Keratins
Keratins, Type II
Keratins, Hair-Specific
Keratins, Type I
Keratin-8
Intermediate Filaments
Keratin-14
Keratin-10
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex
Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic
Keratin-1
Keratin-5
Epidermis
Keratin-18
Keratinocytes
Hair
Keratin-16
Intermediate Filament Proteins
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar
Keratin-17
Skin
Keratin-2
Keratin-13
Epithelium
Hair Follicle
Hoof and Claw
Keratin-15
Keratin-6
Desmosomes
Feathers
Vimentin
Pachyonychia Congenita
Keratin-12
Dipodomys
Keratin-9
Cytoskeleton
Desmoplakins
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Epidermolytic
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Epithelial Cells
Molecular Sequence Data
Amino Acid Sequence
Nail Diseases
Keratin-19
Mallory Bodies
Cell Differentiation
Nails, Malformed
Mice, Transgenic
Base Sequence
Corneal Dystrophy, Juvenile Epithelial of Meesmann
Cells, Cultured
Papilloma
Microscopy, Electron
beta-Keratins
Skin Diseases
PTEN loss promotes rasHa-mediated papillomatogenesis via dual up-regulation of AKT activity and cell cycle deregulation but malignant conversion proceeds via PTEN-associated pathways. (1/17)
PTEN tumor suppressor gene failure in ras(Ha)-activated skin carcinogenesis was investigated by mating exon 5 floxed-PTEN (Delta5PTEN) mice to HK1.ras mice that expressed a RU486-inducible cre recombinase (K14.creP). PTEN inactivation in K14.cre/PTEN(flx/flx) keratinocytes resulted in epidermal hyperplasia/hyperkeratosis and novel 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted papillomas, whereas HK1.ras/K14.cre/PTEN(flx/flx) cohorts displayed a rapid onset of papillomatogenesis due to a synergism of increased AKT activity and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) elevation. High 5-bromo-4-deoxyuridine labeling in Delta5PTEN papillomas showed that a second promotion mechanism centered on failures in cell cycle control. Elevated cyclin D1 was associated with both HK1.ras/ERK- and Delta5PTEN-mediated AKT signaling, whereas cyclin E2 overexpression seemed dependent on PTEN loss. Spontaneous HK1.ras/Delta5PTEN malignant conversion was rare, whereas TPA promotion resulted in conversion with high frequency. On comparison with all previous HK1.ras carcinomas, such TPA-induced carcinomas expressed atypical retention of keratin K1 and lack of K13, a unique marker profile exhibited by TPA-induced K14.cre/PTEN(flx/flx) papillomas that also lacked endogenous c-ras(Ha) activation. Moreover, in all PTEN-null tumors, levels of ras(Ha)-associated total ERK protein became reduced, whereas phosphorylated ERK and cyclin D1 were lowered in late-stage papillomas returning to elevated levels, alongside increased cyclin E2 expression, in TPA-derived carcinomas. Thus, during early papillomatogenesis, PTEN loss promotes ras(Ha) initiation via elevation of AKT activity and synergistic failures in cyclin regulation. However, in progression, reduced ras(Ha)-associated ERK protein and activity, increased Delta5PTEN-associated cyclin E2 expression, and unique K1/K13 profiles following TPA treatment suggest that PTEN loss, rather than ras(Ha) activation, gives rise to a population of cells with greater malignant potential. (+info)Antimicrobial barrier of an in vitro oral epithelial model. (2/17)
OBJECTIVE: Oral epithelia function as a microbial barrier and are actively involved in recognizing and responding to bacteria. Our goal was to examine a tissue engineered model of buccal epithelium for its response to oral bacteria and proinflammatory cytokines and compare the tissue responses with those of a submerged monolayer cell culture. DESIGN: The tissue model was characterized for keratin and beta-defensin expression. Altered expression of beta-defensins was evaluated by RT-PCR after exposure of the apical surface to oral bacteria and after exposure to TNF-alpha in the medium. These were compared to the response in traditional submerged oral epithelial cell culture. RESULTS: The buccal model showed expression of differentiation specific keratin 13, hBD1 and hBD3 in the upper half of the tissue; hBD2 was not detected. hBD1 mRNA was constitutively expressed, while hBD2 mRNA increased 2-fold after exposure of the apical surface to three oral bacteria tested and hBD3 mRNA increased in response to the non-pathogenic bacteria tested. In contrast, hBD2 mRNA increased 3-600-fold in response to bacteria in submerged cell culture. HBD2 mRNA increased over 100-fold in response to TNF-alpha in the tissue model and 50-fold in submerged cell culture. Thus, the tissue model is capable of upregulating hBD2, however, the minimal response to bacteria suggests that the tissue has an effective antimicrobial barrier due to its morphology, differentiation, and defensin expression. CONCLUSIONS: The oral mucosal model is differentiated, expresses hBD1 and hBD3, and has an intact surface with a functional antimicrobial barrier. (+info)Lipid defect underlies selective skin barrier impairment of an epidermal-specific deletion of Gata-3. (3/17)
Skin lies at the interface between the complex physiology of the body and the external environment. This essential epidermal barrier, composed of cornified proteins encased in lipids, prevents both water loss and entry of infectious or toxic substances. We uncover that the transcription factor GATA-3 is required to establish the epidermal barrier and survive in the ex utero environment. Analysis of Gata-3 mutant transcriptional profiles at three critical developmental stages identifies a specific defect in lipid biosynthesis and a delay in differentiation. Genomic analysis identifies highly conserved GATA-3 binding sites bound in vivo by GATA-3 in the first intron of the lipid acyltransferase gene AGPAT5. Skin from both Gata-3-/- and previously characterized barrier-deficient Kruppel-like factor 4-/- newborns up-regulate antimicrobial peptides, effectors of innate immunity. Comparison of these animal models illustrates how impairment of the skin barrier by two genetically distinct mechanisms leads to innate immune responses, as observed in the common human skin disorders psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. (+info)Differentiation potential of urothelium from patients with benign bladder dysfunction. (4/17)
OBJECTIVE: To develop a novel in vitro approach to test the hypothesis that failure of urothelial differentiation underlies the aetiopathology of interstitial cystitis (IC), where there is evidence of compromised urinary barrier function, as benign dysfunctional bladder disease encompass several poorly understood clinically defined conditions, including IC, idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsy-derived urothelial cells from dysfunctional bladder biopsies were propagated as finite cell lines and examined for their capacity to differentiate in vitro, as assessed by the acquisition of a transitional cell morphology, a switch from a cytokeratin (CK)13(lo)/CK14(hi) to a CK13(hi)/CK14(lo) phenotype, expression of claudin 3, 4 and 5 proteins, and induction of uroplakin gene transcription. RESULTS: Two of 12 SUI cell lines showed early senescent changes in culture and were not characterized further; one of seven IC, one of five IDO and a further three SUI cell lines had some evidence of senescence at passage 3. Of the seven IC-derived cell lines, four showed a near normal range of differentiation-associated responses, but the remainder showed little or no response. Most IDO cell lines (four of five) showed a normal differentiation response, but at least three of the 10 SUI cell lines showed some compromise of differentiation potential. CONCLUSION: This study supports the existence of a subset of patients with IC in whom a failure of urothelial cytodifferentiation might contribute to the disease, and provides a novel platform for investigating the cell biology of urothelium from SUI and other benign dysfunctional conditions. (+info)Differential estradiol and selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) regulation of Keratin 13 gene expression and its underlying mechanism in breast cancer cells. (5/17)
(+info)Characterisation of the proximal airway squamous metaplasia induced by chronic tobacco smoke exposure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (6/17)
(+info)Identification of methylated genes associated with aggressive bladder cancer. (7/17)
(+info)Interaction of oral bacteria with gingival epithelial cell multilayers. (8/17)
(+info)Keratins are a type of fibrous structural proteins that constitute the main component of the integumentary system, which includes the hair, nails, and skin of vertebrates. They are also found in other tissues such as horns, hooves, feathers, and reptilian scales. Keratins are insoluble proteins that provide strength, rigidity, and protection to these structures.
Keratins are classified into two types: soft keratins (Type I) and hard keratins (Type II). Soft keratins are found in the skin and simple epithelial tissues, while hard keratins are present in structures like hair, nails, horns, and hooves.
Keratin proteins have a complex structure consisting of several domains, including an alpha-helical domain, beta-pleated sheet domain, and a non-repetitive domain. These domains provide keratin with its unique properties, such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and mechanical stress.
In summary, keratins are fibrous structural proteins that play a crucial role in providing strength, rigidity, and protection to various tissues in the body.
Type II keratins are a group of intermediate filament proteins that are primarily expressed in epithelial cells. They are part of the keratin family, which is divided into two types (Type I and Type II) based on their acidic or basic isoelectric point. Type II keratins have a basic isoelectric point and include several subtypes such as KRT2, KRT3, KRT4, KRT10, KRT12, and others.
Type II keratins form heteropolymers with Type I keratins to provide structural support and integrity to epithelial cells. They are essential for the maintenance of cell shape, polarity, and mechanical resistance to stress. Mutations in type II keratin genes have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a blistering skin disorder, and some forms of hair loss.
In summary, Type II keratins are a group of basic intermediate filament proteins that form heteropolymers with Type I keratins to provide structural support and integrity to epithelial cells.
Hair-specific keratins are a type of keratin proteins that are particularly abundant in the structural composition of hair fibers. They are primarily responsible for providing strength, resilience, and elasticity to the hair. Keratins are part of a larger family of fibrous proteins known as intermediate filaments, which also include keratins found in nails, skin, and other epithelial tissues.
Hair-specific keratins are categorized into two types: Type I (acidic keratins) and Type II (basic keratins). These keratin types form heterodimers, which then assemble into intermediate filament structures called protofibrils. Protofibrils further aggregate to create larger intermediate filaments that provide the hair's internal structure.
There are several hair-specific keratin genes, and mutations in these genes can lead to various hair and skin abnormalities, such as hair shaft defects and brittle hair syndromes.
Type I keratins are a subgroup of the keratin family of proteins, which are the key structural components of epithelial cells in vertebrates. These proteins are expressed in softer tissues and are characterized by their acidic isoelectric point. They form heteropolymers with type II keratins to create intermediate filaments, which provide mechanical support and structure to the cell. Type I keratins are further divided into several subtypes, including KRT9-KRT20 and KRT23-KRT28, each of which has specific roles in various tissues throughout the body. Mutations in type I keratin genes have been associated with a number of genetic skin disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex and some forms of ichthyosis.
Keratin-8 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily found in the epithelial cells, including those that line the surfaces of organs and glands. It is one of the major components of intermediate filaments, which are the structural proteins that help to maintain the shape and integrity of cells.
Keratin-8 is known to form heteropolymers with keratin-18 and is abundant in simple epithelia such as those lining the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and reproductive organs. It has been implicated in various cellular processes, including protection against mechanical stress, regulation of cell signaling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin-8 have been associated with several diseases, including a rare form of liver disease called cryptogenic cirrhosis. Additionally, abnormalities in keratin-8 expression and assembly have been linked to cancer progression and metastasis.
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are a type of cytoskeletal filament found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, including animal cells. They are called "intermediate" because they are smaller in diameter than microfilaments and larger than microtubules, two other types of cytoskeletal structures.
Intermediate filaments are composed of fibrous proteins that form long, unbranched, and flexible filaments. These filaments provide structural support to the cell and help maintain its shape. They also play a role in cell-to-cell adhesion, intracellular transport, and protection against mechanical stress.
Intermediate filaments are classified into six types based on their protein composition: Type I (acidic keratins), Type II (neutral/basic keratins), Type III (vimentin, desmin, peripherin), Type IV (neurofilaments), Type V (lamins), and Type VI (nestin). Each type of intermediate filament has a specific function and is expressed in different cell types. For example, Type I and II keratins are found in epithelial cells, while vimentin is expressed in mesenchymal cells.
Overall, intermediate filaments play an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and tissues, and their dysfunction has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic disorders.
Keratin-14 is a type of keratin protein that is specifically expressed in the suprabasal layers of stratified epithelia, including the epidermis. It is a component of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton and plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of epithelial cells. Mutations in the gene encoding keratin-14 have been associated with several genetic skin disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex and white sponge nevus.
Keratin-10 is a type II keratin protein that is primarily expressed in the differentiated layers of stratified squamous epithelia, including the skin's epidermis. It plays a crucial role in providing structural support and protection to these epithelial tissues. Keratin-10 pairs with keratin-1 to form intermediate filaments, which are essential for maintaining the integrity and stability of epithelial cells. The expression of keratin-10 is often used as a marker for terminal differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS) is a group of genetic skin disorders characterized by the development of blisters and erosions on the skin following minor trauma or friction. It is caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins responsible for anchoring the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) to the dermis (inner layer of the skin).
There are several subtypes of EBS, which vary in severity and clinical presentation. The most common form is called "Dowling-Meara" EBS, which is characterized by blistering at or near birth, widespread blistering, and scarring. Other forms of EBS include "Weber-Cockayne" EBS, which is characterized by localized blistering and healing with minimal scarring, and "Kobner" EBS, which is characterized by blistering in response to heat or physical trauma.
Treatment for EBS typically involves wound care, prevention of infection, and pain management. In some cases, protein therapy or bone marrow transplantation may be considered as a treatment option. It's important to note that the prognosis for individuals with EBS varies depending on the severity and subtype of the disorder.
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EH) is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of keratin, a protein found in the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). This condition results in widespread blistering and peeling of the skin, particularly in areas prone to friction such as the hands, feet, knees, and elbows.
EH is caused by mutations in the KRT1 or KRT10 genes, which provide instructions for making keratin proteins that are essential for maintaining the structure and integrity of the epidermis. When these genes are mutated, the keratin proteins become unstable and form clumps, leading to the formation of blisters and areas of thickened, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis).
EH is typically present at birth or appears in early childhood, and it can range from mild to severe. In addition to the skin symptoms, individuals with EH may also experience nail abnormalities, hair loss, and an increased risk of skin infections. Treatment for EH is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications, and may include topical creams or ointments, wound care, and protection from friction and injury.
Keratin-1 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily expressed in the differentiated cells of epithelial tissues, such as the hair follicles and the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). It is a structural protein that provides strength and rigidity to these cells. In the hair follicle, keratin-1 is found in the cortex of the hair shaft where it contributes to the hair's overall structure and stability. It is also a key component of the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) where it helps to form a protective barrier against external stressors such as chemicals, microorganisms, and physical damage.
Keratin 5 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily expressed in the basal layer of epithelial tissues, including the skin, hair follicles, and nails. It forms heterodimers with keratin 14 and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of these tissues. Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin 5 (KRT5) can lead to several genetic disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex, which is characterized by blistering of the skin and mucous membranes.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of stratified squamous epithelium. It forms a protective barrier that prevents water loss and inhibits the entry of microorganisms. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and its cells are nourished by diffusion from the underlying dermis. The bottom-most layer of the epidermis, called the stratum basale, is responsible for generating new skin cells that eventually move up to replace dead cells on the surface. This process of cell turnover takes about 28 days in adults.
The most superficial part of the epidermis consists of dead cells called squames, which are constantly shed and replaced. The exact rate at which this happens varies depending on location; for example, it's faster on the palms and soles than elsewhere. Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, are also located in the epidermis, specifically within the stratum basale layer.
In summary, the epidermis is a vital part of our integumentary system, providing not only physical protection but also playing a crucial role in immunity and sensory perception through touch receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.
Keratin-18 is a type I cytoskeletal keratin protein that is primarily expressed in simple epithelial cells, such as those found in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin. It forms intermediate filaments, which are structural proteins that provide support and stability to the cell. Keratin-18 has been identified as a sensitive and specific marker for apoptosis (programmed cell death), making it useful in research and diagnosis of various diseases, including liver disease and cancer.
Keratinocytes are the predominant type of cells found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. These cells are responsible for producing keratin, a tough protein that provides structural support and protection to the skin. Keratinocytes undergo constant turnover, with new cells produced in the basal layer of the epidermis and older cells moving upward and eventually becoming flattened and filled with keratin as they reach the surface of the skin, where they are then shed. They also play a role in the immune response and can release cytokines and other signaling molecules to help protect the body from infection and injury.
Medically, hair is defined as a threadlike structure that grows from the follicles found in the skin of mammals. It is primarily made up of a protein called keratin and consists of three parts: the medulla (the innermost part or core), the cortex (middle layer containing keratin filaments) and the cuticle (outer layer of overlapping scales).
Hair growth occurs in cycles, with each cycle consisting of a growth phase (anagen), a transitional phase (catagen), and a resting phase (telogen). The length of hair is determined by the duration of the anagen phase.
While hair plays a crucial role in protecting the skin from external factors like UV radiation, temperature changes, and physical damage, it also serves as an essential aspect of human aesthetics and identity.
Keratin-16 is a type of keratin protein that is specifically expressed in the suprabasal layers of epithelial tissues, including the skin and nails. It belongs to the family of keratins known as "hard keratins" or "intermediate filament proteins," which provide structural support and protection to these tissues.
Keratin-16 is often upregulated in response to stress, injury, or inflammation, leading to the formation of thickened, hardened epithelial structures. This can result in skin conditions such as calluses, corns, and blisters, as well as nail abnormalities like brittle or ridged nails.
In addition, keratin-16 has been implicated in various disease states, including psoriasis, eczema, and certain types of cancer. Its expression is often used as a marker for epithelial differentiation and tissue remodeling.
Intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) are a type of cytoskeletal protein that form the intermediate filaments (IFs), which are one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, along with microtubules and microfilaments. These proteins have a unique structure, characterized by an alpha-helical rod domain flanked by non-helical head and tail domains.
Intermediate filament proteins are classified into six major types based on their amino acid sequence: Type I (acidic) and Type II (basic) keratins, Type III (desmin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and peripherin), Type IV (neurofilaments), Type V (lamins), and Type VI (nestin). Each type of IFP has a distinct pattern of expression in different tissues and cell types.
Intermediate filament proteins play important roles in maintaining the structural integrity and mechanical strength of cells, providing resilience to mechanical stress, and regulating various cellular processes such as cell division, migration, and signal transduction. Mutations in IFP genes have been associated with several human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic skin fragility disorders.
Keratoderma, palmoplantar is a medical term that refers to a group of skin conditions characterized by thickening and hardening (hyperkeratosis) of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This condition can affect people of all ages, but it's most commonly seen in children.
The thickening of the skin is caused by an overproduction of keratin, a protein that helps to form the tough, outer layer of the skin. In palmoplantar keratoderma, this excess keratin accumulates in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, leading to the formation of rough, scaly, and thickened patches on the palms and soles.
There are several different types of palmoplantar keratoderma, each with its own specific symptoms and causes. Some forms of the condition are inherited and present at birth or develop in early childhood, while others may be acquired later in life as a result of an underlying medical condition, such as atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, or psoriasis.
Treatment for palmoplantar keratoderma typically involves the use of emollients and keratolytic agents to help soften and remove the thickened skin. In some cases, oral retinoids or other systemic medications may be necessary to manage more severe symptoms. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
Keratin-1
In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Keratin-2" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. Keratins are a large family of fibrous structural proteins that are a major component in the cells that make up the outer layer of skin, hair, and nails. However, there isn't a specific keratin type that is commonly referred to as "Keratin-2."
If you have any more context or information about where you encountered this term, I'd be happy to help you try to understand it better!
Keratin-13 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily found in the differentiated suprabasal layers of the epithelial tissues, including the oral mucosa and the esophageal mucosa. It is a component of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells and plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of these tissues.
Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin-13 have been associated with several inherited skin disorders, including epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a group of blistering diseases characterized by fragility of the skin and mucous membranes. These mutations can lead to abnormalities in the structure and stability of keratin-13, resulting in the formation of blisters and sores in response to minor trauma or friction.
Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.
Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:
1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.
Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.
A hair follicle is a part of the human skin from which hair grows. It is a complex organ that consists of several layers, including an outer root sheath, inner root sheath, and matrix. The hair follicle is located in the dermis, the second layer of the skin, and is surrounded by sebaceous glands and erector pili muscles.
The hair growth cycle includes three phases: anagen (growth phase), catagen (transitional phase), and telogen (resting phase). During the anagen phase, cells in the matrix divide rapidly to produce new hair fibers that grow out of the follicle. The hair fiber is made up of a protein called keratin, which also makes up the outer layers of the skin and nails.
Hair follicles are important for various biological functions, including thermoregulation, sensory perception, and social communication. They also play a role in wound healing and can serve as a source of stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hoof and Claw" is not a medical term or condition. The term "hoof" refers to the hard covering on the toes of animals such as horses, cows, and other ungulates, while "claw" refers to the sharp nail-like structure found on the toes of animals such as cats, dogs, and birds.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.
Keratin-15 is a type I keratin protein that is expressed in the basal cells of stratified epithelia, including the hair follicle and the epidermis. It plays a role in maintaining the integrity and stability of these tissues, particularly during periods of stress or injury. Keratin-15 has also been identified as a marker for stem cells in the hair follicle bulge region, which is responsible for hair regeneration. In addition, keratin-15 expression has been linked to various skin disorders, such as psoriasis and certain types of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma.
Hair diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions affecting the hair shaft, follicle, or scalp. These conditions can be categorized into several types, including:
1. Hair shaft abnormalities: These are conditions that affect the structure and growth of the hair shaft. Examples include trichorrhexis nodosa, where the hair becomes weak and breaks easily, and pili torti, where the hair shaft is twisted and appears sparse and fragile.
2. Hair follicle disorders: These are conditions that affect the hair follicles, leading to hair loss or abnormal growth patterns. Examples include alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy hair loss, and androgenetic alopecia, a genetic condition that leads to pattern baldness in both men and women.
3. Scalp disorders: These are conditions that affect the scalp, leading to symptoms such as itching, redness, scaling, or pain. Examples include seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp).
4. Hair cycle abnormalities: These are conditions that affect the normal growth cycle of the hair, leading to excessive shedding or thinning. Examples include telogen effluvium, where a large number of hairs enter the resting phase and fall out, and anagen effluvium, which is typically caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
5. Infectious diseases: Hair follicles can become infected with various bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to conditions such as folliculitis, furunculosis, and kerion.
6. Genetic disorders: Some genetic disorders can affect the hair, such as Menkes syndrome, which is a rare inherited disorder that affects copper metabolism and leads to kinky, sparse, and brittle hair.
Proper diagnosis and treatment of hair diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, often a dermatologist or a trichologist who specializes in hair and scalp disorders.
Keratin-6 is a specific type of keratin protein that is expressed in the epithelial tissues, including the skin and hair follicles. It is a member of the keratin family of intermediate filament proteins, which provide structural support to cells. There are several subtypes of Keratin-6 (A, B, C, and D), each with distinct functions and expression patterns.
Keratin-6A and -6B are expressed in response to injury or stress in the epithelial tissues, where they play a role in wound healing by promoting cell migration and proliferation. They have also been implicated in the development of certain skin disorders, such as psoriasis and epidermolysis bullosa simplex.
Keratin-6C is primarily expressed in the hair follicles, where it helps to regulate the growth and structure of the hair shaft. Mutations in the gene encoding Keratin-6C have been associated with certain forms of hair loss, such as monilethrix and pili torti.
Keratin-6D is also expressed in the hair follicles, where it plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the hair shaft. Mutations in the gene encoding Keratin-6D have been linked to certain forms of wooly hair and hair loss.
Desmosomes are specialized intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells and help maintain the structural integrity and stability of tissues. They are composed of several proteins, including desmoplakin, plakoglobin, and cadherins, which form complex structures that anchor intermediate filaments (such as keratin) to the cell membrane. This creates a network of interconnected cells that can withstand mechanical stresses. Desmosomes are particularly abundant in tissues subjected to high levels of tension, such as the skin and heart.
Feathers are not a medical term, but they are a feature found in birds and some extinct theropod dinosaurs. Feathers are keratinous structures that grow from the skin and are used for various functions such as insulation, flight, waterproofing, and display. They have a complex structure consisting of a central shaft with barbs branching off on either side, which further divide into smaller barbules. The arrangement and modification of these feather structures vary widely among bird species to serve different purposes.
Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is expressed in various cell types, including mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure and integrity by forming part of the cytoskeleton. Vimentin is also involved in various cellular processes such as cell division, motility, and intracellular transport.
In addition to its structural functions, vimentin has been identified as a marker for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that occurs during embryonic development and cancer metastasis. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their polarity and cell-cell adhesion properties and acquire mesenchymal characteristics, including increased migratory capacity and invasiveness. Vimentin expression is upregulated during EMT, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
In diagnostic pathology, vimentin immunostaining is used to identify mesenchymal cells and to distinguish them from epithelial cells. It can also be used to diagnose certain types of sarcomas and carcinomas that express vimentin.
Pachyonychia Congenita (PC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by thickened and abnormally shaped nails, painful blisters on the skin, and thickened palms and soles. The condition is caused by mutations in genes responsible for producing keratin proteins, which are essential components of our skin, hair, and nails.
There are two main types of PC: Type 1 (Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome) and Type 2 (Jackson-Lawler syndrome). Both types have similar symptoms but may vary in severity. The symptoms typically appear at birth or within the first few years of life.
The medical definition of Pachyonychia Congenita includes:
1. Nails: Thickening and overcurvature of the nails, often with a yellow-white discoloration.
2. Skin: Formation of blisters and calluses on pressure points such as hands, feet, knees, and elbows. These blisters can be painful and may lead to secondary infections.
3. Palms and soles: Hyperkeratosis (thickening) of the skin on the palms and soles, causing discomfort or pain while walking or performing manual tasks.
4. Mucous membranes: In some cases, the condition can also affect the mucous membranes, leading to oral lesions and thickened vocal cords.
5. Genetics: PC is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that only one copy of the mutated gene inherited from either parent is sufficient to cause the disease. However, some cases may result from spontaneous mutations in the affected individual.
Keratin-1
'Dipodomys' is the genus name for kangaroo rats, which are small rodents native to North America. They are called kangaroo rats due to their powerful hind legs and long tails, which they use to hop around like kangaroos. Kangaroo rats are known for their ability to survive in arid environments, as they are able to obtain moisture from the seeds they eat and can concentrate their urine to conserve water. They are also famous for their highly specialized kidneys, which allow them to produce extremely dry urine.
Keratin-9 is not a well-known or widely studied type of keratin. According to available scientific literature, it is one of the many types of keratins that are expressed in certain tissues, such as the nails and hair. However, there is limited information available specifically about Keratin-9's medical definition, structure, or function.
Keratins are a family of fibrous proteins that provide structural support to epithelial cells, which line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, as well as the inner surfaces of various body structures, such as the respiratory and digestive tracts. They are essential for maintaining the integrity and resilience of these tissues, particularly in areas exposed to mechanical stress or environmental damage.
In summary, while Keratin-9 is a recognized member of the keratin family, there is limited information available about its specific medical definition or role.
The cytoskeleton is a complex network of various protein filaments that provides structural support, shape, and stability to the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular integrity, intracellular organization, and enabling cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three major types of protein fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. These filaments work together to provide mechanical support, participate in cell division, intracellular transport, and help maintain the cell's architecture. The dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and respond to various stimuli.
Desmoplakins are important proteins that play a crucial role in the structural integrity and function of certain types of cell-to-cell junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomes are specialized structures that connect adjacent cells in tissues that undergo significant mechanical stress, such as the skin, heart, and gut.
Desmoplakins are large proteins that are composed of several domains, including a plakin domain, which interacts with other desmosomal components, and a spectrin-like repeat domain, which binds to intermediate filaments. By linking desmosomes to the intermediate filament network, desmoplakins help to provide mechanical strength and stability to tissues.
Mutations in the genes that encode desmoplakins have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), a heart condition characterized by abnormal heart rhythms and structural changes in the heart muscle, and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a skin disorder characterized by blistering and fragility of the skin.
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma is a rare genetic skin disorder that affects the palms and soles of the feet. It is characterized by thickening and scaling of the skin in these areas due to abnormal keratinization, which is the process of skin cell formation and shedding.
The term "epidermolytic" refers to the specific type of keratoderma that is caused by mutations in genes encoding for proteins involved in keratin filament assembly. These mutations lead to the formation of clumps of keratin protein, which disrupts the normal structure and function of the skin cells.
The symptoms of epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma typically appear in infancy or early childhood and may include:
* Thick, scaly, and fissured skin on the palms and soles
* Blistering and erosions of the affected areas
* Pain, itching, and difficulty walking or using the hands
* Increased susceptibility to infections
The condition is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, de novo mutations can also occur.
Treatment for epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:
* Emollients and moisturizers to keep the skin hydrated
* Topical keratolytics, such as salicylic acid or urea, to help exfoliate the thickened skin
* Protective padding or footwear to prevent blistering and injury
* Antibiotics to treat secondary infections
In severe cases, systemic retinoids or other medications may be used to reduce the severity of the symptoms. However, these treatments can have significant side effects and should be used with caution.
The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.
The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.
Epithelial cells are types of cells that cover the outer surfaces of the body, line the inner surfaces of organs and glands, and form the lining of blood vessels and body cavities. They provide a protective barrier against the external environment, regulate the movement of materials between the internal and external environments, and are involved in the sense of touch, temperature, and pain. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (square-shaped and of equal height), or columnar (tall and narrow) in shape and are classified based on their location and function.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Nail diseases, also known as onychopathies, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the nail unit, which includes the nail plate, nail bed, lunula, and surrounding skin (nail fold). These diseases can be caused by various factors such as fungal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections, systemic diseases, trauma, and neoplasms.
Some common examples of nail diseases include:
1. Onychomycosis - a fungal infection that affects the nail plate and bed, causing discoloration, thickening, and crumbling of the nail.
2. Paronychia - an infection or inflammation of the nail fold, caused by bacteria or fungi, resulting in redness, swelling, and pain.
3. Ingrown toenails - a condition where the nail plate grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, redness, and infection.
4. Onycholysis - a separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often caused by trauma or underlying medical conditions.
5. Psoriasis - a systemic disease that can affect the nails, causing pitting, ridging, discoloration, and onycholysis.
6. Lichen planus - an inflammatory condition that can affect the skin and nails, causing nail thinning, ridging, and loss.
7. Melanonychia - a darkening of the nail plate due to pigmentation, which can be benign or malignant.
8. Brittle nails - a condition characterized by weak, thin, and fragile nails that easily break or split.
9. Subungual hematoma - a collection of blood under the nail plate, often caused by trauma, resulting in discoloration and pain.
10. Tumors - abnormal growths that can develop in or around the nail unit, ranging from benign to malignant.
Accurate diagnosis and treatment of nail diseases require a thorough examination and sometimes laboratory tests, such as fungal cultures or skin biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include topical or oral medications, surgical intervention, or lifestyle modifications.
Keratin-19 is a type I acidic keratin that is primarily expressed in simple epithelia, such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and epidermal appendages (e.g., hair follicles, sweat glands). It plays an essential role in maintaining the structure and integrity of these tissues by forming intermediate filaments that provide mechanical support to cells.
Keratin-19 is often used as a marker for simple epithelial differentiation and has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer progression and metastasis. Mutations in the KRT19 gene, which encodes keratin-19, have been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a blistering skin disorder.
In summary, Keratin-19 is an important structural protein expressed in simple epithelia that plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue integrity and has implications in various pathological conditions.
Mallory bodies are eosinophilic, hyaline inclusions found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (liver cells) that are pathognomonic for alcoholic liver disease. They were first described by Mallory in 1911 and are also known as "Mallory's hyaline." These bodies are composed of aggregates of intermediate filaments, primarily keratin, and are thought to result from the oxidative stress and cellular damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The presence of Mallory bodies is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.
Medical definitions of "malformed nails" may vary, but generally, it refers to a condition where the nails are abnormally formed or shaped. This can include various deformities such as:
1. Koilonychia: Also known as "spoon nails," where the nails appear scooped out and concave.
2. Pterygium: A condition where skin grows over the nail, causing it to adhere to the finger.
3. Onychogryphosis: Also known as "ram's horn nails," where the nails become thick, curved, and overgrown.
4. Brachyonychia: Shortened nails that do not grow normally.
5. Onychauxis: Thickening of the nails.
6. Leukonychia: White spots or lines on the nails.
7. Beau's lines: Indentations across the nails, often caused by a previous illness or injury.
8. Pitting: Small depressions or holes in the nails.
9. Cracking or splitting of the nails.
These nail abnormalities can be caused by various factors such as genetics, fungal infections, trauma, nutritional deficiencies, and underlying medical conditions.
Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.
The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.
Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy of Meesmann is a rare hereditary eye condition that affects the cornea, which is the clear front part of the eye. This condition is typically present at birth or appears during infancy and can affect both eyes. It is caused by mutations in the K3 and K12 genes, which provide instructions for making proteins called keratins that are found in the corneal epithelial cells.
In this condition, there is a abnormal accumulation of these misfolded keratin proteins in the corneal epithelium, leading to the formation of tiny opaque bumps or microcysts on the surface of the cornea. These microcysts can cause visual symptoms such as photophobia (light sensitivity), tearing, and decreased vision. The severity of the condition can vary widely among affected individuals, ranging from mild to severe.
The progression of juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy of Meesmann is generally slow, but in some cases, it may lead to more serious complications such as corneal erosions, scarring, and loss of vision. Currently, there is no cure for this condition, and treatment is mainly focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include the use of artificial tears, ointments, or bandage contact lenses to protect the cornea and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, a corneal transplant may be necessary.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
A papilloma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that grows on a stalk, often appearing as a small cauliflower-like growth. It can develop in various parts of the body, but when it occurs in the mucous membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, or genitourinary tracts, they are called squamous papillomas. The most common type is the skin papilloma, which includes warts. They are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be removed through various medical procedures if they become problematic or unsightly.
Electron microscopy (EM) is a type of microscopy that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the sample being examined, resulting in much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy. There are several types of electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reflection electron microscopy (REM).
In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through a thin slice of the sample, and the electrons that pass through the sample are focused to form an image. This technique can provide detailed information about the internal structure of cells, viruses, and other biological specimens, as well as the composition and structure of materials at the atomic level.
In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of the sample, and the electrons that are scattered back from the surface are detected to create an image. This technique can provide information about the topography and composition of surfaces, as well as the structure of materials at the microscopic level.
REM is a variation of SEM in which the beam of electrons is reflected off the surface of the sample, rather than scattered back from it. This technique can provide information about the surface chemistry and composition of materials.
Electron microscopy has a wide range of applications in biology, medicine, and materials science, including the study of cellular structure and function, disease diagnosis, and the development of new materials and technologies.
Beta-keratins are a type of keratin proteins that are mainly found in the cells of reptiles, birds, and some mammals such as marsupials. These proteins make up the scales, feathers, claws, beaks, and other hard structures of these animals. Beta-keratins have a different molecular structure compared to alpha-keratins, which are the predominant type of keratins found in mammalian skin, hair, and nails.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "wool" is not a term that has a medical definition. Wool refers to the thick coat of hair that is characteristic of sheep and some other animals. It is often used to create textiles and clothing due to its warmth and durability. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.
Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.
The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.
It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including those affecting the skin, hair, and nails. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, particularly dermatophytes, which cause these infections. Griseofulvin can be obtained through a prescription and is available in oral (by mouth) and topical (on the skin) forms.
The primary mechanism of action for griseofulvin involves binding to tubulin, a protein necessary for fungal cell division. This interaction disrupts the formation of microtubules, which are crucial for the fungal cell's structural integrity and growth. As a result, the fungi cannot grow and multiply, allowing the infected tissue to heal and the infection to resolve.
Common side effects associated with griseofulvin use include gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), headache, dizziness, and skin rashes. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking griseofulvin, as improper usage may lead to reduced effectiveness or increased risk of side effects.
It is important to note that griseofulvin has limited use in modern medicine due to the development of newer and more effective antifungal agents. However, it remains a valuable option for specific fungal infections, particularly those resistant to other treatments.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.
Keratin 13
Keratin 4
Keratin 17
Keratin 16
Keratin 12
Keratin
Keratin 14
Alpha-keratin
Keratin 20
Keratin 8
Keratin 7
Keratin 10
Keratin 19
White sponge nevus
Keratin 18
Scouring (textiles)
2018 in archosaur paleontology
ETFDH
K13
Papanicolaou stain
Intermediate filament
Melinda Duer
Toltec fruit-eating bat
Brazilian hair straightening
Pseudofolliculitis barbae
MAPK14
Keel-billed toucan
Cuticle (hair)
Oral pigmentation
M30-Apoptosense ELISA
Keratin 13 - Wikipedia
Krt13 MGI Mouse Gene Detail - MGI:101925 - keratin 13
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Molecular Vision: Increased importin 13 activity is associated with the pathogenesis of pterygium
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Proteins17
- Blended with keratin proteins to help fortify strands & increase elasticity as it prevents breakage Also formulated. (beautytown138.com)
- We previously reported that importin 13 (IPO13), a member of the importin-β family of nuclear import proteins, regulates nuclear import of the glucocorticoid receptor in airway epithelial cells, IPO13 serves as a potential marker for corneal epithelial progenitor cells, and IPO13 is associated with corneal cell proliferation. (molvis.org)
- Keratin ( / ˈ k ɛr ə t ɪ n / [1] [2] ) is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins . (wikipedia.org)
- Vanilla fruit extract conditions and smooths the parched strands, while keratin, wheat and soy proteins restore moisture and shine to improve the hair's overall look and feel. (keratincomplex.com)
- Keratins act as cytoprotective proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The Proteins and peptides were analyzed using HPTLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. Commercial preparations of keratin hydrolysates were used as a comparative standard. (nih.gov)
- Fortified with not only keratin proteins but also Awapuhi Ginger extract, this keratin shampoo ensures your hair is strengthened and nutrified on the inside as much as on the outside. (fabbon.com)
- Keratin Complex Color Care Conditioner has Signature Keratin, wheat, and soy proteins helps retain moisture for healthier-looking hair, Delivers silky, sleek, glossy finish to dull and dry hair. (haircareandbeauty.com)
- A blend of Keratin Complex's proprietary Signature Keratin, wheat, and soy proteins help retain moisture for healthier-looking hair. (haircareandbeauty.com)
- Keratins are key structural proteins that form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
- UV absorbers and keratin protect your color while oat and wheat proteins and provitamin B5 hydrate and nourish for healthy-looking, shiny hair. (beautyroulette.com)
- The human cuticle is around 6 to 8 layers thick and consists of keratin protein, structural lipids, and high sulfur keratin-associated proteins (KAP). (thieme-connect.com)
- The health and appearance of our skin, hair and nails depends on the health of several structural proteins they share, namely collagen, keratin and elastin. (lifeextension.com)
- The appearance and integrity of our skin, hair, and nails are dependent upon a framework of structural proteins, especially keratin, collagen, and elastin. (lifeextension.com)
- In very rare cases, cryptogenic cirrhosis has been associated with mutations in genes that provide instructions for making certain keratin proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- Keratins are a group of tough, fibrous proteins that form the structural framework of certain cells, particularly cells that make up the skin, hair, nails, and similar tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
- The sulfhydryl groups of cysteines in the head region of the keratin proteins 1 (K1) and 10 (K10) are likely targets. (cdc.gov)
Conditioner9
- Paraben-free with sulfate-free surfactants, this nourishing shampoo is gentle enough to smooth hair cuticles and promote strong, long tresses.For a full hair care routine that'll leave your hair with a brilliant, luxurious glow, pair this keratin shampoo with OGX Ever-Straightening + Brazilian Keratin Therapy Conditioner. (grate.app)
- For a full hair care routine that'll leave your hair with a brilliant, luxurious glow, pair this keratin shampoo with OGX Ever-Straightening + Brazilian Keratin Therapy Conditioner. (grate.app)
- Keratin Therapy Conditioner 13.3oz. (anthonygarubosalon.com)
- Note:- It is recommended to use this Tresemme keratin shampoo along with the Tresemme conditioner to get the best results. (fabbon.com)
- Keratin Complex Keratin Color Care Conditioner 13.5 is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. (haircareandbeauty.com)
- Keratin Complex Keratin Color Care Conditioner Moisturizes hair while protecting hair color. (haircareandbeauty.com)
- Keratin Complex Color Care Conditioner is color-safe and formulated to provide essential moisture while smoothing, softening, and protecting color-treated hair. (haircareandbeauty.com)
- Keratin Complex Color Care Conditioner is formulated without sodium chloride to protect the longevity of Keratin Complex® smoothing treatments. (haircareandbeauty.com)
- Reduce the effects of time on your dyed locks with Keratin Complex Timeless Conditioner. (beautyroulette.com)
Protein16
- Keratin 13 (or cytokeratin 13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT13 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Mutations in the gene encoding this protein and keratin 4 have been associated with the autosomal dominant disorder White Sponge Nevus. (wikipedia.org)
- The rich and exclusive blend of this shampoo contains Brazilian keratin protein, which is known to help strengthen and smooth hair. (grate.app)
- Here we investigated the role of IPO13 in the pathogenesis of pterygium and the underlying mechanism including interaction with other cell proliferation-related factors: keratin 17 (K17), a lesional protein and a member of the type I keratins, and c-Jun, a protein of the activator protein-1 complex. (molvis.org)
- Spider silk is classified as keratin, [9] although production of the protein may have evolved independently of the process in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
- The new term corneous beta protein (CBP) has been proposed to avoid confusion with α-keratins. (wikipedia.org)
- Canis lupus familiaris keratin-associated protein 13-1-like (LOC100686358), mRNA. (genscript.com)
- Hair is composed mainly of keratin protein and a small amount of lipid. (nih.gov)
- Many types of protein hydrolysates from plants and animals have been used in hair and personal care such as keratin hydrolysates obtained from nails, horns and wool. (nih.gov)
- It's a 10 Miracle Shampoo Plus Keratin is sulfate free, sodium chloride free, paraben free and keratin protein infused. (macys.com)
- t's a 10 Miracle Shampoo Plus Keratin offers sulfate free, sodium chloride free, paraben free, keratin protein infused, prevents breakage, preserves hair color, restores elasticity, protects from sun damage, locks out humidity & protects from thermal styling. (macys.com)
- It is an advanced version of Juvexin, a keratin anti-aging protein blend. (gkhair.com)
- Keratin intermediate filament assembly begins with the pairing of a type I keratin protein and type II keratin protein to form an alpha helical heterodimer. (medscape.com)
- The basic protein structure of a keratin filament consists of an alpha-helical rod that is divided into 4 domains (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B) connected together by nonhelical linkers (L1, L12, L2). (medscape.com)
- Keratin is a protein found in the hair, nails, and skin. (center4research.org)
- We hypothesized that electrophilic arene oxides formed by CYP isoforms expressed in the human skin react with nucleophilic sites on keratin, the most abundant protein in the stratum corneum that is synthesized de novo during keratinocyte maturation and differentiation. (cdc.gov)
Frizz-Free2
- OGX Frizz-Free + Keratin Smoothing Oil Shampoo is the shampoo that. (ezshopping4yu.com)
- Check out our top picks for hair masks and for the ultimate frizz-free locks, don't forget to try a keratin treatment at your local salon. (keratincomplex.com)
Genes7
- Using the source a bit more to explain what each gene and each zone of genes mean will be helpful, as we currently have no particular examples of a hair keratin. (wikipedia.org)
- The human genome encodes 54 functional keratin genes , located in two clusters on chromosomes 12 and 17. (wikipedia.org)
- Pachyonychia congenita is a rare genodermatosis due to mutations in one of four keratin genes. (medscape.com)
- Pachyonychia congenita type 1, or the Jadassohn-Lewandowsky type (Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM entry 167200), was attributed to mutations in genes encoding keratin 6A (KRT6A) or keratin 16 (KRT16) and constituted the most common form of the disorder. (medscape.com)
- Fifty four different keratin genes have been identified. (medscape.com)
- The mutations in pachyonychia congenita are found in the genes encoding keratin 6A (KRT6A), keratin 16 (KRT16), keratin 6B (KRT6B), and keratin 17 (KRT17). (medscape.com)
- Novel and recurrent mutations in the genes encoding keratins K6a, K16 and K17 in 13 cases of pachyonychia congenita. (medscape.com)
Pachyonychia congenita2
- [ 4 ] Pachyonychia congenita type 2, or the Jackson-Lawler type (MIM entry 167210), was attributed to mutations in keratin 6B (KRT6B) or keratin 17 (KRT17) and could be distinguished from type 1 by the development of natal teeth, widespread steatocystomas, and occasionally pili torti. (medscape.com)
- As with most other keratin disorders, most mutations in pachyonychia congenita occur in these highly conserved helix boundary domains at the end of the rod domain. (medscape.com)
Antibody2
- Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Keratin 6A (KRT6A) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids. (hudsen.org)
- Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Keratin 6A (KRT6A) in samples from Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (hudsen.org)
Treatments7
- Keratin Complex®helps you achieve stronger, healthier hair with our line of keratin treatments, professional hair color, and salon-quality hair care products. (keratincomplex.com)
- What's the Deal with Keratin Treatments? (center4research.org)
- [5] Formaldehyde is released at highly concentrated levels when it is heated, so stylists that perform keratin treatments and customers that repeatedly get them are at a greatest risk for these health problems. (center4research.org)
- Brazilian Blowout is one of the most common brands of keratin treatments. (center4research.org)
- As a result of the 2010 controversy over formaldehyde in keratin treatments, Brazilian Blowout created a formula that they advertised as "formaldehyde-free. (center4research.org)
- [11] Brazilian Blowout is actually one of the most dangerous treatments because almost 12% of the product is basically formaldehyde hiding under another name, and contains three times as much formaldehyde as most other keratin treatments. (center4research.org)
- [6] Five other keratin treatments labeled "formaldehyde-free" were also found to contain formaldehyde levels up to five times the recommended amount. (center4research.org)
Epithelial4
- Importin 13 (IPO13), a member of the importin-β superfamily, was originally identified in the fetal rat lung and differentially expressed in cells of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. (molvis.org)
- Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells react with antibodies for keratin 5, keratin 8, and keratin 14. (wikipedia.org)
- Various epithelial cell types express a different range of keratins based on cell function. (medscape.com)
Cytokeratin1
- Keratin 13 is a type I cytokeratin, it is paired with keratin 4 and found in the suprabasal layers of non-cornified stratified epithelia. (wikipedia.org)
Paraben free2
- Some of the key attributes of OGX Ever Straightening Plus Brazillian Keratin Therapy Shampoo 13 fl oz includes Hair Care , Contains Avocado , Sulfate Free , Paraben Free , Aluminum Free , Smoothing and Strengthening . (grate.app)
- If you are looking for a keratin shampoo in India which is sulphate and paraben free then Organix shampoo is a good choice. (fabbon.com)
Antibodies1
- Polyclonal rabbit antibodies produced against the naphthyl-modified keratins reacted with their respective antigens with threshold sensitivities of 15-31 ng/mL and high specificity over a linear range up to 500 ng/mL. (cdc.gov)
KRT6A1
- Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Keratin 6A (KRT6A) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids. (hudsen.org)
Peptides5
- Most of these hydrolysates are obtained by chemical hydrolysis and hydrothermal methods, but recently hydrolyzed hair keratin, feather keratin peptides, and feather meal peptides have been obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus spp in submerged fermentation. (nih.gov)
- Keratin peptides were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of keratinases using Bacillus subtilis AMR. (nih.gov)
- These results show that the enzymatic method to produce keratin peptides for hair care products is an attractive and eco- friendly method with a great potential in the cosmetic industry. (nih.gov)
- Fortunately, lifestyle changes and targeted nutritional interventions-particularly collagen peptides, solubilized keratin, and Polypodium leucotomos extract-can support skin, hair and nails from the inside out. (lifeextension.com)
- In dermal tape-strip samples collected from 13 individuals exposed to naphthalene-containing jet fuel, naphthyl-conjugated peptides were detected at levels from 0.343 +/- 0.274 to 2.34 +/- 1.61 pmol adduct/ug keratin but were undetectable in unexposed volunteers. (cdc.gov)
Shampoo contains1
- The specially tailored TRESemme Keratin Smooth shampoo contains very low amounts of sulphates and gives you wonderfully straight tresses while repairing, nourishing and hair smoothening every inch of every strand of hair. (fabbon.com)
Shampoos3
- Try out these Keratin infused shampoos that will give you hair like you've just gotten out of the salon after a Keratin treatment. (fabbon.com)
- Read our frequently asked questions on keratin shampoos to get all your queries answered. (fabbon.com)
- With infused Keratin Micro Technology, this keratin shampoo ensures that the hair surface is rejuvenated and reconstructed.This is one of the best Keratin shampoos for hair smoothening. (fabbon.com)
Salon1
- Want smooth, straight and lustrous tresses without having to spend exorbitant amounts at a salon on keratin hair spa? (fabbon.com)
Moisture1
- With exclusive Pro-keratin-Incell technology developed by L'Oreal, this shampoo effectively refurbishes the exhausted moisture reservoir and makes hair voluminous. (fabbon.com)
Structural1
- [11] Recent scholarship has shown that sauropsid β-keratins are fundamentally different from α-keratins at a genetic and structural level. (wikipedia.org)
Formaldehyde4
- In a keratin treatment, cream containing formaldehyde (or another chemical that releases formaldehyde) is brushed into the hair, which is then blown dry and flat-ironed. (center4research.org)
- The combination of formaldehyde, heat, and compression cause straight keratin in the cream to bind to the keratin in the hair, making curly or wavy hair more relaxed. (center4research.org)
- The national Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) and the New York State Department of Health list the following as some of the companies that sell one or more products that contain formaldehyde: Brazilian Blowout, Badiveu Brazilian, Coppola Keratin, Global Keratin, IBS Beauty, Kera Green, Marcia Teixeira, Pro-Collagen RX and QOD Gold. (center4research.org)
- [6] There are also other hair products, such as conditioners and hair sprays, that contain keratin but do not contain any form of formaldehyde, and do not require heat activation. (center4research.org)
Keratinocytes1
- These keratins are constitutively expressed in keratinocytes of the nail, palmoplantar skin, mucosa, and hair, leading to the manifestations of the disorder in these sites. (medscape.com)
Complex4
- While the weather is transitioning from hot and humid to colder temps, make sure you're taking care of your tresses with hair masks from Keratin Complex . (keratincomplex.com)
- Whether you're in need of intense hydration, protection or damage repair, Keratin Complex has the solution to keep your hair on point, no matter the season! (keratincomplex.com)
- Sign up now and be the first to receive news, exclusive offers, product information, and more from Keratin Complex! (keratincomplex.com)
- Keratin Complex Blondeshell Shampoo is a gentle shampoo that neutralizes brassy tones and keeps color true. (keratin.nyc)
Smooth2
- Smooth hair the way nature intended with OGX Ever-Straightening + Brazilian Keratin Therapy Shampoo. (grate.app)
- The nourishing formula infused with Certified Natural Acai Berries plus Keratin helps aid in repair to strengthen and smooth dry or damaged hair. (myotcstore.com)
Consists1
- Containing non-hydrolyzed, intact keratin, Juvexin consists of both large and small molecules. (gkhair.com)
Chromosome2
- The neutral-basic keratins are encoded on chromosome 12 (12q13.13). (wikipedia.org)
- The acidic keratins are encoded on chromosome 17 (17q21.2). (wikipedia.org)
Treatment5
- Also is the perfect at-home maintenance product to use after a Personalized Blow Out ™ Same Day Keratin Treatment . (keratincomplex.com)
- Hoping it will extend the lasting of my keratin treatment. (macys.com)
- Keratin Hair Treatment: What Are The Pros, Cons And Side Effects? (fabbon.com)
- Have you ever gotten a keratin treatment? (center4research.org)
- What is a Keratin Treatment? (center4research.org)
Collagen1
- OGX Thick & Full + Biotin & Collagen Shampoo, 13 fl. (creativeshoppingpk.com)
Granules1
- Mice homozygous for a null allele exhibit white sponge nevus-like phenotype in several tissues including the tongue, buccal mucosa, and esophagus showing thickened epithelium, loss of keratohyalin granules, and disorganized keratin layer. (jax.org)
Type3
- Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates . (wikipedia.org)
- Keratins (also described as cytokeratins ) are polymers of type I and type II intermediate filaments that have been found only in chordates ( vertebrates , amphioxus , urochordates ). (wikipedia.org)
- They are classified based on their biochemical properties into either type I (K9-K28, K31-K40) or type II keratins (K1-K8, K71-K86). (medscape.com)
Human4
- Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Keratin 6A from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (hudsen.org)
- The antiserum was produced against synthesized peptide derived from human Keratin 8. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In temperate southeastern Australia, outbreaks of M . ulcerans infection occur in localized areas, but few patients report direct contact with environmental water other than the ocean, which led to the proposal that aerosols from contaminated water may cause human infections ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
- S-arylcysteine--keratin adducts as biomarkers of human dermal exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons. (cdc.gov)
Oral1
- Oral ingestion of solubilized keratin plus vitamins and minerals significantly improved various aspects of skin appearance, decreased hair loss, and increased nail strength. (lifeextension.com)
Cyst1
- The term keratocyst was described by Philipsen in 1956 and this nomenclature was given to any cyst that has a large formation of keratin. (bvsalud.org)
Horns1
- The horns of the impala are made of keratin covering a core of bone . (wikipedia.org)