Specialized phagocytic cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids. They filter bacteria and small foreign proteins out of the blood, and dispose of worn out red blood cells.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Gadolinium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body.
Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
A group of inosine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each inosine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. It includes MACROPHAGES and their precursors; PHAGOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS; HISTIOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and MICROGLIA. The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 2d ed.)
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
A class of nongenotoxic CARCINOGENS that induce the production of hepatic PEROXISOMES and induce hepatic neoplasms after long-term administration.
Zymosan is a polysaccharide derived from yeast cell walls that is used in medical research to induce an inflammatory response in animals.
Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.
A milky, product excreted from the latex canals of a variety of plant species that contain cauotchouc. Latex is composed of 25-35% caoutchouc, 60-75% water, 2% protein, 2% resin, 1.5% sugar & 1% ash. RUBBER is made by the removal of water from latex.(From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). Hevein proteins are responsible for LATEX HYPERSENSITIVITY. Latexes are used as inert vehicles to carry antibodies or antigens in LATEX FIXATION TESTS.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.
Experimentally induced chronic injuries to the parenchymal cells in the liver to achieve a model for LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.
Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

Pronase destroys the lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 on Kupffer cells. (1/1142)

CD14 is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor distributed largely in macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils; however, the role of CD14 in activation of Kupffer cells by LPS remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine if different methods used to isolate Kupffer cells affect CD14. Kupffer cells were isolated by collagenase (0.025%) or collagenase-Pronase (0.02%) perfusion and differential centrifugation using Percoll gradients and cultured for 24 h before experiments. CD14 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR from Kupffer cell total RNA as well as from peritoneal macrophages. Western blotting showed that Kupffer cells prepared with collagenase possess CD14; however, it was absent in cells obtained by collagenase-Pronase perfusion. Intracellular calcium in Kupffer cells prepared with collagenase was increased transiently to levels around 300 nM by addition of LPS with 5% rat serum, which contains LPS binding protein. This increase in intracellular calcium was totally serum dependent. Moreover, LPS-induced increases in intracellular calcium in Kupffer cells were blunted significantly (40% of controls) when cells were treated with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, which cleaves CD14 from the plasma membrane. However, intracellular calcium did not increase when LPS was added to cells prepared by collagenase-Pronase perfusion even in the presence of serum. These cells were viable, however, because ATP increased intracellular calcium to the same levels as cells prepared with collagenase perfusion. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA was increased in Kupffer cells prepared with collagenase perfusion 1 h after addition of LPS, an effect potentiated over twofold by serum; however, serum did not increase TNF-alpha mRNA in cells isolated via collagenase-Pronase perfusion. Moreover, treatment with Pronase rapidly decreased CD14 on mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) and Kupffer cells. These findings indicate that Pronase cleaves CD14 from Kupffer cells, whereas collagenase perfusion does not, providing an explanation for why Kupffer cells do not exhibit a CD14-mediated pathway when prepared with procedures using Pronase. It is concluded that Kupffer cells indeed contain a functional CD14 LPS receptor when prepared gently.  (+info)

Effects of Ro 31-8220 on lipopolysaccharides-induced hepatotoxicity and release of tumor necrosis factor from rat Kupffer cells. (2/1142)

AIM: To investigate protein kinase C (PKC) functions on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatotoxicity, a new potent PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220 (Ro) was used to detect its effect on LPS-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release from rat Kupffer cells (KC). METHODS: Hepatocytes (containing KC) were incubated with LPS (10 mg.L-1) and Ro (0.1-10 mumol.L-1) for 24 h, alanine aminotransferase (AlaA) leakage in the culture as indication of hepatotoxicity. The TNF activity in the supernatant of rat KC culture with LPS in the presence of Ro (0.1-10 mumol.L-1) was monitored by the L929 target cell lytic assay. RESULTS: Ro (0.1-10 mumol.L-1) reduced AlaA leakage in the hepatocyte culture. Ro inhibited dose-dependently the LPS-induced TNF production from rat KC. CONCLUSION: PKC inhibitor Ro protects the hepatocytes from LPS-induced cytotoxicity and inhibits the LPS-induced TNF production from rat KC.  (+info)

Influences of Kupffer cell stimulation and suppression on immunological liver injury in mice. (3/1142)

AIM: To study the possible involvement of Kupffer cells (KC) in immunological liver injury in mice. METHODS: Liver injury was induced by i.v. injection of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 5 x 10(7) viable bacilli followed by i.v. injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 7.5 micrograms to each mouse. Indian ink and silica were i.v. injected to suppress KC and retinol was given po to stimulate KC in these mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT), aspatate aminotransferase (AspAT), nitric oxide (NO), and liver tissue were examined. RESULTS: Injection of LPS following BCG injection resulted in a remarkable elevation of plasma NO, AlaAT, and AspAT levels, and severe liver damage. The damages were enhanced by the activation of KC with retinol and reduced by suppression of KC with silica and Indian ink. CONCLUSION: The degree of liver injury induced by BCG + LPS is closely correlated with the status of KC, and NO from KC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the liver damage in mice.  (+info)

Febrile-range temperature modifies early systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in mice challenged with bacterial endotoxin. (4/1142)

Fever improves survival in acute infections, but the effects of increased core temperature on host defenses are poorly understood. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is an early activator of host defenses and a major endogenous pyrogen. TNF-alpha expression is essential for survival in bacterial infections but, if disregulated, can cause tissue injury. In this study, we show that passively increasing core temperature in mice from the basal (36.5 to 37.5 degrees C) to the febrile (39.5 to 40 degrees C) range modifies systemic TNF-alpha expression in response to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide). The early TNF-alpha secretion rate is enhanced, but the duration of maximal TNF-alpha production is shortened. We identified Kupffer cells as the predominant source of the excess TNF-alpha production in the warmer animals. The enhanced early TNF-alpha production observed at the higher temperature in vivo could not be demonstrated in isolated Kupffer cells or in precision-cut liver slices in vitro, indicating the participation of indirect pathways. Therefore, expression of the endogenous pyrogen TNF-alpha is regulated by increments in core temperature during fever, generating an enhanced early, self-limited TNF-alpha pulse.  (+info)

Intravenous glycine improves survival in rat liver transplantation. (5/1142)

In situ manipulation by touching, retracting, and moving liver lobes gently during harvest dramatically reduces survival after transplantation (P. Schemmer, R. Schoonhoven, J. A. Swenberg, H. Bunzendahl, and R. G. Thurman. Transplantation 65: 1015-1020, 1998). The development of harvest-dependent graft injury upon reperfusion can be prevented with GdCl3, a rare earth metal and Kupffer cell toxicant, but it cannot be used in clinical liver transplantation because of its potential toxicity. Thus the effect of glycine, which prevents activation of Kupffer cells, was assessed here. Minimal dissection of the liver for 12 min plus 13 min without manipulation had no effect on survival (100%). However, gentle manipulation decreased survival to 46% in the control group. Furthermore, serum transaminases and liver necrosis were elevated 4- to 12-fold 8 h after transplantation. After organ harvest, the rate of entry and exit of fluorescein dextran, a dye confined to the vascular space, was decreased about twofold, indicating disturbances in the hepatic microcirculation. Pimonidazole binding, which detects hypoxia, increased about twofold after organ manipulation, and Kupffer cells isolated from manipulated livers produced threefold more tumor necrosis factor-alpha after lipopolysaccharide than controls. Glycine given intravenously to the donor increased the serum glycine concentration about sevenfold and largely prevented the effect of gentle organ manipulation on all parameters studied. These data indicate for the first time that pretreatment of donors with intravenous glycine minimizes reperfusion injury due to organ manipulation during harvest and after liver transplantation.  (+info)

A comparison of the pharmacological properties of carbohydrate remodeled recombinant and placental-derived beta-glucocerebrosidase: implications for clinical efficacy in treatment of Gaucher disease. (6/1142)

The objective of these studies was to characterize the macrophage mannose receptor binding and pharmacological properties of carbohydrate remodeled human placental-derived and recombinant beta-glucocerebrosidase (pGCR and rGCR, respectively). These are similar but not identical molecules that were developed as enzyme replacement therapies for Gaucher disease. Both undergo oligosaccharide remodeling during purification to expose terminal mannose sugar residues. Competitive binding data indicated carbohydrate remodeling improved targeting to mannose receptors over native enzyme by two orders of magnitude. Mannose receptor dissociation constants (Kd) for pGCR and rGCR were each 13 nmol/L. At 37 degrees C, 95% of the total macrophage binding was mannose receptor specific. In vivo, pGCR and rGCR were cleared from circulation by a saturable pathway. The serum half-life (t1/2) was 3 minutes when less than saturable amounts were injected intravenously (IV) into mice. Twenty minutes postdose, beta-glucocerebrosidase activity increased over endogenous levels in all tissues examined. Fifty percent of the injected activity was recovered. Ninety-five percent of recovered activity was in the liver. Parenchymal cells (PC), Kupffer cells (KC), and liver endothelium cells (LEC) were responsible for 75%, 22%, and 3%, respectively, of the hepatocellular uptake of rGCR and for 76%, 11%, and 12%, respectively, of the hepatocellular uptake of pGCR. Both molecules had poor stability in LEC and relatively long terminal half-lives in PC (t1/2 = 2 days) and KC (t1/2 = 3 days).  (+info)

Infection of primary cultures of human Kupffer cells by Dengue virus: no viral progeny synthesis, but cytokine production is evident. (7/1142)

We investigated the ability of dengue virus to invade human primary Kupffer cells and to complete its life cycle. The virus effectively penetrated Kupffer cells, but the infection did not result in any viral progeny. Dengue virus-replicating Kupffer cells underwent apoptosis and were cleared by phagocytosis. Infected Kupffer cells produced soluble mediators that could intervene in dengue virus pathogenesis.  (+info)

Prevention of Kupffer cell-induced oxidant injury in rat liver by atrial natriuretic peptide. (8/1142)

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activated Kupffer cells contributes to liver injury following liver preservation, shock, or endotoxemia. Pharmacological interventions to protect liver cells against this inflammatory response of Kupffer cells have not yet been established. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) protects the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury, suggesting a possible modulation of Kupffer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of cytoprotection by ANP during Kupffer cell activation in perfused rat livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Activation of Kupffer cells by zymosan (150 microgram/ml) resulted in considerable cell damage, as assessed by the sinusoidal release of lactate dehydrogenase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Cell damage was almost completely prevented by superoxide dismutase (50 U/ml) and catalase (150 U/ml), indicating ROS-related liver injury. ANP (200 nM) reduced Kupffer cell-induced injury via the guanylyl cyclase-coupled A receptor (GCA receptor) and cGMP: mRNA expression of the GCA receptor was found in hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells, and the cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP (8-BrcGMP; 50 microM) was as potent as ANP in protecting from zymosan-induced cell damage. ANP and 8-BrcGMP significantly attenuated the prolonged increase of hepatic vascular resistance when Kupffer cell activation occurred. Furthermore, both compounds reduced oxidative cell damage following infusion of H2O2 (500 microM). In contrast, superoxide anion formation of isolated Kupffer cells was not affected by ANP and only moderately reduced by 8-BrcGMP. In conclusion, ANP protects the liver against Kupffer cell-related oxidant stress. This hormonal protection is mediated via the GCA receptor and cGMP, suggesting that the cGMP receptor plays a critical role in controlling oxidative cell damage. Thus ANP signaling should be considered as a new pharmacological target for protecting liver cells against the inflammatory response of activated Kupffer cells without eliminating the vital host defense function of these cells.  (+info)

Gadolinium is a chemical element that is commonly used in the medical field as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. It is a paramagnetic metal that enhances the visibility of certain structures in the body on MRI images. When gadolinium is administered to a patient, it binds to proteins in the body and becomes concentrated in areas with high blood flow, such as blood vessels and tumors. This increased concentration of gadolinium in these areas makes them more visible on MRI images, allowing doctors to better diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Gadolinium-based contrast agents are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed. However, in some cases, patients may experience adverse reactions to gadolinium, such as allergic reactions or nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a rare but serious condition that can cause skin thickening and scarring. As a result, healthcare providers must carefully weigh the benefits and risks of gadolinium use on a case-by-case basis.

Clodronic acid is a bisphosphonate medication that is used to treat and prevent osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become weak and brittle. It works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone tissue. This helps to slow down bone loss and increase bone density. Clodronic acid is also used to treat Paget's disease of the bone, a condition in which the bone tissue is overactive and causes the bones to become enlarged and misshapen. It is usually taken orally in the form of tablets or as a solution that is injected into a vein.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a type of complex carbohydrate found on the surface of gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of a lipid A moiety, a core polysaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide. LPS are important components of the bacterial cell wall and play a role in the innate immune response of the host. In the medical field, LPS are often studied in the context of sepsis, a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection causes widespread inflammation. LPS can trigger a strong immune response in the host, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators that can cause tissue damage and organ failure. As a result, LPS are often used as a model for studying the pathophysiology of sepsis and for developing new treatments for this condition. LPS are also used in research as a tool for studying the immune system and for developing vaccines against bacterial infections. They can be purified from bacterial cultures and used to stimulate immune cells in vitro or in animal models, allowing researchers to study the mechanisms of immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Additionally, LPS can be used as an adjuvant in vaccines to enhance the immune response to the vaccine antigen.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein, that plays a crucial role in the immune response and inflammation. It is produced by various cells in the body, including macrophages, monocytes, and T cells, in response to infection, injury, or other stimuli. TNF-alpha has multiple functions in the body, including regulating the immune response, promoting cell growth and differentiation, and mediating inflammation. It can also induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in some cells, which can be beneficial in fighting cancer. However, excessive or prolonged TNF-alpha production can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, which can contribute to the development of various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain types of cancer. In the medical field, TNF-alpha is often targeted in the treatment of these conditions. For example, drugs called TNF inhibitors, such as infliximab and adalimumab, are used to block the action of TNF-alpha and reduce inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory conditions.

In the medical field, "Poly I" typically refers to a type of nucleic acid called polyinosinic acid, which is a synthetic polymer of the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP) with the base inosine (I). Polyinosinic acid is often used in research and clinical applications as a control or reference material for nucleic acid analysis, such as in the detection and quantification of viral or bacterial infections. It is also used as a component of gene therapy vectors, where it can help protect the therapeutic gene from degradation and enhance its expression in target cells. Overall, "Poly I" is a useful tool in the field of molecular biology and medicine, and its applications continue to expand as new technologies and techniques are developed.

Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the liver. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, autoimmune disorders, and inherited metabolic disorders. There are several types of hepatitis, including: 1. Hepatitis A: caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and typically spreads through contaminated food or water. 2. Hepatitis B: caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can be transmitted through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. 3. Hepatitis C: caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is primarily transmitted through sharing needles or other equipment used for injecting drugs. 4. Hepatitis D: caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV) and can only occur in people who are already infected with HBV. 5. Hepatitis E: caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms of hepatitis can include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). In some cases, hepatitis can be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms. Treatment for hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and can include antiviral medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you may have hepatitis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a group of conditions that affect the liver as a result of excessive alcohol consumption. It is a common and serious health problem worldwide, and can lead to a range of complications, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. ALD can be classified into three main categories: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Fatty liver is the earliest stage of ALD, characterized by the accumulation of fat in liver cells. Alcoholic hepatitis is a more severe form of ALD, characterized by inflammation and damage to liver cells. Cirrhosis is the final stage of ALD, characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, which can lead to liver failure. The symptoms of ALD can vary depending on the stage of the disease, but may include fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, jaundice, and loss of appetite. Treatment for ALD typically involves stopping alcohol consumption, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, medications or liver transplantation may be necessary.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a type of liver damage that occurs as a result of taking medications or other substances. It can range from mild to severe and can be caused by a variety of drugs, including antibiotics, painkillers, and certain herbal supplements. DILI can present with a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and dark urine. In severe cases, DILI can lead to liver failure, which can be life-threatening. Diagnosis of DILI typically involves a combination of clinical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment may involve discontinuing the suspected drug, administering supportive care, and in severe cases, liver transplantation. Preventing DILI involves careful monitoring of patients who are taking medications that have the potential to cause liver damage, as well as educating patients about the potential risks and symptoms of DILI.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of medical conditions that affect the liver, which is a vital organ responsible for many essential functions in the body. These diseases can be caused by various factors, including viral infections, alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, autoimmune disorders, genetic mutations, and metabolic disorders. Some common liver diseases include: 1. Hepatitis: An inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection, such as hepatitis A, B, or C. 2. Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease characterized by the scarring and hardening of liver tissue, which can lead to liver failure. 3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver, often as a result of obesity, insulin resistance, or a high-fat diet. 4. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD): A group of liver diseases caused by excessive alcohol consumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. 5. Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC): A chronic autoimmune liver disease that affects the bile ducts in the liver. 6. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): A chronic autoimmune liver disease that affects the bile ducts in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis. 7. Wilson's disease: A genetic disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the liver and other organs, leading to liver damage and other health problems. 8. Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron, leading to iron overload in the liver and other organs. Treatment for liver diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise may be sufficient to manage the disease. In more severe cases, medications, surgery, or liver transplantation may be necessary.

Zymosan is a polysaccharide derived from the cell walls of yeasts and other fungi. It is commonly used in medical research as an activator of the immune system, particularly in the study of inflammation and autoimmune diseases. When zymosan is injected into the body, it triggers an immune response that involves the release of various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. This response can be used to study the function of immune cells and the signaling pathways involved in inflammation. Zymosan has also been used in clinical trials as a potential treatment for various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and sepsis. However, more research is needed to fully understand its therapeutic potential and potential side effects.

CD14 is a protein that is expressed on the surface of certain cells in the immune system, including macrophages and monocytes. It is a receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the cell wall of certain types of bacteria. When CD14 binds to LPS, it triggers a signaling cascade that activates the immune system and leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CD14 is also involved in the recognition and processing of other types of antigens, including bacterial and viral proteins. In the medical field, CD14 is often used as a marker for the activation of the innate immune system and is studied in the context of various diseases, including sepsis, infectious diseases, and cancer.

In the medical field, "latex" refers to a type of rubber that is commonly used to make medical equipment and supplies, such as gloves, catheters, and surgical instruments. Latex is a natural polymer that is derived from the sap of the rubber tree, and it is known for its strength, elasticity, and resistance to chemicals and heat. However, some people may be allergic to latex, which can cause a range of symptoms from mild itching to severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis. As a result, many medical facilities have started to use alternative materials, such as nitrile or vinyl, for medical equipment and supplies to accommodate individuals with latex allergies.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of amino acids in the liver. It is also known as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and is found in high concentrations in liver cells. When liver cells are damaged or destroyed, ALT is released into the bloodstream, where it can be measured in a blood test. Elevated levels of ALT in the blood are often an indication of liver damage or disease, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or fatty liver disease. ALT is also found in other tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidneys, but in lower concentrations than in the liver. In these tissues, elevated levels of ALT can indicate injury or disease. Overall, ALT is an important biomarker for liver function and can be used to diagnose and monitor liver diseases.

Receptors, Scavenger are proteins that are present on the surface of cells and are responsible for recognizing and binding to specific molecules, such as waste products or toxins, in the body. These receptors then internalize the bound molecules and transport them to the cell's interior for degradation or elimination. Scavenger receptors play an important role in maintaining the health of cells and tissues by removing harmful substances from the body. They are found in a variety of cell types, including macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells.

Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental refers to a condition in which the liver becomes scarred and damaged due to various experimental procedures or treatments. This can occur in laboratory animals or humans who are undergoing medical research or clinical trials. Experimental liver cirrhosis can be induced by various methods, such as administering toxins, viruses, or other substances that cause liver damage. The purpose of such experiments is to study the pathophysiology of liver disease and to develop new treatments or therapies. The severity and extent of liver damage in experimental liver cirrhosis can vary depending on the type and duration of the experimental procedure. In some cases, the liver damage may be reversible, while in others, it may be irreversible and lead to liver failure or death. It is important to note that experimental liver cirrhosis is a controlled and regulated process that is conducted under strict ethical guidelines to minimize harm to the animals or humans involved.

Reperfusion injury is a type of damage that occurs when blood flow is restored to an organ or tissue that has been deprived of oxygen for a prolonged period of time. This can happen during a heart attack, stroke, or other conditions that cause blood flow to be blocked to a particular area of the body. When blood flow is restored, it can cause an inflammatory response in the affected tissue, leading to the release of free radicals and other harmful substances that can damage cells and tissues. This can result in a range of symptoms, including swelling, pain, and organ dysfunction. Reperfusion injury can be particularly damaging to the heart and brain, as these organs are highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation and have a limited ability to repair themselves. Treatment for reperfusion injury may involve medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and promote healing.

Receptors, Lipoprotein are proteins that are present on the surface of cells and are responsible for binding to lipoproteins, which are complex particles that transport lipids (fats) in the bloodstream. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating the uptake and metabolism of lipids by cells, and are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. Dysregulation of lipoprotein receptors has been implicated in the development of a number of diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.

The amount of Kupffer cells in the liver is held constant. Kupffer cells have a proliferative capacity, allowing for cell ... Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized cells localized in the liver ... Kupffer cell function and structures are specialized depending on their location. Periportal Kupffer cells tend to be larger ... However, the ultimate fate of Kupffer cells in vivo is not yet fully understood. The primary function of the Kupffer cell is to ...
... giant cells, Kupffer cells, and osteoclasts. This allows it to be used to distinguish diseases of otherwise similar appearance ... Kupffer cells, osteoclasts, monocytes, and activated microglia in rat tissues. In this species, it is expressed in most ... Kupffer cells, microglia). Human CD68 is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein, heavily glycosylated in its extracellular domain ... "Tri-iodothyronine differentially induces Kupffer cell ED1/ED2 subpopulations". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 25 (1-2): 183-90 ...
Kupffer Cell". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29630278. Retrieved 2023-08-25. "Cell diameter and ... This is a list of Immune cells, also known as white blood cells, white cells, leukocytes, or leucocytes. They are cells ... Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). "B Cells and Antibodies". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ... Krystel-Whittemore M, Dileepan KN, Wood JG (2016). "Mast Cell: A Multi-Functional Master Cell". Frontiers in Immunology. 6: 620 ...
... sinusoidal endothelial cells, and phagocytic Kupffer cells. Hepatic stellate cells are nonparenchymal cells found in the ... The Kupffer cells of liver are phagocytic cells, helps in phagocytosis of dead blood cells and bacteria from the blood. The ... Histology, the study of microscopic anatomy, shows two major types of liver cell: parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal cells. ... Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of its volume. The liver sinusoids are ...
Kupffer cells are scattered between endothelial cells; they are part of the reticuloendothelial system and phagocytose spent ... A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 80% of the liver's mass. These cells ... In the first step, the liver is placed in an isotonic solution, in which calcium is removed to disrupt cell-cell tight ... The hepatocyte plates are one cell thick in mammals and two cells thick in the chicken. Sinusoids display a discontinuous, ...
"Kupffer cells" in 1876, he initially suggested that this type of cell belonged to a group of perivascular cells (pericytes) of ... by M. Kokowski, Browicz or Kupffer cells? (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, ... From 1880 until his retirement in 1901, Kupffer held the chair of anatomy at the University of Munich. Kupffer is largely known ... Karl Wilhelm Ritter von Kupffer (born Karl Wilhelm Kupffer; 14 November [O.S. 2] 1829 - 16 December 1902) was a Baltic German ...
Fadden AJ, Holt OJ, Drickamer K (2003). "Molecular characterization of the rat Kupffer cell glycoprotein receptor". ... residues may assist in receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialoglycoproteins by asialoglycoprotein receptors on Kuppfer cells. ...
They undergo schizogony in the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. They then invade the nervous tissue of the rodent host, forming ...
Kawai, Y; Smedsrød, B; Elvevold, K; Wake, K (May 1998). "Uptake of lithium carmine by sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells ... Anderson, CL (December 2015). "The liver sinusoidal endothelium reappears after being eclipsed by the Kupffer cell: a 20th ... The studies showed that the cell system that Aschoff described as RES in the liver were liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ( ... During the 1980s and 1990s some laboratories noted that specialized endothelial cells (called scavenger endothelial cells), but ...
... being occupied by Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells and mesothelial cells, which are not exactly ... Main liver cells are hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells; each one with a specific function. Cytology is the ... The main function of the Kupffer cells is the destruction of old blood cells that go through the liver. In the perisinusoidal ... there are other cells that can be observed in a liver sample such as Kupffer cells (macrophages). The liver is the biggest ...
Andrzej Śródka, Ryszard W. Gryglewski, Wojciech Szczepański: Browicz or Kupffer Cells? Polish Journal of Pathology, Vol.57/4, ... and in 1898 was the first to correctly identify the liver's Kupffer cells as specialized macrophages. He also performed ...
Sunman JA, Hawke RL, LeCluyse EL, Kashuba AD (March 2004). "Kupffer cell-mediated IL-2 suppression of CYP3A activity in human ...
Hinglais N, Kazatchkine MD, Mandet C, Appay MD, Bariety J (November 1989). "Human liver Kupffer cells express CR1, CR3, and CR4 ... protects host cells from complement-mediated damage by regulating the activation of C3 convertases on host cell surfaces; ... The gene is expressed principally on erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and B cells but is also present on some T lymphocytes ... Donius LR, Handy JM, Weis JJ, Weis JH (July 2013). "Optimal germinal center B cell activation and T-dependent antibody ...
... which causes osmotic lysis of the target cell. Kupffer cells and other macrophage cell types help clear complement-coated ... Host cells don't accumulate cell surface C3b (and the proteolytic fragment of C3b called iC3b) because this is prevented by the ... the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and ... In contrast, when the internal thioester of C3 reacts with a hydroxyl or amino group of a molecule on the surface of a cell or ...
2021). "Resident Kupffer cells and neutrophils drive liver toxicity in cancer immunotherapy". Science Immunology. 6 (61). doi: ... including cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. These cells are ... Cell. 147 (5): 983-91. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.004. PMC 3824153. PMID 22118457. Cortez-Retamozo V, Etzrodt M, Newton A, ... Cell. 184 (17): 4512-4530.e22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.015. PMC 8719451. PMID 34343496. Migliorini D, Michielin O, Pittet MJ ...
Diminished organelle motion in murine Kupffer cells during the erythrocytic stage of malaria. J R Soc Interface. 2011 May 6;8( ... Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006; 35:415-23. Trujillo JR, Rogers R, Molina RM, Dangond F, McLane MF, Essex M, Brain JD. Non- ... Repeated mouse lung exposures to Stachybotrys chartarum shift immune response from type 1 to type 2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol ...
Arii, S; Imamura, M (2000). "Physiological role of sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells and their implication in the ... and Kupffer cells. The cells are porous and have a scavenging function. The LSECs make up around half of the non-parenchymal ... The Kupffer cells can take up and destroy foreign material such as bacteria. Hepatocytes are separated from the sinusoids by ... The liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are cultured for a variety of research purposes. The utility of these cells are of ...
... is a protein expressed in Kupffer cells. It is a critical receptor for the ... Cell. 124 (5): 915-27. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.039. PMID 16530040. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ...
"Heterogeneous RNA-binding protein M4 is a receptor for carcinoembryonic antigen in Kupffer cells". The Journal of Biological ... "Chimeric antigen receptor-T cells are effective against CEACAM5 expressing non-small cell lung cancer cells resistant to ... "CEACAM5 stimulates the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer by promoting cell proliferation and migration". The Journal of ... Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) also known as CD66e (Cluster of Differentiation 66e), is a ...
"Kupffer cells are depleted with HIV immunodeficiency and partially recovered with antiretroviral immune reconstitution". AIDS. ... "Hepatitis C virus immune escape via exploitation of a hole in the T cell repertoire". Journal of Immunology. 181 (9): 6435-6446 ... "High-programmed death-1 levels on hepatitis C virus-specific T cells during acute infection are associated with viral ...
... endothelial and Kupffer cells". Cell and Tissue Research. 304 (2): 221-30. doi:10.1007/s004410100348. PMID 11396716. S2CID ... compared with two other major liver cells, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes, reflecting the high capacity clathrin-mediated ... It is increasingly accepted that LSECs and Kupffer cells play complementary roles in the hepatic blood clearance process, ... The name scavenger endothelial cells (SECs) has been coined to denote the endothelial cells in vertebrates that are geared to ...
In the liver, Kupffer cells store excess iron from catabolism of heme from the breakdown of red blood cells. In bone marrow and ... The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the ... Macrophages are diffusely scattered in the connective tissue and in liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus ... Formation of new red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs). Destruction of senescent RBCs. Formation of plasma ...
During late phase the appearance is isoechoic or hypoechoic, due to lack of Kupffer cells.[citation needed] Malignant liver ... Systemic therapies are procedures based on the affinity of certain molecules to inhibit either tumor cell replication or ...
The Kupffer cells of the liver then phagocytose endotoxin, stimulating the release of TNF-α. TNF-α then triggers apoptotic ... Fatty change, or steatosis, is the accumulation of fatty acids in liver cells. This can be seen as fatty globules under the ... Subsequently, the higher levels of fatty acids signal the liver cells to compound it to glycerol to form triglycerides. These ... These factors cause inflammation, apoptosis and eventually fibrosis of liver cells. Why this occurs in only a few individuals ...
... from Kupffer Cells) or nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). ET-1 is the most potent vasoconstrictor under investigation ... The muscular pulmonary arteries become fibrotic and hypertrophy while the smaller arteries lose smooth muscle cells and their ... Prostaglandin PGE1 (Alprostadil) binds G-protein linked cell surface receptors that activate adenylate cyclase to relax ...
These individuals are likely to have liver and spleen iron overload, primarily in Kupffer cells and other macrophages. Because ... Iron accumulates preferentially in Kupffer cells, which are located in the liver, and serum ferritin increases; less iron is ... Iron in the bloodstream is then bound by transferrin, which carries the iron to target cells. Iron is stored in cells and blood ... More ferritin is produced to suppress oxidative cell damage, although the amount of ferritin that cells can accumulate is ...
"Cell-surface arylsulfatase A and B on sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells in mammalian livers". ... sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells in the liver, as well as in the apical membranes of normal and malignant ... Measurements in cystic fibrosis cell line IB3 and its derivative cell line C38, which has a functional CFTR, showed increased ... "Cell-bound IL-8 increases in bronchial epithelial cells after arylsulfatase B silencing due to sequestration with chondroitin-4 ...
In 1876, Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer described the properties of some liver cells now called Kupffer cells. In 1883, Hugo ...
... liver histology shows microvesicular steatosis and cholestasis with abundant iron accumulation in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells ...
The liver sinusoidal endothelium reappears after being eclipsed by the Kupffer cell: a 20th century biological delusion ... These cells (LSEC) take up other viruses and other particles in their capacity as the body's garbage dump, clearing small ... Beta 2-microglobulin-, CD8+ T-cell-deficient mice survive inoculation with high doses of vaccinia virus and exhibit altered IgG ... Antibody characterization and induction of superoxide production in a monocyte cell line. J Biol Chem. Sep 25;261(27):12856-64 ...
Discrimination of cell-intrinsic and environment-dependent effects of natural genetic variation on Kupffer cell epigenomes and ... Human regulatory T cells turn into cytotoxic exTreg cells in atherosclerosis That regulatory T cells can change their ... Glass and colleagues define cell-intrinsic and environmental effects contributing to genetic control of Kupffer cell ... Here the authors use single cell profiling of T cells across the human lifespan to show that a suboptimal TCR shift in T cells ...
There are hypertrophic Kupffer cells associated with necrotic hepatocellular debris. More severe lobular activity may suggest ... In addition, cholestasis, Kupffer cell activation, endotheliitis, bile duct injury, ductular reaction, hepatocele regeneration ... HCV can also be detected in the peripheral blood, particularly in mononuclear cells. The extrahepatic pool of HCV is the major ... The inflammatory infiltrate is composed of predominantly lymphocytes and plasma cell, which is confined to the portal tract in ...
Tsukamoto H, Lin M. The role of Kupffer cells in liver injury. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid 6. Leiden: Kupffer Cell Foundation ... Arii S, Imamura M. Physiological role of sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells and their implication in the ... Figure 5 High-magnification transmission electron micro-graphs of Kupffer cells (Kc) in control (A) and kavain-treated livers ( ... Leiden: Kupffer Cell Foundation 2003; 101-108. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] ...
And here we have splenic macrophages, Kupffer cells, microglia, and so on. This was still unclear. ... But theres a lot of data only focused on CD4 T cells and not how some of this applies to macrophage cells or myeloid cells of ... For HIV, as you know, as I explained it, HIV infections microphage in T cell our primary cell and tracking of T cell is very ... And lastly, the infected cells are not T cells. We are not finding any infected T cells, and they all seem to display a myeloid ...
Intestinal goblet cells [nTPM] * Ionocytes [nTPM] * Kupffer cells [nTPM] * Langerhans cells [nTPM] ... Cell line RNA. Expand. * Adrenocortical cancer (1 cell lines) [nTPM]i Normalized gene expression ("nTPM") for each cell line in ... RNA cell line specificity score. RNA cell line specific nTPM. RNA tissue cell type enrichment. RNA category pig/mouse. RNA ... Tissue cell typei The tissue cell type section describes the cell type specificity profile of each gene within a given tissue ...
... and showed the characteristic hemozoin pigment in the Kupffer cells. ...
The concept that disease rooted principally in chronic aberrant constitutive and reactive activation of mast cells (MCs), ... Decker K. Biologically active products of stimulated liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Eur J Biochem 1990;192:245-61.10.1007/ ... Identification of prostaglandin D2 as the major eicosanoid from liver endothelial and Kupffer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta ... AAAAI Mast Cell Disorders Committee Work Group report: mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) diagnosis and management. J Allergy ...
Wyllie S, Seu P, Gao FQ, Gros P, Goss JA "Disruption of the Nramp1 (also known as Slc11a1) gene in Kupffer cells attenuates ... Goss JA, Mangino MJ, Flye MW "Kupffer cell autoregulation of IL-1 production by PGE2 during hepatic regeneration.." J. Surg. ... Goss JA, Mangino MJ, Callery MP, Flye MW "Prostaglandin E2 downregulates Kupffer cell production of IL-1 and IL-6 during ... Roland CR, Goss JA, Mangino MJ, Hafenrichter D, Flye MW "Autoregulation by eicosanoids of human Kupffer cell secretory products ...
kupffer cell. they destroy aged erythrocytes (along with the spleen), digest hemoglobin, and destroy bacteria. ... these cells are dying and will soon lyse. Ultimately, cells lyse and their lipid-filled cytoplasm becomes sebum* ... adrenal medulla has larger cells and has relatively pale cells that form clusters ... Paneth cell - bright red, found at base of the crypts *. secretes a lysoznyme that has anitbaterial activity (therefore ...
... and moderate hypertrophy of Kupffer cells".. ...
Reticuloendothelial cells include macrophages in the bone marrow and spleen and Kupffer cells, which are specialized ... Ferritin stores and releases iron in cells, and cells produce more ferritin in response to excess amounts of iron. ... In African iron overload, excess iron typically accumulates primarily in certain immune cells called reticuloendothelial cells ... Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2007 Sep-Oct;39(2):206-11. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.03.008. Epub 2007 May 9. Citation on PubMed or Free ...
Hydrogen peroxide was used to induce an oxidative stress model of hepatocyte IAR-20 cells to evaluate the protective effects of ... BMMSCs showed significant protective effects on the ultrastructure of DCD donor livers and ROS-induced injury to IAR-20 cells ... II in both DCD donor livers and ROS-induced injured IAR-20 cells, including upregulating the expression of ferritin. ... this study explored whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) combined with normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) have ...
The various functions of the liver are carried out by cells called hepatocytes, which are responsible for the organs unique ... The way it does this isnt with drug-sniffing dogs but with special Kupffer cells, which eat up and break down the toxins. In ... The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells, called hepatocytes, which act as stem cells and are ... How does the liver do this? In your liver, there are rows of liver cells separated by space. Together, those spaces act like a ...
Considering that Kupffer cells constitute, at the most, 20% of an adult liver, these results suggest a 35% repopulation of ... Assuming that Kupffer cells comprise about 20% of the liver, these results suggest approximately 35% repopulation of liver ... Also, cells were plated at approximately two million cells per well in Costar six-well plates for DNA isolation. To determine ... A conservative estimate for the total number of macrophages in a mouse is approximately 108 cells (19). These cells comprise a ...
... giant cells in granulomas, parenchymal necroses and Kupffer cell hyperplasia were also noted. ... Laboratory tests showed the following values: haematocrit (Ht) 36%, white blood cell count (WBC) 4000 cells/mm3 (neutrophils 60 ... Laboratory tests showed the following values: Ht 43%, WBC 19 000 cells/mm3 (neutrophils 83%, lymphocytes 15%, monocytes 2%), ... Laboratory evaluation demonstrated a leukocyte count of 5300 cells/mm3 (60% neutrophils, 27.7% lymphocytes, 8.5% mononuclear ...
Increased leukocyte adherence, apoptosis rate, Kupffer cell activation, and endothelial cell damage, AST and ALT levels were ... Immune cells and cancer cells both express CD44 (the cell surface marker), which is required in the growth of cancer cells and ... cell-cycle disparities can lead to the corruption of cell growth and transform a normal cell into a cancerous one. Several ... Bromelain modulates T cell and B cell immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Cell. Immunol. 2001, 210, 66-75. [Google Scholar ...
Such factors may be released by hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoidal endothelium following liver injury. As an example, ... Stellate cells, which were once known as Ito cells, lipocytes, or perisinusoidal cells, may become activated into collagen- ... Stellate cells serve as contractile cells for adjacent hepatic endothelial cells. The nitric oxide produced by the endothelial ... Activated stellate cells also have contractile properties. Capillarization and constriction of sinusoids by stellate cells ...
Such factors may be released by hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoidal endothelium following liver injury. As an example, ... Stellate cells, which were once known as Ito cells, lipocytes, or perisinusoidal cells, may become activated into collagen- ... Stellate cells serve as contractile cells for adjacent hepatic endothelial cells. The nitric oxide produced by the endothelial ... Activated stellate cells also have contractile properties. Capillarization and constriction of sinusoids by stellate cells ...
... and soluble iron has been shown to induce the expression ofTNF-a in Kupffer cells, which was preceded by an increase in ... Cell-damage; Cell-function; Cellular-reactions; Cell-biology; Exposure-levels; Lung-disease; Respiratory-system-disorders; ... Furthermore, clarified culture supernatants recovered from C- Fe-treated macrophages raise vascular endothelial cells to an ... Iron-containing particles have been proposed as a mechanism of introducing unregulated iron into cells, ...
It includes MACROPHAGES and their precursors; PHAGOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS; HISTIOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and ... It includes MACROPHAGES and their precursors; PHAGOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS; HISTIOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and ... which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (From Illustrated Dictionary of ... which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (From Illustrated Dictionary of ...
... mainly in Kupffers star cells, and increase of the glycogen content in the liver were attributed to the fact that these ... It consisted of metaplastic epithelial cells still containing mucin and dark-nuclear cells (some of them mononuclear) and which ... It consisted of metaplastic epithelial cells still containing mucin and dark-nuclear cells (some of them mononuclear) and which ... mainly in Kupffers star cells, and increase of the glycogen content in the liver were attributed to the fact that these ...
Kupffer cell sarcoma (morphologic abnormality). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Kupffer cell sarcoma (morphologic ...
... of the mitochondrial membrane potential after exposure to gold nanoparticles initiates an apoptotic cascade in cells. It was ... Due to multiple valences of gold, redox reaction of gold within cells can increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS ... primary cultured mouse hepatocytes exhibit much higher efficient copper exocytosis than primary cultured mouse Kupffer cells. ... Due to multiple valences of gold, redox reaction of gold within cells can increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS ...
Enomoto N, Ikejima K, Yamashina S, Hirose M, Shimizu H, Kitamura T, Takei Y, Sato AN, Thurman RG: Kupffer cell sensitization by ... cells/g cecal content) . Bifidobacterium spp. (cells/g cecal content) . Bacteroides-Prevotella spp. (cells/g cecal content) . ... cells/g cecal content) . Bifidobacterium spp. (cells/g cecal content) . Bacteroides-Prevotella spp. (cells/g cecal content) . ... Alcohol causes both tolerance and sensitization of rat Kupffer cells via mechanisms dependent on endotoxin. Gastroenterology ...
... resulting in increased platelet clearance by the liver mediated by hepatocyte Ashwell-Morell or Kupffer cell CLEC4F receptors ... that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain... read more may cause immunologic ... See also Overview of Platelet Disorders Overview of Platelet Disorders Platelets are circulating cell fragments that function ...
Incensement of coarse chromatin in the nuclei of hepatocytes; Kupffer cells and most inflammatory cells were detected by ... Incensement of coarse chromatin in the nuclei of hepatocytes; Kupffer cells and most inflammatory cells were detected by ... and increased number of Kupffer cells. Kidney sections appeared with some cellular inflammations. The glomeruli were shrunk ... and increased number of Kupffer cells. Kidney sections appeared with some cellular inflammations. The glomeruli were shrunk ...
Kupffer Cells A11.627.624.480.588 A11.627.482.588. Kveim Test E5.478.594.800.300.540. Labetalol D2.65.793.324. Labyrinthitis ... Leukemia, B-Cell C4.557.337.428.500 C4.557.337.428.80. C15.604.515.560.80. C20.683.515.528.80. Leukemia, B-Cell, Chronic C4.557 ... Tumor Stem Cells A11.872.910 A11.872.650. (Replaced for 2008 by Neoplastic Stem Cells). Umbilical Arteries A16.254.789.641 ... Leukemia, T-Cell C15.604.515.560.575. C20.683.515.528.582. Leukemia, T-Cell, Acute C4.557.337.428.511.800 C15.604.515.560. ...
  • Although CD4 T cells are the main targets of HIV infection, macrophages also become infected and resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing potentially to HIV reservoir persistence. (nih.gov)
  • these are liver-resident macrophages, or Kupffer cells, and lymphocytes, which process numerous antigens and pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Reticuloendothelial cells include macrophages in the bone marrow and spleen and Kupffer cells, which are specialized macrophages found in the liver that help protect the body against foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A review on the relationship of mast cells and macrophages in breast cancer - Can herbs or natural products facilitate their anti-tumor effects? (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Excess accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages results in foam cell production and lesion development. (jci.org)
  • Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are not affected. (medscape.com)
  • Lobules are the functional units of the liver and consist of millions of cells called hepatocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hepatocytes, as well as nonparenchymal cells, secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are involved in the pathology of many liver diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Using human Hep G2 cells and freshly isolated rodent hepatocytes, it was demonstrated that metals increase gene expression and secretion of CXC chemokines and TNFalpha. (cdc.gov)
  • Later in the course of the condition, iron also accumulates in liver cells (hepatocytes). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells, called hepatocytes, which act as stem cells and are responsible for the organ's unique ability to regenerate tissue. (oprah.com)
  • 21). Colocalization research had been performed in liver organ areas from EtOH-treated dKO mice to determine whether 4-HNE adducts happened in Kupffer cells or stellate cells furthermore to hepatocytes. (eprf.ca)
  • Moreover, primary cultured mouse hepatocytes exhibit much higher efficient copper exocytosis than primary cultured mouse Kupffer cells. (uri.edu)
  • Hydrogen peroxide was used to induce an oxidative stress model of hepatocyte IAR-20 cells to evaluate the protective effects of BMMSCs in vitro. (medscimonit.com)
  • Intravenous and intranasal pathogenicity tests the function of the PDZ-ligand domain otherwise present produced systemic disease with vascular endothelial cell at the C terminus of the NS1 protein ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since circulating cells in the liver are in contact predominantly with sinusoidal lining cells (Kupffer cells and endothelial cells), this postulate requires the presence of asialoglycoprotein receptors on the luminal surface of the sinusoidal lining cells. (nih.gov)
  • The plasma membranes of Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and fat-storing cells were devoid of the asialoglycoprotein receptor. (nih.gov)
  • The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lipid-poor HDL precursors mature by obtaining cholesterol and phospholipids from cell membranes or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (jci.org)
  • Other sites of abnormal cell vacuolization include the renal glomerular podocytes and in the fibroblasts of the liver's periportal spaces. (medscape.com)
  • Wherry and colleagues define the kinetics of vaccine-primed recall immune responses during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection, highlighting rapid activation of memory T cells and broadly enhanced immune responses in previously vaccinated individuals. (nature.com)
  • The concept that disease rooted principally in chronic aberrant constitutive and reactive activation of mast cells (MCs), without the gross MC neoplasia in mastocytosis, first emerged in the 1980s, but only in the last decade has recognition of "mast cell activation syndrome" (MCAS) grown significantly. (degruyter.com)
  • Subsequent literature regarding this newly recognized (but of course not truly new) "mast cell activation syndrome" (MCAS) included case reports as well as formal studies (mostly relatively small scale), reviews, and various proposals for formal diagnostic criteria. (degruyter.com)
  • 2017). Leishmania infantum exoproducts inhibit human invariant NKT cell expansion and activation . (up.pt)
  • These findings demonstrate the central role lipid peroxidation plays in mediating progression of alcohol-induced necroinflammatory liver injury, stellate cell activation, matrix remodeling, and fibrosis. (eprf.ca)
  • BMMSCs showed significant protective effects on the ultrastructure of DCD donor livers and ROS-induced injury to IAR-20 cells under electron microscopy. (medscimonit.com)
  • To clarify this issue, we used an indirect immunoelectron microscopic method to determine the distribution of the receptor on the surfaces of hepatic cells accessible to the circulation. (nih.gov)
  • In I-cell disease, the characteristic finding is abnormal vacuolization or inclusions that appear in the cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • The histopathology was consistent with spontaneous splenic rupture, and showed the characteristic hemozoin pigment in the Kupffer cells. (ispub.com)
  • Fig. 3: Histopathology showing characteristic malarial pigment in Kupffer cells. (ispub.com)
  • 2017). Leishmania infantum antigens modulate memory cell subsets of liver resident T lymphocyte . (up.pt)
  • Early enzymologic studies showed that cultured fibroblasts from patients with I-cell disease were deficient in numerous lysosomal enzymes. (medscape.com)
  • I-cell disease fibroblasts were subsequently discovered to be able to internalize and use lysosomal enzymes produced by normal cells, whereas normal or other lysosomal disease fibroblasts were incapable of internalizing lysosomal enzymes secreted by the I-cell disease fibroblasts. (medscape.com)
  • These are observed in cells of mesenchymal origin, especially fibroblasts. (medscape.com)
  • The liver stores iron from hemoglobin in the form of ferritin, ready to make new red blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ferritin stores and releases iron in cells, and cells produce more ferritin in response to excess amounts of iron. (medlineplus.gov)
  • BMMSCs also significantly improved the expression level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II in both DCD donor livers and ROS-induced injured IAR-20 cells, including upregulating the expression of ferritin. (medscimonit.com)
  • It has been postulated that the selective accumulation of circulating desialylated cells in the mammalian liver results from the binding of desialylated glycoproteins on surfaces of the cells to asialoglycoprotein receptors in the liver. (nih.gov)
  • Basal cells b. (histology-world.com)
  • Basal cells d. (histology-world.com)
  • intralobular duct of submandibular has striations at the basal surface of their cells. (brainscape.com)
  • when you close condense, appears striated due to the parallel arrays of the mitochondria within the infolds of the plasma membrane at the basal surface of the cells. (brainscape.com)
  • both mucous and serous cells that secrete into a common lumen. (brainscape.com)
  • In African iron overload, excess iron typically accumulates primarily in certain immune cells called reticuloendothelial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ferroportin also transports iron out of reticuloendothelial cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2017). Leishmania infantum exerts immunomodulation in canine Kupffer cells reverted by meglumine antimoniate . (up.pt)
  • To improve the quality of liver grafts from extended-criteria donors donated after circulatory death (DCD), this study explored whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) combined with normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) have protective effects on DCD donor livers and the effects of ferroptosis in this procedure. (medscimonit.com)
  • In your liver, there are rows of liver cells separated by space. (oprah.com)
  • Inhibitory effect of sodium houttuyfonate on synovial proliferation in vitro in cells from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here the authors use single cell profiling of T cells across the human lifespan to show that a suboptimal TCR shift in T cells as we enter older age results in a molecular signature that resembles that of T cells from newborns and children. (nature.com)
  • The liver or bone marrow stores iron released from hemoglobin, which makes the next generation of blood cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bilirubin-it's a substance that comes from the breakup of hemoglobin in dead red blood cells. (oprah.com)
  • Parameters checked: Packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), and total and differential leukocyte counts (WBC). (europa.eu)
  • A report suggests that there is accumulation of inclusion bodies in B-cells of individuals with I-cell disease, which may imply impairment of the immune system. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of Platelet Disorders Platelets are circulating cell fragments that function in the clotting system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Due to multiple valences of gold, redox reaction of gold within cells can increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which interferes with the mitochondrial membrane potential. (uri.edu)
  • These cells destroy disease-causing viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms that might enter the liver through the gut. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • For one thing, it means these toxins enter your body and can potentially destroy tissues or damage cells. (oprah.com)
  • however, significant vacuolization is present in the heart's connective tissue cells of the heart valves. (medscape.com)
  • Whether the receptor is present on these cells, however, remains controversial. (nih.gov)
  • Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), (a Kupffer cell marker), or for the looks of -soft muscle tissue actin (-SMA) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) (a marker of triggered stellate cells). (eprf.ca)
  • possibly because the iron that accumulates in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen is less available for production of red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We were intrigued by experimental studies showing that in NAFLD many of these key immune cells become dysfunctional at various levels, which may affect disease progression and at the same time increase susceptibility to various viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. (medpagetoday.com)
  • As in many of the lysosomal storage diseases, the functional deficiency of lysosomal enzymes results in abnormal cell architecture. (medscape.com)
  • I-cell disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder. (medscape.com)
  • thus, the disease was designated I-cell disease. (medscape.com)
  • Profile view of 3-year-old with I-cell disease. (medscape.com)
  • The biochemical defect in I-cell disease involves the first step in the addition of the mannose-6-phosphate moiety. (medscape.com)
  • I-cell disease is a rare disorder that has no ethnic predilection. (medscape.com)
  • You will find recent research articles and reviews that discuss the players and factors involved in stromal-immune cell interactions in both health and disease. (nature.com)
  • I-cell disease has no racial predilection. (medscape.com)
  • I-cell disease is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. (medscape.com)
  • Iron overload in immune cells may affect their ability to fight infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. (bvsalud.org)