Ion channel gating. Medical search

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

A subclass of ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of specific LIGANDS.

Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.

A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.

A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.

A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS of the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels that are opened by hyperpolarization rather than depolarization. The ion conducting pore passes SODIUM, CALCIUM, and POTASSIUM cations with a preference for potassium.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A family of mechanosensitive sodium channels found primarily in NEMATODES where they play a role in CELLULAR MECHANOTRANSDUCTION. Degenerin sodium channels are structurally-related to EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS and are named after the fact that loss of their activity results in cellular degeneration.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of CARDIOMYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN5A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with a variety of CARDIAC DISEASES that result from loss of sodium channel function.

A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A subclass of sodium channel blockers that are specific for ACID-SENSING SODIUM CHANNELS.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

A very slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed in NEURONS and is closely related to KCNQ2 POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It is commonly mutated in BENIGN FAMILIAL NEONATAL CONVULSIONS.

A family of membrane proteins that selectively conduct SODIUM ions due to changes in the TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. They typically have a multimeric structure with a core alpha subunit that defines the sodium channel subtype and several beta subunits that modulate sodium channel activity.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Defects in the SCN2A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with benign familial infantile seizures type 3, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 11.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.

A class of drugs that stimulate sodium influx through cell membrane channels.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.

A family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. They play an essential role in mitochondrial CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, are often regulated by BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS, and have been implicated in APOPTOSIS.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

ATP-BINDING CASSETTE PROTEINS that are highly conserved and widely expressed in nature. They form an integral part of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel complex which has two intracellular nucleotide folds that bind to sulfonylureas and their analogs.

A purinergic P2X neurotransmitter receptor involved in sensory signaling of TASTE PERCEPTION, chemoreception, visceral distension and NEUROPATHIC PAIN. The receptor comprises three P2X2 subunits. The P2X2 subunits also have been found associated with P2X3 RECEPTOR subunits in a heterotrimeric receptor variant.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Proteins that bind specific drugs with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Drug receptors are generally thought to be receptors for some endogenous substance not otherwise specified.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.

Positively-charged atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons. These particles have one or more units of electric charge and a mass exceeding that of the Helium-4 nucleus (alpha particle).

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of SKELETAL MYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN4A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with several MYOTONIC DISORDERS.

An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

A subclass of serotonin receptors that form cation channels and mediate signal transduction by depolarizing the cell membrane. The cation channels are formed from 5 receptor subunits. When stimulated the receptors allow the selective passage of SODIUM; POTASSIUM; and CALCIUM.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

A general class of integral membrane proteins that transport ions across a membrane against an electrochemical gradient.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is expressed in nociceptors, including spinal and trigeminal sensory neurons. It plays a role in the transmission of pain signals induced by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

A subclass of purinergic P2 receptors that signal by means of a ligand-gated ion channel. They are comprised of three P2X subunits which can be identical (homotrimeric form) or dissimilar (heterotrimeric form).

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

The regulatory subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.

A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A genus of the family Muridae consisting of eleven species. C. migratorius, the grey or Armenian hamster, and C. griseus, the Chinese hamster, are the two species used in biomedical research.

A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.

A chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (Hum Genet 1994;93(4):364-8)

A class of cell surface receptors for PURINES that prefer ATP or ADP over ADENOSINE. P2 purinergic receptors are widespread in the periphery and in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Organic salts or esters of methanesulfonic acid.

A phosphoinositide present in all eukaryotic cells, particularly in the plasma membrane. It is the major substrate for receptor-stimulated phosphoinositidase C, with the consequent formation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol, and probably also for receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid 3-kinase. (Kendrew, The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994)

Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.

A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The excitable plasma membrane of a muscle cell. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of positively charged molecules (cations) across a biological membrane.

Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A family of structurally related neurotoxic peptides from mollusk venom that inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane. They selectively inhibit N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels.

A widely distributed purinergic P2X receptor subtype that plays a role in pain sensation. P2X4 receptors found on MICROGLIA cells may also play a role in the mediation of allodynia-related NEUROPATHIC PAIN.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is predominantly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Defects in the SCN1A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with DRAVET SYNDROME, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, type 2 (GEFS+2), and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3.

A class of porins that allow the passage of WATER and other small molecules across CELL MEMBRANES.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating: interactions between P-segment motions and inactivation. (1/8527)

Disulfide trapping studies have revealed that the pore-lining (P) segments of voltage-dependent sodium channels undergo sizable motions on a subsecond time scale. Such motions of the pore may be necessary for selective ion translocation. Although traditionally viewed as separable properties, gating and permeation are now known to interact extensively in various classes of channels. We have investigated the interaction of pore motions and voltage-dependent gating in micro1 sodium channels engineered to contain two cysteines within the P segments. Rates of catalyzed internal disulfide formation (kSS) were measured in K1237C+W1531C mutant channels expressed in oocytes. During repetitive voltage-clamp depolarizations, increasing the pulse duration had biphasic effects on the kSS, which first increased to a maximum at 200 msec and then decreased with longer depolarizations. This result suggested that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state (IM) facilitates pore motions. Consistent with the known antagonism between alkali metals and a component of slow inactivation, kSS varied inversely with external [Na+]o. We examined the converse relationship, namely the effect of pore flexibility on gating, by measuring recovery from inactivation in Y401C+E758C (YC/EC) channels. Under oxidative conditions, recovery from inactivation was slower than in a reduced environment in which the spontaneous YC/EC cross-link is disrupted. The most prominent effects were slowing of a component with intermediate recovery kinetics, with diminution of its relative amplitude. We conclude that occupancy of an intermediate inactivation state facilitates motions of the P segments; conversely, flexibility of the P segments alters an intermediate component of inactivation. (+info)

Functional consequences of mutations in the human alpha1A calcium channel subunit linked to familial hemiplegic migraine. (2/8527)

Mutations in alpha1A, the pore-forming subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels, are linked to several human diseases, including familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). We introduced the four missense mutations linked to FHM into human alpha1A-2 subunits and investigated their functional consequences after expression in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. By combining single-channel and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we show that all four mutations affect both the biophysical properties and the density of functional channels. Mutation R192Q in the S4 segment of domain I increased the density of functional P/Q-type channels and their open probability. Mutation T666M in the pore loop of domain II decreased both the density of functional channels and their unitary conductance (from 20 to 11 pS). Mutations V714A and I1815L in the S6 segments of domains II and IV shifted the voltage range of activation toward more negative voltages, increased both the open probability and the rate of recovery from inactivation, and decreased the density of functional channels. Mutation V714A decreased the single-channel conductance to 16 pS. Strikingly, the reduction in single-channel conductance induced by mutations T666M and V714A was not observed in some patches or periods of activity, suggesting that the abnormal channel may switch on and off, perhaps depending on some unknown factor. Our data show that the FHM mutations can lead to both gain- and loss-of-function of human P/Q-type calcium channels. (+info)

Individual subunits contribute independently to slow gating of bovine EAG potassium channels. (3/8527)

The bovine ether a go-go gene encodes a delayed rectifier potassium channel. In contrast to other delayed rectifiers, its activation kinetics is largely determined by the holding potential and the concentration of extracellular Mg2+, giving rise to slowly activating currents with a characteristic sigmoidal rising phase. Replacement of a single amino acid in the extracellular linker between transmembrane segments S3 and S4 (L322H) strongly reduced the prepulse dependence and accelerated activation by 1 order of magnitude. In addition, compared with the wild type, the half-activation voltage of this mutant was shifted by more than 30 mV to more negative potentials. We used dimeric and tetrameric constructs of the bovine eag1 gene to analyze channels with defined stoichiometry of mutated and wild-type subunits within the tetrameric channel complexes. With increasing numbers of mutated subunits, the channel activation was progressively accelerated, and the sigmoidicity of the current traces was reduced. Based on a quantitative analysis, we show that the slow gating, typical for EAG channels, is mediated by independent conformational transitions of individual subunits, which gain their voltage dependence from the S4 segment. At a given voltage, external Mg2+ increases the probability of a channel subunit to be in the slowly activating conformation, whereas mutation L322H strongly reduces this probability. (+info)

Voltage and calcium use the same molecular determinants to inactivate calcium channels. (4/8527)

During sustained depolarization, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels progressively undergo a transition to a nonconducting, inactivated state, preventing Ca2+ overload of the cell. This transition can be triggered either by the membrane potential (voltage-dependent inactivation) or by the consecutive entry of Ca2+ (Ca2+-dependent inactivation), depending on the type of Ca2+ channel. These two types of inactivation are suspected to arise from distinct underlying mechanisms, relying on specific molecular sequences of the different pore-forming Ca2+ channel subunits. Here we report that the voltage-dependent inactivation (of the alpha1A Ca2+ channel) and the Ca2+-dependent inactivation (of the alpha1C Ca2+ channel) are similarly influenced by Ca2+ channel beta subunits. The same molecular determinants of the beta subunit, and therefore the same subunit interactions, influence both types of inactivation. These results strongly suggest that the voltage and the Ca2+-dependent transitions leading to channel inactivation use homologous structures of the different alpha1 subunits and occur through the same molecular process. A model of inactivation taking into account these new data is presented. (+info)

Gating connexin 43 channels reconstituted in lipid vesicles by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. (5/8527)

The regulation of gap junctional permeability by phosphorylation was examined in a model system in which connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junction hemichannels were reconstituted in lipid vesicles. Cx43 was immunoaffinity-purified from rat brain, and Cx43 channels were reconstituted into unilamellar phospholipid liposomes. The activities of the reconstituted channels were measured by monitoring liposome permeability. Liposomes containing the Cx43 protein were fractionated on the basis of permeability to sucrose using sedimentation in an iso-osmolar density gradient. The gradient allowed separation of the sucrose-permeable and -impermeable liposomes. Liposomes that were permeable to sucrose were also permeable to the communicating dye molecule lucifer yellow. Permeability, and therefore activity of the reconstituted Cx43 channels, were directly dependent on the state of Cx43 phosphorylation. The permeability of liposomes containing Cx43 channels was increased by treatment of liposomes with calf intestinal phosphatase. Moreover, liposomes formed with Cx43 that had been dephosphorylated by calf intestinal phosphatase treatment showed increased permeability to sucrose. The role of phosphorylation in the gating mechanism of Cx43 channels was supported further by the observation that phosphorylation of Cx43 by mitogen-activated protein kinase reversibly reduced the permeability of liposomes containing dephosphorylated Cx43. Our results show a direct correlation between gap junctional permeability and the phosphorylation state of Cx43. (+info)

Calmodulin mediates calcium-dependent activation of the intermediate conductance KCa channel, IKCa1. (6/8527)

Small and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels play a crucial role in hyperpolarizing the membrane potential of excitable and nonexcitable cells. These channels are exquisitely sensitive to cytoplasmic Ca2+, yet their protein-coding regions do not contain consensus Ca2+-binding motifs. We investigated the involvement of an accessory protein in the Ca2+-dependent gating of hIKCa1, a human intermediate conductance channel expressed in peripheral tissues. Cal- modulin was found to interact strongly with the cytoplasmic carboxyl (C)-tail of hIKCa1 in a yeast two-hybrid system. Deletion analyses defined a requirement for the first 62 amino acids of the C-tail, and the binding of calmodulin to this region did not require Ca2+. The C-tail of hSKCa3, a human neuronal small conductance channel, also bound calmodulin, whereas that of a voltage-gated K+ channel, mKv1.3, did not. Calmodulin co-precipitated with the channel in cell lines transfected with hIKCa1, but not with mKv1. 3-transfected lines. A mutant calmodulin, defective in Ca2+ sensing but retaining binding to the channel, dramatically reduced current amplitudes when co-expressed with hIKCa1 in mammalian cells. Co-expression with varying amounts of wild-type and mutant calmodulin resulted in a dominant-negative suppression of current, consistent with four calmodulin molecules being associated with the channel. Taken together, our results suggest that Ca2+-calmodulin-induced conformational changes in all four subunits are necessary for the channel to open. (+info)

Voltage sensors in domains III and IV, but not I and II, are immobilized by Na+ channel fast inactivation. (7/8527)

Using site-directed fluorescent labeling, we examined conformational changes in the S4 segment of each domain of the human skeletal muscle sodium channel (hSkM1). The fluorescence signals from S4 segments in domains I and II follow activation and are unaffected as fast inactivation settles. In contrast, the fluorescence signals from S4 segments in domains III and IV show kinetic components during activation and deactivation that correlate with fast inactivation and charge immobilization. These results indicate that in hSkM1, the S4 segments in domains III and IV are responsible for voltage-sensitive conformational changes linked to fast inactivation and are immobilized by fast inactivation, while the S4 segments in domains I and II are unaffected by fast inactivation. (+info)

Distinct sensitivities of OmpF and PhoE porins to charged modulators. (8/8527)

The inhibition of the anion-selective PhoE porin by ATP and of the cation-selective OmpF porin by polyamines has been previously documented. In the present study, we have extended the comparison of the inhibitor-porin pairs by investigating the effect of anions (ATP and aspartate) and positively charged polyamines (spermine and cadaverine) on both OmpF and PhoE with the patch-clamp technique, and by comparing directly the gating kinetics of the channels modulated by their respective substrates. The novel findings reported here are (1) that the activity of PhoE is completely unaffected by polyamines, and (2) that the kinetic changes induced by ATP on PhoE or polyamines on OmpF suggest different mechanisms of inhibition. ATP induces a high degree of flickering in the PhoE-mediated current and appears to behave as a blocker of ion flow during its presumed transport through PhoE. Polyamines modulate the kinetics of openings and closings of OmpF, in addition to promoting a blocker-like flickering activity. The strong correlation between sensitivity to inhibitors and ion selectivity suggests that some common molecular determinants are involved in these two properties and is in agreement with the hypothesis that polyamines bind inside the pore of cationic porins. (+info)

... voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals. Voltage-gated ion-channels are usually ion-specific, and ... IUPHAR-DB Voltage-gated ion channel subunits The IUPHAR Compendium of Voltage-gated Ion Channels 2005 Voltage-Dependent+Anion+ ... Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the ... polycystin cation channels, glutamate-gated ion channels, calcium-dependent chloride channels, monovalent cation:proton ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

... are a class of ion channels whose conductance of ions through the membrane depends directly on lipids ... PIP2 is a cell membrane lipid, and its role in gating ion channels represents a novel role for the molecule. Kir channels: PIP2 ... Other classes of lipid-gated channels include the mechanosensitive ion channels that respond to lipid tension, thickness, and ... TRP channels: TRP channels were perhaps the first class of channels recognized as lipid-gated. PIP2 regulates the conductance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid-gated_ion_channels

... ligand-gated ion channels, mechanosensitive ion channels, and temperature-gated ion channels. Most light-gated ion channels ... Light-gated ion channels are a family of ion channels regulated by electromagnetic radiation. Other gating mechanisms for ion ... Other types of gated ion channels, ligand-gated and voltage-gated, have been synthesized with a light-gated component in an ... Light-gated ion channels function in a similar manner to other gated ion channels. Such transmembrane proteins form pores ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channel

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ligand-gated ion channel. Ligand-Gated Ion Channel database at European Bioinformatics ... ion channel Calcium-activated potassium channel Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel Voltage-dependent calcium channel Receptor ... If these receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a ... "Revised Recommendations for Nomenclature of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel

G protein-gated ion channels are a family of transmembrane ion channels in neurons and atrial myocytes that are directly gated ... Generally, G protein-gated ion channels are specific ion channels located in the plasma membrane of cells that are directly ... G protein-gated ion channels are associated with a specific type of G protein-coupled receptor. These ion channels are ... G proteins can also directly gate certain calcium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes. Although membrane ion channels and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-gated_ion_channel

Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic ... Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha-subunits include Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel ... Membrane biology, Ion channels, Voltage-gated ion channels). ... Ion channel HCN channel Voltage-dependent calcium channel ... Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta 1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel beta 3 The structure of the pore is similar to other ion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide–gated_ion_channel

"Voltage-Gated Ion Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... High-voltage-gated calcium channels include the neural N-type channel blocked by ω-conotoxin GVIA, the R-type channel (R stands ... Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ... These channels are slightly permeable to sodium ions, so they are also called Ca2+-Na+ channels, but their permeability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel

The nAChRs are ligand-gated ion channels, and, like other members of the "cys-loop" ligand-gated ion channel superfamily, are ... Ortells, M. O.; Lunt, G. G. (March 1995). "Evolutionary history of the ligand-gated ion-channel superfamily of receptors". ... "Structural changes during ion channel gating". Trends Neurosci. 27 (6): 298-302. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.04.004. PMID 15165732 ... The nicotine ACh receptor is also a Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ion channel. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR, also known as " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor

Gating modifiers of voltage-gated sodium channels". Toxicon. Gating Modifier Peptides of Ion Channels. 49 (2): 194-201. doi: ... Protoxin-I selectively blocks low voltage threshold T-type calcium channels., voltage gated sodium channels and the nociceptor ... further supporting the idea that these regions play an important role in ion channel binding. Like other gating-modifier spider ... "A Tarantula-Venom Peptide Antagonizes the TRPA1 Nociceptor Ion Channel by Binding to the S1-S4 Gating Domain". Current Biology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoxin-I

Kienker, P. (1989-04-22). "Equivalence of Aggregated Markov Models of Ion-Channel Gating". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: ... Goychuk, Igor; Hänggi, Peter (2004-11-24). "Fractional diffusion modeling of ion channel gating". Physical Review E. 70 (5): ... "Using independent open-to-closed transitions to simplify aggregated Markov models of ion channel gating kinetics". Proceedings ... Colquhoun, D.; Hawkes, A. G. (1982-12-24). "On the Stochastic Properties of Bursts of Single Ion Channel Openings and of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_dimensions_form

Garcia ML (July 2004). "Ion channels: gate expectations". Nature. 430 (6996): 153-5. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..153G. doi:10.1038/ ... ion channels and ion pumps. Both pumps and channels are integral membrane proteins that pass through the bilayer, but their ... In contrast to ion pumps, ion channels do not build chemical gradients but rather dissipate them in order to perform work or ... All ion pumps have some sort of trigger or "gating" mechanism. In the previous example it was electrical bias, but other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer

"Voltage-gated Ion Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Cao Y, Pan Y, Huang H, Jin X, Levin EJ, Kloss B, Zhou M (April 2013). "Gating of the TrkH ion channel by its associated RCK ... There are commonly additional regulatory domains which serve to regulate ion conduction and channel gating. The pores may also ... The transmembrane cation channel superfamily was defined in InterPro and Pfam as the family of tetrameric ion channels. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation_channel_superfamily

"Voltage-Gated Ion Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous with voltage ... gated calcium channel, although there are also ligand-gated calcium channels. The following tables explain gating, gene, ... "calcium channel" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Striggow F, Ehrlich BE (August 1996). "Ligand-gated calcium channels inside ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel

Catterall WA, Cestèle S, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Yu FH, Konoki K, Scheuer T (February 2007). "Voltage-gated ion channels and gating ... Since all potassium channels share the same ion conducting outer pore structure, Lq2 binds to all three potassium channel types ... It blocks various potassium channels, among others the inward-rectifier potassium ion channel ROMK1. Lq2 is also known as ... of the ROMK1 ion channel. It blocks the channel, binding in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with its β-sheet. Potential use of Lq2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lq2

"Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins". Toxicon. 49 (2): 124-41. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.022. PMID ... It is classified into Type I voltage-gated sodium channel neurotoxins. As reported by Norton et al., this group consists of ... AETX refers to a group of polypeptide neurotoxins isolated from the sea anemone Anemonia erythraea that target ion channels, ... Protein details: AETX I AETX II AETX III AETX K (Neurotoxins, Ion channel toxins, Sea anemone toxins). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AETX

Price MP, Thompson RJ, Eshcol JO, Wemmie JA, Benson CJ (2004). "Stomatin modulates gating of acid-sensing ion channels". J. ... Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) also known as amiloride-sensitive cation channel 3 (ACCN3) or testis sodium channel 1 (TNaC1 ... "PSD-95 and Lin-7b interact with acid-sensing ion channel-3 and have opposite effects on H+- gated current". J. Biol. Chem. 279 ... "PSD-95 and Lin-7b interact with acid-sensing ion channel-3 and have opposite effects on H+- gated current". J. Biol. Chem. 279 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIC3

Catterall, William (2007). "Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins". Toxicon. 49 (2): 124-41. doi:10.1016/j. ... that inhibits fast inactivation of voltage gated sodium-channels (VGSCs). The LmαTX3 toxin derives the first part of its name ... Site 3 toxins prevent a component of outward gating charge movement associated with channel inactivation, it is likely that ... Bosmans, Frank (2007). "Voltage-gated sodium channel modulation by scorpion α-toxins". Toxicon. 49 (2): 142-158. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LmαTX3

2008 May;16(5):747-54 3. Catterall WA et al., Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins. Toxicon. 2007 Feb;49(2): ... KTX binds to the Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel and the Calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels). (Lange A et ... through the Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel and calcium-activated potassium channels by physically blocking the channel- ... Computational simulations of interactions of scorpion toxins with the voltage-gated potassium ion channel. Biophys J. 2004 Jun; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliotoxin

Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins. Toxicon, 49(2), 124-141, Goudeta C., Chib C.-W., Tytgat J. (2002). An ... By blocking the inactivation of sodium ion channels, α-scorpion toxins prolong action potentials. Bukatoxin (short names: ... The FASEB Journal, 17(3), 485-7 (Scorpion toxins, Ion channel toxins, Neurotoxins). ... Other residues that could contribute to the binding of bukatoxin to the neurotoxin receptor site 3 of the sodium channels are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukatoxin

Compendium of voltage-gated ion channels: potassium channels". Pharmacological Reviews. 55 (4): 583-6. doi:10.1124/pr.55.4.9. ... Below is a list of the 15 known two-pore-domain human potassium channels: Ion channel Potassium channel Goldstein SA, Bayliss ... "Two-P Potassium Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical ... Each single channel does not have two pores; the name of the channel comes from the fact that each subunit has two P (pore) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-pore-domain_potassium_channel

... with the non-voltage gated sodium channels BNC1 (brain Na+ channel 1) and ASIC (acid-sensing ion channel)". Biochem. J. 361 (Pt ... with the non-voltage gated sodium channels BNC1 (brain Na+ channel 1) and ASIC (acid-sensing ion channel)". Biochem. J. 361 (Pt ... Acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) also known as amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2, neuronal (ACCN2) or brain sodium channel ... Price MP, Thompson RJ, Eshcol JO, Wemmie JA, Benson CJ (2005). "Stomatin modulates gating of acid-sensing ion channels". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIC1

Banghart, M. R.; Volgraf, M.; Trauner, D. (December 2006). "Engineering light-gated ion channels". Biochemistry. 45 (51): 15129 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azobenzene

Kaupp UB, Seifert R (July 2002). "Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels". Physiol. Rev. 82 (3): 769-824. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.319. ... Increases in concentration of the second messenger cAMP may lead to the activation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels ... "A β2 adrenergic receptor signaling complex assembled with the Ca2+ channel Cav1.2". Science. 293 (5527): 98-101. doi:10.1126/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway

Soon after, the role of cNMP in gated ion channels of chemosensitive cilia of olfactory sensory neurons was reported by Tadashi ... Kaupp UB, Seifert R (July 2002). "Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels". Physiol. Rev. 82 (3): 769-824. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.319. ... In 1992 Lawrence Haynes and King-Wai Yau uncovered cNMP's role in the light-dependent cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel of cone ... They have been identified as secondary messengers in both hormone and ion-channel signalling in eukaryotic cells, as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide

Catterall, WA; Cestele, S; Yarov-Yarovoy, V; Yu, FH; Konoki, K; Scheuer, T (2007). "Voltage-gated ion channels and gating ... which most likely acts by prolonging the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV channels). Cangitoxin is a ... Sea anemone toxins act on voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.4, NaV1.5, NaV1.6, NaV1.7) and depending on their ... According to its sequence homology, it is likely that cangitoxin prolongs the inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangitoxin

Yin J, Kuang Z, Mahankali U, Beck TL (November 2004). "Ion transit pathways and gating in ClC chloride channels". Proteins. 57 ... Like all ClC channels, ClC-5 needs to dimerize to create the pore through which the ions pass. ClC-5 can form both homo- and ... Lamb FS, Clayton GH, Liu BX, Smith RL, Barna TJ, Schutte BC (March 1999). "Expression of CLCN voltage-gated chloride channel ... Lamb FS, Clayton GH, Liu BX, Smith RL, Barna TJ, Schutte BC (March 1999). "Expression of CLCN voltage-gated chloride channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLCN5

This receptor functions as a ligand-gated ion channel. Several characteristic motifs of ATP-gated channels are present in its ... "Entrez Gene: P2RX5 purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 5". North RA (2002). "Molecular physiology of P2X ... Ion channels, All stub articles, Membrane protein stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2RX5

2005). "Stomatin modulates gating of acid-sensing ion channels". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (51): 53886-91. doi:10.1074/jbc.M407708200 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOML1

"Voltage-gated ion channels and gating modifier toxins" (PDF). Toxicon. 49 (2): 124-41. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.022. PMID ... January 1989). "Modification of Na channel gating by an alpha scorpion toxin from Tityus serrulatus". J. Gen. Physiol. 93 (1): ... located on domain IV of the sodium channel, and thereby slow the inactivation of sodium channels. This toxin is active against ... does not discriminate between tissue-specific sodium channel subtypes and has been found to affect sodium channels from rat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TsIV

Catterall WA, Cestèle S, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Yu FH, Konoki K, Scheuer T (February 2007). "Voltage-gated ion channels and gating ... Ion channel toxins, Neurotoxins, Peripheral membrane proteins, Myrmecology, Sodium channel openers). ... act upon sodium channels via binding to the channels' receptor site 3, which normally affects the channels' ability to ... The combination of poneratoxin binding to a cell membrane (in order to act upon a voltage-gated sodium channel) and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poneratoxin

"Ion channel of acetylcholine receptor reconstructed from images of postsynaptic membranes" Nature 336:247-250 Toyoshima C, ... "Gating movement of acetylcholine receptor caught by plunge-freezing" Journal of Molecular Biology 422:617-634 O'Brien J, Unwin ... "Acetylcholine receptor channel imaged in the open state" Nature 373:37-43 Berriman J, Unwin N (1994), "Analysis of transient ... "Structure and gating mechanism of the acetylcholine receptor pore" Nature 423:949-955 Unwin N (1995), " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Unwin

... as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system through activation of ligand-gated ion channels and G ... This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the glutamate-gated ionic channel family. Glutamate functions ... The protein encoded by this gene forms functional heteromeric kainate-preferring ionic channels with the subunits encoded by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIK5

... focusing on the mechanisms of gating and ion channel block. At the same time, in collaboration with the laboratories of Dr. ... studying the mechanisms of C-type inactivation in voltage-gated ion channels and the effects of neurotoxins and local ... After Soviet science was liberalized in the 1960s, he moved to ion channels, developing as a leader in the actions of local ... At the Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, the Khodorov laboratory carried out pioneering studies in the field of ion channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Khodorov

... and this was initially accomplished with the use of a so-called channel-stopper mask, and later with ion implantation. The SGT ... They used silicon as channel material and a non-self-aligned aluminum (Al) gate. The aluminum-gate MOS process technology ... Bower's work described the self-aligned-gate MOSFET, made with both aluminum and polysilicon gates. It used both ion ... made the device using polysilicon as the gate. The self-aligned gate typically involves ion implantation, another semiconductor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-aligned_gate

Disturbances in neuromodulatory processes acting on ion channels, receptors, and second messengers have been associated with ... voltage gated calcium channels become activated and calcium is able to flow into the cell which usually leads to the release of ... The channels are regulated by G protein-coupled receptors that can activate or inhibit the NALCN channels depending on the ... Other potassium channels like large conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels and sodium chloride dependent potassium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

Ion channels, Electrophysiology, Integral membrane proteins, Calcium channels). ... Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels". Pharmacological Reviews. 57 (4): 411-25. ... The R-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit forms ... Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels". Pharmacological Reviews. 57 (4): 411-25. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel

During single action potentials, transient depolarization of the membrane opens more voltage-gated K+ channels than are open in ... but may also involve M current and HCN channels for medium AHPs, and ion-dependent currents and/or ionic pumps for slow AHPs. ... Ca2+-activated K+ channels that open in response to the influx of Ca2+ during the action potential carry much of the K+ current ... N. Gu, K. Vervaeke, H. Hu, and J.F. Storm, Kv7/KCNQ/M and HCN/h, but not KCa2/SK channels, contribute to the somatic medium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterhyperpolarization

... which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as ... Ion channels, All stub articles, Membrane protein stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA4

The 8/S also reduced the number of logic gates by using a serial, single-bit-wide data path to do arithmetic. The CPU of the ... For example, ION (6001) enables interrupt processing, and IOFF (6002) disables it. Function Bits 9 through 11 of an IOT ... channel. The programmed I/O bus typically runs low to medium-speed peripherals, such as printers, teletypes, paper tape punches ... PDP-8/S has only about 519 logic gates. In comparison, small microcontrollers (as of 2008) usually have 15,000 or more. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8

... opens ion channels in the cell membrane, resulting in an influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell, and an efflux of ... Touhara, Kazushige (2009). "Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex Functions as a Ligand-gated Ionotropic Channel". Annals of the ... When the neuron is depolarizing, the CNG ion channel is open allowing sodium and calcium to rush into the cell. The influx of ... Bradley, J; Reuter, D; Frings, S (2001). "Facilitation of calmodulinmediated odor adaptation by cAMP-gated channel subunits". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron

Also, the β and γ subunits interact with N-type voltage gated calcium channels, to reduce action potential mediated influx of ... "Histamine Receptors: H3". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor

... such as WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from the Outer Banks of North Carolina and WGBS-LD broadcasting on channel 11 from ... Entrance is through the south gate to the cemetery, located on London Boulevard.[citation needed] According to the United ... ION Television). The Public Broadcasting Service stations are WHRO-TV 15, Hampton/Norfolk and WUND-TV 2, Edenton, NC. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia

Charpentier's work with Giles Oldroyd led to the discovery of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 15s (CNGS15s). These proteins ... "Nuclear-localized cyclic nucleotide-gated channels mediate symbiotic calcium oscillations". Science. 352 (6289): 1102-1105. ... Charpentier investigates what produces calcium oscillations and how calcium channels affect plant development and has published ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriam_Charpentier

... was a novel non specific ion channel, the fertilization channel, that was gated by the spermatozoon, and later led to the ... from the identification of novel ion channels specific to fertilization, the fertilization channels, to processes leading to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dale

... has been reported to bind to the C-terminal domain of murine cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels (SkM2) causing altering ion ... Gee SH, Madhavan R, Levinson SR, Caldwell JH, Sealock R, Froehner SC (1998). "Interaction of muscle and brain sodium channels ... "Syntrophin-dependent expression and localization of Aquaporin-4 water channel protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (24): ... "Syntrophin-dependent expression and localization of Aquaporin-4 water channel protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (24): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophin,_alpha_1

Chloride channel Kb (CLCNKB) is a member of the CLC family of voltage-gated chloride channels, which comprises at least 9 ... Ion channels, All stub articles, Human chromosome 1 gene stubs). ... Chloride channel Kb, also known as CLCNKB, is a protein which ... Chloride channel BSND, barttin, accessory subunit beta for this channel GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184908 - Ensembl, ... Gorgojo JJ, Donnay S, Jeck N, Konrad M (2006). "A Spanish founder mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLCNKB

"A Practical and Efficient Synthesis of the Selective Neuronal Acetylcholine-Gated Ion Channel Agonist (S)-(−)-5-Ethynyl-3-(1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling

"Space Channel 5 Part #3 - Space Channel 5 Part 2 Profiles". lparchive.org. Retrieved 18 November 2021. Wikimedia Commons has ... Gate (1981) The Urbankan Androids in the serial Four to Doomsday (1982) The Terileptil Android in the serial The Visitation ( ... and Orbot from the Sonic the Hedgehog series Dr Ion and various other robots from God Hand Liberty Prime from the 2008 and 2015 ... "Space Channel 5 Part #2 - Space Channel 5 Profiles - Courtesy of Evila!". lparchive.org. Retrieved 18 November 2021. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids

Hallmark Channels Go Dark On AT&T U-verse Multichannel News September 1, 2010 Robbins, Liz; Stelter, Brian (September 1, 2010 ... "PASSINGS: Johnny Seven, Victor Cianca, Mimi Perloff, Donald N. Gates" from Los Angeles Times (January 27, 2010)". Los Angeles ... 2010 ION to Buy WQEX from Broadcasting&Cable (November 8, 2010) "DONAHUE, SALLY, GERALDO, MONTEL, RICKI: TALK SHOW HOSTS ... "SonicTap-XM Music Channel Comparison". Directv.com. December 22, 2009. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_American_television

Gates; Garcia, M. A.; et al. (2008). "Synthesis of rutherfordium isotopes in the 238U(26Mg,xn)264−xRf reaction and study of ... represents an observed exit channel. The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions ... P. (1975). "Experiments on the synthesis of neutron-deficient kurchatovium isotopes in reactions induced by 50Ti Ions". Nuclear ... represents an observed exit channel. Sonzogni, Alejandro. "Interactive Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_rutherfordium

Ion channel - ion channel gating - Ionic bond - ionization potential - iron-sulfur protein - isoenzyme - isoleucine - Isomer - ... calcium channel - calcium signaling - calcium-binding protein - calmodulin - calmodulin-binding protein - Calvin cycle - CAM ... potassium channel - potential energy - pregnancy proteins - primary nutritional groups - primary structure - primer - prion - ... sodium channel - sodium-hydrogen antiporter - soluble - solution - solvation - solvent - somatomedin - somatomedin receptor - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Pseudo nMOS means that an enhancement-mode p-channel transistor with grounded gate is used in place of the depletion-mode n- ... sodium contaminants in the gates until the development of ion implantation (see below). Already by 1970, HP was making good ... Depletion-load processes replace this transistor with a depletion-mode NMOS at a constant gate bias, with the gate tied ... connects to each gate. In both technologies, each gate contains one NMOS transistor which is permanently turned on and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic

This narrow channel serves as a transformative guide that, in effect, traps and compresses the wavelength of incoming light to ... Potential fabrication methods include multilayer thin film deposition, focused ion beam milling and self-assembly. PMMs can be ... "Gate-tuning of graphene plasmons revealed by infrared nano-imaging". Nature. 487 (7405): 82-5. arXiv:1202.4993. Bibcode: ... "Optical nano-imaging of gate-tunable graphene plasmons". Nature. 487 (7405): 77-81. arXiv:1202.4996. Bibcode:2012Natur.487... ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_metamaterial

She is known for her small roles in several TV series such as Hawaii Five-0, The Gates, CSI, CSI: NY, CSI: Miami, and ... "Q&A with Executive Producer Ralph Macchio , National Geographic Channel". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved ... and manager of Ernest Hemingway's literary estate Ion Hanford Perdicaris - author wrote about art and Moroccon culture. Chloe ... Skinny Life on Alpha channel in Greece. George Mavrothalassitis - chef and restaurateur known as one of the cofounders of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_Americans

These fibres send information by stretch-sensitive mechanically-gated ion-channels of the axons. The motor part of the spindle ... This opens stretch-sensitive ion channels of the sensory endings, leading to an influx of sodium ions. This raises the resting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindle

"Norpropoxyphene-induced cardiotoxicity is associated with changes in ion-selectivity and gating of HERG currents". ... but is a relatively potent pro-convulsant and blocker of sodium and potassium channels, particularly in heart tissue, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norpropoxyphene

Patterson announced his Ion project, while Moss simultaneously announced he would continue with Antimatter and was wrapping up ... October saw three festival appearances at Doom Over Kyiv, Ukraine, Into The Void Festival, Netherlands and Metal Gates Festival ... " "Interview Mick Moss Antimatter". Hit Channel. 10 April 2012. The request for Antimatter to support came from Marillion ... In 2004, Patterson made the decision to quit Antimatter to pursue his solo project 'Ion', but not before contributing to his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_(band)

... hypothesis is the mechanical manipulation of stretch-sensitive membranes actually stimulates certain voltage-gated ion channels ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_pulsed_ultrasound

"Gene Family: Ligand gated ion channels". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.. *^ "ligand-gated channel" at Dorlands Medical ... "Revised Recommendations for Nomenclature of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. ... If these receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a ... Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel

For example, gating pores in Nav1.5 and Kv7.2 channels may underlie mixed arrhythmias associated with dilated cardiomyopathy ( ... For example, gating pores in Nav1.5 and Kv7.2 channels may underlie mixed arrhythmias associated with dilated cardiomyopathy ( ... or a gating pore.Gating pore currents have recently been shown to cause periodic paralysis phenotypes. There is also increasing ... or a gating pore. Gating pore currents have recently been shown to cause periodic paralysis phenotypes. There is also ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2014.00053/full

Array Human Voltage-Gated Ion Channels 96-well Plate contains 92 assays to voltage gated ion channel genes and 4 assays to ...

https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/taqman-array-human-voltage-gated-ion-channels/4414099

The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell ... neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering Symbol. Object Name. Qualifiers. Evidence. Notes. Source. PubMed Reference(s). ... neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering. go back to main search page Accession:. GO:0072578 browse the term ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=GO:0072578

... and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels on Automated Patch Clamp Systems. ... Assay Development of Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels on ...

https://www.moleculardevices.com/en/assets/tutorials-videos/dd/cns/assay-development-ligand-and-voltage-gated-ion-channels-automated-patch-clamp

BackgroundLigand-gated ion channels are considered to be potential general anesthetic targets. Although most general ... The Anesthetic Mechanism of Urethane: The Effects on Neurotransmitter-Gated Ion Channels. *K. Hara, R. Harris ... BackgroundLigand-gated ion channels are considered to be potential general anesthetic targets. Although most general ... Effects of Gaseous Anesthetics Nitrous Oxide and Xenon on Ligand-gated Ion Channels: Comparison with Isoflurane and Ethanol. @ ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-Gaseous-Anesthetics-Nitrous-Oxide-and-on-Yamakura-Harris/bf70f9e510731a36c8879a61564ee8eb8b6a5f24

... the voltage-gated, and the ligand-gated channels.[1]. ... Potent and selective CRAC ion channel blocker €110.00 Sort by. ... Nomenclature and Structure-Function Relationships of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels. WA Catterall, E Perez-Reyes, TP Snutch, J ... Calcium channels have long been the target of therapeutic drugs aimed at treating the symptoms of cardiovascular disease and ... Axon Medchem offers pharmacological standards that interact at each of the 2 main classes within the family of calcium channels ...

https://www.axonmedchem.com/products/ion-channels/voltage-gated/calcium/crac

Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel through one of two binding sites. ... Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel through one of two binding sites ... Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel through one of two binding sites ... Extracted ion chromatograms of M4 and M3 unlabeled and labeled peptides.. (A) Unlabeled (736.76-736.77 m/z) and labeled (839.48 ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/74306/figures

Structural Basis for a Bimodal Allosteric Mechanism of General Anesthetic Modulation in Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels. ... Functional studies have implicated conserved sites of both potentiation and inhibition in pentameric ligand-gated ion channels ... Ion channel modulation by general anesthetics is a vital pharmacological process with implications for receptor biophysics and ... The prokaryotic model protein GLIC recapitulates anesthetic modulation of human ion channels, and it is accessible to structure ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/structural-basis-for-a-bimodal-allosteric-mechanism-of-general-anesthetic-modulation-in-pentameric-ligand-gated-ion-channels-2/

Reversal of ion-charge selectivity renders the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel GLIC insensitive to anaesthetics. ... Common Anesthetic-binding Site for Inhibition of Pentameric Ligand-gated Ion Channels Monica N. Kinde, Ph.D.; Monica N. Kinde, ... A pentameric ligand-gated ion channel from Erwinia chrysanthemi was expressed and purified as reported previously.27,28,31 For ... PENTAMERIC ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are molecular targets of general anesthetics.1,2 Anesthetic binding often ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/124/3/664/14275/Common-Anesthetic-binding-Site-for-Inhibition-of?searchresult=1

Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Transient Receptor Potential Channels. Pharmacological Reviews, 55(4), 591-596. https ... Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Transient Receptor Potential Channels, Pharmacological Reviews, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. ... Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Transient Receptor Potential Channels. Pharmacological Reviews. 2003 Dec;55(4):591- ... Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Transient Receptor Potential Channels. David E. Clapham, Craig Montell, Guenter ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/international-union-of-pharmacology-xliii-compendium-of-voltage-g-3

Ligand-gated ion channel P2X7 regulates hypoxia-induced factor-1α mediated pain induced by dental pulpitis in the medullary ... Ligand-gated ion channel P2X7 regulates hypoxia-induced factor-1α mediated pain induced by dental pulpitis in the medullary ... Home , Papers , Ligand-gated ion channel P2X7 regulates hypoxia-induced factor-1α mediated pain induced by dental pulpitis in ... Centrally expressed Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel is critical for the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. ...

https://www.painresearchforum.org/papers/211998-ligand-gated-ion-channel-p2x7-regulates-hypoxia-induced-factor-1%CE%B1-mediated-pain

This review presents the recent progress in ionic-gated transistors (IGTs) that have good mechanical stability as well as high ... Coupled ion-gel channel-width gating and piezotronic interface gating in ZnO nanowire devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1807837 ( ... The long-range polarization characteristics of ions in the ionic gel allow the placement of the gate electrode and channel to ... Ion gel-gated polymer thin-film transistors: operating mechanism and characterization of gate dielectric capacitance, switching ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-021-00110-2?error=cookies_not_supported

Comparison with the closed state reveals the structural basis of channel gating. ... Acetylcholine, Amino Acid Sequence, Ion Channel Gating, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Conformation, Receptors, Nicotinic ... Comparison with the closed state reveals the structural basis of channel gating. ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/830909

... Mazzolini Monica;Arcangeletti Manuel;Marchesi, Arin;Napolitano, ... The gating mechanism in cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels / Mazzolini, Monica; Arcangeletti, Manuel; Marchesi, Arin; ... CNG channels belong to the superfamily of voltage-gated channels, where the motion of the Î±-helix S6 controls gating in most ... CNG channels belong to the superfamily of voltage-gated channels, where the motion of the Î±-helix S6 controls gating in most ...

https://iris.sissa.it/handle/20.500.11767/67878

voltage-gated ion channel activity. Associated Genes. Gene Name Gene ID Description ...

http://rails.biochem.susx.ac.uk/gos/808

Tag Archives: voltage-gated calcium channel A polygenic trickle of rare disruptive variants in schizophrenia. Posted on March ...

http://epilepsygenetics.net/tag/voltage-gated-calcium-channel/

Cationic Ligand-Gated Ion Channel. Protein crystallography data. The structure of Cationic Ligand-Gated Ion Channel, PDB code: ... The structure of Cationic Ligand-Gated Ion Channel also contains other interesting chemical elements:. Bromine. (Br). 3 atoms. ... Chlorine binding site 1 out of 5 in the Cationic Ligand-Gated Ion Channel. Mono view Stereo pair view ... Chlorine binding site 2 out of 5 in the Cationic Ligand-Gated Ion Channel. Mono view Stereo pair view ...

http://chlorine.atomistry.com/pdb5hcj.html

... gating defects and support investigation of the potential clinical benefit of ivacaftor in CF patients who have CFTR gating ... Ion Channel Gating / genetics * Ion Transport / genetics * Mutation / drug effects* * Prognosis * Quinolones / therapeutic use ... Ivacaftor potentiation of multiple CFTR channels with gating mutations J Cyst Fibros. 2012 May;11(3):237-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf ... Results: Ivacaftor potentiated multiple mutant CFTR forms with defects in CFTR channel gating. These included the G551D, G178R ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22293084/?dopt=Abstract

Bezanilla F, Perozo E. The voltage sensor and the gate in ion channels. Adv Protein Chem. 2003; 63:211-41. ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/244978

Optical control of an ion channel gate. Error message. Warning: A non-numeric value encountered in theme_biblio_tabular() (line ...

http://www-lbt.ibpc.fr/node/2586

... cation channel family are known to be activated by protons. The present study describes proton-gated current in mouse bone ... A variety of ion channels like acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) and several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ... A variety of ion channels like acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) and several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ... Proton-gated ion channels in mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Amal Kanti Bera ...

https://publications.iitm.ac.in/publication/proton-gated-ion-channels-in-mouse-bone-marrow-stromal-cells

Voltage-gated ion channels play a fundamental role in the generation and propagation of the cardiac action potential by acting ... Voltage-gated ion channels play a fundamental role in the generation and propagation of the cardiac action potential by acting ... Current and Potential Antiarrhythmic Drugs Targeting Voltage-Gated Cardiac Ion Channels. Mathew Perez-Neut, Vidhya Rao, Lauren ... Abnormalities of heart ion channel activities that lead to loss or gain of function (channelopathies) are often associated with ...

https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/abstract/current-and-potential-antiarrhythmic-drugs-targeting-voltagegated-cardiac-ion-channels-11247.html

Dive into the research topics of Effects of hydrophobic mismatch and spontaneous curvature on ion channel gating with a hinge ... Effects of hydrophobic mismatch and spontaneous curvature on ion channel gating with a hinge. ...

https://pure.ewha.ac.kr/en/publications/effects-of-hydrophobic-mismatch-and-spontaneous-curvature-on-ion-/fingerprints/

Allosteric Regulation, Animals, chemistry/metabolism, Humans, Ion Channel Gating, Ligand-Gated Ion Channels, metabolism, Models ... Allosteric regulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels: An emerging mechanistic perspective. Error message. Warning: A ... Allosteric regulation of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels: An emerging mechanistic perspective. ...

http://www-lbt.galaxy.ibpc.fr/node/2405

Voltage-gated proton channel (H,sub,v,/sub,1) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. ... 2018) Gating currents indicate complex gating of voltage-gated proton channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 115 (37): 9057-9059. [ ... The voltage-gated proton channel (provisionally denoted Hv1) is a putative 4TM proton-selective channel gated by membrane ... Voltage-gated proton channel 1 (HVCN1) , Voltage-sensor only protein (VSOP) , BTS , hydrogen voltage-gated channel 1 ...

https://www.guidetoimmunopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=124&objId=746#746

MscL; ion channel gating; ion mobility mass spectrometry; membrane proteins; structure function ... Global structural changes of an ion channel during its gating are followed by ion mobility mass spectrometry. ... Global structural changes of an ion channel during its gating are followed by ion mobility ... Mechanosensitive ion channels are sensors probing membrane tension in all species; despite their importance and vital role in ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/resource/pt/mdl-25404294

Lig_chan; Ligand-gated ion channel. pfam01094. Location:43 → 382. ANF_receptor; Receptor family ligand binding region. cl21456 ... Lig_chan; Ligand-gated ion channel. cl10011. Location:7 → 158. Periplasmic_Binding_Protein_Type_1; Type 1 periplasmic binding ... Lig_chan; Ligand-gated ion channel. cl10011. Location:1 → 146. Periplasmic_Binding_Protein_Type_1; Type 1 periplasmic binding ... enables ligand-gated ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential IDA Inferred from Direct ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2900

... ligand-gated ion channel 1; P2X3-purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 3; sGC-soluble guanyl cyclase; VR1-vanilloid ... Herpes Simplex Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery of Poreless TRPV1 Channels Reduces Bladder Overactivity and Nociception in ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/459340-94311/how-is-bladder-outlet-obstruction-evaluated-in-the-diagnosis-of-overactive-bladder-oab

This review summarizes not only the voltage-gated ion channels in neuropathic disorders but also provides the new insights into ... T-type Ca2+ channels serve as a preamplifier of action potential generation. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are the main components ... Voltage-gated ion channels, such as voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), play an ... DRG neurons express a variety of ion channels and receptors, including voltage-gated Na+ channels and Ca2+ channels, ATP- ...

https://cellandbioscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13578-020-00430-2

Anatomy25

Organisms15

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs157

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment11

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Molecular dynamics of the sodium channel pore vary with gating: interactions between P-segment motions and inactivation. (1/8527)

Functional consequences of mutations in the human alpha1A calcium channel subunit linked to familial hemiplegic migraine. (2/8527)

Individual subunits contribute independently to slow gating of bovine EAG potassium channels. (3/8527)

Voltage and calcium use the same molecular determinants to inactivate calcium channels. (4/8527)

Gating connexin 43 channels reconstituted in lipid vesicles by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. (5/8527)

Calmodulin mediates calcium-dependent activation of the intermediate conductance KCa channel, IKCa1. (6/8527)

Voltage sensors in domains III and IV, but not I and II, are immobilized by Na+ channel fast inactivation. (7/8527)

Distinct sensitivities of OmpF and PhoE porins to charged modulators. (8/8527)

No FAQ available that match "ion channel gating"

Ion Channels

Ion Channel Gating

Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Calcium Channels

Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying

Chloride Channels

Potassium Channel Blockers

Calcium Channel Blockers

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Calcium Channels, L-Type

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

KATP Channels

Electrophysiology

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels

Sodium Channel Blockers

Electric Conductivity

Membrane Potentials

TRPC Cation Channels

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

TRPM Cation Channels

Ion Transport

Xenopus laevis

TRPV Cation Channels

Calcium Channels, N-Type

Oocytes

Calcium Channels, T-Type

Kv1.2 Potassium Channel

Epithelial Sodium Channels

Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels

Potassium

Kv1.3 Potassium Channel

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Kv1.1 Potassium Channel

Kv1.5 Potassium Channel

Xenopus

Calcium

Kinetics

KCNQ1 Potassium Channel

KCNQ Potassium Channels

Cell Membrane

Calcium Channel Agonists

Shab Potassium Channels

Sodium Channels

Kv1.4 Potassium Channel

Models, Molecular

Sodium

Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels

Neurons

Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Action Potentials

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Cations

Shaw Potassium Channels

Lipid Bilayers

Shal Potassium Channels

Protein Subunits

Cell Line

Cells, Cultured

Degenerin Sodium Channels

Models, Biological

Mutation

Ions

Adenosine Triphosphate

NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Acid Sensing Ion Channel Blockers

Potassium Channels

Gramicidin

Barium

KCNQ2 Potassium Channel

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Chlorides

Scorpion Venoms

Tetraethylammonium