Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (1/822)
In vitro and in vivo studies were made on the tissue specificity of oxidation of the ketogenic amino acids, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. In in vitro studies the abilities of slices of various tissues of rats to form 14CO2 from 14C-amino acids were examined. With liver, but not kidney slices, addition of alpha-ketoglutarate was required for the maximum activities with these amino acids. Among the various tissues tested, kidney had the highest activity for lysine oxidation, followed by liver; other tissues showed very low activity. Kidney also had the highest activity for leucine oxidation, followed by diaphragm; liver and adipose tissue had lower activities. Liver had the highest activity for tyrosine oxidation, but kidney also showed considerable activity; other tissues had negligible activity. In in vivo studies the blood flow through the liver or kidney was stopped by ligation of the blood vessels. Then labeled amino acids were injected and recovery of radioactivity in respiratory 14CO2 was measured. In contrast to results with slices, no difference was found in the respiratory 14CO2 when the renal blood vessels were or were not ligated. On the contrary ligation of the hepatic vessels suppressed the oxidations of lysine and tyrosine completely and that of leucine partially. Thus in vivo, lysine and tyrosine seem to be metabolized mainly in the liver, whereas leucine is metabolized mostly in extrahepatic tissues and partly in liver. Use of tissue slices seems to be of only limited value in elucidating the metabolisms of these amino acids. (+info)Regulation of autophosphorylation of Escherichia coli nitrogen regulator II by the PII signal transduction protein. (2/822)
The nitrogen regulator II (NRII or NtrB)-NRI (NtrC) two-component signal transduction system regulates the transcription of nitrogen-regulated genes in Escherichia coli. The NRII protein has both kinase and phosphatase activities and catalyzes the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of NRI, which activates transcription when phosphorylated. The phosphatase activity of NRII is activated by the PII signal transduction protein. We showed that PII was also an inhibitor of the kinase activity of NRII. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that the kinase and phosphatase activities of two-component system kinase/phosphatase proteins are coordinately and reciprocally regulated. The ability of PII to regulate NRII is allosterically controlled by the small-molecule effector 2-ketoglutarate, which binds to PII. We studied the effect of 2-ketoglutarate on the regulation of the kinase and phosphatase activities of NRII by PII, using a coupled enzyme system to measure the rate of cleavage of ATP by NRII. The data were consistent with the following hypothesis: when not complexed with 2-ketoglutarate, PII cannot bind to NRII and has no effect on its competing NRI kinase and phosphatase activities. Under these conditions, the kinase activity of NRII is dominant. At low 2-ketoglutarate concentrations, PII trimers complexed with a single molecule of 2-ketoglutarate interact with NRII to inhibit its kinase activity and activate its phosphatase activity. However, at high 2-ketoglutarate concentrations, PII binds additional ligand molecules and is rendered incapable of binding to NRII, thereby releasing inhibition of NRII's kinase activity and effectively inhibiting its phosphatase activity (by failing to stimulate it). (+info)Studies on the influence of fatty acids on pyruvate dehydrogenase interconversion in rat-liver mitochondria. (3/822)
1. The effect of fatty acids on the interconversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase between its active (nonphosphorylated) and inactive (phosphorylated) forms was measured in rat liver mitochondria respiring in state 3 with pyruvate plus malate and 2-oxoglutarate plus malate and during state 4 to state 3 transition in the presence of different substrates. The content of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides was determined in the parallel experiments. 2. Decrease of the intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio with propionate and its increase with palmitoyl-L-carnitine in state 3 is accompanied by a shift of the steady-state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase system towards the active or the inactive form, respectively. 3. Transition from the high energy state (state4) to the active respiration (state3) in mitochondria oxidizing 2-oxoglutarate or plamitoyl-L-carnitine causes an increase of the amount of the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase due to the decrease of ATP/ADP ratio in the matrix. 4. No change in ATP/ADP ratio can be observed in the presence of octanoate in mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate in state 3 or during state 4 to state 3 transition. Simultanelusly, no significant change in phosphorylation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase occurs and a low amount of the enzyme in the active form is present with octanoate or octanoate plus 2-oxoglutarate. Pyruvate abolishes this effect of octanoate and shifts the steady-state of pyruvate dehydrogenase system towards the active form. 5. These results indicate that fatty acids influence the interconversion of pyruvate dehydrogenase mainly by changing intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio. However, the comparison of the steady-state level of the pyruvate dehydrogenase system in the presence of different substrates in various metabolic conditions provides some evidence that accumulation of acetyl-CoA and high level of NADH may promote the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 6. Pyruvate exerts its protective effect against phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the presence of fatty acids of short, medium or long chain in a manner which depends on its concentration. It is suggested that in isolated mitochondria pyruvate counteracts the effect of acetyl-CoA and NADH on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. (+info)Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, adenine nucleotides and nicotinamide nucleotides during germination. (4/822)
A considerable amount of evidence suggests that metabolism of germinants or metabolism stimulated by them is involved in triggering bacterial-spore germination. On the assumption that such a metabolic trigger might lead to relatively small biochemical changes in the first few minutes of germination, sensitive analytical techniques were used to detect any changes in spore components during the L-alanine-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium KM spores. These experiments showed that no changes in spore free amino acids or ATP occurred until 2-3 min after L-alanine addition. Spores contained almost no oxo acids (pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate), malate or reduced NAD. These compounds were again not detectable until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is suggested, therefore, that metabolism associated with these intermediates is not involved in the triggering of germination of this organism. (+info)The reaction of the substrate analog 2-ketoglutarate with adenosylcobalamin-dependent glutamate mutase. (5/822)
Glutamate mutase is one of several adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes that catalyze unusual rearrangements that proceed through a mechanism involving free radical intermediates. The enzyme exhibits remarkable specificity, and so far no molecules other than L-glutamate and L-threo-3-methylaspartate have been found to be substrates. Here we describe the reaction of glutamate mutase with the substrate analog, 2-ketoglutarate. Binding of 2-ketoglutarate (or its hydrate) to the holoenzyme elicits a change in the UV-visible spectrum consistent with the formation of cob(II)alamin on the enzyme. 2-ketoglutarate undergoes rapid exchange of tritium between the 5'-position of the coenzyme and C-4 of 2-ketoglutarate, consistent with the formation of a 2-ketoglutaryl radical analogous to that formed with glutamate. Under aerobic conditions this leads to the slow inactivation of the enzyme, presumably through reaction of free radical species with oxygen. Despite the formation of a substrate-like radical, no rearrangement of 2-ketoglutarate to 3-methyloxalacetate could be detected. The results indicate that formation of the C-4 radical of 2-ketoglutarate is a facile process but that it does not undergo further reactions, suggesting that this may be a useful substrate analog with which to investigate the mechanism of coenzyme homolysis. (+info)Metabolic capacity for L-citrulline synthesis from ammonia in rat isolated colonocytes. (6/822)
Ammonia is present at high concentration in the colon lumen and is considered a colon cancer suspect. Furthermore, ammonia usually eliminated by the liver in the ornithine cycle is considered highly toxic to cerebral function when present in excess in the blood plasma. Therefore, the metabolic pathways involved in ammonia metabolism in colonocytes were studied in the present study. Rat colonocytes were found equipped with low carbamoylphosphate synthase I activity, high ornithine carbamoyltransferase and arginase activities and low argininosuccinate synthase activity. High (10 and 50 mmol/l) NH4Cl concentrations but not low concentrations (1 and 5 mmol/l) were found able to increase respectively 3- and 10-fold the conversion of radioactive L-arginine to L-citrulline. In contrast, very low capacity for L-citrulline conversion to L-arginine is found in colonocytes. It is concluded that an incomplete ornithine cycle is operative in colonocytes which results in ammonia stimulated L-citrulline production. The contribution of this metabolic pathway in relation to ammonia detoxication by colonocytes is discussed. (+info)Anaerobic oxidations of cysteate: degradation via L-cysteate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase in Paracoccus pantotrophus. (7/822)
Anoxic, fresh-water enrichment cultures to oxidize different organosulfonates were set up with nitrate, ferric iron or sulfate as electron acceptors. Pure cultures were easily obtained with two naturally occurring sulfonates, cysteate (2-amino-3-sulfopropionate) and taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonate), under nitrate-reducing conditions. These two sulfonates were also oxidized during reduction of iron(III), though isolation of pure cultures was not successful. One nitrate-reducing cysteate-oxidizing bacterium, strain NKNCYSA, was studied in detail. It was identified as Paracoccus pantotrophus. Eighteen sulfonates were tested, and the organism degraded cysteate, taurine, isethionate (2-hydroxyethanesulfonate), sulfoacetate or 3-aminopropanesulfonate with concomitant reduction of nitrate, presumably to molecular nitrogen. The carbon skeleton of these substrates was converted to cell material and, presumably, CO2. The amino group was released as ammonia and the sulfono moiety was recovered as sulfate. Cell-free extracts of P. pantotrophus NKNCYSA contained constitutive L-cysteate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.-) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4). Taurine:pyruvate aminotransferase, in contrast, was inducible. (+info)Induction of gadd153 mRNA by nutrient deprivation is overcome by glutamine. (8/822)
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible (gadd) genes are co-ordinately activated by a variety of genotoxic agents and/or growth-cessation signals. The regulation of gadd153 mRNA was investigated in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) cultured in a nutrient- and serum-deprived medium. The addition of glutamine alone to LLC-PK1 cells cultured in Earl's balanced salt solution (EBSS) is sufficient to suppress gadd153 mRNA expression, and the removal of only glutamine from Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) is also sufficient to induce gadd153 mRNA expression. Consistent with these findings, the inhibition of glutamine utilization with acivicin and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) in cells grown in a glutamine-containing medium effectively induces gadd153 expression. Glutamine can be used as an energy source in cultured mammalian cells. However, it is unlikely that deficits in cellular energy stores (ATP) are coupled to gadd153 mRNA expression, because concentrations of ATP, UTP and GTP are all elevated in EBSS-exposed cells, and the addition of alpha-oxoglutarate to cells grown in EBSS has no effect on gadd153 mRNA expression. In contrast, concentrations of CTP decline substantially in EBSS and glutamine-deprived DMEM-cultured cells. Glutamine also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of protein and DNA. The addition of glutamine to cells grown in EBSS partly restores CTP concentrations. The addition of pyrimidine ribonucleosides (cytidine and uridine) to LLC-PK1 cells also restores CTP concentrations, in a manner commensurate with their relative abilities to overcome gadd153 expression. Finally, glutamine does not completely suppress DNA damage-induced gadd153 expression, suggesting that multiple signalling pathways lead to the expression of gadd153 mRNA under conditions of nutrient deprivation and DNA damage. (+info)Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, also known as 2-oxoglutarate, is not an acid in the traditional sense but is instead a key molecule in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), which is a central metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is a crucial intermediate in the process of converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy through oxidation. It plays a vital role in amino acid synthesis and the breakdown of certain amino acids. Additionally, it serves as an essential cofactor for various enzymes involved in numerous biochemical reactions within the body. Any medical conditions or disorders related to alpha-ketoglutaric acid would typically be linked to metabolic dysfunctions or genetic defects affecting the Krebs cycle.
Ketoglutaric acid
Α-Ketoglutaric acid
Diethyl succinate
Hans Krebs (biochemist)
N-Oxalylglycine
Ornithine oxoglutarate
Acetonedicarboxylic acid
Creatine-alpha ketoglutarate
Trioxoglutaric acid
Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate
Gabaculine
Urea-to-creatinine ratio
Amanita caesarea
Cyanidin
Alcoholic polyneuropathy
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase
Aminooxyacetic acid
Α-Hydroxyglutaric acid
Suillus collinitus
C5H6O5
List of MeSH codes (D02)
AKG
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+)
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
OXGR1
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia
2-dehydro-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate dehydratase
White wine
Diethyl oxomalonate
Rhizobium bangladeshense
Ketoglutaric acid - Wikipedia
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Citric acid1
- Ketoglutaric acid or oxoglutaric acid, or its conjugate base, the carboxylate ketoglutarate or oxoglutarate, may refer to the following chemical compounds: α-Ketoglutaric acid, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle β-Ketoglutaric acid (acetonedicarboxylic acid or 3-oxoglutaric acid) This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acid5
- The central theme of this methodology is the formation of alpha -aminoalkyl radicals from existing amino acid and alpha -amino alcohol derivatives by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer and the subsequent trapping of these radicals with appropriate radicalphiles, thus generating quaternary centres with high efficiency and excellent stereocontrol. (exeter.ac.uk)
- All known individuals with Amish lethal microcephaly have a mutation in which the protein building block (amino acid) alanine is substituted for the amino acid glycine at position 177 of the SLC25A19 protein, written as Gly177Ala or G177A. (medlineplus.gov)
- The rate-limiting step of amino acid uptake into skeletal muscle is the transportation of the amino acids through the blood to the skeletal muscle, which is governed by blood flow (Wolfe 2004). (priceplow.com)
- This increase when combined with exercises means greater blood flow and greater amino acid deliver and uptake in the working skeletal muscle. (priceplow.com)
- Prolamin proteins define nutritional value of maize grain not only via amino acid quality but also via starch availability. (intechopen.com)
Nitrogen2
- The aim of these studies has been to develop a much-needed general synthetic route to amino acids (and other amine derivatives) possessing a quaternary chiral centre alpha -to the nitrogen atom and in particular, alpha , alpha -disubstituted alpha -amino acids. (exeter.ac.uk)
- Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is a vital intermediate in the Kreb's energy cycle, used in the formation of amino acids, and a nitrogen/ammonia transporter. (priceplow.com)
Organic2
- Lipids and lipid -like metabolism , organic acids and derivatives metabolism increased in AKG dietary treatment . (bvsalud.org)
- Antisense repression of CP12 also led to significant changes in carbon partitioning, with increased carbon allocation to the cell wall and the organic acids malate and fumarate and decreased allocation to starch and soluble carbohydrates. (essex.ac.uk)
Chloride1
- Four-week-old Tartary buckwheat seedlings under 100 mM NaCl stress were treated with and without exogenous calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), Ca 2+ chelator ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and Ca 2+ -channel blocker lanthanum chloride (LaCl 3 ) for 10 days. (techscience.com)
Tricarboxylic1
- From T0 to T48, profound changes to the metabolome were observed: tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites, amino acids, uric acid, and carnitine species all decreased. (regionh.dk)
Protein2
- Alpha-ketoglutaric acid mitigates the detrimental effects of soy antigenic protein on the intestinal health and growth performance of Mirror carp Cyprinus carpio. (bvsalud.org)
- The study investigated the alleviated effects of Alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on the intestinal health of mirror carp ( Cyprinus carpio Songpu) caused by soy antigenic protein . (bvsalud.org)
Metabolism1
- Alterations in six metabolic pathways were found on D 17 and D 45, including variations in the level of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glycerolipid metabolism, folate biosynthesis, and tyrosine metabolism. (nature.com)
Alpha6
- A compound called alpha-ketoglutaric acid can be detected in their urine (alpha-ketoglutaric aciduria), and during episodes of viral illness they tend to develop elevated levels of acid in the blood and tissues (metabolic acidosis). (medlineplus.gov)
- Researchers believe that this mutation interferes with the transport of thiamine pyrophosphate into the mitochondria and the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in the abnormal brain development and alpha-ketoglutaric aciduria seen in Amish lethal microcephaly. (medlineplus.gov)
- Effects due to long term use include the gym huge steroid to build was chopped amino acids), and salts of alpha-ketoglutaric acid. (htdig.org)
- Both arginine and alpha-ketoglutaric acid are precursors to nitric oxide (NO) production. (priceplow.com)
- The combination of alpha-ketoglutaric acid's benefits with arginine's benefits give AAGK a clear edge over standard L-arginine. (priceplow.com)
- Supplement Facts Serving Size: 1 Capsule Amount Per Serving % Daily Value Alpha Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid) 100 mg † † Dail. (bestvite.com)
Sulfuric1
- With sulfuric acid anschliessend Behandeln mit Alkohol. (lookchem.com)
Production1
- Supplementing with exogenous Arginine increases NO production and therefore blood vessel dilation and blood flow, which will also for great nutrient deliver (i.e. amino acids) to skeletal muscle. (priceplow.com)
Nutrition1
- Powerlifting nutrition and bodybuilders molecule with a carboxylic acid based them are completely pure. (htdig.org)
Complex1
- Recent studies have focused on asymmetric synthesis of structurally complex amino acids, using what has proved to be a very versatile radical-based methodology and also the use of structurally unusual heterocycles for masking the reactivity of synthetically valuable functional groups. (exeter.ac.uk)
Oxoglutarate3
- Ketoglutaric acid or oxoglutaric acid, or its conjugate base, the carboxylate ketoglutarate or oxoglutarate, may refer to the following chemical compounds: α-Ketoglutaric acid, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle β-Ketoglutaric acid (acetonedicarboxylic acid or 3-oxoglutaric acid) This set index article lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. (wikipedia.org)
- The encoded protein is activated by the citric acid intermediate, oxoglutarate, as well as several cysteinyl leukotrienes, including leukotrienes E4, C4 and D4, which are implicated in many inflammatory disorders. (nih.gov)
- Oxoglutaric acid, also known as oxoglutarate or alpha-ketoglutarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives. (foodb.ca)
Oxoglutaric acid8
- Oxoglutaric acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). (foodb.ca)
- Oxoglutaric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (foodb.ca)
- Within humans, oxoglutaric acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. (foodb.ca)
- In humans, oxoglutaric acid is involved in the oncogenic action of fumarate. (foodb.ca)
- Oxoglutaric acid is an odorless tasting compound. (foodb.ca)
- Outside of the human body, Oxoglutaric acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within star fruits and milk (cow). (foodb.ca)
- This could make oxoglutaric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. (foodb.ca)
- Oxoglutaric acid is a potentially toxic compound. (foodb.ca)
Calcium1
- Kirkman® has solved this problem by blending alpha-ketoglutaric acid with calcium and magnesium salts to produce a "bielement buffered alpha-ketoglutaric acid" that will not produce excess acidity. (sensorystore.com)
Glutaric2
- Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid (AKG) is a ketone derivative of glutaric acid which is found naturally in the human body where it has a number of functions including acting as an intermediate step in the Krebs cycle, helping to form amino acids, transporting nitrogen, and acting as an antioxidant. (allaboutsupp.com)
- An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. (foodb.ca)
Aspartic acid13
- Amino acid profile in autistic children showed statistically significant lower levels of aspartic acid, glycine, β-alanine, tryptophan, lysine and proline amino acids with significantly higher asparagine amino acid derivative levels among autistic patients versus the control group (p˂0.05). (dovepress.com)
- There were significantly negative correlations between CARS with aspartic acid (r=− 0.269, P=0.049), arginine (r= - 0.286, p= 0.036), and TAS (r= − 0.341, p= 0.012), and significantly positive correlations between CARS with TOS (r=0.360, p= 0.007) and OSI (r= 0.338, p= 0.013). (dovepress.com)
- The present invention relates to a process for the production of aspartic acid poly-condensates (herein also referred to as aspartic acid condensates). (justia.com)
- More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for the production of aspartic acid condensate from a carbohydrate via a fermentation route. (justia.com)
- Aspartic acid is an acidic amino acid with a molecular formula of HOOCCH2CH(NH3)COO. (justia.com)
- It strongly depends, however, on the availability of a low cost aspartic acid and a non-contaminating process for the preparation of aspartic acid. (justia.com)
- Heating of aspartic acid or compositions containing fumaric acid and/or maleic acid (or anhydride), and ammonia to temperatures of about 200° C. and higher, results in its polycondensation to polysuccinimide. (justia.com)
- Polyaspartic acid manufactured from aspartic acid is fully biodegradable (while that formed from fumaric acid, maleic acid or maleic anhydride is not). (justia.com)
- No. 5,057,597 discloses a method for the polycondensation of aspartic acid to product polyaspartic acid by heating the aspartic acid in a fluidized bed reactor to 221° C. for a period of 3-6 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere followed by conventional alkaline hydrolysis. (justia.com)
- prepared polyaspartic acid by heating aspartic acid to 200° C. in a vacuo for a period of 120 hours, or in boiling tetralin over a period of 100 hours. (justia.com)
- showed that the intermediate formed in the thermal polymerization of aspartic acid was polysuccinimide. (justia.com)
- In WO 95/00479 polyaspartic acid having a weight average molecular weight of 1000 to 5000 is produced by hydrolysis of anhydropolyaspartic acid that has been produced by condensation polymerization of L-aspartic acid, wherein conversion in excess of 80 percent is achievable utilizing "temperature vs. time" profiles. (justia.com)
- Thermal condensation of aspartic acid to produce polyaspartic acid is taught by Etsuo Kokufuta, et al. (justia.com)
Compound4
- L-Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate is a dietary supplement consisting of the amino acid arginine -- a building block of protein -- and alpha-ketoglurate, a compound that breaks down sugars and amino acids. (opencroquet.org)
- As a naturally occurring compound in the body, Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid is extremely safe and well tolerated. (allaboutsupp.com)
- Garcinia is a tropical fruit rich in hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a compound noted in research to possess weight loss properties. (sarmssquare.com)
- As you may know, carnitine is the compound that serves as a "taxi" for fatty acids, whereby it shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria to be oxidized for fuel. (sarmssquare.com)
Amino acid metab6
- Changes in amino acid metabolism can be used to screen malignant tumors and improve therapeutic outcomes. (wjgnet.com)
- Therefore, it is particularly important to study the characteristics of amino acid metabolism in colorectal cancer. (wjgnet.com)
- This article reviews several specific amino acid metabolism characteristics in colorectal cancer. (wjgnet.com)
- In this article, we will delve into the characteristics of amino acid metabolism in colorectal cancer. (wjgnet.com)
- Dysregulated amino acid metabolism, high ammonia and oxidative stress were prevalent among autistic children and should be considered in autism management. (dovepress.com)
- Furthermore, L2HGDH overexpression reduced L2HG-mediated mTOR-ATF4 signaling under hypoxia, whereas L2HGDH knockdown promoted tumor growth and amino acid metabolism in vivo. (elsevierpure.com)
Salt1
- In WO 93/23452 there is described and claimed a process for the preparation of a salt of polyaspartic acid comprising reacting maleic acid and ammonia, wherein the ammonia is present in molar excess at 200° C.-300° C., and converting the resultant polymer into a salt by adding a hydroxide. (justia.com)
Fatty1
- The other complexes within the the NT Factor Energy™(Mitochondrial Pro Regulator™, Krebs Cycle Glucose Absorb™, and RN Fatty Acid Metabolism) are essential for increased absorption and optimization. (chroniclymediseasehelp.com)
10001
- As a supplement for athletic performance, we recommend taking between 2-4 capsules of Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid (1000 - 1500 mg) about an hour before competing. (allaboutsupp.com)
Glycine1
- All known individuals with Amish lethal microcephaly have a mutation in which the protein building block (amino acid) alanine is substituted for the amino acid glycine at position 177 of the SLC25A19 protein, written as Gly177Ala or G177A. (medlineplus.gov)
Receptors1
- The fate of P2Y-related orphan receptors: GPR80/99 and GPR91 are receptors of dicarboxylic acids. (nih.gov)
Salts1
- The latter can be hydrolyzed to form polyaspartic acid or salts thereof. (justia.com)
Intermediate1
- α-OG, a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, reportedly functions to suppress the proliferation of immortalized normal human bladder epithelial cells. (ewha.ac.kr)
Constituents1
- No. 4,839,461 discloses a method for making polyaspartic acid from maleic acid and ammonia by reacting these constituents in a 1:1-1.5 molar ratio by raising the temperature to 120° C.-150° C. over a period of 4-6 hours and maintaining it for 0-2 hours. (justia.com)
Ketoglutarate2
Cysteine1
- The homocysteine pathway that begins with methionine is a multi-faceted, complicated pathway that results in the production of very important amino acids and necessary neurotransmitters, including the sulfur containing amino acids taurine and cysteine and the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. (drhyman.com)
Deficiency1
- Increased levels found with 2-ketoglutaric DH deficiency, GA I, 2-amino/2-ketoadipate acidemia, dihdrolipoyl DH(E3) deficiency, glycogen storage disorders I, 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria(D-form), and fumarase deficiency. (loinc.org)
Serum3
- The current study aimed to assess the profiles of plasma amino acids, serum ammonia and oxidative stress status among autistic children in terms of electroencephalogram findings and clinical severity among the cohort of autistic Egyptian children. (dovepress.com)
- Plasma amino acids were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while, serum ammonia and oxidative stress markers were measured using colorimetric methods for all included children. (dovepress.com)
- In addition, L2HG increased the expression of ATF4 and its target genes by activating the mTOR pathway, which subsequently provided amino acids and improved the survival of CRC cells under serum deprivation. (elsevierpure.com)
Arginine1
- As its name implies, it contains L-arginine, an essential amino acid which our bodies naturally produce. (opencroquet.org)
Aloe1
- Mike, if you remember, I talked about amino acids and aloe vera. (radiomd.com)
Antioxidant1
- Dynamic GI Restore features a carefully selected spectrum of amino acids, prebiotics, micronutrients, and antioxidant compounds for supporting healthy gastrointestinal integrity and function. (drdirect4u.com)
Important2
- An abundant supply of amino acids is important for cancer to maintain its proliferative driving force. (wjgnet.com)
- These polycarboxylic acids have an important drawback, they are not biodegradable. (justia.com)
Naturally1
- A powerful amino acid that naturally occurs in the body, needed for detoxification, joint and cartilage repair and brain health. (drhyman.com)
Series1
- α-ketoglutaric acid series--Shaoxing King-Year Biochemical Co., Ltd. (easyetravel.com)
Tumor1
- Further study of the tumor revealed that amino acid changes may occur early in the tumor. (wjgnet.com)
Products1
- It is used in products such as the aspartame sweetener and for formation of the biodegradable polymer polyaspartic acid (PAA). (justia.com)
Found1
- We report a new patient in whom urinary excretion of 2-ketoglutaric acid (KGA) was intermittently found to be within normal ranges. (nih.gov)