requirements for admission to NAIT. (nait.ca)
Applicants who confirm through transcripts that they have successfully completed three (3) full-time consecutive years of academic studies (excluding ESL courses) where the language of instruction was in English do not need to provide further proof of English Language Proficiency. (nait.ca)
All other applicants are required to provide proof of English Language Proficiency through 1 of the following 2 options. (nait.ca)
If an applicant has completed three (3) years of full-time consecutive academic studies (excluding ESL courses) where the language of instruction was in English from a country not included on the Exempt Country list above, then additional information is required. (nait.ca)
Full-time study for English Language Proficiency purposes is defined as successfully completing three courses per term for six terms over a span of three years. (nait.ca)
In these cases, NAIT requires a letter from the educational institute stating that the language of instruction for a specific period of time was English and meets the following requirements. (nait.ca)
Applicants who have successfully completed three (3) years of full-time consecutive academic studies (excluding ESL courses) where the language of instruction was in English from a country included on the Exempt Country list above may choose to submit a letter from their educational institute (with the same requirements as above) in lieu of submitting transcripts to meet the English Language Proficiency guidelines. (nait.ca)
The Office of the Registrar reserves the right to request additional proof of English Language Proficiency through your MyNAIT Portal. (nait.ca)
If an applicant is unable to meet the English Language Proficiency requirement through proof of previous academic study, a formal assessment is required. (nait.ca)
Identify your program area below to see the accepted exams and required scores for applicants without 3 years of consecutive, full-time academic study where the language of instruction was in English. (nait.ca)
Younger Tsumpas are more likely to be educated in Nepali and English, leading to attrition of the language. (wikipedia.org)
Today Urdu and English are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. (wikipedia.org)
1890: anglophones became majority in Manitoba, and Manitoba legislature enacted the Official Language Act (English only). (yorku.ca)
Are the strong stresses (prominent syllables) equally spaced in a language such as English? (indiana.edu)
So the truncated form of universal English known as Globish will not sucseed widely unless the writn language is also updated, as most other writing sistems hav been. (newscientist.com)
If you are using a computer with an English language operating system (without Japanese language support) you will be able to view the text displayed in a graphical format but not the ordinary text which will appear as meaningless symbols. (angelfire.com)
Assumptions are often made that people living in a country should receive services in that country's most common language(s) - such as - Japanese in Japan, English in the United States or Russian in Russia. (adobe.com)
Recent U.S. Census data shows that 60 million (or 21%) of Americans aged 5+ years old speak another language than English at home. (adobe.com)
Data collected with this small application basically confirms the diversity of the population in the U.S since languages such as Spanish, Arabic, British English, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Dutch, Russian and Turkish are all requested by users located in the United States. (adobe.com)
Even if the user interface or documentation is left in English, desktop, web and mobile applications should at least be able to input, display and print characters for most languages. (adobe.com)
For example, with the Action Script Reference (ASR) guide, we noticed that, in Russia, only 68% of the Flash developers prefer reading the documentation in Russian versus 31% in English (a non-official language) and 1% in other languages. (adobe.com)
Hawaiian was banned from schools, and English was made the official language of government. (pbs.org)
For example, it might be written in English as part of a language course for German speakers. (mozilla.org)
El idiomma y su configuración está en ISO-2022-JP/Base64 para Japanese, UTF-8/Base64 para uni, ISO-8859-1/quoted printable para English. (php.net)
Practical language skills and competence, e.g. for reading texts in foreign languages, mainly in English, in almost all disciplines. (uni-jena.de)

galego [ɡaˈleɣʊ] ) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch. (wikipedia.org)
Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. (wikipedia.org)

In the Greek island village of Antio, home to the world's most endangered language, aging residents communicate across hillsides through whistles, a specific system of communication believed to date back to Ancient Greece. (pbs.org)
Of the world's languages, 347 or approximately 5 percent have more than one million speakers. (esri.com)
The remaining 95 percent of the world's languages are spoken by only 6 percent of the world's people. (esri.com)
Thus, most of the world's languages can be described as "small" languages in terms of the number of people who speak them. (esri.com)
By the end of this century, half of the world's languages will have vanished. (pbs.org)

18 Language Education Profiles have been completed between 2002 and 2017: the Country or Regional Reports as well as the Profiles are all available online. (coe.int)

Finally, in Cross-Language Information Retrieval tasks, query words are most often translated independent of one another, thus giving up possibly relevant contextual clues. (merlot.org)

Tsum is a language from the subgroup of Tibetic languages spoken by the Tsum people primarily in the Tsum Valley of the Gorka District of Nepal. (wikipedia.org)

As an object of linguistic study, "language" has two primary meanings: an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e.g. (wikipedia.org)
Modeling enables us to gain a better understanding of the process of language shift, by identifying demographic, socioeconomic, cultural, and linguistic processes that can generate spatial and temporal patterns similar to those seen empirically. (pnas.org)
In the past, serious concerns over the loss of linguistic diversity have driven governments and international organizations to actively engage in the maintenance of endangered languages ( 1 , 4 , 9 ). (pnas.org)
These studies of Conrad [End Page 544] and language mix in various proportions the aesthetic, philosophical, ethnographic, historical, ethical, cultural and geographical with the linguistic. (jhu.edu)

Three Roles of Language in Motivation Theory (Sullivan, 1988) Motivating language theory predicts that intentional uses of leader speech can significantly enhance such critical employee attitudes and outcomes as job satisfaction, performance, and innovation (Mayfield, Mayfield, & Kopf, 1998). (issuu.com)

All ELP Language Passports should include the Self-assessment Grid from the Common European Framework in its entirety as a basic point of reference. (coe.int)
The recording of assessment by teachers, educational institutions and examinations boards can be accommodated in the language passport in a number of different ways. (coe.int)
The Self-assessment Grid has been translated into most of the official languages of the member states of the Council of Europe as well as some others. (coe.int)
The " Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment " (CEFR) and its related tools featured of course among the resources provided by the Language Policy Programme. (coe.int)

Klamath (/ˈklæməθ/), also Klamath-Modoc (/ˈklæməθ ˈmoʊdɒk/) and historically Lutuamian (/ˌluːtuˈæmiən/), was a Native American language that was spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. (wikipedia.org)
Historically, in situations of warfare, disaster, or repression, the dominant language may be forcibly imposed as a deliberate policy of its native speakers. (pnas.org)
Historically, languages have spread around the world through immigration, invasions and colonization. (adobe.com)

Select a language of interest below to view detailed 2017/18 course descriptions. (kcl.ac.uk)

Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). (encyclopedia.com)

When Is Chinese Language Day 2021? (timeanddate.com)

All languages in education are considered in a Profile: languages of schooling, foreign languages and minority languages. (coe.int)

Celia Hooper, ASHA vice president for professional practices in speech-language pathology (2003-2005), and Brian Shulman, ASHA vice president for professional practices in speech-language pathology (2006-2008), served as the monitoring officers. (asha.org)

This data confirms that countries and languages are two separated concepts - and while most customers from a country read the content in an official language, a big chunk of visitors still prefer to read the content in a different language. (adobe.com)
is specified, the default is that the content is intended for all language audiences. (mozilla.org)

A language spoken by a majority of the population in a particular area may be a minority language when looked at in a wider geopolitical context. (bbc.co.uk)
In stand-alone EOL, annotations are supported only in the context of operations, however as discussed in the sequel, task-specific languages also make use of annotations in their constructs, each with task-specific semantics. (eclipse.org)
This expertise was proposed in the context of the Language Policy Programme to national or regional authorities and to towns with a view to focusing on possible future policy developments in a prospective perspective. (coe.int)
It is common for deficits in comprehension to be underestimated, because people with language disorder may be good at finding strategies to cope with their language difficulties, such as using context to infer meaning. (psychologytoday.com)

The Language Passport provides an overview of the individual's proficiency in different languages at a given point in time. (coe.int)
Another very good kanji-learning site, particularly for levels 4, 3 and 2 of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, as the kanji are grouped with complete lists for each level and examples of readings and compounds. (angelfire.com)
Even graduate students and the students who major or minor in one of the area studies with a foreign language component can apply and receive this certificate, which demonstrates their high-level of proficiency in a foreign language. (stonybrook.edu)

The following definition, drafted by the Committee on Language, was adopted as an official statement of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association by its Legislative Council in November 1982 (LC 20-82). (asha.org)
Official regional language. (wikipedia.org)
The standards of the language began to diverge in the 14th century, as Portuguese became the official language of the independent kingdom of Portugal and its chancellery, while Galician was the language of the scriptoria of the lawyers, noblemen and churchmen of the Kingdom of Galicia, then integrated in the crown of Castile and open to influence from Castilian language, culture, and politics. (wikipedia.org)
It is the national and official language of the People's Republic of Bangladesh , and the official language of the states of West Bengal , Tripura , Assam ( Barak Valley ) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Republic of India . (wikipedia.org)
In 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the language's official status in the Dominion of Pakistan . (wikipedia.org)
World Chinese Language Day is not an official holiday and businesses, schools and government offices are open on this day. (timeanddate.com)
The Scheme language is standardized in the official IEEE standard, [ 2 ] and a de facto standard called the Revised n Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme (R n RS). (princeton.edu)
When people refer to a 'majority' language, they often mean one that is the official language of a sovereign country and spoken by the majority of the country's population. (bbc.co.uk)
Good companies will even support multilingual situations like Belgium and Switzerland, which support multiple official languages - but is it really enough? (adobe.com)
Many companies launch products/services in a country and limit localization and features to the official language(s) of that country. (adobe.com)
This certificate is an official recognition of the efforts and the achievements of the students who successfully complete a minimum of 12 credits of upper-division courses in a foreign language, with a grade of B or higher. (stonybrook.edu)

As the large baby-boom population grows older, there will be more instances of health conditions that can cause speech or language impairments, such as strokes or dementia. (bls.gov)
Individuals with language disorder may have impairments in either their receptive or expressive abilities, or both. (psychologytoday.com)

This document describes the Theological Markup Language (ThML), an XML markup language for theological texts. (ccel.org)
A markup language for theological texts should support these applications. (ccel.org)
Theological study would also benefit from a markup language that is formally defined, with software for converting to and from other formats. (ccel.org)
This paper describes the Theological Markup Language , or ThML, which is a markup language for theological texts designed for use in the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL), a library of classic Christian texts on the Internet. (ccel.org)

Hindi_Spanish_Language_Interchange is a Public Group with 2 members. (yahoo.com)
Este grupo tiene como objetivo de establecer y mantener contactos entre hablantes de hindi (nativos) y castellanohablantes (nativos) que qieren aprender y mejorar sus capacidades en hindi o castellano. (yahoo.com)
The government's white paper says that all students will have access to studying at least one ''priority language'' - Mandarin, Hindi, Indonesian and Japanese - throughout primary and high school by 2025. (theage.com.au)

A language is a structured system of communication used by humans, including speech (spoken language), gestures (sign language) and writing. (wikipedia.org)
[8] Today, Bengali is the primary language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most widely spoken language in India. (wikipedia.org)
As of 1996, it was the eighteenth most spoken language, with over 74 million speakers worldwide. (mcgill.ca)

Customize translations based on terminology and language. (ibm.com)

Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Broca's and Wernicke's areas. (wikipedia.org)

Alagwa--a South Cushitic language of Tanzania: grammar, texts and lexicon. (wikipedia.org)
Tolkāppiyam, a work on poetics and grammar which describes the language of the classical period, the oldest portions of this book may date back to around 200 BCE (Hart, 1975). (mcgill.ca)

Speech-language therapy is the treatment for most kids with speech and/or language disorders. (kidshealth.org)
What Are Language Disorders? (kidshealth.org)
Receptive disorders are problems with understanding or processing language. (kidshealth.org)
Speech-language pathologists (SLPs), often called speech therapists, are educated in the study of human communication, its development, and its disorders. (kidshealth.org)
Speech-language pathologists (sometimes called speech therapists ) assess, diagnose, treat, and help to prevent communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. (bls.gov)
Speech-language pathologists may work with people who are unable to understand language or with those who have voice disorders, such as inappropriate pitch or a harsh voice. (bls.gov)
In schools, they evaluate students for speech and language disorders and work with teachers, other school personnel, and parents to develop and carry out individual or group programs, provide counseling, and support classroom activities. (bls.gov)
The Child Language Lab is a research lab directed by Dr. Adriana Weisleder in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Northwestern University. (idealist.org)
Communication disorders have a strong genetic component, and individuals with language disorder are more likely to have family members with a history of language impairment. (psychologytoday.com)
Language disorder is also strongly associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as specific learning disorder (literacy and numeracy), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and developmental coordination disorder. (psychologytoday.com)

Nyiha (Nyixa, Nyika) is a Bantu language primarily spoken in Tanzania and Zambia. (wikipedia.org)
Bonkeng is a poorly known Bantu language of Cameroon. (wikipedia.org)

Although often a weaker synonym of foul language , it is more likely to include obscene expressions and those that are blasphemous or abusive. (encyclopedia.com)

Estimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. (wikipedia.org)
With 205 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken native language in the world by population. (wikipedia.org)
What world languages does your student hope to study at LGHS (or is studying at LGHS)? (google.com)
Languages of the World/Dictionaries, 61. (wikipedia.org)
Key design goals are that the language should be (1) rich enough to represent information needed for digital libraries and for theological study involving multiple, related texts, including cross-reference, synchronization, indexing, and scripture references, (2) based on XML and usable with World Wide Web tools, (3) automatically convertible to other common formats, and (4) easy to learn and use. (ccel.org)
And the language should integrate with the World Wide Web, so that public domain texts can be downloaded from on-line libraries such as the CCEL. (ccel.org)
The contribution of Chinese literature, poetry and language in world culture is highlighted on this day. (timeanddate.com)
James Baldwins assertion that language is dangerous and even fatal through the powerful use of language proves to be quite the opposite in todays world. (bookrags.com)
The question of how we should choose to communicate in a multilingual world is a complex one, and highlights the huge political significance of language. (bbc.co.uk)
Katzner, Kenneth: The languages of the world. (bbc.co.uk)
Small geographical ranges and small speaker populations, especially in parts of the world experiencing high economic growth, are among the strongest indicators of language extinction risk ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
The Goethe-Institut brings the German language into the world: we offer German courses and exams in more than 90 countries. (goethe.de)
Editor's note: Although nearly 7,000 languages are spoken throughout the world, where these languages are spoken remains largely unknown except to specialists. (esri.com)
Twitter is a great tool to visualize languages spoken around the world. (adobe.com)
Using the Greenberg's index, which measures the probability that 2 persons in a country would speak the same language, The Economist shows that language diversity is happening in all countries around the world and, especially, in nations other than the United States, Russia and China [7]. (adobe.com)
There are over 6,000 languages in the world. (pbs.org)
Each language is a vision of the world. (pbs.org)
Our research team studies how children learn language through interacting with the world and people around them. (idealist.org)
There's a whole world of research to be done on how to automate documentation building, and information finding about a programming language. (mit.edu)
It's traditional when learning a new language to write a little program to print the text "Hello, world! (mit.edu)

Khowar (کهووار), is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group spoken primarily in the Chitral and Gilgit regions of Pakistan. (wikipedia.org)
In this digital and divided society, it can often seem that language is used primarily to deliver criticism and express rage. (pbs.org)
The treatment for language disorder primarily consists of speech and language therapy in order to improve expressive and receptive language skills. (psychologytoday.com)

Depending on philosophical perspectives regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. (wikipedia.org)
RESOLVED, that the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association adopt and disseminate the following definition of language as the recognized definition of the Association. (asha.org)
To discuss this question meaningfully, we first need to clearly establish the definition of 'think' and 'language' clearly. (bookrags.com)

So, include such a cluestick prominently in any introductory documentation to your language, including your language's web page, etc. (mit.edu)

It is estimated that there are as many as 6,000 distinct languages currently spoken, but this cultural diversity is rapidly disappearing. (pnas.org)

Wayuu (Wayuu: Wayuunaiki [waˈjuːnaiki]), or Guajiro, is a major Arawakan language spoken by 305,000 indigenous Wayuu people in northwestern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia on the Guajira Peninsula. (wikipedia.org)
I have been assured that the word for "louse" is roughly the same in all Polynesian languages, right back to the Formosan languages of indigenous Taiwanese. (newscientist.com)

It is most closely related to Nubri and Gyalsumdo, and more distantly related to other languages in the family. (wikipedia.org)
The language is closely related to Geʿez , the ancient language of Ethiopia, and to the Tigré language . (britannica.com)

It is also spoken as a second language by the Kalash people. (wikipedia.org)
The native name of the language is Khō-wār, meaning "language" (wār) of the Kho people. (wikipedia.org)
LONDON (AP) - British police arrested four people on Sunday over videos posted on social media that appeared to show violent antisemitic language being shouted from a convoy of cars driving through London. (ap.org)
Tigrinya language , also spelled Tigrigna, also called Tigray or Tigrai , a Semitic language of the Tigray people of northern Ethiopia and southern Eritrea . (britannica.com)
Archeologists in Italy have unearthed a 500-pound sandstone slab that may help them decipher the lost language and culture of a mysterious pre-Roman people. (history.com)
People living together may define "their" group by inventing specific words or even a sort of language like rhyming slang. (newscientist.com)
Since 1961, Concordia Language Villages (CLV) has been an internationally recognized language and cultural immersion program, with a mission of preparing young people for responsible citizenship in our global community . (idealist.org)
Political and religious divisions have through the centuries divided a people previously united by a common language and cultural traditions into distinct national ethnicities: the Dutch, the French-Flemish, and the Belgian Flemish. (encyclopedia.com)
Especially in language contact situations, people are confronted with choices about which language to speak. (pnas.org)
With linguist Nick Evans, Holman flies to Goulburn Island off the coast of Northern Australia where he meets a community of 400 people speaking ten languages, many endangered, all vulnerable. (pbs.org)
Holman explores the humor, rage and lyricism of the Welsh people, who brought their language back from the edge of extinction. (pbs.org)
THE FIRST THING people ask me about the work of Joseph Conrad concerns language. (jhu.edu)
I think this web site effort is a gesture of good will by NASA to reach out to the people who speak other languages and who also are extremely interested in NASA work," said Elena Kozak, who authored the Amesnoticias web page. (nasa.gov)
People with conduction aphasia can understand language, but their speech does not make sense and they cannot repeat words. (washington.edu)
Because children with language disorder may have difficulty understanding what other people say, they may have an unusually hard time following directions. (psychologytoday.com)

Speech-language pathologists work with children and adults who have problems with speech and language, including related cognitive or social communication problems. (bls.gov)
Even more controversial is the notion that a person can build cognitive reserve by, like, doing sudoku puzzles or, say, learning a new language later in life. (wired.com)

I am interested in Natural and Formal Language Processing, the Semantic Web, Linked/Open Data and Provenance. (ibm.com)
Unlike conventional human languages, a formal language in this sense is a system of signs for encoding and decoding information. (wikipedia.org)
The Language Passport also records formal qualifications and describes language competences and significant language and intercultural learning experiences. (coe.int)
This essay considers the special character of mathematical reasoning, and draws on observations from interactive theorem proving and the history of mathematics to clarify the nature of formal and informal mathematical language. (springer.com)
Subsequent formal analysis of the models can also shed light on possible future outcomes of language shift. (pnas.org)

Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. (wikipedia.org)
Svan and the Georgian, Mingrelian (Megrelian), and Laz (Chan) languages constitute the Kartvelian, or South Caucasian, language family. (britannica.com)
In most cases, a language tag consists of a primary language subtag that identifies a broad family of related languages (e.g. (mozilla.org)

We support a wide array of translatable languages and customization of many translation models. (ibm.com)
For your convenience, we have highlighted the following language packs based on the languages your web browser appears to support. (phpbb.com)
It was also one of the first programming languages to support first-class continuations . (princeton.edu)
The Japanese Input Method Editor for Windows 95, 98 and Me , together with the necessary Japanese Language Support, can be downloaded free from the Microsoft Internet Explorer web site. (angelfire.com)
If you have Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP or Windows Vista as your operating system the IME download is unnecessary as there is built-in Asian language support. (angelfire.com)
Motivating language has received promising research support as a valuable technique to improve employee attitudes and behaviors. (issuu.com)
Every Australian school must also be linked to an Asian school to support teaching priority Asian languages by 2025, including through increased use of the National Broadband Network. (theage.com.au)
This initiative aimed at offering concrete support to member states wishing to reflect upon their language education policy and to create conditions for plurilingual and intercultural education. (coe.int)
but do other languages support symbol? (sourceforge.net)

A language disorder refers to a problem understanding or putting words together to communicate ideas. (kidshealth.org)
Speech-language pathologists must be able to listen to and communicate with their patient in order to determine the right course of treatment. (bls.gov)
Communicate with your customers in their own language. (ibm.com)
It would appear that a language has at least two functions - to communicate and to define a group. (newscientist.com)
It is possible that apes have the ability to learn and communicate with language . (washington.edu)
An individual with language disorder has language abilities that are significantly below those expected for their age, which limits their ability to communicate or effectively participate in many social, academic, or professional environments. (psychologytoday.com)

In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). (wikipedia.org)
Among many successful collaborations, this group and Internet Graphics collaborated with Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Union University to develop Sign Language Recognition system using Kinect has generated big impact. (microsoft.com)

Svan language , Svan lušnu nin , Georgian svanuri ena , unwritten language spoken in the high valleys south of Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus . (britannica.com)
This map successfully conveys the substantial variety of peoples and languages in the Caucasus. (esri.com)

The word is sometimes used to refer to codes, ciphers, and other kinds of artificially constructed communication systems such as formally defined computer languages used for computer programming. (wikipedia.org)

Learn more about speech-language pathologists by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations. (bls.gov)
Whole language, an instructional philosophy that is based on the belief that children learn to read through exposure to good books and that minimizes the teaching of basic reading skills, grew in popularity in the 1980s. (edweek.org)
Also, the language is very large and the overhead required to learn and process the language is high. (ccel.org)
The Baillieu government has pledged that every student in prep to year 10 will learn a second language by 2025, starting with prep in 2015. (theage.com.au)
Symptoms of language disorder first appear in the early developmental period when children begin to learn and use language. (psychologytoday.com)

It is expected that the learner will update the language passport at regular intervals, to reflect progress in language learning and the acquisition of new intercultural experiences. (coe.int)
The accumulation of this data is making information acquisition increasingly difficult, with language becoming a critical obstacle to growth. (microsoft.com)
Delayed language acquisition is not predictive of language disorder until age 4, when individual differences in language ability become more stable. (psychologytoday.com)

Tamil has the oldest literature amongst the Dravidian languages (Hart, 1975), but dating the language and the literature precisely is difficult. (mcgill.ca)

The area indicated for the Rutul language on the map in Figure 1 (listed as item 11 in the map legend) is incomplete when compared to the information about this language found in Jazyki Narodov SSSR ( The Languages of the Peoples of the Soviet Union ) by Vicktor Vinogradov. (esri.com)

Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for speech-language pathologists. (bls.gov)
Industries with the highest published employment and wages for Speech-Language Pathologists are provided. (bls.gov)

The third component of the motivating language (ML) model, meaning-making language, is expected to serve as a major guidepost in the navigation of organizational change and cultural orientation. (issuu.com)

1997. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language . (ucl.ac.uk)

Academic consensus holds that between 50% and 90% of languages spoken at the beginning of the 21st century will probably have become extinct by the year 2100. (wikipedia.org)

Hre has no descendants or varieties listed in Wiktionary's language data modules. (wiktionary.org)

Bangla language" redirects here. (wikipedia.org)

The subject is concerned both with the most general and abstract aspects of language, meaning and knowledge of both and with more specific problems that arise in understanding particular aspects of natural languages. (ucl.ac.uk)

Please complete the following form, so our schools can gather feedback regarding parent and student interest in studying Mandarin Language. (google.com)

Unlike the neighboring and related Kalasha language, Khowar does not have retroflex vowels. (wikipedia.org)

Guided by those values, we are excited to share that we will soon be rolling out a uniform language bar for sign languages, which will be worn beneath our nametags. (delta.com)
and with this improvement, our customers and qualified employees will immediately be able to notice when they hold sign language as a common connection. (delta.com)
However, Victoria says the federal government has ''put a gun to its head'' and is refusing to provide the states with money under the Gonski school funding reforms unless they sign up to the languages plan. (theage.com.au)
Language disorder is a communication disorder in which a person has persistent difficulties in learning and using various forms of language (i.e., spoken, written, sign language). (psychologytoday.com)

1982). Language [Relevant Paper]. (asha.org)

A standard Language Passport Summary is part of the European Union's Europass curriculum vitae. (coe.int)

Anatomy10

Diseases25

Chemicals and Drugs1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment44

Psychiatry and Psychology76

Phenomena and Processes18

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena18

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities10

Information Science67

Named Groups7

Health Care27

Geographicals3

Descriptive study of cooperative language in primary care consultations by male and female doctors. (1/3485)

Disrupted temporal lobe connections in semantic dementia. (2/3485)

Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. (3/3485)

Is grammar special? (4/3485)

Linguistic diversity of the Americas can be reconciled with a recent colonization. (5/3485)

Molecular genetic evidence for the human settlement of the Pacific: analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HLA markers. (6/3485)

Language outcome following multiple subpial transection for Landau-Kleffner syndrome. (7/3485)

Laterality in animals: relevance to schizophrenia. (8/3485)

Language Development

Language Disorders

Language Development Disorders

Sign Language

Programming Languages

Language Therapy

Natural Language Processing

Linguistics

Language Arts

Semantics

Unified Medical Language System

Verbal Behavior

Psycholinguistics

Comprehension

Schizophrenic Language

Communication Barriers

Phonetics

Deafness

Reading

Cultural Evolution

Speech Disorders

Speech Production Measurement

Persons With Hearing Impairments

Functional Laterality

Translating

Speech Therapy

Verbal Learning

Brain Mapping

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Dominance, Cerebral

Anomia

Terminology as Topic

Articulation Disorders

Education of Hearing Disabled

Neuropsychological Tests

Aphasia, Broca

Cognition

Vocabulary, Controlled

Nonverbal Communication

Symbolism

Temporal Lobe

Information Storage and Retrieval

Brain

Autistic Disorder

Learning

Cochlear Implants

Frontal Lobe

Concept Formation

Writing

Software

Narration

Aptitude

Communication Disorders

Names

Aphasia, Wernicke

Acoustic Stimulation

Subject Headings

Child Development

Amobarbital

Child Development Disorders, Pervasive

Translations

Lipreading

Speech Acoustics

Cerebral Cortex

Aphasia, Primary Progressive

Cross-Cultural Comparison

User-Computer Interface

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Cochlear Implantation

Auditory Perception

Metaphor

Stuttering

Developmental Disabilities

Apraxias

History, Ancient

Hispanic Americans

Reaction Time

Speech Intelligibility

Acculturation

Auditory Perceptual Disorders