'Ketones' are organic compounds with a specific structure, characterized by a carbonyl group (a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom) and two carbon atoms, formed as byproducts when the body breaks down fats for energy due to lack of glucose, often seen in diabetes and starvation states.
The metabolic substances ACETONE; 3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; and acetoacetic acid (ACETOACETATES). They are produced in the liver and kidney during FATTY ACIDS oxidation and used as a source of energy by the heart, muscle and brain.
An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.
An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.
An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.
Salts and derivatives of acetoacetic acid.
BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.
Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.
Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.
A condition characterized by an abnormally elevated concentration of KETONE BODIES in the blood (acetonemia) or urine (acetonuria). It is a sign of DIABETES COMPLICATION, starvation, alcoholism or a mitochondrial metabolic disturbance (e.g., MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE).
Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
A course of food intake that is high in FATS and low in CARBOHYDRATES. This diet provides sufficient PROTEINS for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins.
Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis.
Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of certain acids, specifically catalyzing the reversible conversion of D-3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate.
5-carbon straight-chain or branched-chain ketones.
Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)
Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Isomeric forms and derivatives of PROPANOL (C3H7OH).
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of ACETYL COA. Some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-I have referred to this activity or to the activity of ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE.
Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond in the linear portion, of the general formula Cn-H2n-2.
"Esters are organic compounds that result from the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, playing significant roles in various biological processes and often used in pharmaceutical synthesis."
Addition of hydrogen to a compound, especially to an unsaturated fat or fatty acid. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Imines are organic compounds containing a functional group with a carbon-nitrogen double bond (=NH or =NR), classified as azomethines, which can be produced from aldehydes or ketones through condensation with ammonia or amines.
FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.
Rhodium. A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, GLYCOSIDES; INULIN; isobutyl amides, resin, and SESQUITERPENES.
Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).
4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Butanones, also known as methyl ethyl ketone or MEK, are organic compounds consisting of a four-carbon chain with a ketone functional group located at the second carbon atom, classified as dimethyl ketones, and commonly used in industrial and laboratory settings as solvents and chemical intermediates.
Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.
A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.

Posttranslational regulation of the retinoblastoma gene family member p107 by calpain protease. (1/1302)

The retinoblastoma protein plays a critical role in regulating the G1/S transition. Less is known about the function and regulation of the homologous pocket protein p107. Here we present evidence for the posttranslational regulation of p107 by the Ca2+-activated protease calpain. Three negative growth regulators, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin, the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil, and the cyclic nucleotide dibutyryl cAMP were found to induce cell type-specific loss of p107 protein which was reversible by the calpain inhibitor leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal but not by the serine protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, caspase inhibitors, or lactacystin, a specific inhibitor of the 26S proteasome. Purified calpain induced Ca2+-dependent p107 degradation in cell lysates. Transient expression of the specific calpain inhibitor calpastatin blocked the loss of p107 protein in lovastatin-treated cells, and the half-life of p107 was markedly lengthened in lovastatian-treated cells stably transfected with a calpastatin expression vector versus cells transfected with vector alone. The data presented here demonstrate down-regulation of p107 protein in response to various antiproliferative signals, and implicate calpain in p107 posttranslational regulation.  (+info)

Metabolism of the antimalarial endoperoxide Ro 42-1611 (arteflene) in the rat: evidence for endoperoxide bioactivation. (2/1302)

Ro 42-1611 (arteflene) is a synthetic endoperoxide antimalarial. The antimalarial activity of endoperoxides is attributed to iron(II)-mediated generation of carbon-centered radicals. An alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone (enone; 4-[2',4' bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-buten-2-one), obtained from arteflene by reaction with iron(II), was identified previously as the stable product of a reaction that, by inference, also yields a cyclohexyl radical. The activation of arteflene in vivo has been characterized with particular reference to enone formation. [14C]Arteflene (35 micromol/kg) was given i.v. to anesthetized and cannulated male rats: 42.2 +/- 7.0% (mean +/- S.D., n = 7) of the radiolabel was recovered in bile over 5 h. In the majority of rats, the principal biliary metabolites were 8-hydroxyarteflene glucuronide (14.2 +/- 3. 9% dose, 0-3 h) and the cis and trans isomers of the enone (13.5 +/- 4.6% dose, 0-3 h). In conscious rats, 15.3 +/- 1.6% (mean +/- S.D., n = 8) of the radiolabel was recovered in urine over 24 h. The principal urinary metabolite appeared to be a glycine conjugate of a derivative of the enone. Biliary excretion of the glucuronide, but not of the enones, was inhibited by ketoconazole. 8-Hydroxyarteflene was formed extensively by rat and human liver microsomes but no enone was found. Bioactivation is a major pathway of arteflene's metabolism in the rat. Although the mechanism of in vivo bioactivation is unclear, the reaction is not catalyzed by microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes.  (+info)

Ectopic expression of the minimal whiE polyketide synthase generates a library of aromatic polyketides of diverse sizes and shapes. (3/1302)

The single recombinant expressing the Streptomyces coelicolor minimal whiE (spore pigment) polyketide synthase (PKS) is uniquely capable of generating a large array of well more than 30 polyketides, many of which, so far, are novel to this recombinant. The characterized polyketides represent a diverse set of molecules that differ in size (chain length) and shape (cyclization pattern). This combinatorial biosynthetic library is, by far, the largest and most complex of its kind described to date and indicates that the minimal whiE PKS does not independently control polyketide chain length nor dictate the first cyclization event. Rather, the minimal PKS enzyme complex must rely on the stabilizing effects of additional subunits (i.e., the cyclase whiE-ORFVI) to ensure that the chain reaches the full 24 carbons and cyclizes correctly. This dramatic loss of control implies that the growing polyketide chain does not remain enzyme bound, resulting in the spontaneous cyclization of the methyl terminus. Among the six characterized dodecaketides, four different first-ring cyclization regiochemistries are represented, including C7/C12, C8/C13, C10/C15, and C13/C15. The dodecaketide TW93h possesses a unique 2,4-dioxaadamantane ring system and represents a new structural class of polyketides with no related structures isolated from natural or engineered organisms, thus supporting the claim that engineered biosynthesis is capable of producing novel chemotypes.  (+info)

Oxidation of medium-chain acyl-CoA esters by extracts of Aspergillus niger: enzymology and characterization of intermediates by HPLC. (4/1302)

The activities of beta-oxidation enzymes were measured in extracts of glucose- and triolein-grown cells of Aspergillus niger. Growth on triolein stimulated increased enzyme activity, especially for acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. No acyl-CoA oxidase activity was detected. HPLC analysis after incubation of triolein-grown cell extracts with decanoyl-CoA showed that beta-oxidation was limited to one cycle. Octanoyl-CoA accumulated as the decanoyl-CoA was oxidized. Beta-oxidation enzymes in isolated mitochondrial fractions were also studied. The results are discussed in the context of methyl ketone production by fungi.  (+info)

Novel nonsecosteroidal vitamin D mimics exert VDR-modulating activities with less calcium mobilization than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. (5/1302)

BACKGROUND: The secosteroid 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) acts through the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to elicit many activities that make it a promising drug candidate for the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer and psoriasis. Clinical use of 1,25(OH)2D3 has been limited by hypercalcemia elicited by pharmacologically effective doses. We hypothesized that structurally distinct, nonsecosteroidal mimics of 1,25(OH)2D3 might have different activity profiles from vitamin D analogs, and set out to discover such compounds by screening small-molecule libraries. RESULTS: A bis-phenyl derivative was found to activate VDR in a transactivation screening assay. Additional related compounds were synthesized that mimicked various activities of 1,25(OH)2D3, including growth inhibition of cancer cells and keratinocytes, as well as induction of leukemic cell differentiation. In contrast to 1, 25(OH)2D3, these synthetic compounds did not demonstrate appreciable binding to serum vitamin D binding protein, a property that is correlated with fewer calcium effects in vivo. Two mimics tested in mice showed greater induction of a VDR target gene with less elevation of serum calcium than 1,25(OH)2D3. CONCLUSIONS: These novel VDR modulators may have potential as therapeutics for cancer, leukemia and psoriasis with less calcium mobilization side effects than are associated with secosteroidal 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs.  (+info)

Lispro or regular insulin for multiple injection therapy in adolescence. Differences in free insulin and glucose levels overnight. (6/1302)

OBJECTIVE: Regular insulin given with the evening meal could contribute to the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes using a multiple injection regimen. To test this hypothesis, we compared glucodynamics and free insulin levels on two separate study nights. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 14 adolescents were recruited. On both nights, identical doses of regular insulin or insulin lispro were administered 30 min or 10 min, respectively, before the evening meal, using a double-blind randomized crossover study design. Doses of NPH insulin and carbohydrate content of the evening meal and snack were kept identical. Blood samples were taken every 15 min for blood glucose and every 60 min for free insulin and ketones. RESULTS: After insulin lispro administration, glucose levels were significantly lower between the evening meal and the bedtime snack (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.02), and four hypoglycemic episodes were recorded. This corresponded to a higher (458 +/- 48 vs. 305 +/- 33 pmol/l, P = 0.02), earlier (64 +/- 4.6 vs. 103 +/- 12 min, P = 0.01), and shorter-lasting (245 +/- 21 vs. 365 +/- 39 min, P = 0.01) insulin peak in contrast to regular insulin. After the bedtime snack, glucose levels increased dramatically during the lispro night and stayed higher, up to 0300 in the morning (ANOVA P = 0.01), corresponding to lower mean insulin levels (146 +/- 20 vs. 184 +/- 27 pmol/l, P = 0.04). No differences were seen in glucose and insulin levels between 0300 and 0800. Four episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia were documented after the bedtime snack during the regular insulin night, in contrast to one episode after insulin lispro. No differences in ketone levels were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The replacement of regular insulin with insulin lispro may reduce the risk of late hypoglycemia, but redistribution of the evening carbohydrate may be needed to ensure good metabolic control and prevent early postprandial hypoglycemia.  (+info)

A unique urinary constituent, 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone, is a pheromone that accelerates puberty in female mice. (7/1302)

BACKGROUND: Olfactorily mediated puberty acceleration in female mice (measured by an increase in uterine weight) has been observed since the 1960s without the active chemosignal being structurally identified. There are many controversies in the literature as to whether this male-originated pheromone is a volatile substance. We investigated the chemical nature of the urinary fractions that are responsible for the characteristic uterine weight increases. RESULTS: The active pheromone was identified as 5,5-dimethyl-2-ethyltetrahydrofuran-2-ol and/or its open-chain tautomer (6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone). A series of cyclic vinyl ethers were isolated from chromatographically active fractions of the urine. Because these compounds did not accelerate puberty, we postulated that these ethers were degradation products of a lactol (5,5-dimethyl-2-ethyltetrahydrofuran-2-ol). The lactol was then detected directly in the mouse urine extract using a silylation agent. Synthetic 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone had strong biological activity, whereas its close structural analogs did not. CONCLUSIONS: The male house mouse excretes into its urine a large quantity of a volatile substance that has a unique lactol/hydroxyketone structure. This substance is capable of binding to the less volatile urinary constituents, such as proteins or peptides, and is active in puberty-acceleration bioassays. The controversies regarding the volatility of the puberty-accelerating pheromones can now be explained by considering a complex of volatile lactol/hydroxyketone and urinary proteins.  (+info)

In vivo effects of ascorbate and glutathione on the uptake of chromium, formation of chromium(V), chromium-DNA binding and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in liver and kidney of osteogenic disorder shionogi rats following treatment with chromium(VI). (8/1302)

Several previous in vitro studies have indicated that ascorbate and glutathione are the major reductants of Cr(VI) in cells. In order to evaluate the in vivo effects of ascorbate and glutathione on Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis, Cr uptake and the formation of Cr(V), Cr-DNA adducts and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) were measured in the liver and kidney of Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats that lack the ability to synthesize ascorbate. Despite a 10-fold difference in tissue ascorbate levels among different dietary ascorbate groups, the Cr(V) signal intensity, Cr uptake and total Cr-DNA binding were not affected in either organ. Treatment of ODS rats with Cr(VI) (10 mg/kg) had no substantial effect on the levels of ascorbate and glutathione in these tissues. The levels of Cr(V) and Cr-DNA binding were approximately 2-fold higher in the liver than in the kidney, although the levels of total Cr uptake were similar in both tissues. Cr uptake levels were significantly lower in the liver and kidney of ODS rats treated with high levels of ascorbate and a high dose of Cr(VI) (40 mg/kg), suggesting a detoxifying role played by plasma ascorbate. Similarly, modulation of glutathione levels by N-acetyl-L-cysteine, L-buthionine-S, R-sulfoximine or phorone in these animals by up to 2-fold had little or no consistent effect on Cr uptake, Cr-DNA binding, Cr(V) levels or 8-OH-dG formation in either organ. One possible explanation is that reduction of ascorbate and glutathione concentration to <10 and 50%, respectively, of normal in these two organs still provides threshold levels of these two reductants that are in excess of what is needed for significant reductive activation of Cr(VI). Alternatively, it is possible that ascorbate and glutathione do not play a major role in the formation of Cr(V), Cr-DNA binding or 8-OH-dG and that other cellular reductants, such as cysteine or other amino acids, might be more important reductants of Cr(VI) in vivo.  (+info)

Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms and a central carbon atom bonded to two additional carbon groups through single bonds. In the context of human physiology, ketones are primarily produced as byproducts when the body breaks down fat for energy in a process called ketosis.

Specifically, under conditions of low carbohydrate availability or prolonged fasting, the liver converts fatty acids into ketone bodies, which can then be used as an alternative fuel source for the brain and other organs. The three main types of ketones produced in the human body are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

Elevated levels of ketones in the blood, known as ketonemia, can occur in various medical conditions such as diabetes, starvation, alcoholism, and high-fat/low-carbohydrate diets. While moderate levels of ketosis are generally considered safe, severe ketosis can lead to a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with diabetes.

Ketone bodies, also known as ketones or ketoacids, are organic compounds that are produced by the liver during the metabolism of fats when carbohydrate intake is low. They include acetoacetate (AcAc), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and acetone. These molecules serve as an alternative energy source for the body, particularly for the brain and heart, when glucose levels are insufficient to meet energy demands.

In a healthy individual, ketone bodies are present in low concentrations; however, during periods of fasting, starvation, or intense physical exertion, ketone production increases significantly. In some pathological conditions like uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the body may produce excessive amounts of ketones, leading to a dangerous metabolic state called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Elevated levels of ketone bodies can be detected in blood or urine and are often used as an indicator of metabolic status. Monitoring ketone levels is essential for managing certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, where maintaining optimal ketone concentrations is crucial to prevent complications.

Methyl n-Butyl Ketone, also known as Methyl Amyl Ketone or 2-Hexanone, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H12O. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, fruity odor. It is used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including coatings, cleaning agents, and adhesives.

In a medical context, Methyl n-Butyl Ketone is primarily relevant as a potential occupational hazard. Exposure to this chemical can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or accidental ingestion during its use in industrial settings. Acute exposure to high levels of Methyl n-Butyl Ketone can lead to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and respiratory irritation. Chronic exposure has been associated with neurological issues, including memory loss, confusion, and peripheral neuropathy.

It is essential for medical professionals to be aware of the potential health effects of Methyl n-Butyl Ketone, particularly in occupational settings, to ensure appropriate prevention measures are in place and to diagnose and manage potential exposures effectively.

Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone (TLCK) is not a medical term, but a chemical compound used in biochemical research. It is often used as an irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases, a type of enzyme that cuts other proteins. TLCK modifies the active site of these enzymes, rendering them inactive. This property makes it useful in studying the role of specific proteases in various biological processes.

Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone (TPCK) is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound that has been used in medical research. Here's the definition of this compound:

Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone is a synthetic chemical compound with the formula C14H12ClNO3S. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in organic solvents and has a molecular weight of 307.75 g/mol.

TPCK is an irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases, which are enzymes that cut other proteins at specific amino acid sequences. TPCK works by reacting with the active site of these enzymes and forming a covalent bond, thereby blocking their activity. It has been used in research to study the role of serine proteases in various biological processes, including inflammation, blood coagulation, and cancer.

It is important to note that TPCK is highly toxic and should be handled with appropriate safety precautions, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and lab coats, and proper disposal in accordance with local regulations.

Acetoacetates are compounds that are produced in the liver as a part of fatty acid metabolism, specifically during the breakdown of fatty acids for energy. Acetoacetates are formed from the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules and are intermediate products in the synthesis of ketone bodies, which can be used as an alternative energy source by tissues such as the brain during periods of low carbohydrate availability or intense exercise.

In clinical settings, high levels of acetoacetates in the blood may indicate a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is a complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by high levels of ketone bodies in the blood due to insulin deficiency or resistance. DKA can lead to serious complications such as cerebral edema, cardiac arrhythmias, and even death if left untreated.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as β-hydroxybutyric acid, is a type of ketone body that is produced in the liver during the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a colorless, slightly water-soluble compound with a bitter taste and an unpleasant odor.

In the body, 3-hydroxybutyric acid is produced when there is not enough glucose available to meet the body's energy needs, such as during fasting, starvation, or prolonged intense exercise. It can also be produced in large amounts in people with uncontrolled diabetes, particularly during a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid is an important source of energy for the brain and other organs during periods of low glucose availability. However, high levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood can lead to a condition called ketosis, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and confusion. If left untreated, ketosis can progress to diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes.

Hydroxybutyrates are compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a butyric acid group. More specifically, in the context of clinical medicine and biochemistry, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is often referred to as a "ketone body."

Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during periods of low carbohydrate availability, such as during fasting, starvation, or a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. BHB is one of three major ketone bodies, along with acetoacetate and acetone. These molecules serve as alternative energy sources for the brain and other tissues when glucose levels are low.

In some pathological states, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, the body produces excessive amounts of ketone bodies, leading to a life-threatening metabolic acidosis. Elevated levels of BHB can also be found in other conditions like alcoholism, severe illnesses, and high-fat diets.

It is important to note that while BHB is a hydroxybutyrate, not all hydroxybutyrates are ketone bodies. The term "hydroxybutyrates" can refer to any compound containing both a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a butyric acid group.

Amino acid chloromethyl ketones (AACMKs) are a class of chemical compounds that are widely used in research and industry. They are derivatives of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins, with a chloromethyl ketone group (-CO-CH2Cl) attached to the side chain of the amino acid.

In the context of medical research, AACMKs are often used as irreversible inhibitors of enzymes, particularly those that contain active site serine or cysteine residues. The chloromethyl ketone group reacts with these residues to form a covalent bond, which permanently inactivates the enzyme. This makes AACMKs useful tools for studying the mechanisms of enzymes and for developing drugs that target specific enzymes.

However, it is important to note that AACMKs can also be highly reactive and toxic, and they must be handled with care in the laboratory. They have been shown to inhibit a wide range of enzymes, including some that are essential for normal cellular function, and prolonged exposure can lead to cell damage or death. Therefore, their use is typically restricted to controlled experimental settings.

Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood or tissues. Ketone bodies are alternative energy sources that are produced when the body breaks down fat for fuel, particularly when glucose levels are low or when carbohydrate intake is restricted. This condition often occurs during fasting, starvation, or high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets like the ketogenic diet. In a clinical setting, ketosis may be associated with diabetes management and monitoring. However, it's important to note that extreme or uncontrolled ketosis can lead to a dangerous condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which requires immediate medical attention.

Coenzyme A-transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of Coenzyme A (CoA) from one molecule to another. CoA is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, including the oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Coenzyme A-transferases can be further classified into several subfamilies based on their specific functions and the types of molecules they act upon. For example, some CoA-transferases transfer CoA to acyl groups, forming acyl-CoAs, which are important intermediates in fatty acid metabolism. Other CoA-transferases transfer CoA to pyruvate, forming pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes that play a key role in glucose metabolism.

These enzymes are essential for maintaining the proper functioning of various metabolic pathways and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including energy production, lipid synthesis, and detoxification. Defects in CoA-transferases can lead to several metabolic disorders, such as fatty acid oxidation disorders and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

A ketogenic diet is a type of diet that is characterized by a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake and an increase in fat intake, with the goal of inducing a metabolic state called ketosis. In ketosis, the body shifts from using glucose (carbohydrates) as its primary source of energy to using ketones, which are produced by the liver from fatty acids.

The typical ketogenic diet consists of a daily intake of less than 50 grams of carbohydrates, with protein intake moderated and fat intake increased to make up the majority of calories. This can result in a rapid decrease in blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have various health benefits for some individuals, such as weight loss, improved blood sugar control, and reduced risk factors for heart disease.

However, it is important to note that a ketogenic diet may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with certain medical conditions or who are taking certain medications. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new diet plan.

In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.

It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.

Acetone is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2CO. It is the simplest and smallest ketone, and its molecules consist of a carbonyl group linked to two methyl groups. Acetone occurs naturally in the human body and is produced as a byproduct of normal metabolic processes, particularly during fat burning.

In clinical settings, acetone can be measured in breath or blood to assess metabolic status, such as in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, where an excess production of acetone and other ketones occurs due to insulin deficiency and high levels of fatty acid breakdown. High concentrations of acetone can lead to a sweet, fruity odor on the breath, often described as "fruity acetone" or "acetone breath."

Aldehydes are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and a double bonded oxygen atom, also known as a formyl or aldehyde group. The general chemical structure of an aldehyde is R-CHO, where R represents a hydrocarbon chain.

Aldehydes are important in biochemistry and medicine as they are involved in various metabolic processes and are found in many biological molecules. For example, glucose is converted to pyruvate through a series of reactions that involve aldehyde intermediates. Additionally, some aldehydes have been identified as toxicants or environmental pollutants, such as formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen and respiratory irritant.

Formaldehyde is also commonly used in medical and laboratory settings for its disinfectant properties and as a fixative for tissue samples. However, exposure to high levels of formaldehyde can be harmful to human health, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling aldehydes in medical and laboratory settings.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, also known as hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.16), is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of succinic semialdehyde to succinate, which is a key step in the GABA degradation pathway.

Deficiency in this enzyme can lead to an accumulation of succinic semialdehyde and its downstream metabolite, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), resulting in neurological symptoms such as developmental delay, hypotonia, seizures, and movement disorders. GHB is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and also a recreational drug known as "Grievous Bodily Harm" or "Liquid Ecstasy."

The gene that encodes for succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase is located on chromosome 6 (6p22.3) and has been identified as ALDH5A1. Mutations in this gene can lead to succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an autosomal recessive disorder.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pentanones" is not a recognized medical term. It is a chemical term that refers to a class of compounds known as ketones, where the parent compound contains five carbon atoms and a ketone functional group. Ketones are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O) with the carbon atom also being bonded to two other carbon atoms.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!

Cyclization is a chemical process that involves forming a cyclic structure or ring-shaped molecule from a linear or open-chain compound. In the context of medicinal chemistry and drug design, cyclization reactions are often used to synthesize complex molecules, including drugs, by creating rings or fused ring systems within the molecule's structure.

Cyclization can occur through various mechanisms, such as intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, or radical reactions. The resulting cyclized compounds may exhibit different chemical and biological properties compared to their linear precursors, making them valuable targets for drug discovery and development.

In some cases, the cyclization process can lead to the formation of stereocenters within the molecule, which can impact its three-dimensional shape and how it interacts with biological targets. Therefore, controlling the stereochemistry during cyclization reactions is crucial in medicinal chemistry to optimize the desired biological activity.

Overall, cyclization plays a significant role in the design and synthesis of many pharmaceutical compounds, enabling the creation of complex structures that can interact specifically with biological targets for therapeutic purposes.

Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst, which remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thereby allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently. This can be particularly important in biological systems, where enzymes act as catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions that are essential for life.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious metabolic complication characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased ketone bodies. It primarily occurs in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 1, but it can also be seen in some people with diabetes mellitus type 2, particularly during severe illness or surgery.

The condition arises when there is a significant lack of insulin in the body, which impairs the ability of cells to take up glucose for energy production. As a result, the body starts breaking down fatty acids to produce energy, leading to an increase in ketone bodies (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) in the bloodstream. This process is called ketosis.

In DKA, the excessive production of ketone bodies results in metabolic acidosis, which is characterized by a lower than normal pH level in the blood (< 7.35) and an elevated serum bicarbonate level (< 18 mEq/L). The hyperglycemia in DKA is due to both increased glucose production and decreased glucose utilization by cells, which can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, fruity breath odor, and altered mental status. If left untreated, DKA can progress to coma and even lead to death. Treatment typically involves administering insulin, fluid replacement, and electrolyte management in a hospital setting.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in their molecular structure. The general chemical formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

The double bond in alkenes can undergo various reactions, such as addition reactions, where different types of molecules can add across the double bond to form new compounds. The relative position of the double bond in the carbon chain and the presence of substituents on the carbon atoms can affect the physical and chemical properties of alkenes.

Alkenes are important industrial chemicals and are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of products, including plastics, resins, fibers, and other chemicals. They are also found in nature, occurring in some plants and animals, and can be produced by certain types of bacteria through fermentation processes.

Mannich bases are not a medical term, but rather a term used in chemistry to describe a class of compounds. They are named after the German chemist Carl Mannich who first described their synthesis in 1912.

A Mannich base is a compound that contains a carbon atom with three different substituents, including a nitrogen atom from an amine group and two organic groups. It is formed by reacting a ketone or aldehyde with a primary or secondary amine and a formaldehyde or other aldehyde.

Mannich bases have been used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes. They are also found in some natural products, such as certain alkaloids. While not directly related to medical definitions, understanding the chemistry of Mannich bases can be important for understanding the structure and function of certain drugs and chemical compounds used in medicine.

Alkadienes are organic compounds that contain two carbon-carbon double bonds in their molecular structure. The term "alka" refers to the presence of hydrocarbons, while "diene" indicates the presence of two double bonds. These compounds can be classified as either conjugated or non-conjugated dienes based on the arrangement of the double bonds.

Conjugated dienes have their double bonds adjacent to each other, separated by a single bond, while non-conjugated dienes have at least one methylene group (-CH2-) separating the double bonds. The presence and positioning of these double bonds can significantly affect the chemical and physical properties of alkadienes, including their reactivity, stability, and spectral characteristics.

Alkadienes are important intermediates in various chemical reactions and have applications in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial products. However, they can also be produced naturally by some plants and microorganisms as part of their metabolic processes.

Starvation is a severe form of malnutrition, characterized by insufficient intake of calories and nutrients to meet the body's energy requirements. This leads to a catabolic state where the body begins to break down its own tissues for energy, resulting in significant weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. Prolonged starvation can also lead to serious medical complications such as organ failure, electrolyte imbalances, and even death. It is typically caused by a lack of access to food due to poverty, famine, or other social or economic factors, but can also be a result of severe eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.

"Propanols" is a general term that refers to a class of alcohols containing a propanol group, which is a functional group made up of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms and a hydroxyl group (-OH). There are two primary structures for propanols: 1-propanol (n-propyl alcohol) and 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), which differ in the arrangement of their carbon chain.

1-Propanol, also known as n-propyl alcohol, has a linear structure with the hydroxyl group attached to one end of the carbon chain: CH3CH2CH2OH. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of other chemicals.

2-Propanol, also known as isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol, has a branched structure with the hydroxyl group attached to a branch on the second carbon atom: (CH3)2CHOH. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that is widely used as a solvent and disinfectant.

Both 1-propanol and 2-propanol have applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and cleaning products. However, they should be handled with care due to their flammability and potential health hazards, such as irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Palladium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. It's used in various applications, including jewelry, dental work, electronics, and chemical reactions. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase or just thiolase) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and ketone bodies. Specifically, it catalyzes the reaction that converts two molecules of acetyl-CoA into acetoacetyl-CoA, which is a key step in the breakdown of fatty acids through beta-oxidation.

The enzyme works by bringing together two acetyl-CoA molecules and removing a coenzyme A (CoA) group from one of them, forming a carbon-carbon bond between the two molecules to create acetoacetyl-CoA. This reaction is reversible, meaning that the enzyme can also catalyze the breakdown of acetoacetyl-CoA into two molecules of acetyl-CoA.

There are several different isoforms of Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase found in various tissues throughout the body, with differing roles and regulation. For example, one isoform is highly expressed in the liver and plays a key role in ketone body metabolism, while another isoform is found in mitochondria and is involved in fatty acid synthesis.

Alkynes are a type of hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in their molecular structure. The general chemical formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

The simplest and shortest alkyne is ethyne, also known as acetylene, which has two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms (C2H2). Ethyne is a gas at room temperature and pressure, and it is commonly used as a fuel in welding torches.

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, meaning that they have the potential to undergo chemical reactions that add atoms or groups of atoms to the molecule. In particular, alkynes can be converted into alkenes (hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon double bond) through a process called partial reduction, or they can be fully reduced to alkanes (hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms) through a process called complete reduction.

Alkynes are important intermediates in the chemical industry and are used to produce a wide range of products, including plastics, resins, fibers, and pharmaceuticals. They can be synthesized from other hydrocarbons through various chemical reactions, such as dehydrogenation, oxidative coupling, or metathesis.

Esters are organic compounds that are formed by the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. They are widely found in nature and are used in various industries, including the production of perfumes, flavors, and pharmaceuticals. In the context of medical definitions, esters may be mentioned in relation to their use as excipients in medications or in discussions of organic chemistry and biochemistry. Esters can also be found in various natural substances such as fats and oils, which are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids.

Hydrogenation, in the context of food science and biochemistry, refers to the process of adding hydrogen atoms to certain unsaturated fats or oils, converting them into saturated fats. This is typically done through a chemical reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, often a metal such as nickel or palladium.

The process of hydrogenation increases the stability and shelf life of fats and oils, but it can also lead to the formation of trans fats, which have been linked to various health issues, including heart disease. Therefore, the use of partially hydrogenated oils has been largely phased out in many countries.

In the field of organic chemistry, imines are a class of compounds that contain a functional group with the general structure =CR-NR', where C=R and R' can be either alkyl or aryl groups. Imines are also commonly referred to as Schiff bases. They are formed by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a primary amine, resulting in the loss of a molecule of water.

It is important to note that imines do not have a direct medical application, but they can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. Additionally, some imines have been found to exhibit biological activity, such as antimicrobial or anticancer properties. However, these are areas of ongoing research and development.

Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), also known as free fatty acids (FFA), refer to fatty acid molecules that are not bound to glycerol in the form of triglycerides or other esters. In the bloodstream, NEFAs are transported while bound to albumin and can serve as a source of energy for peripheral tissues. Under normal physiological conditions, NEFA levels are tightly regulated by the body; however, elevated NEFA levels have been associated with various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhodium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is found in small quantities in platinum or nickel ores along with some other rare metals.

It's primarily used in industrial applications, such as being a key component in catalytic converters in automobiles, which helps to reduce harmful emissions. It's also used in jewelry, electronics, and scientific instruments due to its properties of resistance to corrosion and heat.

If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, please let me know!

Echinacea is a type of herb that is native to North America. It is also known as the purple coneflower and is used in herbal medicine for its alleged ability to boost the immune system and help fight off colds and other infections. The active ingredients in echinacea are thought to be compounds called alkylamides, which may have anti-inflammatory and immune-stimulating effects.

There is some evidence to suggest that echinacea may help reduce the duration and severity of colds when taken at the onset of symptoms, but the overall body of research on its effectiveness is mixed. Some studies have found no significant benefit, while others have reported modest reductions in the length and severity of cold symptoms.

Echinacea is generally considered to be safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects such as stomach upset, headache, and dizziness in some people. It may also interact with certain medications, so it is important to speak with a healthcare provider before taking echinacea if you are taking any prescription drugs or have any underlying health conditions.

Protease inhibitors are a class of antiviral drugs that are used to treat infections caused by retroviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is responsible for causing AIDS. These drugs work by blocking the activity of protease enzymes, which are necessary for the replication and multiplication of the virus within infected cells.

Protease enzymes play a crucial role in the life cycle of retroviruses by cleaving viral polyproteins into functional units that are required for the assembly of new viral particles. By inhibiting the activity of these enzymes, protease inhibitors prevent the virus from replicating and spreading to other cells, thereby slowing down the progression of the infection.

Protease inhibitors are often used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Common examples of protease inhibitors include saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and atazanavir. While these drugs have been successful in improving the outcomes of people living with HIV/AIDS, they can also cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, headaches, and lipodystrophy (changes in body fat distribution).

Butylene glycols are a type of organic compounds that belong to the class of diols, which are chemical compounds containing two hydroxyl groups. Specifically, butylene glycols are composed of a four-carbon chain with two hydroxyl groups located on adjacent carbon atoms.

There are two isomeric forms of butylene glycol: 1,2-butanediol and 1,3-butanediol.

* 1,2-Butanediol (also known as 1,2-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and second carbon atoms of the chain. It is a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.
* 1,3-Butanediol (also known as 1,3-butylene glycol) has the hydroxyl groups on the first and third carbon atoms of the chain. It is also a colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a solvent, humectant, and antifreeze in various industrial and cosmetic applications.

Butylene glycols are generally considered to be safe for use in cosmetics and other consumer products, although they may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. They are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, such as polyesters and polyurethanes.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Butanones are a group of chemical compounds that contain a ketone functional group and have the molecular formula C4H8O. They are also known as methyl ethyl ketones or MEKs. The simplest butanone is called methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or 2-butanone, which has a chain of four carbon atoms with a ketone group in the second position. Other butanones include diethyl ketone (3-pentanone), which has a ketone group in the third position, and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or 4-methyl-2-pentanone, which has a branched chain with a ketone group in the second position.

Butanones are commonly used as solvents in various industrial applications, such as paint thinners, adhesives, and cleaning agents. They have a characteristic odor and can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. Exposure to butanones can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure may lead to neurological symptoms such as dizziness, headache, and nausea.

Heptanes are a group of hydrocarbons that are composed of straight-chain or branched arrangements of six carbon atoms and are commonly found in gasoline. They are colorless liquids at room temperature with a characteristic odor. In a medical context, exposure to heptanes can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Chronic exposure has been linked to more serious health effects, including neurological damage and cancer. Proper handling and use of heptanes, as well as adequate ventilation, are important to minimize exposure and potential health risks.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless, odorless, clear liquid with a slightly sweet taste, although drinking it is harmful and can cause poisoning. It is a weak oxidizing agent and is used as an antiseptic and a bleaching agent. In diluted form, it is used to disinfect wounds and kill bacteria and viruses on the skin; in higher concentrations, it can be used to bleach hair or remove stains from clothing. It is also used as a propellant in rocketry and in certain industrial processes. Chemically, hydrogen peroxide is composed of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, and it is structurally similar to water (H2O), with an extra oxygen atom. This gives it its oxidizing properties, as the additional oxygen can be released and used to react with other substances.

Pasteurellosis, pneumonic is a specific form of pasteurellosis that is caused by the bacterium *Pasteurella multocida* and primarily affects the respiratory system. It is characterized by inflammation and infection of the lungs (pneumonia) and can result in symptoms such as cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fever, and decreased appetite.

This condition often occurs as a secondary infection in animals with underlying respiratory diseases, and it can be transmitted to humans through close contact with infected animals, such as through bites, scratches, or inhalation of respiratory secretions. Pneumonic pasteurellosis is more likely to occur in people who have weakened immune systems due to other health conditions.

Prompt medical treatment with antibiotics is necessary to prevent complications and improve outcomes. The prognosis for pneumonic pasteurellosis depends on the severity of the infection, the patient's overall health, and how quickly they receive appropriate medical care.

Enantioselective ketone reductions convert prochiral ketones into chiral, non-racemic alcohols and are used heavily for the ... The ketone typically occupies the more open regions of space, leading to hydride delivery to a single face of the ketone. The ... Transfer hydrogenation to ketones leads to alcohols (the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction), and in the presence of a chiral ... Ketones with a chelating group undergo enantioselective reduction in the presence of a chiral Ru(BINAP) catalyst. The ...
Exceptions to this rule are the unsaturated ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone with LD50 of 7 mg/kg (oral). Diketone Ketone ... Ketones are trigonal planar around the ketonic carbon, with C-C-O and C-C-C bond angles of approximately 120°. Ketones differ ... This equilibrium allows ketones to be prepared via the hydration of alkynes. C−H bonds adjacent to the carbonyl in ketones are ... Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (which contains a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone is acetone ( ...
... geminal dihalo ketones may be reduced to the parent ketone, monohalo ketone, or functionalized monohalo ketone with ... The α-halo ketones are readily prepared from ketones by various ketone halogenation reactions, and the products are reactive ... 5) Reductions of α-halo ketones may afford the parent ketones, partially reduced halo ketones, or products arising from ... β-unsaturated ketone. (9) Organocuprates may also be employed for the reduction of α,α'-dihalo ketones to alkylated ketones. In ...
A ketone enolate is an enolate formed from a ketone by reaction with a strong base, such as lithium diisopropylamide, or with a ... In the latter case, the base takes the hydrogen ion from the alpha carbon of the ketone and the electron acceptor atom of the ... v t e (Articles lacking sources from January 2013, All articles lacking sources, Enols, Ketones, Anions, All stub articles, ... Lewis acid becomes attached to the oxygen of the ketone. ...
... are water-soluble molecules or compounds that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids ... The ketone bodies are released by the liver into the blood. All cells with mitochondria can take ketone bodies up from the ... After strict fasting for 3 days, the brain gets 25% of its energy from ketone bodies. After about 24 days, ketone bodies become ... to be converted into ketone bodies. The resulting very high levels of ketone bodies lower the pH of the blood plasma, which ...
Exogenous ketones are a class of ketone bodies that are ingested using nutritional supplements or foods. This class of ketone ... Acetoacetate Acetone Ketone Ketone bodies Ketosis β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) "Exogenous Ketones: What They Are, Benefits of Use ... There are multiple molecules that qualify as a "Ketone Ester." The most researched ketone ester, or ketone monoester, is called ... Another ketone ester is also referred to as a ketone di-ester which is a bond of C6 and R 1,3 butanediol. It is recommended to ...
In the case of methyl ketones, this reaction often occurs a third time to form a ketone trihalide, which can undergo rapid ... β-Unsaturated Ketones". Synthesis. 2008 (22): 3675-3681. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1083200. ISSN 0039-7881. "Halogenation of Ketones ... The position alpha to the carbonyl group in a ketone is easily halogenated. This is due to its ability to form an enolate in ... For methyl alkyl ketones (2-alkanones), the haloform reaction proceeds to give the carboxylic acid selectively. On α,β- ...
They are called "ketones", because of the ketone (acetone) group at their end, which is shared with ketone bodies. Little is ... Raspberry ketone is a natural phenolic compound that is the primary aroma compound of red raspberries. Raspberry ketone occurs ... "Raspberry Ketone". WebMD. Bredsdorff L, Wedebye EB, Nikolov NG, Hallas-Møller T, Pilegaard K (2015). "Raspberry ketone in food ... "Raspberry Ketones for Weight Loss". About.com. Canberra, Jules. "What's All The Hype About Raspberry Ketone?". Authority Health ...
If the alcohol is primary, alpha-hydroxy ketones give a positive Fehling's test. Beta-hydroxy ketones are a type of aldol. They ... In organic chemistry a hydroxy ketone (often referred to simply as a ketol) is a functional group consisting of a ketone ... Alpha-hydroxy ketones Category:Beta-hydroxy ketones v t e (Hydroxyketones, All stub articles, Alcohol stubs). ... Alpha-hydroxy ketones are also called acyloins. They are commonly formed by condensation or reductive coupling of two carbonyl ...
... is an organic compound with the formula of [(CH3)2NC6H4]2CO. This electron-rich derivative of benzophenone is ... Condensation of Michler's ketone with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine gives the dye Victoria Blue B (CAS#2580-56-5, CI Basic Blue 26 ... Michler's ketone is commonly used as an additive in dyes and pigments as a sensitizer for photoreactions because of its ... The ketone is prepared today as it was originally by Michler using the Friedel-Crafts acylation of dimethylaniline (C6H5NMe2) ...
Dibenzyl ketones, Benzyl compounds, All stub articles, Ketone stubs). ... Dibenzyl ketone, or 1,3-diphenylacetone, is an organic compound composed of two benzyl groups attached to a central carbonyl ... Heating the mixture above 200−205 °C leads to resinification with a decrease in the yield of the ketone. A more convenient ... For this reason, dibenzyl ketone is frequently used in an aldol condensation reaction with benzil (a dicarbonyl) and base to ...
... is a natural terpenoid that consists of a furan ring with a six-carbon side chain containing a ketone functional ... The ketone was identified in 1943 by Sebe as the main component of the essential oil of Perilla frutescens. Perilla ketone is ... Perilla ketone has also been prepared in 74% yield via the Stille reaction from a 3-furyl-organotin compound and isocaproyl ... Perilla ketone was synthesized in 1957 by Matsuura from 3-furoyl chloride and an organocadmium compound similar to the Gilman ...
... (2-methyl-3-pentanone) is an aliphatic ketone with used as a reagent in organic chemistry and as a ... "Ethyl isopropyl ketone (HMDB0005846)". Human Metabolome Database. v t e (Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple ... Ketone solvents, All stub articles, Ketone stubs). ...
Diisobutyl ketone (DIBK), a related lipophilic ketone, is also used for this purpose. Methyl isobutyl ketone is also used as a ... Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is the common name for the organic compound 4-methylpentan-2-one, condensed chemical formula (CH3 ... Unlike the other common ketone solvents, acetone and MEK, MIBK has quite low solubility in water, making it useful for liquid- ... This colourless liquid, a ketone, is used as a solvent for gums, resins, paints, varnishes, lacquers, and nitrocellulose. At ...
... is a chemical substance with formula C 3H 4Cl 2O. It is a solid, and is used in the making of citric ... Bis(chloromethyl) ketone is a substance which is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined ... Exposures such as contact or inhalation of bis(chloromethyl) ketone can result in irritation or damage to skin, eyes, throat, ...
The Wieland-Miescher ketone is a racemic bicyclic diketone (enedione) and is a versatile synthon which has so far been employed ... Wieland-Miescher ketone contains the AB-ring structure of steroids and is for this reason an attractive starting material for ... The original Wieland-Miescher ketone is racemic and prepared in a Robinson annulation of 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione and ... Most advances in total synthesis methods starting from Wieland-Miescher ketone were fueled by the search for alternative ...
NJ Hazardous Substance Factsheet for methyl vinyl ketone MSDS for methyl vinyl ketone Archived 2006-10-15 at the Wayback ... Methyl vinyl ketone (MVK, IUPAC name: butenone) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH=CH2. It is a reactive ... Siegel, H.; Eggersdorfer, M. "Ketones". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/ ...
... β-unsaturated ketones using sulfuric acid.[12] This ketone formation is an identical reaction to the Blaise ketone synthesis. ... The Blaise ketone synthesis (named after Edmond Blaise) is the chemical reaction of acid chlorides with organozinc compounds to ... The chlorine that left returns to form a bond with zinc, pushing the electrons back on to oxygen and thus forming the ketone.[ ... 8, p. 441 ^ Cason, J. (1947). "The Use of Organocadmium Reagents for the Preparation of Ketones". Chem. Rev. 40 (1): 17. doi: ...
... (ATK) is an analog of arachidonic acid. that inhibits some isoforms of the enzyme ... Vana, Adam C.; Li, Shihe; Ribeiro, Rachel; Tchantchou, Flaubert; Zhang, Yumin (2011). "Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone ... Ketone stubs, Ketones, Trifluoromethyl compounds, Arachidonyl compounds). ... "Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone is neuroprotective after spinal cord injury". Journal of Neurotrauma: 110306202455053. doi: ...
... (PEEK) is a colourless organic thermoplastic polymer in the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family, used in ... "PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone)". www.scientificspine.com. Retrieved 2020-05-06. Lauzon, Michael (May 4, 2012). "Diversified ... Yin, Jun; Zhang, Aiqing; Liew, Kong Yong; Wu, Lihua (2008). "Synthesis of poly(ether ether ketone) assisted by microwave ... ether ether ketone) (PEEK) from a review of decomposition studies" (PDF). Polymer Degradation and Stability. 95 (5): 709-718. ...
3-Methyl-2-butanone (methyl isopropyl ketone, MIPK) is a ketone and solvent of minor importance. It is comparable to MEK ( ... Methyl ethyl ketone), but has a lower solvency and is more expensive. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0424". National ...
α-Halo ketones can also be converted to alkenes by treatment with hydrazine. α-Halo ketones can react with amines to form an α- ... In organic chemistry, an α-halo ketone is a functional group consisting of a ketone group or more generally a carbonyl group ... α-Halo ketones are alkylating agents. Prominent α-halo ketones include phenacyl bromide and chloroacetone. The general ... Halo ketones and halo carbonyl compounds in general are synthesized by reaction of carbonyl compounds with sources of X+ (X = ...
... is a brominated ketone with lachrymatory effects. It was used as a chemical warfare agent in World War ... Ketones, Organobromides, World War I chemical weapons, All stub articles, Ketone stubs, Organohalide stubs). ... I. Bromomethyl ethyl ketone was developed as an alternative to bromoacetone, because acetone, the precursor to bromoacetone, ...
... is the organic compound with the formula C2H5C(NOH)CH3. This colourless liquid is the oxime derivative ... of methyl ethyl ketone. MEKO, as it is called in the paint industry, is used to suppress "skinning" of paints: the formation of ...
The Weinreb ketone synthesis or Weinreb-Nahm ketone synthesis is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry to make carbon- ... N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine Ketone#Synthesis Nahm, S.; Weinreb, S. M. (1981), "N-methoxy-n-methylamides as effective acylating ... Synthesis of unsymmetrical ketones", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 56 (8): 2911-2912, doi:10.1021/jo00008a057 Sibi, M. P.; ... For these latter reactions, two equivalents of the incoming group add to form an alcohol rather than a ketone or aldehyde. This ...
... describes coordination complexes with aldehyde (RCHO) and ketone (R2CO) ... η2-C,O ketones and aldehydes can function as bridging ligands, utilizing a lone pair of electrons on oxygen. One such complex ... Because aldehydes and ketones are common, the area is of fundamental interest. Some reactions that are useful in organic ... In monometallic complexes, aldehydes and ketones can bind to metals in either of two modes, η1-O-bonded and η2-C,O-bonded. ...
... is a variation of dibenzyl ketone containing 2 bromine atoms at the para positions of the phenyl ... Dibenzyl ketone Bhandari, Sumita; Ray, Suprabhat (17 Jun 1997). "A Novel Synthesis of Bisbenzyl Ketones by DCC Induced ... Bis(4-bromobenzyl) ketone reacts with benzil in the presence of base in a double aldol condensation to form 2,5-bis(4- ... Bis(4-bromobenzyl) ketone may be prepared in the laboratory by ketonic decarboxylation of 4-bromophenylacetic acid using DCC ...
... (MEKP) is an organic peroxide with the formula [(CH3)(C2H5)C(O2H)]2O2. MEKP is a colorless oily ... "Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP): Production And Uses". 19 May 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023. Media related to Methyl ethyl ... It is derived from the reaction of methyl ethyl ketone and hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions. Several products result ... Preparation, Separation and Identification of Peroxides Derived from Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Hydrogen Peroxide". Journal of the ...
... (TPCK) is a protease inhibitor. Its structural formula is 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-4-phenyl ...
Monocyclic+monoterpene+ketone+monooxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: ... Monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.105, 1-hydroxy-2-oxolimonene 1,2-monooxygenase, dihydrocarvone 1,2- ... Monocyclic monoterpene ketone monooxygenase is a flavoprotein (FAD). van der Werf MJ, Swarts HJ, de Bont JA (May 1999). " ...
Enantioselective ketone reductions convert prochiral ketones into chiral, non-racemic alcohols and are used heavily for the ... The ketone typically occupies the more open regions of space, leading to hydride delivery to a single face of the ketone. The ... Transfer hydrogenation to ketones leads to alcohols (the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction), and in the presence of a chiral ... Ketones with a chelating group undergo enantioselective reduction in the presence of a chiral Ru(BINAP) catalyst. The ...
... Keto Essentials Vitamins 90 capsules. Sale price$19.99 Regular price$24.99 ... Real Ketones Real Ketones Keto Chips. Sale price$3.59 Regular price$3.99 ...
... and acetone are ketone bodies. In carbohydrate-deficient states, fatty-acid metabolism spurs acetoacetate accumulation. ... In normal states, ketones are not present in the urine. However, increased urinary ketone levels may occur with fasting, in ... encoded search term (Ketones) and Ketones What to Read Next on Medscape ... Ketones Updated: Nov 03, 2021 * Author: Bishnu Prasad Devkota, MD, MHI, FRCS(Edin), FRCS(Glasg), FACP, FAMIA; Chief Editor: ...
See examples of METHYLISOBUTENYL KETONE used in a sentence. ... methylisobutenyl ketone. [ meth-uhl-ahy-soh-byoot-n-il, meth- ] ...
The aim of the ketone biowearable is to offer continuous tracking of ketones so that wearers can see how quickly they get into ... Abbott is working on biowearables to measure glucose, lactate and ketones. The devices will be able to continuously monitor ... The Lingo devices will measure glucose, ketones and lactate, and eventually they may be able to monitor alcohol levels. ... and generates ketones). With the lactate wearable, Abbotts goal is to continuously measure lactate build up while working out ...
Other names: Ethanone, 1-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-; (1-Methylcyclopropyl)(methyl)ketone; Ketone, methyl 1-methylcyclopropyl; 1- ...
The drinkable exogenous ketone elevates the bodys blood ketone levels without difficulty. Dubbed the Ketone-IQ, the beverage ... 1. Drinkable Ketone Trend - There is an opportunity for companies to innovate in producing drinkable ketones that elevate the ... s Ketone 1.0. Ketones are often described as the fourth macronutrient. They are a source of fuel for the body that transcends ... 3. Ketone as a Macronutrient Trend - There is an opportunity for companies to invest in research to explore the potential of ...
Ketones in blood may indicate a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. It mostly affects people with type 1 ... What is a ketones in blood test?. A ketones in blood test measures the level of ketones in your blood. Ketones are acids that ... To check blood ketones at home, you may use a blood glucose meter that also tests for ketones. You will use a device to prick ... Why do I need a ketones in blood test?. You may need a ketones in blood test if you have diabetes and symptoms of DKA, such as: ...
We will be learning about the nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones, including how to use acetals as protecting ... Aldehydes and ketones can be starting materials for a range of other functional groups. ... Aldehydes and ketones can be starting materials for a range of other functional groups. We will be learning about the ... nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones, including how to use acetals as protecting groups. ...
Learn about Ketones at online-medical-dictionary.org ...
A ketone bears a negative charge on what atom of the carbonyl group?. ketone bears negative charge on the oxygen atom of the ... A secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation to yield a ketone; a primary alcohol forms an aldehyde instead, and a tertiary alcohol ... Such types of chains include: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Ketones, Ethers, Alcohols, Esthers, etc.. All of these chains contain ... Which functional group does not contain oxygen amine alcohol ester ketone?. Updated: 9/23/2023 ...
... Notes. *This display requires that Java be installed on your system and ...
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) Methodology - 1 June 2023 This entry was posted on June 1, 2023. by Sarah Creswell. Methodology ... Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Methodology Consultation 2021 This entry was posted on August 25, 2021. by Sarah Creswell. Consultation ... Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Overview. With a network of price reporters across Asia, Europe and the US, ICIS is fully equipped to ... Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Menu. Skip to content ,, Back to Compliance Home Page. ...
Wake Up World on Social ...
A cycloisomerization of aryl allenyl ketones to 3-arylidene-indan-1-ones using a cationic Fe-complex as a catalyst is reported ... Fe-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Aryl Allenyl Ketones: Access to 3-Arylidene-indan-1-ones. *Johannes Teske. Johannes Teske ... A cycloisomerization of aryl allenyl ketones to 3-arylidene-indan-1-ones using a cationic Fe-complex as a catalyst is reported ... Iron(III)-Mediated Bicyclization of 1,2-Allenyl Aryl Ketones: Assembly of Indanone-Fused Polycyclic Scaffolds and Dibenzo[a,e] ...
The Fatty Acid-Ketone Switch. In failing hearts, cardiomyocytes change their fuel preference.. Amanda B. Keener ... The ketone βOHB enters the mitochondrion where the enzyme BDH1 converts it into acetoacetate, whose products serve as ... In a mouse model of heart failure and in failing human hearts (right panel), cardiomyocytes depend more on ketones for energy. ... Both alterations suggest ketones are preferred over fatty acids in failing hearts. ...
Administration of ketone bodies was described as a promising adjunct, but has only been documented once. We describe a ... Edmond J . Ketone bodies as precursors of sterols and fatty acids in the developing rat. J Biol Chem 1974;249:72-80. ... While we observed similar blood ketone levels as Van Hove et al. (13) after a single NaHB dose, as well as a decrease in serum ... Gautschi, M., Weisstanner, C., Slotboom, J. et al. Highly efficient ketone body treatment in multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase ...
Mutagenicity studies on ketone solvents: Methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and isophorone. Mutat. Res., 206, 149 161 ... With respect to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones, these protective processes include reduction of the ketone to the corresponding ... An alicyclic ketone, cyclohexanone (No. 1100), was used in two studies (Lijinsky & Kovatch, 1986); alkyl-substituted ketones ... Alicyclic Ketones, Secondary Alcohols and Related Esters. First draft prepared by. Professor I.G. Sipes. Department of ...
Market Health has released the Raspberry Ketone Affiliate Program which offers some of the highest payouts on the net, making ... For more information on the Raspberry Ketone Affiliate Program offer, please visit: Raspberry Ketone Affiliate Program. ... Raspberry Ketone Affiliate Program. Want to market the worlds leading Raspberry Ketone Affiliate Program? MarketHealth.com has ... released the Raspberry Ketone Affiliate Program which offers some of the highest payouts on the net, making affiliates up to 60 ...
Learn Organometallics on Ketones with free step-by-step video explanations and practice problems by experienced tutors. ...
Asymmetric synthesis of anti-α-substituted β-amino ketones from sulfinimines. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or ... asymmetric synthesis of alpha-alkyl beta-amino ketones by reacting phosphonyl imines with ketone-derived enolates. ... Davis FA, Xu P. Asymmetric Synthesis of Anti-α-substituted Β-amino Ketones From Sulfinimines. J Org Chem. 2011 May 6;76(9):3329 ... "Asymmetric Synthesis of Anti-α-substituted Β-amino Ketones From Sulfinimines." The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 76, no. 9 ...
This study showed that ketone bodies improve T cell function (important immune cells) by reprogramming them to better ... To compensate, the liver steps up production of ketone bodies to feed the brain and other organs. The study shows that ketone ... Jones and colleagues demonstrated that T cells prefer ketone bodies over glucose as a fuel source. They also found that ketone ... Ketone bodies act as an effective fuel source for brain health during times of food scarcity or very low carbohydrate intake. ...
This page contains information on the chemical Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide including: 62 synonyms/identifiers; U.S. Code of ... Methyl ethyl ketone hydroperoxide*Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide*Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide [QR]*Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, ... Ethyl methyl ketone peroxide*Ethyl methyl ketone peroxide [QR]*FR 222*FR 222 [QR]*HI-Point 180*HI-Point 180 [QR]*HI-Point 90*HI ... Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Identifications. *Formula: C8H16O4. Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. *CAS Number: 1338-23-4* ...
Rationale The oxidation of ketone bodies plus glucose improves the efficiency of the working rat heart by ~30% compared to ... Therefore, we aimed to determine whether the availability of glycogen increases the oxidation of ketones and improves ... glucose alone.1 However, perfusions of hearts with ketones alone led to gradual functional decline with reduced flux through α- ...
... Trade name/synonym name. MIBK; 2-methylpropylmethylketone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone; 4-Methylpentan-2-one; 4- ... Metyl-2-pentanon; Hexanone; Hexone; Isobutyl methyl ketone; Isobutylmetylketon; Isopropyl acetone; Isopropylacetone; Methyl ...
A sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane was used as a sorbent for pregabalin extraction, and the extraction performance ... Extraction of Pregabalin in Urine Samples Using a Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) Membrane. Chanbasha Basheer. 1,2 ... In this study, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), with the chemical structure shown in Figure 1(b), is used as the ... A sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane was used as a sorbent for pregabalin extraction, and the extraction performance ...
Difference Between Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes vs Ketones Aldehydes and ketones are two different kinds of organic ... Aldehydes vs Ketones. Aldehydes and ketones are two different kinds of organic compounds. Both can be made artificially ... 3. Aldehydes and ketones display varying results when combined with chemical reagents. For the majority of such, ketones ... Difference Between Aldehydes and Ketones. • Categorized under Science , Difference Between Aldehydes and Ketones ...
... low-density mixture of ketone solvents. It is useful as a retarder solvent for primers, coil and maintenance coatings ... C-11 Ketone is a low-cost, slow-evaporating, ... C-11 Ketone - Technical Data Sheet - Chinese * Eastman solvents ... Eastman™ C-11 Ketone is a low-cost, slow-evaporating, low-density mixture of ketone solvents. It is useful as a retarder ... Compared with other solvents in the same evaporation range, Eastman™ C-11 Ketone often offers an economic advantage. ,p, ,P,* ...
Ketone Supplement Protects Brain Health in People With Obesity. NutritionReview.org - October 8, 2021. 0 ...
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  • Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone are ketone bodies. (medscape.com)
  • Beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, the predominant ketone bodies, are rich in energy. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] Ketone bodies fuel the brain with an alternative source of energy (close to two thirds of its needs) during periods of prolonged fasting or starvation, when the brain cannot use fatty acids for energy. (medscape.com)
  • Direct assays of beta-hydroxybutyrate serum levels can be used to determine whether ketone bodies are present, as can nitroprusside testing, although nitroprusside analysis is prone to false positive and false negatives. (medscape.com)
  • Administration of ketone bodies was described as a promising adjunct, but has only been documented once. (nature.com)
  • Intermittent fasting (or following a ketogenic diet) allows for an alternative fuel source known as ketone bodies to be produced. (prohealth.com)
  • Ketone bodies act as an effective fuel source for brain health during times of food scarcity or very low carbohydrate intake. (prohealth.com)
  • This study showed that ketone bodies improve T cell function (important immune cells) by reprogramming them to better neutralize threats and infections. (prohealth.com)
  • The findings center on ketone bodies, which are regularly produced by the liver but become more numerous when glucose, a sugar that acts as the main power source for cells, is in short supply. (prohealth.com)
  • To compensate, the liver steps up production of ketone bodies to feed the brain and other organs. (prohealth.com)
  • The study shows that ketone bodies also power immune cells, a surprise finding that illuminates new connections between diet and immunity. (prohealth.com)
  • Jones and colleagues demonstrated that T cells prefer ketone bodies over glucose as a fuel source. (prohealth.com)
  • They also found that ketone bodies improve T cell function by reprogramming them to better neutralize threats. (prohealth.com)
  • Conversely, loss of the ability to process ketone bodies causes defects in T cell function and hampers their ability to combat infection. (prohealth.com)
  • The authors hypothesize that ketone bodies may be an evolutionary failsafe that boosts the immune system when nutrient resources are limited, such as when one's appetite is suppressed during illness. (prohealth.com)
  • Although the study suggests increasing ketone bodies through fasting or intermittent fasting regimens may enhance T cell function in certain circumstances, other studies suggest that fasting may suppress immune function. (prohealth.com)
  • Rationale The oxidation of ketone bodies plus glucose improves the efficiency of the working rat heart by ~30% compared to glucose alone. (bmj.com)
  • given sufficient adaptation, the brain can derive up to 75% of its fuel from ketone bodies , which the liver constructs using fatty acids. (sott.net)
  • Every bottle of Kenetik contains 10g of a premium blend of pure, plant-based ketones - the same ketone molecule our bodies naturally produce. (wytv.com)
  • No one knows exactly why, but part of the reason has to do with how ketones are metabolized, and how ketosis favors using acetate (acetoacetate is one of the ketone bodies, after all) for fuel. (blogspot.com)
  • Secondly, it was acidic, and the extra protons themselves could block proton-sensitive ion channels, or the ketone bodies or fats themselves could affect the neuron membranes, making them harder to excite. (blogspot.com)
  • Except here's the dirty little secret about glucose - when you look at the amount of garbage leftover in the mitochondria, it is actually less efficient to make ATP from glucose than it is to make ATP from ketone bodies! (blogspot.com)
  • Ketone bodies can be endogenous where they are produced by the body in the liver, or exogenous, where they are taken in the form of a supplement [4] . (scielo.org.za)
  • Ketone bodies, namely acetoacetate (AcAc), acetone, and ßHB are lipid-based organic compounds produced by the liver during times of starvation and nutritional manipulation [3] , such as a high- fat, low-carb (HFLC) diet, also known as a ketogenic diet [6] . (scielo.org.za)
  • Theoretically, increasing ketone body production via the decreased availability of glucose in the body, the ketone bodies become the alternative fuel source necessary for the brain and muscles of the body [4] . (scielo.org.za)
  • Ketone testing looks closely at our metabolic processes and can help us understand how our bodies are responding to dietary changes, stress, or other factors. (raspberryketonebenefits.org)
  • Similarly, ketone bodies are metabolized using other pathways. (medscape.com)
  • The Lingo devices will measure glucose, ketones and lactate, and eventually they may be able to monitor alcohol levels. (engadget.com)
  • If your health care provider recommends frequent testing to check for increasing ketone levels, at-home blood testing meters are available that check both glucose levels and ketones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To check blood ketones at home, you may use a blood glucose meter that also tests for ketones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If our brains couldn't utilize fat-derived ketones, we'd drop dead as soon as our liver had exhausted its capacity to churn out glucose. (sott.net)
  • People whose brains suffer from impaired glucose utilization see cognitive benefits from ketones. (sott.net)
  • Ketones act as an alternative energy source for the glucose-starved brains. (sott.net)
  • Now, when I was taught about biochemical fuel-burning, I was taught that glucose was "clean" and ketones were "smokey. (blogspot.com)
  • Basal glucose (13.8 +/- 1.1 mmol/l), ketone body (1.12 +/- 0.12 mmol/l), and FFA (967 +/- 110 mumol/l) concentrations were elevated in the diabetics in comparison with controls. (jci.org)
  • By increasing blood ketone body levels, with an accompanying decrease in blood glucose, may indicate a state of nutritional ketosis, whereby the body no longer relies on glucose metabolism but rather the metabolism of ketone bodies. (scielo.org.za)
  • You will receive 2 sealed foil pouches of 5 strips that will each test for ketones and glucose. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • If your urine is positive for both glucose and ketones then you should consult your doctor. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • PURPOSE: To directly compare ketone salt (KS) and ester (KE) supplements against a non-caloric placebo (PLA) by determining rate of appearance of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood, impact on blood glucose levels, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in healthy college-aged individuals. (wku.edu)
  • If your body breaks down fat too fast, ketones can build up in your blood and urine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At-home testing for ketones in urine testing may also be an option. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You can also test for ketones in urine using an at-home kit. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These tests detect ketones in the urine and so will give an indication on whether you are in a state of ketosis or not. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Any shade of pink/purple indicates some level of ketones in the urine. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Ketones will spill into the urine only when there is more in the blood than is being used as fuel by the body at that particular moment. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Some people just use their ketones more efficiently, and indeed make fewer of them, hence their lack of "spill" into the urine. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Tracking ketones in the urine is a powerful tool for understanding your body's inner workings. (raspberryketonebenefits.org)
  • In normal states, ketones are not present in the urine. (medscape.com)
  • Anytime you're sick or your blood sugar is 240 mg/dL or above, use an over-the-counter ketone test kit to check your urine or a meter to test your blood for ketones every 4 to 6 hours. (cdc.gov)
  • For assessing ketosis in DKA, the new statement strongly recommends use of beta-hydroxybutyrate - either via point-of-care test or serum level measured in a laboratory - with a low cutoff of ≥ 3.0 mmol/L. Alternatively, a urine ketone strip value of 2+ or greater can be used. (medscape.com)
  • However, beta-hydroxybutyrate testing is more widely available now than it was in 2009 and is strongly preferred over urine ketone measurement because it's the predominant ketone during acidosis. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, urine acetoacetate - measured by the strips - paradoxically increases during resolution of DKA, and drug interferences can occur with urine ketone measurement, Misra noted. (medscape.com)
  • If you think you may have DKA, use an over-the-counter kit to test your urine for ketones. (cdc.gov)
  • You have moderate to high ketone levels in your urine. (cdc.gov)
  • The ketone βOHB enters the mitochondrion where the enzyme BDH1 converts it into acetoacetate, whose products serve as substrates for the citric acid cycle. (the-scientist.com)
  • Aldehydes and ketones can be starting materials for a range of other functional groups. (khanacademy.org)
  • We will be learning about the nomenclature and reactions of aldehydes and ketones, including how to use acetals as protecting groups. (khanacademy.org)
  • Aldehydes and ketones are two different kinds of organic compounds. (differencebetween.net)
  • 3. Aldehydes and ketones display varying results when combined with chemical reagents. (differencebetween.net)
  • The aim of the ketone biowearable is to offer continuous tracking of ketones so that wearers can see how quickly they get into ketosis. (engadget.com)
  • The benefits of ketosis have become clear to researchers, and the fact that exogenous ketones can produce the condition in the human body is important. (wytv.com)
  • During ketosis, the body burns fats, and ketones are the result. (wytv.com)
  • Research has shown, however, that consumption of exogenous ketones can induce nutritional ketosis and provide energy from ketones on any diet. (wytv.com)
  • Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is the most common ketone body produced in the body and increases during states of ketosis and ketoacidosis. (novabiomedical.com)
  • This amount can be supported by studies [1-3] showing that by ingesting a ketone supplement, can result in ketosis in 30 minutes. (scielo.org.za)
  • During ketosis, your body produces ketones. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • How do I know if my positive ketones result indicates ketosis or ketoacidosis? (homehealth-uk.com)
  • It can also be used to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic diets (eg, epilepsy patients on ketogenic diets, as ketones are indicators of ketosis). (medscape.com)
  • In the presence of a chiral diamine, ruthenium catalyzes the enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of aryl ketones with isopropanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • A cycloisomerization of aryl allenyl ketones to 3-arylidene-indan-1-ones using a cationic Fe-complex as a catalyst is reported. (acs.org)
  • Iron(III)-Mediated Bicyclization of 1,2-Allenyl Aryl Ketones: Assembly of Indanone-Fused Polycyclic Scaffolds and Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene Derivatives. (acs.org)
  • A nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling reaction of aryl cyclopropyl ketones with easily accessible unactivated alkyl bromides provides γ-alkyl-substituted ketones. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • A highly efficient Pd-catalyzed arylative ring expansion of cyclobutanols with aryl chlorides via C-C bond cleavage at low catalyst loadings tolerates a wide range of functional groups and substitution patterns, thus constituting a straightforward alternative for preparing rather elusive γ-arylated ketones. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • 1.5 Poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) is a member of the poly (aryl ether ketone) or PAEK polymer family. (astm.org)
  • Enantioselective ketone reductions convert prochiral ketones into chiral, non-racemic alcohols and are used heavily for the synthesis of stereodefined alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transfer hydrogenation to ketones leads to alcohols (the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction), and in the presence of a chiral transition metal catalyst, this process may be rendered enantioselective. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Committee evaluated a group of 25 flavouring agents consisting of alicyclic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters (see Table 1). (inchem.org)
  • The total annual volume of production of the 25 alicyclic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters in this group is approximately 520 kg in Europe (International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1995) and 310 kg in the USA (Lucas et al. (inchem.org)
  • High ketone levels make your blood too acidic. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have diabetes, a ketones in blood test can help find high ketone levels early so you can get treatment right away. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An example of an aldehyde is cinnamaldehyde while the simplest form of ketone is probably acetone. (differencebetween.net)
  • Ketone body supplements are commonly composed of β -hydroxybutyrate (ßHB) combined with a salt, such as potassium, calcium or sodium (Na- ßHB) [4] , which are then known as ketone salts. (scielo.org.za)
  • A ketones in blood test measures the level of ketones in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Following a ketogenic diet is not always easy, hence convenient alternative methods were introduced, such as the consumption of drinks containing exogenous ketone supplements. (scielo.org.za)
  • Exogenous ketone supplements, in both salt and ester form, have gained popularity among recreational and elite athletes as they are hypothesized to serve as alternative energy sources and potential performance enhancers. (wku.edu)
  • The pseudoequatorial phenyl groups project into the region of space on the other side of the BINAP ligand and influence the preferred binding conformation of chelating ketones (such as α-amino ketones or β-keto esters). (wikipedia.org)
  • It aims at replacing the deficient endogenous ketone body production, needed not only for energy supply, but possibly more so for the synthesis of complex cell and tissue components such as myelin in the central nervous system. (nature.com)
  • Aromatic ketones with shorter alkyl side chains showed higher extractability. (go.jp)
  • This is the ICIS pricing methodology for methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). (icis.com)
  • An elevated anion gap suggests the diagnosis of ketoacidosis, with the presence of ketone antibodies confirming it. (medscape.com)
  • A ketones in blood test is mostly used to check for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you don't have diabetes, you may have your blood ketones checked if you are at risk for developing ketoacidosis and you have symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you don't have diabetes, you may need a ketones in blood test if you have symptoms of ketoacidosis that could be from another condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A normal or negative test result usually means that your body is not making too many ketones and you don't have ketoacidosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's normal to have some blood ketones, but if your levels are very high and you have symptoms, you may have ketoacidosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In alcoholic ketoacidosis, initial ketone values may be low or results may be negative. (medscape.com)
  • When too many ketones are produced too fast, they can cause diabetic ketoacidosis , or DKA. (cdc.gov)
  • The catalytic, asymmetric reduction of ketones may be accomplished through the use of catalytic amounts of an oxazaborolidine catalyst in conjunction with borane or catecholborane as the stoichiometric reducing agent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first highly enantioselective catalytic hetero Diels-Alder reaction of ketones. (dtu.dk)
  • Ketones are acids that your body makes when it breaks down fat for energy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Both alterations suggest ketones are preferred over fatty acids in failing hearts. (the-scientist.com)
  • Turnover and splanchnic metabolism of free fatty acids and ketones in insulin-dependent diabetics at rest and in response to exercise. (jci.org)
  • A net uptake of ketone acids by the leg was observed during exercise but could account for less than 5% of leg oxidative metabolism in the diabetics and less than 1% in controls. (jci.org)
  • The largest increment in blood ketone acids and in splanchnic ketone production above values observed in controls thus occurred in the diabetics after 60 min of recovery from exercise. (jci.org)
  • Instead, your liver breaks down fat for fuel, a process that produces acids called ketones. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, the extraction of Au(III) using the series of aliphatic ketones in hydrochloric acid media has been investigated in detail. (go.jp)
  • A ketone-elevating agent (purified medium chain triglycerides) improved cognition in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's. (sott.net)
  • Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Crohn's patients could benefit from ketone drinks along with those fighting ALS, MS, diabetes and hypertension according to the ABC. (wytv.com)
  • However, increased urinary ketone levels may occur with fasting, in postexercise states, and in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • In individuals with diabetes, urinary ketone levels are often increased before an elevation occurs in the serum. (medscape.com)
  • Coordination of borane to the oxazaborolidine nitrogen generates the complex I, which then coordinates a molecule of ketone to yield complex II. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the diabetic group, the increase in ketogenesis occurred in the absence of a rise in splanchnic inflow or uptake of oleic acid, but was associated with an increase in splanchnic fractional extraction of oleic acid and a marked increase in hepatic conversion of FFA to ketones, so that the entire uptake of FFA was accountable as ketone acid output. (jci.org)
  • We concluded that: (a) In the resting state, increased ketogenesis in the diabetic is a consequence of augmented splanchnic inflow of FFA and increased intrahepatic conversion of FFA to ketones, but does not depend on augmented fractional extraction of circulating FFA by the splanchnic bed. (jci.org)
  • An increase in splanchnic fractional extraction of FFA and a marked increase intrahepatic conversion of FFA to ketones accounts for the exaggerated ketogenic response to exercise in the diabetic. (jci.org)
  • e) Ketone utilization by muscle increases during exercise but constitutes a quantitatively minor oxidative fuel for muscle even in the diabetic. (jci.org)
  • Historically, accessing ketones as an energy source required fasting or a ketogenic diet to achieve. (wytv.com)
  • So it looks like modified Atkins (very very low carb, but not zero carb) and a preponderance of MCT is the same, ketone-wise, for the brain as the classic cream-heavy ketogenic diet. (blogspot.com)
  • If you have diabetes, a blood ketones test may be used when you are sick or pregnant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • But is the presence of ketones a sign of diabetes? (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Asked to comment, session audience member and independent diabetes industry consultant Charles Alexander, MD, told Medscape Medical News , "I liked the proposal to eliminate the anion gap in decision-making and to focus on measurement of blood ketones, principally beta-hydroxybutyrate, in the diagnosis of DKA and monitoring the effect of treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the increase in ketogenesis during exercise, a rise in arterial ketone acid levels was not observed in the diabetics until postexercise recovery, during which sustained increments to values of 1.8-1.9 mmol/l and sustained increases in splanchnic ketone production were observed at 30-60 min. (jci.org)
  • Anecdotes certainly suggest that otherwise healthy people can experience cognitive benefits from brain utilization of ketones . (sott.net)
  • however, it does not assess beta-hydroxybutyrate, the most accurate indicator of ketone body levels. (medscape.com)
  • That's a state in which a body doesn't have enough carbohydrates to turn into energy and instead burns fat (and generates ketones). (engadget.com)
  • That's because your body makes three types of ketones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Going forward, Jones and colleagues will explore how fasting and ketone body supplementation impacts immune function, with a focus on T cells' ability to fight immune-related health challenges. (prohealth.com)
  • In addition, the study found that Kenetik was as effective or more so than other drinks at boosting ketone levels in the body and that it does not require a user to get acclimated to it. (wytv.com)
  • Ketone body supplement label claims: What supplement has been supplemented? (scielo.org.za)
  • The use of ketone body supplements as a source of fuel during exercise and sporting performance, in particular, is of interest to sportspeople. (scielo.org.za)
  • There are numerous ketone body supplements on the market manufactured in South Africa and internationally. (scielo.org.za)
  • Furthermore, ketone body supplementation with regard to its effects on improving exercise and athletic performance is still unconvincing. (scielo.org.za)
  • Within the ever-changing sports supplementation industry, ketone body supplements are being used despite controversies regarding the accuracy and scientific merit of label claims. (scielo.org.za)
  • More recently, awareness has shifted to the role of ketone body supplements to increase performance. (scielo.org.za)
  • As a result the body will use fat instead and as the fat is broken down, ketones are produced. (homehealth-uk.com)
  • Dosing of ketone supplements was normalized to body weight at 300 mg/kg and flavor matched. (wku.edu)
  • When too many ketones are produced too fast, they can build up to dangerous levels in your body. (cdc.gov)
  • When your body doesn't have enough insulin, it starts breaking down fat as fuel, which produces ketones. (cdc.gov)
  • Chiral Phosphoric-Acid-Catalyzed Regioselective and Enantioselective C7-Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of 4-Aminoindoles with Trifluoromethyl Ketones. (bvsalud.org)
  • A highly regioselective and enantioselective C7-Friedel-Crafts alkylation of 4-aminoindoles with trifluoromethyl ketones promoted by a spirocyclic phosphoric acid was developed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Future research should investigate the potential performance effects of KE versus KS supplements using our findings to control for BHB rate of appearance with each ketone form to inform experimental protocols. (wku.edu)
  • 1. In aldehydes, the carbon atom in the carbonyl group is bounded to a hydrogen and one carbon atom while in ketones it is bound to two other carbon atoms. (differencebetween.net)
  • 2. Aldehydes have carbonyl groups found at the end of the carbon chain while ketones have carbonyl groups usually positioned at the center of the chain. (differencebetween.net)
  • Therefore, we aimed to determine whether the availability of glycogen increases the oxidation of ketones and improves myocardial energetics. (bmj.com)
  • The meter will show your ketone levels. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ask your provider how you should test for ketones, when you should test, and what to do if your levels are high. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Previously unknown, enantiopure, β-amino ketones were prepared in modest yield by addition of lithium reagents to N-sulfinyl anti-α-substituted β-amino Weinreb amides. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • AU - Davis,Franklin A, AU - Xu,Peng, Y1 - 2011/04/01/ PY - 2011/3/23/entrez PY - 2011/3/23/pubmed PY - 2011/8/19/medline SP - 3329 EP - 37 JF - The Journal of organic chemistry JO - J Org Chem VL - 76 IS - 9 N2 - Previously unknown, enantiopure, β-amino ketones were prepared in modest yield by addition of lithium reagents to N-sulfinyl anti-α-substituted β-amino Weinreb amides. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • An efficient Na 2 S 2 O 8 -promoted radical coupling of tertiary cycloalkanols with alkynyl hypervalent iodide reagents provides β-, γ- and δ-alkynylated ketones via C-C bond cleavage. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Thus, it is suggested that ketone supplementation has potential positive effects on exercise metabolism and performance in recreational and competitive sportspeople. (scielo.org.za)
  • In these coatings, C-11 Ketone improves gloss and leveling, reduces orange peel, minimizes solvent popping, and helps reduce the VOC content. (eastman.com)
  • The present study describes the extraction behaviors of Au(III) using a series of aromatic ketones, which has never been reported. (go.jp)
  • The rapid extraction and the extraction capacity using aromatic ketones were comparable to the industrial extractant dibutyl carbitol (DBC). (go.jp)
  • Aromatic ketones, except acetophenone, are less soluble in water than DBC. (go.jp)
  • The flash points of aromatic ketones are satisfactorily high for industrial operation, but their specific gravities comparable to that of water are unwelcome. (go.jp)
  • For the biochem geeks out there, ketones or fats seem to affect ATP sensitive K+ ion channels, making hyperpolarization easier to maintain). (blogspot.com)
  • Davis FA, Xu P. Asymmetric synthesis of anti-α-substituted β-amino ketones from sulfinimines. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Asymmetric synthesis of anti-α-substituted β-amino ketones from sulfinimines. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Which functional group does not contain oxygen amine alcohol ester ketone? (answers.com)
  • All of these chains contain the element Carbon but they are characterized differently due to the presence of different functional groups, for example: The functional group of a Ketone is a double bond to an Oxygen. (answers.com)
  • 1 However, perfusions of hearts with ketones alone led to gradual functional decline with reduced flux through α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. (bmj.com)
  • Modular Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrroles via an Annulative Migration Reaction of Allenyl Ketones and p-Toluenesulfonylmethyl Isocyanide. (acs.org)
  • Initial efforts toward enantioselective ketone reductions focused on the development of chiral, non-racemic reducing agents. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4) Chirally modified borohydrides are also useful for enantioselective ketone reductions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eastman™ C-11 Ketone is a low-cost, slow-evaporating, low-density mixture of ketone solvents. (eastman.com)
  • Compared with other solvents in the same evaporation range, Eastman™ C-11 Ketone often offers an economic advantage. (eastman.com)
  • The entire butter/coconut oil coffee movement is predicated on ketone production-from morning fat bombs (especially medium chain triglycerides in coconut oil , which convert directly into ketones regardless of carb intake ) and very low carb intakes-improving mental clarity, focus, and performance. (sott.net)
  • o With the sodium hydroxide test, aldehydes show a brownish resinous material (except for formaldehyde) while ketones don't have any reaction to such. (differencebetween.net)
  • For the majority of such, ketones usually don't give any reaction compared to aldehydes. (differencebetween.net)
  • What is a ketones in blood test? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Why do I need a ketones in blood test? (medlineplus.gov)
  • You'll collect a drop of blood on a ketone test strip that is inserted into the meter. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You don't need any special preparations for a ketones in blood test. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A high or positive test result means you have ketones in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1.1 This specification covers poly(ether ketone ketone) materials, commonly referred to as PEKK, which are suitable for injection molding, 3D printing, additive manufacturing, powder coating and extrusion. (astm.org)
  • 1.4 This classification system and subsequent line callout (specification) are intended to provide means of calling out poly(ether ketone ketone) materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. (astm.org)
  • This strategy was applicable to various substituted trifluoromethyl ketones and 4-aminoindole derivatives, affording the corresponding C7-functionalized indole derivatives, bearing a pharmaceutically interesting trifluoromethylated tertiary alcohol scaffold, in 21%-98% yields with up to >99% enantiomeric excess (ee). (bvsalud.org)
  • b) Exercise-induced increases in ketogenesis in normal subjects are due to augmented splanchnic inflow and fractional extraction of FFA as well as increased intrahepatic conversion of FFA to ketones. (jci.org)
  • A sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane was used as a sorbent for pregabalin extraction, and the extraction performance was compared with that of the conventional polydimethylsiloxane membrane. (hindawi.com)
  • Call your doctor if your ketones are moderate or high. (cdc.gov)
  • In a mouse model of heart failure and in failing human hearts (right panel), cardiomyocytes depend more on ketones for energy. (the-scientist.com)