Cooking
Hydrocarbons
Petroleum
Heating
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
Aerosols
Indoor, outdoor, and regional summer and winter concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO4(2)-, H+, NH4+, NO3-, NH3, and nitrous acid in homes with and without kerosene space heaters. (1/41)
Twenty-four-hour samples of PM10 (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm), PM2.5, (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm), particle strong acidity (H+), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonia (NH3), nitrous acid (HONO), and sulfur dioxide were collected inside and outside of 281 homes during winter and summer periods. Measurements were also conducted during summer periods at a regional site. A total of 58 homes of nonsmokers were sampled during the summer periods and 223 homes were sampled during the winter periods. Seventy-four of the homes sampled during the winter reported the use of a kerosene heater. All homes sampled in the summer were located in southwest Virginia. All but 20 homes sampled in the winter were also located in southwest Virginia; the remainder of the homes were located in Connecticut. For homes without tobacco combustion, the regional air monitoring site (Vinton, VA) appeared to provide a reasonable estimate of concentrations of PM2.5 and SO42- during summer months outside and inside homes within the region, even when a substantial number of the homes used air conditioning. Average indoor/outdoor ratios for PM2.5 and SO42- during the summer period were 1.03 +/- 0.71 and 0.74 +/- 0.53, respectively. The indoor/outdoor mean ratio for sulfate suggests that on average approximately 75% of the fine aerosol indoors during the summer is associated with outdoor sources. Kerosene heater use during the winter months, in the absence of tobacco combustion, results in substantial increases in indoor concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, and possibly H+, as compared to homes without kerosene heaters. During their use, we estimated that kerosene heaters added, on average, approximately 40 microg/m3 of PM2.5 and 15 microg/m3 of SO42- to background residential levels of 18 and 2 microg/m3, respectively. Results from using sulfuric acid-doped Teflon (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE) filters in homes with kerosene heaters suggest that acid particle concentrations may be substantially higher than those measured because of acid neutralization by ammonia. During the summer and winter periods indoor concentrations of ammonia are an order of magnitude higher indoors than outdoors and appear to result in lower indoor acid particle concentrations. Nitrous acid levels are higher indoors than outdoors during both winter and summer and are substantially higher in homes with unvented combustion sources. (+info)Modulation of bronchial epithelial cell barrier function by in vitro jet propulsion fuel 8 exposure. (2/41)
The loss of epithelial barrier integrity in bronchial and bronchiolar airways may be an initiating factor in the observed onset of toxicant-induced lung injuries. Acute 1-h inhalation exposures to aerosolized jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) have been shown to induce cellular and morphological indications of pulmonary toxicity that was associated with increased respiratory permeability to 99mTc-DTPA. To address the hypothesis that JP-8 jet fuel-induced lung injury is initiated through a disruption in the airway epithelial barrier function, paracellular mannitol flux of BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells was measured. Incubation of confluent cell cultures with non-cytotoxic concentrations of JP-8 or n-tetradecane (C14), a primary constituent of JP-8, for a 1-h exposure period resulted in dose-dependent increases of paracellular flux. Following exposures of 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, or 0.67 mg/ml, mannitol flux increased above vehicle controls by 10, 14, 29, and 52%, respectively, during a 2-h incubation period immediately after each JP-8 exposure. C14 caused greater mannitol flux increases of 37, 42, 63, and 78%, respectively, following identical exposure conditions. The effect on transepithelial mannitol flux reached a maximum at 12 h and spontaneously reversed to control values over a 48-h recovery period, for both JP-8 and C14 exposure. These data indicate that non-cytotoxic exposures to JP-8 or C14 exert a noxious effect on bronchial epithelial barrier function that may preclude pathological lung injury. (+info)Dermal application of JP-8 jet fuel induces immune suppression. (3/41)
Chronic exposure to JP-8 jet fuel induces lung toxicity, adverse neurological effects and some liver and kidney dysfunction. In addition, inhalation of JP-8 induces immune suppression. Besides the lung, the other major route of JP-8 exposure is via the skin. In this study we tested the hypothesis that dermal exposure to JP-8 is immune suppressive. JP-8 was applied to the skin of adult female C3H/HeN mice and various immune parameters were examined. Dermal exposure to JP-8, either multiple small exposures (50 microl for 5 days) or a single large dose (250-300 microl) resulted in immune suppression. The induction of contact hypersensitivity was impaired in a dose-dependent manner regardless of whether the contact allergen was applied directly to the JP-8-treated skin or at a distant un-treated site. In addition, the generation of a classic delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to a bacterial antigen (Borellia burgdorferi) injected into the subcutaneous space was suppressed by dermal application of JP-8 at a distant site. The ability of splenic T lymphocytes from JP-8-treated mice to proliferate in response to plate-bound monoclonal anti-CD3 was also significantly suppressed. Interleukin-10, a cytokine with potent immune suppressive activity, was found in the serum of JP-8-treated mice, suggesting that the mechanism of systemic immune suppression may involve the upregulation of cytokine release by JP-8. These findings confirm the immunosuppressive effects of JP-8 and demonstrate that dermal exposure to JP-8 is immunotoxic. (+info)Assessment of skin absorption and penetration of JP-8 jet fuel and its components. (4/41)
Dermal penetration and absorption of jet fuels in general, and JP-8 in particular, is not well understood, even though government and industry, worldwide, use over 4.5 billion gallons of JP-8 per year. Exposures to JP-8 can occur from vapor, liquid, or aerosol. Inhalation and dermal exposure are the most prevalent routes. JP-8 may cause irritation during repeated or prolonged exposures, but it is unknown whether systemic toxicity can occur from dermal penetration of fuels. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the penetration and absorption of JP-8 and its major constituents with rat skin, so that the potential for effects with human exposures can be assessed. We used static diffusion cells to measure both the flux of JP-8 and components across the skin and the kinetics of absorption into the skin. Total flux of the hydrocarbon components was 20.3 micrograms/cm(2)/h. Thirteen individual components of JP-8 penetrated into the receptor solution. The fluxes ranged from a high of 51.5 micrograms/cm(2)/h (an additive, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether) to a low of 0.334 micrograms/cm(2)/h (tridecane). Aromatic components penetrated most rapidly. Six components (all aliphatic) were identified in the skin. Concentrations absorbed into the skin at 3.5 h ranged from 0.055 micrograms per gram skin (tetradecane) to 0.266 micrograms per gram skin (undecane). These results suggest: (1) that JP-8 penetration will not cause systemic toxicity because of low fluxes of all the components; and (2) the absorption of aliphatic components into the skin may be a cause of skin irritation. (+info)Mechanisms involved in the immunotoxicity induced by dermal application of JP-8 jet fuel. (5/41)
Dermal application of JP-8 jet fuel induces immune suppression. Classic delayed-type hypersensitivity as well as the induction of contact hypersensitivity to allergens applied to the shaved skin of JP-8-treated mice is suppressed. In addition, the ability of T cells isolated from JP-8-treated mice to proliferate in vitro is suppressed. Here we focused on further characterizing the immunotoxicity induced by JP-8 exposure and determining the mechanism involved. Suppression of T-cell proliferation was first noted 3 to 4 days after a single JP-8 treatment and lasted for approximately 3 weeks, at which time T-cell proliferation returned to normal. Cellular immune reactions appear to be more susceptible to the immunosuppressive effects of JP-8, as antibody production in JP-8-treated mice was identical to that found in normal controls. The mechanism through which dermal application of JP-8 suppresses cell-mediated immune reactions appears to be via the release of immune biological-response modifiers. Blocking the production of prostaglandin E(2) with a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor abrogated JP-8-induced immune suppression. Neutralizing the activity of interleukin-10 with a highly specific monoclonal antibody also blocked JP-8-induced immune suppression. Furthermore, injecting JP-8-treated mice with recombinant interleukin-12, a cytokine that drives cell-mediated immune reactions in vivo, overcame the immunotoxic effects of JP-8 and restored immune function. These data indicate that immune suppressive cytokines, presumably produced by JP-8-treated epidermal cells, are responsible for immune suppression in JP-8-treated mice and that blocking and/or neutralizing their production in vivo overcomes the immunotoxic effects of JP-8. (+info)What is clinical smoke poisoning? (6/41)
In this 13-year study, 51 patients were admitted with the primary diagnosis of "smoke poisoning" "carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning" or "respiratory burns." Forty patients (78%) had diagnosis of smoke poisoning with minor or no skin burns. The study indicated that clinical diagnosis of CO poisoning cannot be made reliably without carboxyhemoglobin (COHg) determination and that smoke poisoning patients often had CO poisoning. Seventeen of 19 smoke poisoning patients (89%) had CO poisoning above COHb levels of 15% saturation. Carbon monoxide was successfully removed from the blood by improving alveolar ventilation and oxygen concentration. However, there were 2 smoke poisoning deaths as the result of gaseous chemical injury. There was a correlation coefficient of 0.87 between initial COHg levels and patients' hospital days primarily determined by patients' pulmonary complications. Since CO is non-irritating, COHb levels may be used as an additional indicator of suspected pulmonary injury by noxious combustion gases. (+info)Exposure of infants to outdoor and indoor air pollution in low-income urban areas - a case study of Delhi. (7/41)
Indoor air pollution is potentially a very serious environmental and public health problem in India. In poor communities, with the continuing trend in biofuel combustion coupled with deteriorating housing conditions, the problem will remain for some time to come. While to some extent the problem has been studied in rural areas, there is a dearth of reliable data and knowledge about the situation in urban slum areas. The microenvironmental model was used for assessing daily-integrated exposure of infants and women to respirable suspended particulates (RSP) in two slums of Delhi - one in an area of high outdoor pollution and the other in a less polluted area. The study confirmed that indoor concentrations of RSP during cooking in kerosene-using houses are lesser than that in wood-using houses. However, the exposure due to cooking was not significantly different across the two groups. This was because, perhaps due to socioeconomic reasons, kerosene-using women were found to cook for longer durations, cook inside more often, and that infants in such houses stayed in the kitchen for longer durations. It was observed that indoor background levels during the day and at nighttime can be exceedingly high. We speculate that this may have been due to resuspension of dust, infiltration, unknown sources, or a combination of these factors. The outdoor RSP levels measured just outside the houses (near ambient) were not correlated with indoor background levels and were higher than those reported by the ambient air quality monitoring network at the corresponding stations. More importantly, the outdoor levels measured in this study not only underestimated the daily-integrated exposure, but were also poorly correlated with it. (+info)Comparative in vivo toxicity of topical JP-8 jet fuel and its individual hydrocarbon components: identification of tridecane and tetradecane as key constituents responsible for dermal irritation. (8/41)
Despite widespread exposure to military jet fuels, there remains a knowledge gap concerning the actual toxic entities responsible for irritation observed after topical fuel exposure. The present studies with individual hydrocarbon (HC) constituents of JP-8 jet fuel shed light on this issue. To mimic occupational scenarios, JP-8, 8 aliphatic HC (nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane) and 6 aromatic HC (ethyl benzene, o-xylene, trimethyl benzene, cyclohexyl benzene, naphthalene, dimethyl naphthalene) soaked cotton fabrics were topically exposed to pigs for 1 day and with repeated daily exposures for 4 days. Erythema, epidermal thickness, and epidermal cell layers were quantitated. No erythema was noted in 1-day in vivo HC exposures but significant erythema was observed in 4-day tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8 exposed sites. The aromatic HCs did not produce any macroscopic lesions in 1 or 4 days of in vivo exposures. Morphological observations revealed slight intercellular and intracellular epidermal edema in 4-day exposures with the aliphatic HCs. Epidermal thickness and number of cell layers significantly increased (p < 0.05) in tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, and JP-8-treated sites. No significant differences were observed in the aromatic HC-exposed sites. Subcorneal microabscesses containing inflammatory cells were observed with most of the long-chain aliphatic HCs and JP-8 in 4-day exposures. Ultrastructural studies depicted that jet fuel HC-induced cleft formation within intercellular lipid lamellar bilayers of the stratum corneum. The degree of damage to the skin was proportional to the length of in vivo HC exposures. These data coupled with absorption and toxicity studies of jet fuel HC revealed that specific HCs (tridecane and tetradecane) might be the key constituents responsible for jet fuel-induced skin irritation. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kerosene" is not a medical term. It is a type of fuel that is commonly used in lamps, stoves, and heating systems. Medically, the term "kerosene sniffing" or "huffing" is used to describe the dangerous practice of inhaling kerosene vapors to get high, which can lead to serious health consequences, including death.
"Cooking" is not a medical term, but it generally refers to the process of preparing and cooking food. In a medical or nutritional context, "cooking" may refer to the application of heat to food in order to make it safe and more palatable to eat, as well as to improve its nutritional value and digestibility.
Cooking can also have an impact on the nutrient content of food. For example, cooking certain vegetables can increase their bioavailability, or the amount of a nutrient that is available for absorption by the body. On the other hand, cooking some foods at high temperatures or for long periods of time can lead to the loss of certain nutrients, such as vitamins C and B.
It's important to note that the way food is cooked can also affect its safety. For example, undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood can harbor harmful bacteria, such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause foodborne illness. It's essential to cook these foods thoroughly to reduce the risk of infection.
In summary, while "cooking" is not a medical term, it has important implications for food safety, nutrition, and digestion.
Indoor air pollution refers to the contamination of air within buildings and structures due to presence of particles, gases, or biological materials that can harmfully affect the health of occupants. These pollutants can originate from various sources including cooking stoves, heating systems, building materials, furniture, tobacco products, outdoor air, and microbial growth. Some common indoor air pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and mold. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause a range of health issues, from respiratory problems to cancer, depending on the type and level of exposure. Effective ventilation, air filtration, and source control are some of the strategies used to reduce indoor air pollution.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrocarbons" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. They are primarily used in industry as fuel, lubricants, and as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, and other chemicals.
However, in a broader scientific context, hydrocarbons can be relevant to medical discussions. For instance, in toxicology, exposure to certain types of hydrocarbons (like those found in gasoline or solvents) can lead to poisoning and related health issues. In environmental medicine, the pollution of air, water, and soil with hydrocarbons is a concern due to potential health effects.
But in general clinical medicine, 'hydrocarbons' wouldn't have a specific definition.
Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.
Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.
In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.
In the context of medical terminology, "heating" generally refers to the application of heat to an area of the body for therapeutic purposes. This can be done using various methods such as hot packs, heating pads, warm compresses, or even heated wax. The goal of applying heat is to increase blood flow, reduce pain and muscle spasms, and promote healing in the affected area. It's important to note that excessive heating or application of heat to sensitive areas should be avoided, as it can lead to burns or other injuries.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is not a medical term per se, but it's an important chemical compound with implications in human health and medicine. Here's a brief definition:
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is primarily released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels (like coal and oil) and the smelting of metals. SO2 is also produced naturally during volcanic eruptions and some biological processes.
In medical terms, exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can have adverse health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SO2 can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of SO2 may exacerbate existing respiratory issues and lead to decreased lung function.
Regulations are in place to limit sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources to protect public health and reduce air pollution.
Particulate Matter (PM) refers to the mixture of tiny particles and droplets in the air that are solid or liquid in nature. These particles vary in size, with some being visible to the naked eye while others can only be seen under a microscope. PM is classified based on its diameter:
* PM10 includes particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or smaller. These particles are often found in dust, pollen, and smoke.
* PM2.5 includes particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. These fine particles are produced from sources such as power plants, industrial processes, and vehicle emissions. They can also come from natural sources like wildfires.
Exposure to particulate matter has been linked to various health problems, including respiratory issues, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. The smaller the particle, the deeper it can penetrate into the lungs, making PM2.5 particularly harmful to human health.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds characterized by the presence of two or more fused benzene rings. They are called "polycyclic" because they contain multiple cyclic structures, and "aromatic" because these structures contain alternating double bonds that give them distinctive chemical properties and a characteristic smell.
PAHs can be produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and the decomposition of organic matter. Anthropogenic sources include the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gasoline, as well as tobacco smoke, grilled foods, and certain industrial processes.
PAHs are known to be environmental pollutants and can have harmful effects on human health. They have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung, skin, and bladder cancers, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. PAHs can also cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the immune system.
PAHs are found in a variety of environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. They can accumulate in the food chain, particularly in fatty tissues, and have been detected in a wide range of foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. Exposure to PAHs can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.
It is important to limit exposure to PAHs by avoiding tobacco smoke, reducing consumption of grilled and smoked foods, using ventilation when cooking, and following safety guidelines when working with industrial processes that produce PAHs.
Aerosols are defined in the medical field as suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. In the context of public health and medicine, aerosols often refer to particles that can remain suspended in air for long periods of time and can be inhaled. They can contain various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemicals, and can play a role in the transmission of respiratory infections or other health effects.
For example, when an infected person coughs or sneezes, they may produce respiratory droplets that can contain viruses like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Some of these droplets can evaporate quickly and leave behind smaller particles called aerosols, which can remain suspended in the air for hours and potentially be inhaled by others. This is one way that respiratory viruses can spread between people in close proximity to each other.
Aerosols can also be generated through medical procedures such as bronchoscopy, suctioning, or nebulizer treatments, which can produce aerosols containing bacteria, viruses, or other particles that may pose an infection risk to healthcare workers or other patients. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and airborne precautions are often necessary to reduce the risk of transmission in these settings.
"Family characteristics" is a broad term that can refer to various attributes, dynamics, and structures of a family unit. These characteristics can include:
1. Family structure: This refers to the composition of the family, such as whether it is a nuclear family (two parents and their children), single-parent family, extended family, blended family, or same-sex parent family.
2. Family roles: The responsibilities and expectations assigned to each family member, such as caregiver, provider, or decision-maker.
3. Communication patterns: How family members communicate with one another, including frequency, tone, and level of openness.
4. Problem-solving styles: How the family approaches and resolves conflicts and challenges.
5. Cultural and religious practices: The values, traditions, and beliefs that shape the family's identity and worldview.
6. Family functioning: The overall health and effectiveness of the family system, including its ability to adapt to change and support individual members' needs.
7. Attachment styles: The quality and nature of the emotional bonds between family members, which can impact attachment security and relationships throughout life.
8. Parenting style: The approach that parents take in raising their children, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or uninvolved.
9. Family history: Past experiences and events that have shaped the family's development and dynamics.
10. Genetic factors: Inherited traits and predispositions that can influence family members' health, behavior, and personality.
Understanding family characteristics is essential in fields such as medicine, psychology, social work, and counseling, as these factors can significantly impact individual and family well-being.
Kerosene
Kerosene (album)
Kerosene Hat
Kerosene 454
Kerosene (song)
Kerosene lamp
Him Kerosene
Kerosene bush
Kerosene (disambiguation)
Kerosene Vale
Kerosene heater
Kerosene Man
Old Kerosene Store
Kerosene Salesman's Wife
Australian Kerosene Oil Company
Brown Rice and Kerosine
List of generic and genericized trademarks
Contact dermatitis
List of Canadian inventions and discoveries
Lidsdale
Black Arrow
The Loudest Sound Ever Heard
The Choir (alternative rock band)
List of foreshore industrial sites on Sydney Harbour
Ozothamnus ledifolius
List of shale oil operations in Australia
British Australian Oil Company
C2C: Country to Country
Reverse-contrast typefaces
Jean-Dominique Bauby
Kerosene - Wikipedia
ICSC 0663 - KEROSENE
Kerosene poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Fuel Oils / Kerosene | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
LF2/Kerosene
How To Dispose of Kerosene - Earth911
Kerosene Imports from Netherlands Antilles
Albania Kerosene Exports Annual Growth Rate
D3699 Standard Specification for Kerosine
Bob Berman's strange universe: Ode to kerosene | Astronomy.com
Iraq Kerosene Imports Annual Growth Rate
Portable heater fuel: Is kerosene better than propane?
Prices of diesel and kerosene have been reduced | Nepalnews
U.S. Exports to Indonesia of Kerosene (Thousand Barrels)
GHO | By category | People cooking by fuel type - By country, kerosene
Re: [Wikinews-l] Kerosene Band.. - Wikinews-l - lists.wikimedia.org
LabChem Kerosene
Kerosene Prices - NYSERDA
SteveWynn.net | Steve Wynn | Kerosene Man
Husk Power: A Sustainable, Affordable Alternative to Kerosene Lamps - Big Think
Kerosene near 33138 - Recycling Centers - Earth911.com
Kerosene Liquid Transfer Tank Fuel and Water Cans | 4wheelparts.com
Kerosene Stove Maintenance and Storage
Business Users Support Scheme Kerosene - Enterprise Ireland
Kerosene Heights
Calumet: Montana project increases focus on renewable kerosene | BiodieselMagazine.com
Kerosene - Annie's Recovery & Knitting Blog
Kerosene - RecycleMore
PayPlay.FM - Kerosene 454 Mp3 Download
Superior Kerosene Oil : Kerosene Prices in India : IndianOil
Lanterns2
- To light households and power commercial equipment, villages use kerosene lanterns, which are both expensive and environmentally harmful. (bigthink.com)
- In developing countries, many of them are still using the kerosene-powered lanterns, which are obviously harmful to the environment and is a threat to the user's safety. (igreenspot.com)
Lamps5
- Kerosene is an oil used as a fuel for lamps, as well as heating and cooking. (medlineplus.gov)
- At one time, kerosene was a popular fuel for oil lamps. (earth911.com)
- Those who had access to kerosene lamps were in no advantage because of probable health hazards. (globalgiving.org)
- Lamps are filled with kerosene or lamp oil. (florianovahut.com)
- Pure kerosene does not explode, so the "kerosene" people put in their lamps might be any range of purity, something that you just had to take the seller's word for back then, or until inspectors and regulations started being involved. (pioneergirl.com)
Heaters5
- 1-K-grade kerosene burns cleaner with fewer deposits, fewer toxins, and less frequent maintenance than 2-K-grade kerosene, and is the preferred grade of kerosene for indoor kerosene heaters and stoves. (wikipedia.org)
- While spare blankets and extra clothing can help keep you warm, no emergency heater works better than kerosene and propane heaters. (newstarget.com)
- Alphabetical list of most kerosene heaters and the proper wick, & cart checkout. (milesstair.com)
- Kerosene Heaters - General types, how they work, recommendations for some good ones - and those I would avoid. (milesstair.com)
- Although childhood burns resulting from contact with wood-burning stoves (4,5), kerosene heaters (6), and floor furnaces (7-9) have been reported, this is the first description of burns related to radiators used for home heating. (cdc.gov)
Better than pouring1
- This method is not recommended and should only be used for small amounts, but it is likely better than pouring kerosene down a drain. (earth911.com)
Petroleum7
- Kerosene, or paraffin, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. (wikipedia.org)
- Confusingly, the name Paraffin is also used to refer to a number of distinct petroleum byproducts other than Kerosene. (wikipedia.org)
- Kerosene is a low-viscosity, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 and 275 °C (300 and 525 °F), resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78-0.81 g/cm3. (wikipedia.org)
- The LabChem kerosene comes in a colorless form with a petroleum odor and is mainly used in laboratory and manufacturing factories. (thomassci.com)
- If you use kerosene for an oil lamp, try using a non-petroleum-based oil instead. (recyclemore.com)
- In the mid-19th century, naturally occurring petroleum was separated into three main components - naphtha (which includes gasoline and benzene), kerosene, and paraffin oil - according to their boiling ranges. (pioneergirl.com)
- One hundred parts of crude petroleum would yield 16.5 parts naphtha, 55 parts kerosene, 19.5 parts paraffin oil, and other coal-oil products. (pioneergirl.com)
Paraffin2
- Information about kerosene (also known as paraffin and jet fuel), for use in responding to chemical incidents. (www.gov.uk)
- The alkali metals (primarily lithium, sodium, and potassium) should be stored in paraffin or kerosene. (lu.se)
Stoves3
- People who use kerosene stoves for cooking do not seem to have any health problems related to their exposure. (cdc.gov)
- All kerosene stoves depend upon an even flame height for maximum efficiency. (endtimesreport.com)
- Kerosene Stoves - Recommendations on different models New! (milesstair.com)
Stove3
- Using a home kerosene heater or stove, or using fuel oils at work. (cdc.gov)
- Included are No. 1-K and No. 2-K, the two grades recognized by ASTM Specification D 3699 as well as all other grades of kerosene called range or stove oil, which have properties similar to those of No. 1 fuel oil. (indexmundi.com)
- That whole operation takes less than 10 minutes, and your kerosene stove will now burn properly. (endtimesreport.com)
Grades of kerosene2
- The ASTM International standard specification D-3699-19 recognizes two grades of kerosene: grades 1-K (less than 0.04% sulfur by weight) and 2-K (0.3% sulfur by weight). (wikipedia.org)
- National and international standards define the properties of several grades of kerosene used for jet fuel. (wikipedia.org)
Fuels4
- Use of fluorine with kerosene was studied in the 1950's, but performance was less than with other fuels, and no rocket engine reached test stage with this combination. (astronautix.com)
- But worshipping kerosene is starting to sound stupid, so let's look at other fuels, too. (astronomy.com)
- That's a huge advantage if you're using these fuels for emergency heat as it means you can stockpile kerosene or propane and never have to worry about replacing it. (newstarget.com)
- largest risks to health - alone causes 7 million preventable deaths per year, with more than nine out of 10 people breathing polluted air, and almost 3 billion people still depending on polluting fuels such as solid fuels or kerosene for lighting cooking and heating. (who.int)
Fuel13
- Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel), as well as some rocket engines in a highly refined form called RP-1. (wikipedia.org)
- In parts of Asia, kerosene is sometimes used as fuel for small outboard motors or even motorcycles. (wikipedia.org)
- Kerosene is a thin and clear flammable hydrocarbon liquid fuel. (earth911.com)
- Since kerosene is a fuel, it's considered hazardous waste . (earth911.com)
- Fuel oil is similar to kerosene, and some north-state and Canadian folks buy kerosene for the coldest months because it doesn't gel. (astronomy.com)
- These days, kerosene is what gets us around: It's the fuel used by big commercial planes. (astronomy.com)
- Jet fuel is kerosene. (astronomy.com)
- Getting so much kerosene sprayed at once required a big fuel pump with an astonishing 65,000 horsepower. (astronomy.com)
- Portable heater fuel: Is kerosene better than propane? (newstarget.com)
- Kerosene and propane have advantages and disadvantages as fuel sources for heating. (newstarget.com)
- However, as you'll probably only use tens of gallons of fuel even if you use propane or kerosene heater at full blast for a few days, the cost difference between using propane and kerosene is probably only marginal over the course of an extended power outage. (newstarget.com)
- You can tell when kerosene has gone bad when it turns yellow or murky, develops a visible mold or sludge, or begins to smell like gasoline or diesel fuel. (recyclemore.com)
- Kerosene is used as a domestic fuel for heating / lighting and also for manufacture of insecticides/herbicides/fungicides to control pest, weeds and fungi. (iocl.com)
Barrels1
- Mawer also said the company has decided to accelerate its focus on renewable kerosene and has made engineering changes that will enable the production of 2,000 barrels per day of renewable kerosene as soon as the conversion project begins operations. (biodieselmagazine.com)
Gasoline4
- To prevent confusion between kerosene and the much more flammable and volatile gasoline (petrol), some jurisdictions regulate markings or colourings for containers used to store or dispense kerosene. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, in the United States, Pennsylvania requires that portable containers used at retail service stations for kerosene be colored blue, as opposed to red (for gasoline) or yellow (for diesel). (wikipedia.org)
- Many facilities will ask if your kerosene has been contaminated and won't accept it if you've mixed it with gasoline or other materials. (earth911.com)
- Since kerosene is less volatile than gasoline, increase in its evaporation rate in domestic burners is achieved by increasing surface area of the oil to be burned and by increasing its temperature. (iocl.com)
India1
- The use of kerosene for lighting and biomass for cooking is predominant throughout rural India. (org.in)
Wicks1
- The page below provides a list of kerosene wicks listed by manufacturer followed by wick and the models that use it. (woodmanspartsplus.com)
Hydrocarbon2
- The results of the WHO EMRO Pediatric Hydrocarbon Study Group's study "A clinical decision rule for triage of children under 5 years of age with hydrocarbon (kerosene) aspiration in developing countries", supported by this Regional Office, have been published in Clinical Toxicology, Volume 46, Issue 3 March 2008, pages 222 - 229. (who.int)
- The study aimed to develop a clinical decision instrument to identify at primary health care facilities in developing countries children under-five exposed to hydrocarbon (kerosene) requiring referral to higher level facilities. (who.int)
Hydrocarbons1
- Aromatic hydrocarbons such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. (wikipedia.org)
Ingestion1
- Ingestion of kerosene (lamp oil) is a major cause of accidental poisoning in children. (ilo.org)
Smell2
- You've probably already noticed that big airports offer the nostalgic smell of burning kerosene. (astronomy.com)
- The Smell of Kerosene tells the dramatic story of a NASA research pilot who logged over 11,000 flight hours in more than 125 types of aircraft. (e-booksdirectory.com)
Propellant2
- LF2/Kerosene propellant. (astronautix.com)
- When America first blasted astronauts into suborbital flights inside claustrophobic Mercury capsules, the propellant those Redstone rockets used was, yep, plain old kerosene. (astronomy.com)
Crude1
- Kerosenes are distillate fractions of crude oil in the boiling range of 150-250°C. They are treated mainly for reducing aromatic content to increase their smoke point (height of a smokeless flame) and hydrofining to reduce sulphur content and to improve odour, colour & burning qualities (char value). (iocl.com)
Volatile2
- the difference is that naphtha is a little more volatile and inflammable than kerosene, meaning that it doesn't burn as well as kerosene, but it explodes more readily. (pioneergirl.com)
- So a filled lamp tended not to explode as often as a lamp low on kerosene, because there was less "air space" which might be full of volatile stuff. (pioneergirl.com)
Aspiration1
- If kerosene gets into the lungs (aspiration), serious and, possibly, permanent lung damage can occur. (medlineplus.gov)
Evaporation1
- In rare cases, if there is absolutely no other alternative, you can dispose of kerosene by evaporation . (earth911.com)
Hazardous waste1
- Kerosene is considered hazardous waste and should never be dumped down the drain. (recyclemore.com)
20212
- As of December 2021, propane costs $3.71 per gallon while kerosene costs $3.76 per gallon. (newstarget.com)
- The Business Users Support Scheme for Kerosene (BUSSK) will compensate eligible businesses for 50% of the increased cost of Kerosene purchased for heating their business premises during the period from 1st March to 31st December 2022, compared to the average retail price for the same period in 2021. (enterprise-ireland.com)
Depend1
- The households of this area have to depend on kerosene lamp to do different household activities at night time. (globalgiving.org)
Litre1
- According to the corporation, the price of diesel and kerosene has decreased by Rs 4 per litre. (nepalnews.com)
Harmful to the envi1
- Disposing of kerosene improperly is not only harmful to the environment but dangerous for humans. (earth911.com)
Households1
- Pico has helped to displace kerosene lamp in these households, thereby making it easier for the children to study in the evening. (globalgiving.org)
Cans1
- In her book My Life With the Chimpanzees , Goodall told the story of "Mike," a chimp who maintained his dominance by kicking a series of kerosene cans ahead of him as he moved down a road, creating confusion and noise that made his rivals flee and cower. (todayinsci.com)
Consumption1
- World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 1,110,000 cubic metres (39 million cubic feet) per day. (wikipedia.org)
Readily1
- Propane is more readily available than kerosene, though the latter is not difficult to acquire too. (newstarget.com)
Temperature2
- Kerosene has a maximum distillation temperature of 400 degrees Fahrenheit at the 10-percent recovery point, a final boiling point of 572 degrees Fahrenheit, and a minimum flash point of 100 degrees Fahrenheit. (indexmundi.com)
- Naphtha boiled at a lower temperature than kerosene, and the more naphtha in the mix, the more your lamp would sputter. (pioneergirl.com)
Light4
- A Coleman kerosene lamp delivers hours of brilliant light. (astronomy.com)
- Pico is manufactured by Green Light Planet, provides light which is three times brighter than the kerosene lamp and can be used for 72 hours without recharging. (globalgiving.org)
- Students are not able to study easily at night because of dim light of kerosene lamp. (globalgiving.org)
- Kerosene lamp is the source of light since ancient times. (florianovahut.com)
Increases1
- The Government has launched a new scheme for businesses that were impacted by significant increases in the cost of Kerosene during 2022. (enterprise-ireland.com)
Parts3
- Kerosene poisoning can cause symptoms in various parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- Kerosene is also a low-cost cleaning agent for removing grease from engine parts, and in the entertainment industry, kerosene is used by fire dancers. (earth911.com)
- The English Abrasives 200ml kerosene gas lubricant is a powerful dismantling aerosol used for de-seizing all corroded and rusted metal parts. (rs-online.com)
Liquid2
- American Robert Goddard agreed: On March 16, 1926, his groundbreaking kerosene and liquid oxygen rocket made history even though it went up only 41 feet. (astronomy.com)
- Well, I was going to dedicate this article to kerosene, because that liquid took us to the only celestial body on which humans have ever walked, or hopped. (astronomy.com)
Container1
- Between the two, kerosene is easier to store, provided it has an airtight container. (newstarget.com)
Page1
- The October 1897 Good Housekeeping magazine (page 163) reported that "as contradictory as the terms may seem, the kerosene can may be deemed at once the housekeeper's most convenient and useful assistant, and her most dangerous and deadly companion. (pioneergirl.com)
People1
- From time to time, people in one Laura Ingalls Wilder group or another have discussed how the salt could have kept the kerosene from exploding. (pioneergirl.com)
Article2
- This article discusses the harmful effects from swallowing or breathing in kerosene. (medlineplus.gov)
- I note that the Kerosene 454 article you cite lists a discography of record label released albums. (wikimedia.org)
Store1
- To store kerosene, keep inside opaque plastic containers and out of direct sunlight. (recyclemore.com)
Properly2
- Here are a few tips on how to properly dispose of kerosene. (earth911.com)
- Both propane and kerosene can last for decades if stored properly. (newstarget.com)
Associated with higher1
- Kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful particulate matter, and household use of kerosene is associated with higher risks of cancer, respiratory infections, asthma, tuberculosis, cataracts, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. (wikipedia.org)
Prices1
- Subsidised Kerosene Prices in Metros (Rs. (iocl.com)
Time1
- Kerosene goes bad over time. (recyclemore.com)