A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Unstable isotopes of zinc that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Zn atoms with atomic weights 60-63, 65, 69, 71, and 72 are radioactive zinc isotopes.
Inorganic compounds that contain iodine as an integral part of the molecule.
Method for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of radionuclide into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of krypton that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Kr atoms with atomic weights 74-77, 79, 81, 85, and 87-94 are radioactive krypton isotopes.
A form of IODINE deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the THYROID GLAND in a significantly large fraction of a POPULATION GROUP. Endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the DIET contains insufficient amount of iodine.
Unstable isotopes of indium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. In atoms with atomic weights 106-112, 113m, 114, and 116-124 are radioactive indium isotopes.
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).
Unstable isotopes of sodium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Na atoms with atomic weights 20-22 and 24-26 are radioactive sodium isotopes.
The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
The spontaneous transformation of a nuclide into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by either the emission of particles from the nucleus, nuclear capture or ejection of orbital electrons, or fission. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Unstable isotopes of barium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ba atoms with atomic weights 126-129, 131, 133, and 139-143 are radioactive barium isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of tin that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Sn atoms with atomic weights 108-111, 113, 120-121, 123 and 125-128 are tin radioisotopes.
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of iron that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Fe atoms with atomic weights 52, 53, 55, and 59-61 are radioactive iron isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of copper that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cu atoms with atomic weights 58-62, 64, and 66-68 are radioactive copper isotopes.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.
An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
High energy POSITRONS or ELECTRONS ejected from a disintegrating atomic nucleus.
Sodium chloride used in foods.
The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.
Unstable isotopes of mercury that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Hg atoms with atomic weights 185-195, 197, 203, 205, and 206 are radioactive mercury isotopes.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.
Stable cesium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cesium, but differ in atomic weight. Cs-133 is a naturally occurring isotope.
Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.
An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.
Unstable isotopes of cerium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ce atoms with atomic weights 132-135, 137, 139, and 141-148 are radioactive cerium isotopes.
Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
Hafnium. A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Unstable isotopes of gold that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Au 185-196, 198-201, and 203 are radioactive gold isotopes.
Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).
Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.
Any diagnostic evaluation using radioactive (unstable) isotopes. This diagnosis includes many nuclear medicine procedures as well as radioimmunoassay tests.
Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, atomic number 85, and atomic weight 210. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Stable zinc atoms that have the same atomic number as the element zinc, but differ in atomic weight. Zn-66-68, and 70 are stable zinc isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of cadmium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cd atoms with atomic weights 103-105, 107, 109, 115, and 117-119 are radioactive cadmium isotopes.
Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
Inorganic binary compounds of iodine or the I- ion.
Complexes of iodine and non-ionic SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS acting as carrier and solubilizing agent for the iodine in water. Iodophors usually enhance bactericidal activity of iodine, reduce vapor pressure and odor, minimize staining, and allow wide dilution with water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity.
Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.
Rhenium. A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.2, symbol Re. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Unstable isotopes of bromine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Br atoms with atomic weights 74-78, 80, and 82-90 are radioactive bromine isotopes.
Samarium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.
Detection and counting of scintillations produced in a fluorescent material by ionizing radiation.
Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.
Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes.
Liquid, solid, or gaseous waste resulting from mining of radioactive ore, production of reactor fuel materials, reactor operation, processing of irradiated reactor fuels, and related operations, and from use of radioactive materials in research, industry, and medicine. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Normal human serum albumin mildly iodinated with radioactive iodine (131-I) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. It is used as a diagnostic aid in blood volume determination. (from Merck Index, 11th ed)
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
Unstable isotopes of ruthenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ru atoms with atomic weights 93-95, 97, 103, and 105-108 are radioactive ruthenium isotopes.
Blood tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland.
A preparation of oil that contains covalently bound IODINE. It is commonly used as a RADIOCONTRAST AGENT and as a suspension medium for CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS.
Techniques used to determine the age of materials, based on the content and half-lives of the RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES they contain.
Thyroglobulin is a protein produced by thyroid cells that is used to diagnose and monitor thyroid cancer.
Stable iodine atoms that have the same atomic number as the element iodine, but differ in atomic weight. I-127 is the only naturally occurring stable iodine isotope.
Unstable isotopes of selenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Se atoms with atomic weights 70-73, 75, 79, 81, and 83-85 are radioactive selenium isotopes.
Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two NEUTRONS, i.e. equivalent to HELIUM nuclei, which are emitted during disintegration of heavy ISOTOPES. Alpha rays have very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability.
A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
A class of organic compounds containing a ring structure made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The ring structure can be aromatic or nonaromatic.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.
Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.
A type of high-energy radiotherapy using a beam of gamma-radiation produced by a radioisotope source encapsulated within a teletherapy unit.
An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.
Measurement of radioactivity in the entire human body.
Determination of the energy distribution of gamma rays emitted by nuclei. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Iodoproteins are proteins that have been covalently bonded to iodine atoms, often used in medical imaging and treatment of thyroid disorders.
A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form.
A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.
The measurement of radiation by photography, as in x-ray film and film badge, by Geiger-Mueller tube, and by SCINTILLATION COUNTING.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.
The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).
Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen used in medical applications such as radiation therapy and as a tracer in diagnostic imaging.
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
A form species of spore-producing CYANOBACTERIA, in the family Nostocaceae, order Nostocales. It is an important source of fixed NITROGEN in nutrient-depleted soils. When wet, it appears as a jelly-like mass.
A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.
Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.
Unstable isotopes of potassium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. K atoms with atomic weights 37, 38, 40, and 42-45 are radioactive potassium isotopes.
An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.
Compounds that contain the Cl(=O)(=O)(=O)O- structure. Included under this heading is perchloric acid and the salts and ester forms of perchlorate.
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.
An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.
A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues.
State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients.
Inorganic salts of iodic acid (HIO3).
A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.
The Republic of Belarus is a country located in Eastern Europe, known for its unique medical system that emphasizes traditional medicine and alternative therapies.
Inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-CELLS and thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES. The clinical signs can range from HYPOTHYROIDISM to THYROTOXICOSIS depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.
A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.
A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether LYMPHATIC METASTASIS has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.
The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.
A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with BIOTIN to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

99mTc-labeled vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor agonist: functional studies. (1/6522)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a naturally occurring 28-amino acid peptide with a wide range of biological activities. Recent reports suggest that VIP receptors are expressed on a variety of malignant tumor cells and that the receptor density is higher than for somatostatin. Our aims were to label VIP with 99mTc--a generator-produced, inexpensive radionuclide that possesses ideal characteristics for scintigraphic imaging--and to evaluate 99mTc-VIP for bioactivity and its ability to detect experimental tumors. METHODS: VIP28 was modified at the carboxy terminus by the addition of four amino acids that provided an N4 configuration for a strong chelation of 99mTc. To eliminate steric hindrance, 4-aminobutyric acid (Aba) was used as a spacer. VIP28 was labeled with 1251, which served as a control. Biological activity of the modified VIP28 agonist (TP3654) was examined in vitro using a cell-binding assay and an opossum internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle relaxivity assay. Tissue distribution studies were performed at 4 and 24 h after injection, and receptor-blocking assays were also performed in nude mice bearing human colorectal cancer LS174T. Blood clearance was examined in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS: The yield of 99mTc-TP3654 was quantitative, and the yields of 125I-VIP and 1251-TP3654 were >90%. All in vitro data strongly suggested that the biological activity of 99mTc-TP3654 agonist was equivalent to that of VIP28. As the time after injection increased, radioactivity in all tissues decreased, except in the receptor-enriched tumor (P = 0.84) and in the lungs (P = 0.78). The tumor uptake (0.23 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue [%ID/g]) was several-fold higher than 125I-VIP (0.06 %ID/g) at 24 h after injection in the similar system. In mice treated with unlabeled VIP or TP3654, the uptake of 99mTc-TP3654 decreased in all VIP receptor-rich tissues except the kidneys. The blood clearance was biphasic; the alpha half-time was 5 min and the beta half-time was approximately 120 min. CONCLUSION: VIP28 was modified and successfully labeled with 99mTc. The results of all in vitro examinations indicated that the biological activity of TP3654 was equivalent to that of native VIP28 and tumor binding was receptor specific.  (+info)

Peripheral autoantigen induces regulatory T cells that prevent autoimmunity. (2/6522)

Previous studies have shown that autoimmune thyroiditis can be induced in normal laboratory rats after thymectomy and split dose gamma-irradiation. Development of disease can be prevented by reconstitution of PVG rats shortly after their final irradiation with either peripheral CD4(+)CD45RC- T cells or CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes from syngeneic donors. Although the activity of both populations is known to depend on the activities of endogenously produced interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor beta, implying a common mechanism, the issue of antigen specificity of the cells involved has not yet been addressed. In this study, we show that the regulatory T cells that prevent autoimmune thyroiditis are generated in vivo only when the relevant autoantigen is also present. Peripheral CD4(+) T cells, from rats whose thyroids were ablated in utero by treatment with 131I, were unable to prevent disease development upon adoptive transfer into thymectomized and irradiated recipients. This regulatory deficit is specific for thyroid autoimmunity, since CD4(+) T cells from 131I-treated PVG.RT1(u) rats were as effective as those from normal donors at preventing diabetes in thymectomized and irradiated PVG.RT1(u) rats. Significantly, in contrast to the peripheral CD4(+) T cells, CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes from 131I-treated PVG donors were still able to prevent thyroiditis upon adoptive transfer. Taken together, these data indicate that it is the peripheral autoantigen itself that stimulates the generation of the appropriate regulatory cells from thymic emigrant precursors.  (+info)

Proliferative effects of cholecystokinin in GH3 pituitary cells mediated by CCK2 receptors and potentiated by insulin. (3/6522)

1. Proliferative effects of CCK peptides have been examined in rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells, which express CCK2 receptors. 2. CCK-8s, gastrin(1-17) and its glycine-extended precursor G(1-17)-Gly, previously reported to cause proliferation via putative novel sites on AR4-2J and Swiss 3T3 cells, elicited significant dose dependent increases of similar magnitude in [3H]thymidine incorporation over 3 days in serum-free medium of 39 +/- 10% (P < 0.01, n = 20), 37 +/- 8% (P < 0.01, n = 27) and 41 +/- 6% (P < 0.01, n = 36) respectively. 3. CCK-8s and gastrin potentially stimulated mitogenesis (EC50 values 0.12 nM and 3.0 nM respectively), whilst G-Gly displayed similar efficacy but markedly lower potency. L-365,260 consistently blocked each peptide. The CCK2 receptor affinity of G-Gly in GH3 cells was 1.09 microM (1.01;1.17, n = 6) and 5.53 microM (3.71;5.99, n = 4) in guinea-pig cortex. 4. 1 microM G-Gly weakly stimulated Ca2+ increase, eliciting a 104 +/- 21% increase over basal Ca2+ levels, and was blocked by 1 microM L-365,260 whilst CCK-8s (100 nM) produced a much larger Ca2+ response (331 +/- 14%). 5. Insulin dose dependently enhanced proliferative effects of CCK-8s with a maximal leftwards shift of the CCK-8s curve at 100 ng ml(-1) (17 nM) (EC50 decreased 500 fold, from 0.1 nM to 0.2 pM; P < 0.0001). 10 microg ml(-1) insulin was supramaximal reducing the EC50 to 5 pM (P = 0.027) whilst 1 ng ml(-1) insulin was ineffective. Insulin weakly displaced [125I]BHCCK binding to GH3 CCK2 receptors (IC50 3.6 microM). 6. Results are consistent with mediation of G-Gly effects via CCK2 receptors in GH3 cells and reinforce the role of CCK2 receptors in control of cell growth. Effects of insulin in enhancing CCK proliferative potency may suggest that CCK2 and insulin receptors converge on common intracellular targets and indicates that mitogenic stimuli are influenced by the combination of extracellular factors present.  (+info)

Streptavidin facilitates internalization and pulmonary targeting of an anti-endothelial cell antibody (platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1): a strategy for vascular immunotargeting of drugs. (4/6522)

Conjugation of drugs with antibodies to surface endothelial antigens is a potential strategy for drug delivery to endothelium. We studied antibodies to platelet-endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1, a stably expressed endothelial antigen) as carriers for vascular immunotargeting. Although 125I-labeled anti-PECAM bound to endothelial cells in culture, the antibody was poorly internalized by the cells and accumulated poorly after intravenous administration in mice and rats. However, conjugation of biotinylated anti-PECAM (b-anti-PECAM) with streptavidin (SA) markedly stimulated uptake and internalization of anti-PECAM by endothelial cells and by cells expressing PECAM. In addition, conjugation with streptavidin markedly stimulated uptake of 125I-labeled b-anti-PECAM in perfused rat lungs and in the lungs of intact animals after either intravenous or intraarterial injection. The antioxidant enzyme catalase conjugated with b-anti-PECAM/SA bound to endothelial cells in culture, entered the cells, escaped intracellular degradation, and protected the cells against H2O2-induced injury. Anti-PECAM/SA/125I-catalase accumulated in the lungs after intravenous injection or in the perfused rat lungs and protected these lungs against H2O2-induced injury. Thus, modification of a poor carrier antibody with biotin and SA provides an approach for facilitation of antibody-mediated drug targeting. Anti-PECAM/SA is a promising candidate for vascular immunotargeting of bioactive drugs.  (+info)

An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3. (5/6522)

Steroid hormones may enter cells by diffusion through the plasma membrane. However, we demonstrate here that some steroid hormones are taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis of steroid-carrier complexes. We show that 25-(OH) vitamin D3 in complex with its plasma carrier, the vitamin D-binding protein, is filtered through the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the proximal tubules by the endocytic receptor megalin. Endocytosis is required to preserve 25-(OH) vitamin D3 and to deliver to the cells the precursor for generation of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3, a regulator of the calcium metabolism. Megalin-/- mice are unable to retrieve the steroid from the glomerular filtrate and develop vitamin D deficiency and bone disease.  (+info)

Conformational changes in the A3 domain of von Willebrand factor modulate the interaction of the A1 domain with platelet glycoprotein Ib. (6/6522)

Bitiscetin has recently been shown to induce von Willebrand factor (vWF)-dependent aggregation of fixed platelets (Hamako J, et al, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 226:273, 1996). We have purified bitiscetin from Bitis arietans venom and investigated the mechanism whereby it promotes a form of vWF that is reactive with platelets. In the presence of bitiscetin, vWF binds to platelets in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. The binding of vWF to platelets involves glycoprotein (GP) Ib because it was totally blocked by monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 6D1 directed towards the vWF-binding site of GPIb. The binding also involves the GPIb-binding site of vWF located on the A1 domain because it was inhibited by MoAb to vWF whose epitopes are within this domain and that block binding of vWF to platelets induced by ristocetin or botrocetin. However, in contrast to ristocetin or botrocetin, the binding site of bitiscetin does not reside within the A1 domain but within the A3 domain of vWF. Thus, among a series of vWF fragments, 125I-bitiscetin only binds to those that overlap the A3 domain, ie, SpIII (amino acid [aa] 1-1365), SpI (aa 911-1365), and rvWF-A3 domain (aa 920-1111). It does not bind to SpII corresponding to the C-terminal part of vWF subunit (aa 1366-2050) nor to the 39/34/kD dispase species (aa 480-718) or T116 (aa 449-728) overlapping the A1 domain. In addition, bitiscetin that does not bind to DeltaA3-rvWF (deleted between aa 910-1113) has no binding site ouside the A3 domain. The localization of the binding site of bitiscetin within the A3 domain was further supported by showing that MoAb to vWF, which are specific for this domain and block the interaction between vWF and collagen, are potent inhibitors of the binding of bitiscetin to vWF and consequently of the bitiscetin-induced binding of vWF to platelets. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that an interaction between the A1 and A3 domains exists that may play a role in the function of vWF by regulating the ability of the A1 domain to bind to platelet GPIb.  (+info)

Contribution of extracranial lymphatics and arachnoid villi to the clearance of a CSF tracer in the rat. (7/6522)

The objective of this study was to determine the relative roles of arachnoid villi and cervical lymphatics in the clearance of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tracer in rats. 125I-labeled human serum albumin (125I-HSA; 100 micrograms) was injected into one lateral ventricle, and an Evans blue dye-rat protein complex was injected intravenously. Arterial blood was sampled for 3 h. Immediately after this, multiple cervical vessels were ligated in the same animals, and plasma recoveries were monitored for a further 3 h after the intracerebroventricular injection of 100 micrograms 131I-HSA. Tracer recovery in plasma at 3 h averaged (%injected dose) 0.697 +/- 0.042 before lymphatic ligation and dropped significantly to 0.357 +/- 0. 060 after ligation. Estimates of the rate constant associated with the transport of the CSF tracer to plasma were also significantly lower after obstruction of cervical lymphatics (from 0.584 +/- 0. 072/h to 0.217 +/- 0.056/h). No significant changes were observed in sham-operated animals. Assuming that the movement of the CSF tracer to plasma in lymph-ligated animals was a result of arachnoid villi clearance, we conclude that arachnoid villi and extracranial lymphatic pathways contributed equally to the clearance of the CSF tracer from the cranial vault.  (+info)

Bioavailability and toxicity after oral administration of m-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). (8/6522)

meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) radiolabelled with iodine-131 is used for diagnosis and treatment of neuroadrenergic neoplasms such as phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. In addition, non-radiolabelled MIBG, administered i.v., is used in several clinical studies. These include palliation of the carcinoid syndrome, in which MIBG proved to be effective in 60% of the patients. Oral MIBG administration might be convenient to maintain palliation and possibly improve the percentage of responders. We have, therefore, investigated the feasibility of oral administration of MIBG in an animal model. Orally administered MIBG demonstrated a bioavailability of 59%, with a maximal tolerated dose of 60 mg kg(-1). The first and only toxicity encountered was a decrease in renal function, measured by a reduced clearance of [51Cr]EDTA and accompanied by histological tubular damage. Repeated MIBG administration of 40 mg kg(-1) for 5 sequential days or of 20 mg kg(-1) for two courses of 5 sequential days with a 2-day interval did not affect renal clearance and was not accompanied by histological abnormalities in kidney, stomach, intestines, liver, heart, lungs, thymus, salivary glands and testes. Because of a sufficient bioavailability in absence of gastrointestinal toxicity, MIBG is considered suitable for further clinical investigation of repeated oral administration in patients.  (+info)

Iodine is a chemical element that is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck and plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. In the medical field, iodine is commonly used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat iodine deficiency disorders, which can lead to a range of health problems, including goiter, hypothyroidism, and cretinism. Iodine is also used in medical imaging procedures, such as radioiodine scans, which are used to diagnose and monitor thyroid disorders. In these procedures, a small amount of radioactive iodine is administered to the patient, and the thyroid gland's ability to absorb and store the iodine is measured using a special camera. In addition to its use in medicine, iodine is also used in the production of certain chemicals and pharmaceuticals, as well as in the manufacturing of dyes, pigments, and other industrial products.

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive forms of the element iodine that are used in medical imaging and treatment procedures. These isotopes have a nucleus that contains an odd number of neutrons, which makes them unstable and causes them to emit radiation as they decay back to a more stable form of iodine. There are several different iodine radioisotopes that are commonly used in medical applications, including iodine-123, iodine-125, and iodine-131. Each of these isotopes has a different half-life, which is the amount of time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay. The half-life of an iodine radioisotope determines how long it will remain in the body and how much radiation will be emitted during that time. Iodine radioisotopes are often used in diagnostic imaging procedures, such as thyroid scans, to help doctors visualize the structure and function of the thyroid gland. They may also be used in therapeutic procedures, such as radiation therapy, to treat thyroid cancer or other thyroid disorders. In these cases, the radioactive iodine is administered to the patient and selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland, where it emits radiation that damages or destroys cancerous cells.

Radioisotopes are isotopes of an element that emit radiation, such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In diagnostic imaging, radioisotopes are used to create images of the body's internal structures. For example, a radioisotope such as technetium-99m can be injected into the bloodstream and then detected by a gamma camera to create an image of the heart, lungs, or other organs. This type of imaging is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and bone disorders. Radioisotopes are also used in therapeutic applications, such as radiation therapy for cancer. In this treatment, a radioisotope is introduced into the body, usually by injection or inhalation, and then targeted to a specific area of the body where it emits radiation that destroys cancer cells. Radioisotopes are also used in targeted radionuclide therapy, where a radioisotope is attached to a molecule that specifically targets cancer cells, allowing for more precise delivery of radiation. Overall, radioisotopes play a critical role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing for the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of conditions.

Zinc radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element zinc that are used in medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding zinc targets with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. There are several different zinc radioisotopes that are used in medicine, including: * 67Zn: This isotope is used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to image the brain and other organs. It is taken up by cells in the body and emits positrons, which can be detected by a PET scanner to create detailed images of the tissue. * 64Zn: This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat certain types of cancer. It is taken up by cancer cells and can be used to image the tumor or to deliver radiation therapy to the cancer cells. * 70Zn: This isotope is used in research to study the metabolism and function of zinc in the body. It can be administered to animals or humans and then monitored to see how the zinc is distributed and used in the body. Zinc radioisotopes are typically administered to patients through injection or inhalation, and the amount of radiation exposure is carefully controlled to minimize any potential risks. They are an important tool in medical imaging and cancer treatment, and are used by healthcare professionals around the world.

In the medical field, iodine compounds refer to chemical compounds that contain the element iodine. Iodine is an essential trace element that is required for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for regulating metabolism in the body. There are several different types of iodine compounds that are used in medicine, including: 1. Iodine salts: These are compounds that contain iodine and a metal ion, such as potassium or sodium. They are often used as antiseptics and disinfectants, and are also used to treat goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland). 2. Iodinated contrast agents: These are compounds that contain iodine and are used to enhance the visibility of organs and structures in medical imaging procedures, such as X-rays and CT scans. 3. Iodine-based drugs: These are drugs that contain iodine and are used to treat a variety of conditions, including thyroid disorders, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer. Iodine compounds are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but high doses can be toxic and may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and thyroid dysfunction. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when using iodine compounds.

Strontium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element strontium that are used in medical applications. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected and measured, and they are used in a variety of medical procedures, including: 1. Bone scanning: Strontium-89 and strontium-90 are used in bone scanning to detect bone metastases (cancer that has spread to the bones) and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. 2. Cardiac imaging: Strontium-82 is used in cardiac imaging to assess blood flow to the heart and to diagnose and monitor heart disease. 3. Cancer treatment: Strontium-89 and strontium-90 are also used in cancer treatment, particularly for bone metastases, by delivering targeted radiation to the affected area. Strontium radioisotopes are typically produced in nuclear reactors and are then purified and formulated for medical use. They are administered to patients through intravenous injection or inhalation, and the radiation they emit is detected using specialized imaging equipment.

In the medical field, Krypton radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element Krypton that are used for various medical applications. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected and measured by medical equipment, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions. One common use of Krypton radioisotopes in medicine is in the treatment of cancer. For example, the isotope Krypton-81m is used in a procedure called "Krypton-81m ventilation imaging," which is used to diagnose lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. The isotope is inhaled by the patient, and the radiation emitted by the isotope is detected by a gamma camera, which creates an image of the lungs. Krypton radioisotopes are also used in other medical applications, such as in the diagnosis of bone disorders, the treatment of thyroid disorders, and the detection of blood clots in the lungs. In each of these cases, the radioisotope is administered to the patient in a controlled manner, and the radiation emitted by the isotope is detected and measured to diagnose or treat the medical condition.

Endemic goiter is a type of goiter that occurs in a specific geographic region or population due to a deficiency of iodine in the diet. It is characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck, and is caused by the body's attempt to produce more thyroid hormones in response to the lack of iodine. Endemic goiter is more common in areas where the soil is low in iodine, and can also be caused by other factors such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves increasing iodine intake through dietary changes or supplements.

Indium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element indium that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) scanners. Indium radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Indium-111 is commonly used in diagnostic imaging to detect infections, tumors, and other abnormalities in the body. It is often used in conjunction with antibodies or other targeting agents to help locate specific cells or tissues. 2. Radiation therapy: Indium-111 is also used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. It is administered to the patient in the form of a radioactive compound that is taken up by cancer cells, where it emits radiation that damages the cancer cells and slows their growth. Overall, indium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions with greater accuracy and effectiveness.

Goiter is a medical condition characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, and an overactive or underactive thyroid gland can cause the gland to become enlarged. There are several types of goiter, including simple goiter, which is caused by a lack of iodine in the diet, and toxic goiter, which is caused by an overactive thyroid gland. Other types of goiter include nodular goiter, which is characterized by the presence of nodules or lumps in the thyroid gland, and struma nodosa, which is a rare type of goiter that is characterized by the presence of large, firm nodules in the thyroid gland. Goiter can cause a variety of symptoms, including difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and a visible swelling in the neck. In some cases, goiter can also cause high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, and other complications. Treatment for goiter depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Sodium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element sodium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes have a nucleus that contains an odd number of neutrons, which makes them unstable and prone to decay. During this decay process, the nucleus emits radiation in the form of gamma rays or beta particles. In medical imaging, sodium radioisotopes are often used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans. These scans involve injecting a small amount of a radioactive tracer, such as sodium fluoride-18, into the patient's bloodstream. The tracer accumulates in areas of the body where bone metabolism is active, such as in tumors or areas of bone disease. The PET scanner then detects the gamma rays emitted by the tracer and creates detailed images of the body's internal structures. In medical treatment, sodium radioisotopes are used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. For example, sodium iodide-131 is used to treat thyroid cancer by delivering targeted radiation to the thyroid gland. Other sodium radioisotopes, such as sodium meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), are used to treat neuroblastoma, a type of cancer that affects children. Overall, sodium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions with greater accuracy and precision.

Barium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element barium that are used in medical imaging procedures, particularly in the field of radiology. These isotopes are typically used in diagnostic imaging studies, such as barium X-rays or barium swallow tests, to visualize the digestive system and diagnose conditions such as ulcers, inflammation, or blockages in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine. Barium radioisotopes are usually administered orally or through an enema, and they emit low-energy gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera or other imaging device. The gamma rays produce images of the digestive system that can be used by radiologists to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions. Some common barium radioisotopes used in medical imaging include barium-133, barium-137, and barium-140. These isotopes have relatively short half-lives, ranging from a few hours to a few days, which means that they decay quickly and emit relatively low levels of radiation. As a result, they are generally considered safe for use in medical imaging procedures.

Yttrium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element yttrium that are used in medical imaging and cancer treatment. Yttrium-90 (90Y) is a commonly used radioisotope in these applications. It is produced by bombarding a target with neutrons, and it emits beta particles that can be detected by imaging equipment. In medical imaging, 90Y is often used in conjunction with a radiopharmaceutical, which is a compound that contains 90Y and is designed to target specific cells or tissues in the body. For example, 90Y-labeled antibodies can be used to image and diagnose certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The beta particles emitted by 90Y can also be used to destroy cancer cells through a process called radioimmunotherapy. In cancer treatment, 90Y is often used in conjunction with a radiopharmaceutical to deliver targeted radiation therapy to cancer cells. This can be particularly useful in cases where the cancer has spread to multiple sites in the body and is difficult to treat with traditional chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The radiopharmaceutical is designed to target the cancer cells specifically, minimizing damage to healthy cells and tissues.

Tin radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element tin that are used in various medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding stable tin isotopes with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. Some common tin radioisotopes used in medicine include tin-117m, tin-119m, and tin-120m. These isotopes emit low-energy gamma rays that can be detected by gamma cameras, allowing doctors to create detailed images of the body's internal structures. Tin radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Tin radioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine imaging techniques, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), to detect and diagnose various diseases and conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. 2. Radiation therapy: Tin radioisotopes are used in targeted radionuclide therapy to treat certain types of cancer. These isotopes are attached to molecules that specifically target cancer cells, delivering a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. 3. Research: Tin radioisotopes are used in research to study the biology and chemistry of the element tin, as well as to investigate the mechanisms of various diseases and conditions.

In the medical field, carbon radioisotopes are isotopes of carbon that emit radiation. These isotopes are often used in medical imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), to visualize and diagnose various diseases and conditions. One commonly used carbon radioisotope in medical imaging is carbon-11, which is produced by bombarding nitrogen-14 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Carbon-11 is then incorporated into various molecules, such as glucose, which can be injected into the body and taken up by cells that are metabolically active. The emitted radiation from the carbon-11 can then be detected by a PET scanner, allowing doctors to visualize and diagnose conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and heart disease. Other carbon radioisotopes used in medicine include carbon-13, which is used in breath tests to diagnose various digestive disorders, and carbon-14, which is used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of organic materials.

Iron radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of iron that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding iron targets with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons. The resulting radioisotopes have a short half-life, meaning that they decay quickly and emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment. Iron radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Iron radioisotopes can be used to create images of the body's organs and tissues. For example, iron-59 is often used to study the liver and spleen, while iron-62 is used to study the bone marrow. 2. Radiation therapy: Iron radioisotopes can also be used to treat certain types of cancer. For example, iron-59 is used to treat liver cancer, while iron-62 is used to treat multiple myeloma. 3. Research: Iron radioisotopes are also used in research to study the metabolism and distribution of iron in the body. Overall, iron radioisotopes play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, and are a valuable tool in the field of nuclear medicine.

Copper radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element copper that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes have specific properties that make them useful for certain medical applications, such as their ability to emit gamma rays or positrons, which can be detected by medical imaging equipment. One common copper radioisotope used in medical imaging is copper-64 (64Cu), which is often used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to study the function of organs and tissues in the body. Copper-64 is taken up by cells in the body and emits positrons, which are detected by the PET scanner. This allows doctors to visualize the distribution of the isotope in the body and get information about the function of the organs and tissues. Copper radioisotopes are also used in targeted radionuclide therapy, a type of cancer treatment that involves delivering a radioactive substance directly to cancer cells. Copper-67 (67Cu) is one example of a copper radioisotope that is used in this way. It is taken up by cancer cells and emits gamma rays, which can damage the cancer cells and kill them. This type of therapy is often used to treat certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Overall, copper radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a variety of medical conditions.

Phosphorus radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element phosphorus that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as positron emission tomography (PET) scanners, to create images of the body's internal structures and functions. One commonly used phosphorus radioisotope in medical imaging is fluorine-18, which is produced by bombarding a target with protons. Fluorine-18 is then incorporated into a compound, such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), which is taken up by cells in the body. The PET scanner detects the radiation emitted by the fluorine-18 in the FDG and creates an image of the areas of the body where the FDG is concentrated, which can help diagnose conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. Phosphorus radioisotopes are also used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. For example, strontium-89 is a phosphorus radioisotope that emits beta particles that can destroy cancer cells. It is often used to treat bone metastases, which are cancerous tumors that have spread to the bones.

Potassium iodide (KI) is a medication that is used to protect the thyroid gland from the harmful effects of radioactive iodine. It is typically prescribed to people who live in areas where there is a risk of exposure to radioactive iodine, such as after a nuclear accident or in areas where the soil is contaminated with radioactive iodine. KI works by saturating the thyroid gland with non-radioactive iodine, which prevents it from absorbing radioactive iodine. This helps to protect the thyroid gland from damage and reduces the risk of thyroid cancer. KI is usually taken as a pill, and the dose and duration of treatment depend on the level of radiation exposure and the individual's age and health. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking KI to ensure that it is effective and safe.

Beta particles are high-energy electrons or positrons that are emitted from the nucleus of an atom during a nuclear decay process. In the medical field, beta particles are commonly used in radiation therapy to treat cancerous tumors. They can be targeted directly at the tumor, delivering a high dose of radiation to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Beta particles can also be used in diagnostic imaging, such as in positron emission tomography (PET) scans, to visualize and measure the activity of certain organs or tissues in the body.

"Sodium chloride, dietary" refers to the amount of sodium chloride (table salt) that is consumed in a person's diet. Sodium chloride is a mineral that is essential for the body to function properly, but excessive intake can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure and heart disease. The recommended daily intake of sodium chloride varies depending on age, sex, and other factors, but generally ranges from 1,500 to 2,300 milligrams per day for adults. Monitoring dietary sodium chloride intake is important for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases.

Technetium is a radioactive element that is used in the medical field for diagnostic imaging procedures. It is often combined with other elements to form compounds that can be used to create radiopharmaceuticals, which are drugs that contain a small amount of radioactive material. One common use of technetium in medicine is in bone scans, which are used to detect bone abnormalities such as fractures, infections, and tumors. Technetium compounds are injected into the bloodstream and then absorbed by the bones, allowing doctors to see where the bone is healthy and where it is not. Technetium is also used in other types of imaging procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans. In these cases, technetium compounds are used to enhance the contrast of the images, making it easier for doctors to see details in the body. Overall, technetium plays an important role in medical imaging and is used to help diagnose a wide range of conditions.

Mercury radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element mercury that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, allowing doctors to visualize and diagnose various medical conditions. The most commonly used mercury radioisotopes in medicine are: 1. Mercury-197 (197Hg): This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, including liver disease, kidney disease, and cancer. 2. Mercury-199 (199Hg): This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, including bone disorders, liver disease, and cancer. 3. Mercury-203 (203Hg): This isotope is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, including prostate cancer and breast cancer. Mercury radioisotopes are typically administered to patients through intravenous injection or inhalation. The radiation emitted by these isotopes is detected by medical imaging equipment, such as a gamma camera or a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. The information obtained from these imaging studies can help doctors diagnose and treat various medical conditions.

Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to detect and diagnose certain conditions, particularly liver and spleen disorders. It is a radioactive tracer that is injected into a patient's bloodstream and travels to the liver and spleen, where it binds to red blood cells. The radiopharmaceutical emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing doctors to create images of the liver and spleen and assess their function. This test is commonly used to diagnose liver and spleen diseases, such as liver cancer, cirrhosis, and splenomegaly, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of treatments.

Cesium isotopes are radioactive forms of the element cesium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. There are several isotopes of cesium, including cesium-131, cesium-134, cesium-137, and cesium-141, but cesium-137 is the most commonly used in medical applications. Cesium-137 is a beta-emitter, which means that it releases beta particles when it decays. These particles can be used to destroy cancer cells or to treat certain types of cancer. Cesium-137 is also used in medical imaging, such as in bone scans, to help doctors diagnose and treat bone disorders. Cesium-137 is typically administered to patients in the form of a solution or a capsule. The patient then ingests the cesium-137, which is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the affected area. The beta particles emitted by the cesium-137 destroy the cancer cells or help to diagnose the bone disorder. It is important to note that cesium isotopes are radioactive and can be harmful if not used properly. They must be handled and administered by trained medical professionals to ensure the safety of the patient.

Povidone-iodine is a topical antiseptic solution that contains a mixture of povidone (a water-soluble polymer) and iodine. It is commonly used in the medical field for wound care, skin antisepsis, and surgical preparation. Povidone-iodine is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is available in various strengths and forms, including solutions, gels, and foams. When used properly, povidone-iodine is considered safe and effective for most skin surfaces and can help prevent the spread of infection.

Cerium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element cerium that are used in various medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding cerium targets with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. Cerium radioisotopes have a variety of uses in medicine, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Some cerium radioisotopes, such as cerium-144, are used as tracers in diagnostic imaging studies. These isotopes can be attached to molecules that are specific to certain organs or tissues in the body, allowing doctors to visualize the distribution of the tracer and diagnose various medical conditions. 2. Radiation therapy: Cerium radioisotopes can also be used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. For example, cerium-144 has been used in the treatment of bone metastases, a condition in which cancer has spread to the bones. 3. Nuclear medicine: Cerium radioisotopes can be used in nuclear medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, and certain types of bone disease. These isotopes can be administered to the body in the form of a radioactive pill or injection, and they work by emitting radiation that destroys cancer cells or slows down the overactivity of certain organs. Overall, cerium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, and they are widely used in hospitals and clinics around the world.

Cobalt isotopes are radioactive forms of the element cobalt that are used in medical applications. There are several isotopes of cobalt that are used in medicine, including cobalt-57, cobalt-58, cobalt-60, and cobalt-67. Cobalt-57 is commonly used in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders. It is also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia. Cobalt-58 is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. It is also used in the diagnosis of bone disorders and in the treatment of certain types of infections. Cobalt-60 is used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. It is also used in the sterilization of medical equipment and in the treatment of certain types of eye disorders. Cobalt-67 is used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also used in the diagnosis of certain types of bone disorders and in the treatment of certain types of infections. Overall, cobalt isotopes play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, and are widely used in the medical field.

Deficiency diseases, also known as nutrient deficiencies, are medical conditions that occur when the body does not receive enough of a particular nutrient or nutrient combination. These nutrients are essential for the proper functioning of the body and are obtained through the diet. Deficiency diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor diet, malabsorption disorders, and certain medical conditions. Some common examples of deficiency diseases include: 1. Vitamin D deficiency: This occurs when the body does not get enough vitamin D, which is essential for bone health and immune function. 2. Iron deficiency anemia: This occurs when the body does not get enough iron, which is essential for the production of red blood cells. 3. Vitamin C deficiency: This occurs when the body does not get enough vitamin C, which is essential for immune function and the production of collagen. 4. Calcium deficiency: This occurs when the body does not get enough calcium, which is essential for bone health and muscle function. 5. Vitamin A deficiency: This occurs when the body does not get enough vitamin A, which is essential for vision and immune function. Deficiency diseases can have a range of symptoms, depending on the specific nutrient deficiency. Treatment typically involves correcting the nutrient deficiency through dietary changes or supplements. In severe cases, medical intervention may be necessary.

Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. It is a lustrous, silvery-gray metal that is highly resistant to corrosion and has a high melting point. In the medical field, hafnium is not commonly used. However, it has been studied for its potential use in medical applications. For example, hafnium oxide (HfO2) has been investigated as a material for dental implants and as a coating for medical devices to improve their biocompatibility and reduce the risk of infection. Additionally, hafnium has been studied as a potential radiosensitizer for cancer treatment, as it can enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential medical applications of hafnium.

Gold radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of gold that are used in medical applications, particularly in the field of nuclear medicine. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding gold atoms with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons, in a nuclear reactor or particle accelerator. There are several different gold radioisotopes that are used in medical applications, including gold-195m, gold-197m, and gold-198. These isotopes emit low-energy gamma rays, which can be detected by specialized imaging equipment, such as a gamma camera or a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. Gold radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy. For example, gold-198 is often used as a radiopharmaceutical in nuclear medicine to help diagnose and treat certain types of cancer, such as liver cancer. Gold-195m and gold-197m are also used in diagnostic imaging to help visualize the distribution of gold particles within the body, which can be useful for studying the function of certain organs or tissues. Overall, gold radioisotopes play an important role in the field of medical imaging and therapy, and are widely used in hospitals and clinics around the world.

Lead radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element lead that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as gamma cameras, to create images of the body's internal structures. One commonly used lead radioisotope in medical imaging is lead-203, which emits low-energy gamma rays that can be detected by gamma cameras to create high-resolution images of the body's organs and tissues. Lead-203 is often used in diagnostic imaging of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Lead radioisotopes are also used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. For example, lead-212 is a short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotope that can be used to treat small tumors in the head and neck. The alpha particles emitted by lead-212 are highly ionizing and can damage cancer cells, while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Overall, lead radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and therapy, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions.

Astatine is a radioactive element that is not commonly used in the medical field. It has atomic number 85 and is a member of the halogen group. Astatine is highly toxic and has a very short half-life, which means that it decays rapidly into other elements. As a result, it is not used in medical treatments or diagnostic procedures. However, astatine has been studied for its potential use in cancer therapy, as it has been shown to be highly effective in killing cancer cells.

Zinc isotopes are different forms of the element zinc that have different atomic weights due to the number of neutrons in their nuclei. In the medical field, zinc isotopes are used in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications. One common use of zinc isotopes in medicine is in nuclear medicine imaging. For example, the isotope zinc-67 is used to label antibodies and other molecules for imaging purposes. When injected into the body, the labeled molecules can be tracked using a gamma camera, allowing doctors to visualize the distribution of the molecules in the body and diagnose various diseases. Zinc isotopes are also used in radiation therapy for cancer treatment. For example, the isotope zinc-70 has been shown to be effective in killing cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. In this application, zinc isotopes are used to target cancer cells specifically, allowing for more precise and effective treatment. Overall, zinc isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and cancer treatment, and ongoing research is exploring new applications for these isotopes in the field of medicine.

Sulfur radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of sulfur, which are used in various medical applications. These isotopes are typically produced by bombarding stable sulfur atoms with high-energy particles, such as protons or neutrons. One commonly used sulfur radioisotope in medicine is sulfur-35 (35S), which has a half-life of approximately 87 days. It is used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including: * Radiolabeling of biomolecules: 35S can be used to label proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules, allowing researchers to study their structure, function, and interactions with other molecules. * Imaging of tumors: 35S-labeled compounds can be used to image tumors in animals or humans, allowing doctors to monitor the growth and spread of tumors. * Radioimmunotherapy: 35S can be used to label antibodies, which can then be targeted to specific cells or tissues in the body, delivering a dose of radiation to kill cancer cells or other diseased cells. Other sulfur radioisotopes, such as sulfur-32 (32S) and sulfur-33 (33S), are also used in medical applications, although they are less commonly used than 35S.

Cadmium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element cadmium that are used in medical imaging and therapy. These isotopes emit radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as gamma cameras, to create images of the body's internal structures and functions. One commonly used cadmium radioisotope in medical imaging is cadmium-109, which has a half-life of 462 days and emits low-energy gamma radiation. It is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, such as bone disorders, liver disease, and cancer. Another cadmium radioisotope used in medical imaging is cadmium-113m, which has a half-life of 11.7 hours and emits high-energy gamma radiation. It is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various conditions, such as bone disorders, liver disease, and cancer. Cadmium radioisotopes are also used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. In this application, the radioactive isotopes are introduced into the body, usually through injection or inhalation, and then targeted to specific areas of the body where cancer cells are present. The radiation emitted by the isotopes damages the DNA of the cancer cells, leading to their death.

In the medical field, iodides refer to compounds that contain the element iodine. Iodine is an essential trace element that is required for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for regulating metabolism in the body. There are several different types of iodides, including potassium iodide, sodium iodide, and calcium iodide. These compounds are often used in medical treatments to help prevent or treat thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid). Iodides can also be used to treat other conditions, such as radiation sickness, as well as to prevent the development of certain types of cancer, such as thyroid cancer and breast cancer. It is important to note that while iodides can be beneficial in certain medical situations, they can also have side effects and may interact with other medications. As such, it is important to use iodides under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

Iodophors are antiseptic solutions that contain iodine as the active ingredient. They are commonly used in the medical field for disinfection and sterilization of surfaces, equipment, and skin. Iodophors are effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are particularly useful for disinfecting areas that are difficult to clean, such as wounds and catheters. Iodophors are available in various forms, including gels, sprays, and solutions, and are typically used at dilutions of 1-10 parts per million (ppm). It is important to follow proper use instructions and precautions when using iodophors to avoid skin irritation and other adverse effects.

Soil pollutants, radioactive, refer to radioactive substances that are present in soil and can pose a risk to human health and the environment. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including nuclear accidents, nuclear weapons testing, and the disposal of radioactive waste. Radioactive soil pollutants can pose a risk to human health through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. They can also contaminate groundwater and crops, leading to further exposure through the food chain. In the medical field, the presence of radioactive soil pollutants may be detected through environmental monitoring and testing. Treatment options for exposure to radioactive soil pollutants may include medical interventions such as decontamination, medication, and radiation therapy. Prevention measures may include avoiding exposure to contaminated areas and proper disposal of radioactive waste.

Lutetium is a chemical element with the symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a rare earth element and is not commonly used in the medical field. However, there is one medical application of lutetium that has gained some attention in recent years. Lutetium-177 (Lu-177) is a radioactive isotope of lutetium that has been used in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) for the treatment of certain types of cancer. TRT involves the use of radioactive isotopes to target and destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Lu-177 is typically attached to a molecule that is specific to a particular type of cancer cell, allowing it to be selectively delivered to the cancer cells. Once inside the cancer cells, the radioactive decay of Lu-177 releases energy that damages the cancer cells and causes them to die. Lu-177 has been used to treat several types of cancer, including neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, and multiple myeloma. It has shown promise as a treatment option for patients who have not responded to other forms of therapy or who are not eligible for surgery or radiation therapy.

Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a rare, silvery-white, transition metal that is found in the Earth's crust in small amounts. In the medical field, rhenium has been studied for its potential use in cancer treatment. It has been shown to have anti-tumor properties and may be effective in treating certain types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and lung cancer. Rhenium has also been used in the development of medical imaging agents, such as radiolabeled rhenium complexes, which can be used to detect and diagnose certain diseases. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential uses and safety of rhenium in medicine.

Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland in the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulating the function of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for producing hormones that control metabolism in the body. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate the body's metabolism, affecting how the body uses energy and how quickly it burns calories. In the medical field, TSH is often measured as part of routine blood tests to assess thyroid function. Abnormal levels of TSH can indicate a variety of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid). TSH levels can also be affected by other medical conditions, such as pituitary tumors or certain medications.

Bromine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element bromine that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes are typically produced in a nuclear reactor or cyclotron and are then used in various medical applications, such as: 1. Diagnostic Imaging: Bromine radioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine to image the body's organs and tissues. For example, bromine-75 is used to image the thyroid gland, while bromine-82 is used to image the heart. 2. Cancer Treatment: Bromine radioisotopes are also used in cancer treatment, particularly in targeted radionuclide therapy. In this approach, a radioactive isotope is attached to a molecule that selectively targets cancer cells, allowing the radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. Some common bromine radioisotopes used in medical applications include bromine-75, bromine-76, bromine-77, bromine-78, bromine-80, bromine-81, bromine-82, and bromine-84.

Samarium is a rare earth element that is used in the medical field as a radioactive tracer in nuclear medicine. It is typically used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as bone metastases, by delivering targeted radiation to cancer cells. Samarium is also used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions, such as bone disorders, by imaging the bones and identifying areas of abnormal activity. Samarium is administered to the patient in the form of a radioactive compound, which is then taken up by the cancer cells or bones and emits radiation that can be detected by medical imaging equipment.

Subdural effusion is a medical condition in which there is a collection of fluid between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the brain) and the arachnoid mater (the middle layer of the brain). This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which normally surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. Subdural effusion can occur due to various reasons, including head injury, bleeding, infection, or inflammation. It can also be a complication of certain medical conditions, such as meningitis or hydrocephalus. Symptoms of subdural effusion may include headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, it can lead to brain swelling, which can be life-threatening. Treatment for subdural effusion depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, it may require surgical intervention to remove the excess fluid and relieve pressure on the brain. In other cases, it may be treated with medications or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Calcium isotopes refer to the different forms of the element calcium that have different atomic weights due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. In the medical field, calcium isotopes are often used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures related to bone health and metabolism. One commonly used calcium isotope in medicine is calcium-47, which is a radioactive isotope that can be used to measure bone turnover and bone mineral density. Calcium-47 is produced by bombarding a calcium-46 target with high-energy protons, and it decays by emitting a positron, which can be detected using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Another calcium isotope that is used in medicine is calcium-82, which is a radioactive isotope that can be used to treat certain types of cancer. Calcium-82 is produced by bombarding a zinc-68 target with high-energy protons, and it decays by emitting a positron, which can be used to target and destroy cancer cells. Overall, calcium isotopes play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of bone and cancer-related conditions in the medical field.

In the medical field, radioactive waste refers to any material that has been contaminated with radioactive substances and is no longer useful for its intended purpose. This can include a wide range of materials, such as used medical equipment, contaminated clothing, and disposable items like gloves and masks. Radioactive waste is typically generated during medical procedures that involve the use of radioactive isotopes, such as diagnostic imaging tests or radiation therapy treatments. These isotopes emit ionizing radiation, which can be harmful to living tissue if not properly managed. To ensure the safe disposal of radioactive waste, healthcare facilities must follow strict guidelines and regulations set by government agencies. This typically involves separating the waste into different categories based on its level of radioactivity and then storing it in secure containers until it can be transported to a licensed disposal facility.

Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to diagnose and monitor liver and kidney function. It is a modified form of serum albumin, a protein found in the blood, that has been labeled with radioactive iodine. The radioactive iodine allows the serum albumin to be detected by medical imaging equipment, such as a gamma camera or a PET scanner. When injected into the bloodstream, the serum albumin, radio-iodinated travels through the body and is taken up by the liver and kidneys. The amount of serum albumin that is taken up by these organs can be measured using medical imaging equipment, which can provide information about the function of the liver and kidneys. Serum albumin, radio-iodinated is often used to diagnose liver and kidney diseases, such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, and kidney failure. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions.

Congenital hypothyroidism is a medical condition that occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones during fetal development or shortly after birth. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including growth retardation, delayed development, and intellectual disability. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, which is the process by which the body uses energy. When the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, the body's metabolism slows down, leading to the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Congenital hypothyroidism is usually diagnosed through newborn screening tests, which check for the presence of thyroid hormones in a baby's blood. If the test is positive, further testing is done to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause of the condition. Treatment for congenital hypothyroidism typically involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which involves taking medication to replace the missing thyroid hormones. With proper treatment, most babies with congenital hypothyroidism can grow and develop normally.

Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland in the neck. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. In the medical field, thyroxine is often prescribed to treat hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. In this case, thyroxine is given to replace the missing hormone and help restore normal metabolic function. Thyroxine is also used to treat certain types of thyroid cancer, as well as to prevent the recurrence of thyroid cancer after surgery. In some cases, thyroxine may be used to treat other conditions, such as Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects females. Thyroxine is typically taken orally in the form of a tablet or liquid, and the dosage is adjusted based on the patient's individual needs and response to treatment. It is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare provider when taking thyroxine, as taking too much or too little can have serious consequences.

Ruthenium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element ruthenium that are used in medical applications. Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a hard, blue-gray metal that is resistant to corrosion and has a high melting point. There are several different radioisotopes of ruthenium that are used in medicine, including ruthenium-97, ruthenium-99m, and ruthenium-106. These radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and as sources of radiation for certain types of medical equipment. Ruthenium-97 is a short-lived radioisotope that is used in diagnostic imaging to help doctors visualize the inside of the body. It is typically produced by bombarding a target with high-energy protons, and is then used in a technique called positron emission tomography (PET) to create detailed images of the body's organs and tissues. Ruthenium-99m is a more stable radioisotope that is used in diagnostic imaging to help doctors diagnose a wide range of conditions, including bone disorders, heart disease, and cancer. It is typically produced by bombarding a target with neutrons, and is then used in a technique called single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to create detailed images of the body's organs and tissues. Ruthenium-106 is a long-lived radioisotope that is used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. It is typically produced by bombarding a target with high-energy protons, and is then used to deliver a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells, while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Overall, ruthenium radioisotopes play an important role in the medical field, and are used in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications to help doctors diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions.

Iodized oil is a type of oil that has been fortified with iodine. It is commonly used in medical treatments to help prevent and treat thyroid disorders, such as goiter and hypothyroidism. Iodized oil is usually administered orally or by injection, and it works by providing the body with the iodine it needs to produce thyroid hormones. In some cases, iodized oil may also be used to treat other conditions, such as liver disease or certain types of cancer. It is important to note that iodized oil should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Thyroglobulin is a large glycoprotein that is synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland. It is the precursor protein for thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are essential for regulating metabolism in the body. In the medical field, thyroglobulin is often used as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer. When thyroid cells become cancerous, they continue to produce thyroglobulin even after the gland has been removed. This means that measuring thyroglobulin levels in the blood can help doctors detect and monitor thyroid cancer. Thyroglobulin levels may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for thyroid cancer. If the cancer is responding well to treatment, the thyroglobulin levels should decrease. If the levels remain high or increase, it may indicate that the cancer has returned or is still present. In addition to its use in thyroid cancer diagnosis and monitoring, thyroglobulin is also used as a marker for other types of cancer, such as ovarian cancer and breast cancer.

In the medical field, iodine isotopes refer to different forms of the element iodine that have different atomic weights due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. The most commonly used iodine isotopes in medicine are iodine-123 (I-123) and iodine-131 (I-131). I-123 is a short-lived isotope with a half-life of 13.2 hours, which makes it useful for imaging the thyroid gland and other organs. It is often used in diagnostic procedures such as thyroid scans and radioiodine uptake tests. I-131, on the other hand, is a longer-lived isotope with a half-life of 8 days. It is commonly used in the treatment of thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism. In these treatments, I-131 is administered to the patient, and it is taken up by the thyroid gland, where it emits beta particles that destroy the cancerous or overactive cells. Overall, iodine isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, particularly in the diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders.

Selenium radioisotopes are radioactive forms of the element selenium that are used in medical applications. Selenium is a trace element that is essential for human health, and it is found in many foods and supplements. Selenium radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical procedures, including: 1. Diagnostic imaging: Selenium-75 is a commonly used radioisotope for diagnostic imaging of the thyroid gland. It is taken up by the thyroid gland and emits gamma radiation that can be detected by a gamma camera to create an image of the gland. 2. Cancer treatment: Selenium-75 is also used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and thyroid cancer. It is administered as a pill or injection and works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, leading to their death. 3. Cardiac imaging: Selenium-75 is also used in cardiac imaging to assess the function of the heart muscle. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the heart muscle, where it emits gamma radiation that can be detected by a gamma camera to create an image of the heart. Selenium radioisotopes are generally considered safe when used in medical applications, but they can be harmful if they are ingested or inhaled in large quantities. As with any medical procedure, it is important to carefully follow the instructions of your healthcare provider and to report any side effects or concerns.

Alpha particles are high-energy, positively charged particles that are emitted by certain radioactive substances. In the medical field, alpha particles are often used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. They are particularly effective at damaging cancer cells because they have a high rate of ionization, which means they can cause significant damage to the DNA of cells they pass through. This can lead to the death of cancer cells or prevent them from dividing and growing. Alpha particles are also used in some diagnostic imaging procedures, such as bone scans, to detect and locate areas of the body that may be affected by cancer or other diseases.

In the medical field, "Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring" refers to a class of organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom (or other heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus) in a ring of six or fewer carbon atoms. These compounds are often used as pharmaceuticals, as they can interact with biological molecules in various ways to produce therapeutic effects. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include pyridine, imidazole, and thiazole, which are commonly used as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial agents, respectively.

Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to diagnose various conditions. It is a compound that contains the radioactive isotope Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) and Sodium Pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4). When injected into the body, the Tc-99m is taken up by cells and tissues, and the gamma rays emitted by the radioactive isotope can be detected by a gamma camera to create images of the body's internal structures. Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is commonly used in nuclear medicine scans, such as bone scans, heart scans, and brain scans, to diagnose conditions such as bone disorders, heart disease, and neurological disorders. It is a safe and effective diagnostic tool that has been used for many years in medical imaging.

Tungsten is a chemical element with the symbol W and atomic number 74. It is a hard, dense, and lustrous transition metal that is often used in medical applications due to its unique properties. One of the main uses of tungsten in medicine is in the production of medical devices such as surgical instruments, dental tools, and prosthetic implants. Tungsten is used because of its high melting point, which allows it to withstand the high temperatures generated during surgical procedures. It is also highly resistant to corrosion, which makes it ideal for use in medical devices that are exposed to bodily fluids. Tungsten is also used in radiation therapy for cancer treatment. Tungsten-based shielding materials are used to protect medical personnel and patients from the harmful effects of radiation during treatment. Tungsten is also used in the production of radiation therapy equipment, such as linear accelerators and brachytherapy sources. In addition, tungsten is used in the production of medical imaging equipment, such as X-ray machines and computed tomography (CT) scanners. Tungsten is used in the construction of X-ray targets, which are used to produce high-energy X-rays that are used to create images of the inside of the body. Overall, tungsten is an important material in the medical field due to its unique properties, which make it ideal for use in a wide range of medical applications.

Thyroid diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism. The thyroid gland produces two main hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are essential for regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development. There are several types of thyroid diseases, including: 1. Hypothyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and depression. 2. Hyperthyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, and tremors. 3. Thyroid nodules: These are small growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant. 4. Thyroiditis: This is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing. 5. Thyroid cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the thyroid gland. Symptoms of thyroid cancer may include a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, and hoarseness. Thyroid diseases can be diagnosed through blood tests, imaging studies, and physical examination. Treatment options for thyroid diseases depend on the specific condition and may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Pentetic acid is a chemical compound that is used in the medical field as a chelating agent. It is a synthetic derivative of the amino acid cysteine and is used to treat heavy metal poisoning, such as lead poisoning, by binding to the heavy metal ions and facilitating their excretion from the body. Pentetic acid is also used to treat Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that causes the body to accumulate excess copper, by binding to the excess copper and helping to remove it from the body. In addition, pentetic acid has been studied for its potential use in treating other conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and cancer.

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland is a small gland located in the neck that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. When the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, the body's metabolism slows down, leading to a range of symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, constipation, and depression. Hypothyroidism can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune disorders, iodine deficiency, radiation therapy, surgery, and certain medications. It is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of thyroid hormones in the body. Treatment for hypothyroidism typically involves taking synthetic thyroid hormone medication to replace the hormones that the body is not producing enough of. With proper treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can manage their symptoms and live normal, healthy lives.

In the medical field, iodoproteins refer to proteins that have been modified by the attachment of an iodine atom or group. These proteins are often used in diagnostic imaging procedures, such as radioiodine scans, to help visualize the function of specific organs or tissues in the body. There are several types of iodoproteins that are commonly used in medical imaging, including thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroglobulin. These hormones are produced by the thyroid gland and play a critical role in regulating metabolism in the body. Radioiodine scans are typically used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as thyroid disorders, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer. During a radioiodine scan, a small amount of radioactive iodine is administered to the patient, and a special camera is used to detect the amount of radioactivity in different parts of the body. This can help doctors to identify areas of the thyroid gland that are functioning abnormally or to detect the presence of thyroid cancer. Overall, iodoproteins play an important role in medical imaging and are used to help diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions in the body.

Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate is a radiopharmaceutical used in medical imaging to diagnose various conditions, particularly in the field of nuclear medicine. It is a radioactive tracer that is injected into the body and travels to specific organs or tissues, where it can be detected by a gamma camera to create images of the body's internal structures. Pentetate is a chelating agent that binds to the Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) isotope, which is a short-lived radioactive form of Technetium. The resulting compound, Tc-99m Pentetate, is a water-soluble complex that can be easily injected into the bloodstream and taken up by cells in the body. Tc-99m Pentetate is commonly used to diagnose conditions such as bone disorders, heart disease, and kidney problems. It can also be used to evaluate blood flow to the brain, heart, and other organs. The radiopharmaceutical is safe and has a low risk of side effects, as the amount of radiation exposure is carefully controlled.

Thyroid hormones are hormones produced by the thyroid gland, a small gland located in the neck. There are two main types of thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. Thyroxine (T4) is the primary thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is converted into triiodothyronine (T3) in the body, which is the more active thyroid hormone. T3 and T4 are responsible for regulating the body's metabolism, which is the process by which the body converts food into energy. They also play a role in regulating the body's growth and development, as well as the function of the heart and nervous system. Thyroid hormones are regulated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, which are located in the brain. The hypothalamus produces a hormone called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4 and T3. Abnormal levels of thyroid hormones can lead to a variety of health problems, including hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormone), hypothyroidism (too little thyroid hormone), and thyroid nodules or cancer. Treatment for thyroid disorders typically involves medication to regulate the levels of thyroid hormones in the body.

Rosaniline dyes are a class of synthetic organic compounds that are used as dyes in various applications, including in the medical field. They are derived from aniline, which is an aromatic amine, and are characterized by the presence of a rosaniline group, which is a substituted aniline group with a hydroxyl group attached to the nitrogen atom. In the medical field, rosaniline dyes are used as stains for histological and cytological preparations. They are particularly useful for staining certain types of cells and tissues, such as neurons, muscle fibers, and connective tissue. Rosaniline dyes are also used as indicators in various diagnostic tests, such as the Gram stain, which is used to differentiate between different types of bacteria. Some common examples of rosaniline dyes used in the medical field include methylene blue, azure B, and azure A. These dyes are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, but they can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some individuals.

Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with the atomic number 3 and the symbol T. It is a beta emitter with a half-life of approximately 12.3 years. In the medical field, tritium is used in a variety of applications, including: 1. Medical imaging: Tritium is used in nuclear medicine to label molecules and track their movement within the body. For example, tritium can be used to label antibodies, which can then be injected into the body to track the movement of specific cells or tissues. 2. Radiation therapy: Tritium is used in radiation therapy to treat certain types of cancer. It is typically combined with other isotopes, such as carbon-14 or phosphorus-32, to create a radioactive tracer that can be injected into the body and targeted to specific areas of cancerous tissue. 3. Research: Tritium is also used in research to study the behavior of molecules and cells. For example, tritium can be used to label DNA, which can then be used to study the process of DNA replication and repair. It is important to note that tritium is a highly radioactive isotope and requires careful handling to minimize the risk of exposure to radiation.

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). This overproduction of hormones can cause an array of symptoms, including weight loss, increased heart rate, anxiety, irritability, tremors, and heat intolerance. Hyperthyroidism can be caused by a variety of factors, including Graves' disease, thyroiditis, and thyroid nodules. It can also be caused by taking too much thyroid hormone medication or by consuming excessive amounts of iodine. Treatment for hyperthyroidism typically involves medications to reduce the production of thyroid hormones, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy overactive thyroid cells, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. The specific treatment approach depends on the underlying cause of the condition and the severity of the symptoms.

Iodide Peroxidase (also known as Thyroid Peroxidase) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. It catalyzes the oxidation of iodide ions to form iodine, which is then incorporated into thyroglobulin, a large protein produced by thyroid cells. The iodinated thyroglobulin is then broken down into smaller thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are essential for regulating metabolism in the body. In the medical field, the measurement of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) is often used as a diagnostic tool for autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and damage to the gland's ability to produce thyroid hormones. The presence of TPOAb in the blood can indicate an autoimmune response and help guide treatment decisions.

Cesium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element cesium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. These isotopes emit gamma rays, which can be detected by medical imaging equipment such as gamma cameras or PET scanners. One commonly used cesium radioisotope in medical imaging is cesium-137 (Cs-137), which is used in bone scans to detect bone abnormalities such as fractures, tumors, and infections. Cs-137 is also used in nuclear medicine to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, by delivering targeted radiation to cancer cells. Another cesium radioisotope used in medical imaging is cesium-131 (Cs-131), which is used in thyroid scans to detect thyroid abnormalities such as nodules or cancer. Cs-131 is also used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Cesium radioisotopes are typically produced in nuclear reactors or cyclotrons and are then purified and formulated into radiopharmaceuticals for medical use. However, due to the potential risks associated with radiation exposure, the use of cesium radioisotopes in medical imaging and treatment is tightly regulated and requires careful consideration of the benefits and risks involved.

Potassium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element potassium that are used in medical imaging and treatment. Potassium is a naturally occurring element that is essential for many bodily functions, including the regulation of fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions. There are several different potassium radioisotopes that are used in medical applications, including potassium-40, potassium-39, and potassium-42. These isotopes are typically produced in a nuclear reactor or cyclotron and then purified and concentrated for use in medical procedures. Potassium radioisotopes are used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Cardiac imaging: Potassium-40 is used to image the heart and assess its function. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the heart muscle, where it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. 2. Kidney imaging: Potassium-42 is used to image the kidneys and assess their function. It is injected into the bloodstream and taken up by the kidneys, where it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. 3. Cancer treatment: Potassium-40 and potassium-39 are used in cancer treatment as part of a process called targeted radionuclide therapy. These isotopes are attached to molecules that are specific to cancer cells, and then delivered directly to the tumor. The radiation emitted by the isotopes damages the cancer cells, leading to their destruction. Overall, potassium radioisotopes play an important role in medical imaging and treatment, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions with greater accuracy and effectiveness.

Iodohippuric acid is a radiopharmaceutical compound that is commonly used in medical imaging procedures, particularly in the diagnosis of kidney function. It is a derivative of hippuric acid, which is a naturally occurring compound produced by the metabolism of proteins in the body. When administered to a patient, iodohippuric acid is taken up by the kidneys and concentrated in the urine. By measuring the amount of radioactivity in the urine over time, doctors can determine how well the kidneys are functioning and whether there are any abnormalities or blockages in the urinary system. Iodohippuric acid is typically administered as a solution that contains a small amount of radioactive iodine, which allows it to be detected by medical imaging equipment such as a gamma camera. The radioactive iodine is used to create images of the kidneys and urinary system, which can help doctors diagnose a variety of conditions, including kidney disease, urinary tract infections, and kidney stones.

Perchlorates are a class of inorganic salts that contain the perchlorate ion (ClO4-). They are commonly used as oxidizing agents, rocket propellants, and as components in fireworks and pyrotechnics. In the medical field, perchlorates are used as a diagnostic tool to evaluate thyroid function. Specifically, perchlorate thyroid uptake tests are used to measure the ability of the thyroid gland to absorb and use iodine, which is an essential nutrient for the production of thyroid hormones. Perchlorates can also be used as a treatment for certain types of thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, by blocking the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland and reducing the production of thyroid hormones. However, the use of perchlorates as a treatment is generally not recommended due to potential side effects and the availability of safer and more effective treatments.

In the medical field, carbon isotopes are atoms of carbon that have a different number of neutrons than the most common isotope, carbon-12. There are two stable isotopes of carbon, carbon-12 and carbon-13, and several unstable isotopes that are used in medical applications. Carbon-13, in particular, is used in medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and positron emission tomography (PET). In MRS, carbon-13 is used to study the metabolism of certain compounds in the body, such as glucose and amino acids. In PET, carbon-13 is used to create images of the body's metabolism by tracing the movement of a radioactive tracer through the body. Carbon-11, another unstable isotope of carbon, is used in PET imaging to study various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and heart disease. Carbon-11 is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a molecule that is specific to a particular target in the body. The tracer is then injected into the patient and imaged using a PET scanner to detect the location and extent of the disease. Overall, carbon isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and research, allowing doctors and researchers to better understand the functioning of the body and diagnose and treat various diseases.

Diiodotyrosine, also known as DIT, is a thyroid hormone precursor that is formed from the amino acid tyrosine. It is produced in the thyroid gland and is converted into the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) through a series of enzymatic reactions. In the medical field, diiodotyrosine is used as a diagnostic tool to measure the function of the thyroid gland. A test called a DIT scan involves injecting a small amount of diiodotyrosine into the bloodstream and then using a special camera to track its uptake by the thyroid gland. The results of this test can help doctors diagnose conditions such as hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland) or hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland). Diiodotyrosine is also used in the treatment of certain thyroid disorders. For example, it may be used to help regulate the production of thyroid hormones in people with hypothyroidism who do not respond well to standard treatment with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. It may also be used to treat certain types of thyroid cancer.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Thyroid neoplasms can occur in any part of the thyroid gland, but some areas are more prone to developing tumors than others. The most common type of thyroid neoplasm is a thyroid adenoma, which is a benign tumor that arises from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Other types of thyroid neoplasms include papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it is benign or malignant. Some common symptoms include a lump or swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy of the thyroid tissue. Treatment options for thyroid neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and age. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, or medication to manage symptoms or slow the growth of the tumor.

Sodium iodide is a compound that is used in the medical field as a source of iodine. Iodine is an essential nutrient that is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which play a critical role in regulating metabolism and growth. Sodium iodide is typically given to people who are unable to get enough iodine from their diet, such as those who live in areas with iodine-poor soil or who have certain medical conditions that affect their ability to absorb iodine. It is also used to treat and prevent certain thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer. Sodium iodide is usually given as a pill or liquid, and the dose and duration of treatment will depend on the specific condition being treated. It is generally considered safe when taken as directed, but it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in some people.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins that can mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. They are produced by genetically engineering cells to produce large quantities of a single type of antibody, which is specific to a particular antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response). In the medical field, monoclonal antibodies are used to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously, depending on the condition being treated. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of cells or pathogens, marking them for destruction by the immune system. They can also block the activity of specific molecules involved in disease processes, such as enzymes or receptors. Overall, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, offering targeted and effective therapies with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.

'Anti-Infective Agents, Local' refers to medications that are applied directly to a specific area of the body to treat or prevent infections. These agents are typically used to treat skin infections, ear infections, eye infections, and other localized infections. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms that cause infections. Examples of local anti-infective agents include antibiotics such as neomycin, polymyxin B, and bacitracin, which are commonly used to treat skin infections. Other examples include antifungal agents such as clotrimazole and miconazole, which are used to treat fungal infections of the skin, nails, and scalp. Local anti-infective agents are often available in the form of creams, ointments, gels, or solutions that can be applied directly to the affected area.

Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy that involves placing radioactive sources directly into or near a tumor or cancerous tissue. The sources are usually small pellets or seeds that are inserted into the body using a catheter or other device. The radiation emitted by the sources kills cancer cells and slows the growth of tumors. Brachytherapy is often used in combination with other types of cancer treatment, such as surgery or chemotherapy. It can be used to treat a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, and head and neck cancer. There are two main types of brachytherapy: low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy and high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy. LDR brachytherapy involves the placement of a single radioactive source that emits a low dose of radiation over a longer period of time. HDR brachytherapy involves the use of a remote-controlled afterloader that can deliver a high dose of radiation in a shorter period of time. Brachytherapy is generally considered to be a safe and effective treatment for cancer, but it can have side effects, such as skin irritation, fatigue, and nausea. The specific risks and benefits of brachytherapy will depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the individual patient's overall health.

In the medical field, iodates refer to compounds that contain the iodine ion (I-) bonded to one or more oxygen atoms. Iodates are a type of salt that are used as a source of iodine, which is an essential nutrient for the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development, and iodine is necessary for the production of these hormones. Iodates are commonly used in the treatment of iodine deficiency disorders, such as goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland). They are also used in the treatment of certain types of thyroid cancer and as a contrast agent in diagnostic imaging procedures. Iodates can be found in various forms, including potassium iodate, sodium iodate, and calcium iodate. They are typically taken orally as tablets or capsules, and the recommended dosage depends on the specific condition being treated and the individual's age, weight, and overall health.

Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) is a thyroid hormone intermediate that is produced when the thyroid gland converts the amino acid tyrosine into thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). MIT is a precursor to T3 and is formed when one iodine atom is added to the tyrosine molecule. MIT is also used as a diagnostic tool in the medical field to measure the activity of the thyroid gland. A high level of MIT in the blood can indicate an overactive thyroid gland, while a low level can indicate an underactive thyroid gland. Additionally, MIT is used as a treatment for certain thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, by blocking the production of thyroid hormones in the gland.

Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is a type of thyroiditis that occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and damage to the gland. This condition is characterized by the production of antibodies against the thyroid gland, which can cause the gland to become enlarged and produce less thyroid hormone. Symptoms of autoimmune thyroiditis may include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy with synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the hormone that the damaged thyroid gland is no longer producing.

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of the nervous system and the production of red blood cells. It is essential for the metabolism of homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid that can build up in the blood if vitamin B12 levels are low, leading to a range of health problems. Vitamin B12 is found naturally in animal products such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. It is also available as a dietary supplement and can be synthesized in the laboratory. In the medical field, vitamin B12 deficiency is a common nutritional disorder that can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling in the extremities, difficulty walking, and cognitive impairment. It can also lead to anemia, which is a condition characterized by a low red blood cell count. Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor diet, certain digestive disorders, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves vitamin B12 supplementation, either orally or intravenously, depending on the severity of the deficiency and the underlying cause.

In the medical field, organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a metal atom bonded to a carbon atom of an organic molecule. These compounds have a wide range of applications in medicine, including as drugs, diagnostic agents, and catalysts for various chemical reactions. One example of an organometallic compound used in medicine is cisplatin, which is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer. Cisplatin contains a platinum atom bonded to two carbon atoms from organic molecules, and its mechanism of action involves binding to DNA and inhibiting its replication. Another example is ferrocene, which is an organometallic compound containing a ferrocene moiety. Ferrocene has been studied for its potential as a treatment for various diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease, due to its ability to modulate cellular signaling pathways. Overall, organometallic compounds have a significant impact on the medical field, and ongoing research is exploring their potential for new therapeutic applications.

Technetium Tc 99m Medronate is a radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine for imaging bone metabolism. It is also known as Tc-99m HEDP (hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate) or Tc-99m MDP (methylenediphosphonate). The compound is composed of Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), a short-lived radioactive isotope of Technetium, and Medronate (also known as alpha-Diphosphonate), a bone-seeking agent that binds to bone tissue. When injected into the bloodstream, Tc-99m Medronate accumulates in areas of increased bone turnover, such as fractures, infections, and tumors. The radiopharmaceutical is commonly used in bone scans, which are diagnostic tests that help detect bone abnormalities and evaluate bone health. The scan involves injecting Tc-99m Medronate into a vein and then using a gamma camera to capture images of the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical in the body. The images produced by the scan can help identify areas of bone disease and guide treatment decisions.

In the medical field, absorption refers to the process by which a substance is taken up into the bloodstream or lymphatic system from the site of administration, such as the digestive tract, lungs, or skin. Absorption can occur through various mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis. The rate and extent of absorption depend on various factors, such as the chemical properties of the substance, the route of administration, the presence of other substances in the body, and the health status of the individual. Absorption is an important concept in pharmacology, as it determines the bioavailability of a drug, which is the proportion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to exert its therapeutic effect. Poor absorption can result in reduced drug efficacy or increased toxicity, while excessive absorption can lead to adverse effects or overdose.

Autoradiography is a technique used in the medical field to visualize the distribution of radioactive substances within a biological sample. It involves exposing a sample to a small amount of a radioactive tracer, which emits radiation as it decays. The emitted radiation is then detected and recorded using a special film or imaging device, which produces an image of the distribution of the tracer within the sample. Autoradiography is commonly used in medical research to study the metabolism and distribution of drugs, hormones, and other substances within the body. It can also be used to study the growth and spread of tumors, as well as to investigate the structure and function of cells and tissues. In some cases, autoradiography can be used to visualize the distribution of specific proteins or other molecules within cells and tissues.

Bismuth is a chemical element that is used in the medical field as an active ingredient in certain medications. It is most commonly used in combination with other medications to treat stomach ulcers and acid reflux. Bismuth also has antidiarrheal properties and has been used to treat bacterial infections, such as salmonellosis and shigellosis. In addition, bismuth has been used in the treatment of certain skin conditions, such as acne and rosacea. It is usually taken as a medication in the form of a tablet or capsule.

Avidin is a glycoprotein found in the egg whites of birds and some reptiles. It is a high-affinity binder of biotin, a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. In the medical field, avidin is used as a research tool to study the binding of biotin to proteins and to develop diagnostic tests for biotin deficiency. It is also used in the development of biotinylated reagents for immunohistochemistry and other laboratory assays. In addition, avidin has been investigated for its potential therapeutic applications, including as a carrier molecule for drug delivery and as a component of gene therapy vectors.

As with other radioisotopes of iodine, accidental iodine-125 uptake in the body (mostly by the thyroid gland) can be blocked by ... Isotopes of iodine Iodine-123 Iodine-129 Iodine-131 Iodine in biology 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), often labeled with ... Iodine-125 (125I) is a radioisotope of iodine which has uses in biological assays, nuclear medicine imaging and in radiation ... It is the second longest-lived radioisotope of iodine, after iodine-129. Its half-life is 59.49 days and it decays by electron ...
Excited states of iodine-127 and iodine-129 are often used in Mössbauer spectroscopy. The other iodine radioisotopes have much ... Tincture of iodine: iodine in ethanol, or iodine and sodium iodide in a mixture of ethanol and water. Lugol's iodine: iodine ... Lugol's iodine has a minimised amount of the free iodine (I2) component. Povidone iodine (an iodophor). Iodine-V: iodine (I2) ... for iodine monochloride. Iodine monochloride and iodine monobromide may be prepared simply by reacting iodine with chlorine or ...
Iodine 125, through the irradiation of xenon gas (5 Ci per week), used for nuclear medicine. Iodine-131, through the fission of ... Iodine-131 Production Hot Cell - one hot cell. Iodine-125 Production Hot Cell - one hot cell. Chromium-51 Production Hot Cell ... Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF), is a facility for the production of radioisotopes from irradiation of Low enriched ... "Radioisotopes in Medicine". World Nuclear Association. April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. "Radioisotopes production plants". ...
The test was first introduced in 1956, using iodine-131 diodrast. Later developments included iodine-131, and then iodine-123, ... Radioisotope renography is a form of medical imaging of the kidneys that uses radiolabelling. A renogram, which may also be ... Radioisotopes can differentiate between passive dilatation and obstruction. It is widely used before kidney transplantation to ... TAPLIN, GV; MEREDITH, OM; KADE, H; WINTER, CC (December 1956). "The radioisotope renogram: an external test for individual ...
... which suggests that seaweed is an iodine hyperaccumulator. Synthetic radioisotopes also can be detected in silt. Busby[citation ... Some of these radioisotopes are tritium, carbon-14 and phosphorus-32. Here is a list of radioisotopes formed by the action of ... This radioisotope can be released from the nuclear fuel cycle; this is the radioisotope responsible for the majority of the ... In addition some natural radioisotopes are present. A recent paper reports the levels of long-lived radioisotopes in the ...
For example, iodine-131 is used for treating some disorders and tumors of the thyroid gland. Alpha particle, beta particle, and ... A synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces ... Most synthetic radioisotopes have a short half-life. Though a health hazard, radioactive materials have many medical and ... Several radioisotopes and compounds are used for medical treatment, usually by bringing the radioactive isotope to a high ...
For imaging neuroblastoma, it is labelled with one of the radioisotopes iodine-124 and iodine-131. Monoclonal antibody therapy ... "Radioimmunodetection of neuroblastoma with iodine-131-3F8: correlation with biopsy, iodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine and ...
They are radioisotopes of iodine. In small doses, when they are taken up by overactive thyroid follicular cells, they emit ... less toxic iodine isotopes such as iodine-123 are more commonly used in nuclear imaging, while iodine-131 is used for its ... T3 is a radiopharmaceutical formulation of triiodothyronine having iodine-125 atoms instead of iodine. "Thioamide - an overview ... Lugol's iodine is used to temporarily block thyroid hormone synthesis before surgeries. It is also used to treat patients with ...
He had his research subjects ingest substances containing iodine-131 radioisotopes under the pretense of offering medical care ...
Radioisotopes of hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, and iodine have been used extensively to trace the path of biochemical ... 99mTc is a very versatile radioisotope, and is the most commonly used radioisotope tracer in medicine. It is easy to produce in ... According to the NRC, some of the most commonly used tracers include antimony-124, bromine-82, iodine-125, iodine-131, iridium- ... In biological contexts, use of radioisotope tracers are sometimes called radioisotope feeding experiments. ...
Brucer told a conference that the use of radio-isotopes of iodine, gold and phosphorus was becoming increasingly commonplace. ... He said that shipments of radioactive drugs from Oak Ridge numbered 50,000 units of radio-iodine, 50,000 units of radio-gold ... They were given atomic "cocktails" to drink and injections of radio-isotopes, and became temporarily radioactive. While not ... and was acting as an editor of the International Journal of Applied Radiation and Radioisotopes. In 1967, Brucer was appointed ...
Iodine-129, a radioisotope of iodine, is a waste product of nuclear power generation and weapons testing. Unless present in ... Due to the high production of atmospheric iodine from the oceans, both the concentration of iodine and the flux of iodine to ... Iodine exists in many forms, but in the environment, it generally has an oxidation state of -1, 0, or +5. Iodine in the ocean ... Iodine is a necessary trace nutrient for human health and is used as a product for various industries. Iodine intended for ...
... to perform post-doctoral research on thyroid hormone metabolism using radioisotopes of iodine. They returned to Spain in 1958 ... Her doctoral thesis showed that the incidence of endemic goitre in the Alpujarras region was closely linked to iodine ... in Spain and her research led to the introduction of iodised salt in Spain to prevent endemic goitre caused by iodine ... for congenital hypothyroidism in Spain and helped to introduce iodised salt to prevent thyroid problems caused by iodine ...
Human application of the iodine radioisotopes required a more suitable radioisotope of iodine. Dr. Joseph Hamilton, a ... Roberts also devised a Geiger-Müller detector for quantifying the amount of the radioisotope of iodine present in the ... "Radioactive iodine as an indicator in thyroid physiology, IV: the metabolism of iodine in Graves' disease. Hertz and Roberts ... "Radioactive iodine as an indicator in thyroid physiology, II: iodine collection by normal and hyperplastic thyroids in rabbits ...
Technetium-99m, indium-111, and iodine-131 are common radioisotopes used for these purposes,: 119-130 with many others used as ... as a platform for combining multiple copies of targeting vectors and effectors in order to selectively deliver radioisotopes to ...
... radioisotopes of iodine are concentrated in the thyroid gland along with nonradioactive iodine. The radioisotope iodine-131, ... Iodine has only one stable isotope. A number of iodine radioisotopes are also used in medical applications. Iodine is found on ... Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities. Iodine is ... The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor. Iodine and its ...
Uranium-236 is produced in uranium ores by neutrons from other radioisotopes. Iodine-129 is produced from tellurium-130 by ... Radioisotopes with half-lives shorter than one million years are also produced: for example, carbon-14 by cosmic ray production ... Short-lived radioisotopes that are found in nature are continuously generated or replenished by natural processes, such as ... Examples of extinct radionuclides include iodine-129 (the first to be noted in 1960, inferred from excess xenon-129 ...
The health impact of each radioisotope depends on a variety of factors. Iodine-131 is potentially an important source of ... When iodine-131 is released, it can be inhaled or consumed after it enters the food chain, primarily through contaminated ... Iodine-131 in the body rapidly accumulates in the thyroid gland, becoming a source of beta radiation. The 2011 Fukushima ... The accident released about 80 curies (3.0 TBq) of iodine-131, which was not considered significant due to its location in a ...
A Comparison of Iodine-131 Counting Methods,journal=Nucleonics,date=October 1952,page=57 Bruner, H.D.; Perkinson, J.D. (October ... In 1942, Marinelli established the principles for dosage determination of internal radioisotopes in the human body. In 1946, he ... In 1943, Marinelli devised a beaker to analyze the radioactive liquids in the systematic dosimetry of radioactive iodine for ... which now has the responsibility for all AEC-supported research on the effects of internally deposited radioisotopes, grew out ...
... and medical radioisotope production; including 60 per cent of the world's supply of iodine-125, an isotope used in nuclear ...
Subsequent shipments of radioisotopes, primarily iodine-131, phosphorus-32, carbon-14, and molybdenum-99/technetium-99m, were ... A radioisotope building, a steam plant, and other structures were added in April 1946 to support the laboratory's peacetime ... "Peacetime use of radioisotopes at Oak Ridge cited as Chemical Landmark". American Chemical Society. February 25, 2008. ... Creager, Angela N. H. (2013). Life Atomic: A History of Radioisotopes in Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. ...
Starting in mid-1946, Oak Ridge began distributing radioisotopes to hospitals and universities, primarily iodine-131 and ... which used the short-lived radioisotope lanthanum-140, a potent source of gamma radiation. The gamma ray source was placed in ...
Livingood was part of a team that identified over a dozen new radioisotopes. From 1938 he worked on the construction of a new ... iodine-131 and iron-59. Livingood was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied at Princeton University, gaining a Ph.D. in 1929 on ... With Glenn Seaborg he discovered and characterized a number of new radioisotopes useful for nuclear medicine, including cobalt- ...
The decay of the short-lived radioisotopes such as iodine-131 created in fission continues at high power for a time after shut ... After a day, the decay heat falls to 0.4%, and after a week, it will be only 0.2%. Because radioisotopes of all half-life ... Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially present from the Earth's formation. In ... Decay energy Spent fuel pool Dry cask storage Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Ragheb, Magdi (15 Oct 2014). "Decay heat ...
... can shut down reactors due to the iodine pit phenomenon Radioisotopes of iodine are called radioactive iodine or radioiodine. ... Iodine fission-produced isotopes not discussed above (iodine-128, iodine-130, iodine-132, and iodine-133) have half-lives of ... Iodine isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's Iodine-128, Iodine-130, Iodine-132 data from 'Wolframalpha ... Of the many isotopes of iodine, only two are typically used in a medical setting: iodine-123 and iodine-131. Since 131I has ...
In SPECT imaging, the patient is injected with a radioisotope, most commonly Thallium 201TI, Technetium 99mTC, Iodine 123I, and ... Contrast media, such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize internal organs as they work. Fluoroscopy is also used in ... Scintigraphy ("scint") is a form of diagnostic test wherein radioisotopes are taken internally, for example, intravenously or ...
Radioactive iodine, which can lead to increased risk of thyroid cancer if absorbed into the body, was released into the air ... as it prevents the absorption of the potentially dangerous radioisotopes of that element. Since Chernobyl, distributing ... To counteract the radioactive iodine the distribution of potassium iodide is used, ...
A gaseous leak of a radioisotope of iodine, 131I, was detected at a large medical radioisotope laboratory, Institut national ... IAEA NEWS database: Iodine-131 release in the environment Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Safety Investigation of CT ... A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) located on the Arctic shore was discovered in a highly degraded state. The ... Two radioisotope thermoelectric generators were dropped 50 meters onto the tundra at Zemlya Bunge island during an airlift when ...
It was the third medical radioisotope, after phosphorus-32 and iodine-131 introduced respectively by John H. Lawrence and ... Hamilton, Joseph G.; Soley, Mayo H. (1939). "Studies In Iodine Metabolism by the Use of a New Radioactive Isotope of Iodine". ... For this reason, the metabolism of calcium attracted very early the interest of physicians looking for applying radioisotopes ... where he produced radioisotopes in the cyclotron under the supervision of John H. Lawrence and used them as radioactive tracers ...
The MNR also produces half of the world's supply of iodine-125, a radioisotope that is used to treat various types of cancer. ... Commercial activities include radioisotope production and neutron radiography. The facilities also include a Hot Cell and high- ... During the 2009 shutdown of the Chalk River reactor, however, the university increased production of iodine-125 by 20% and ... activity cobalt source and high level radioisotope laboratories. Researchers using MNR are based at McMaster as well as other ...
The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones and cannot distinguish between radioactive iodine and stable ( ... In addition, if dairy animals consume grass contaminated with I-131, the radioactive iodine will be incorporated into their ... nonradioactive) iodine. If I-131 were released into the atmosphere, people could ingest it in food products or water, or ... www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-iodine. ... Iodine-131 (I-131)plus icon *Radioisotope Brief. *Toxicology ...
As with other radioisotopes of iodine, accidental iodine-125 uptake in the body (mostly by the thyroid gland) can be blocked by ... Isotopes of iodine Iodine-123 Iodine-129 Iodine-131 Iodine in biology 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), often labeled with ... Iodine-125 (125I) is a radioisotope of iodine which has uses in biological assays, nuclear medicine imaging and in radiation ... It is the second longest-lived radioisotope of iodine, after iodine-129. Its half-life is 59.49 days and it decays by electron ...
Iodine Radioisotopes * RNA, Messenger * Sodium Channel Blockers * Sodium Channels * Amiloride * Sodium * Sodium-Potassium- ...
Iodine-123 study. Currently, iodine-123 is the radioisotope of choice. The 13.3-hour half-life, 159-keV principal photon, and ... Currently, iodine-123 is the radioisotope of choice. The 13.3-hour half-life, the 159-keV principal photon, and the absence of ... Iodine-123 thyroid scan shows that a mass is a multinodular goiter (G). The posterior mediastinal mass is a hiatus hernia (H); ... Low iodine-123 uptake in a single palpable nodule indicates that it has a risk of malignancy of approximately 10-25%, but this ...
Iodine Radioisotopes/pharmacology, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropeptide Y/blood, Neuropeptides/blood, Peptides/blood, Substance P/ ... Iodine Radioisotopes/pharmacology; Male; Middle Aged; Neuropeptide Y/blood; Neuropeptides/blood; Peptides/blood; Substance P/ ...
A radioisotope (MIBG, iodine-131-meta-iodobenzylguanidine, or iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine) is injected into a vein. ... There is some exposure to radiation from the radioisotope. The radiation from this radioisotope is higher than from many others ... Before or during the test, you may be given an iodine mixture. This prevents your thyroid gland from absorbing too much of the ... Before or during the test, you may be given an iodine solution. This will keep your thyroid gland from absorbing too much ...
NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes has provided an update on its corporate progress and upcoming milestones over the past 12 ... NorthStar is collaborating with GE Healthcare to produce and distribute iodine-123 (I-123) capsules for use in SPECT imaging. I ... About NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes, LLC NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes is a commercial-stage nuclear medicine company ... radioisotope production as the only commercialized producer of key medical radioisotopes molybdenum-99 (Mo-99)/technetium-99m ( ...
This is called the physical half-life of the radioisotope.. *What is radioactive iodine (RAI)? ... For the radioactive iodine to be effective, the availability of stable iodine has to be reduced so more radioactive I-131 will ... Radioactive Iodine Treatment. The NRC staff developed the following information on radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment ... they have to go on low iodine diets and avoid many foods. A combination between a low iodine diet and increased thyroid ...
In the first use of radioisotopes to control disease, Lawrence treats individuals suffering from polycythemia vera (over- ... including iodine-131. ...
... developing its proprietary AWE or Antibody Warhead Enabling technology platform which utilizes radioisotopes including iodine- ... Iomab-B (Iodine-131 apamistamab), combines the anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody labeled with iodine-131 for myeloablation prior to ... The AWE technology enables Actiniums internal pipeline and with the radioisotope actinium-225 is being utilized in a ... methods of use and also methods of manufacturing the radioisotope actinium-225 in a cyclotron. ...
This process begins with radioisotope production, which involves using higher-energy elements like uranium and thorium to ... produce isotopes such as actinium-225 (Ac-225), Lead-212 (Pb-212), molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), iodine-131 (I-131). These isotopes ...
A deadly swirl of radio-iodine, radio-cesium, radio-strontium, plutonium, neptunium, americium, euoropium, and a witches brew ... of very short half-life radioisotopes may be released, in any such civilian nuclear power reactor. ...
... designed to provide targeted delivery of iodine-131 (radioisotope), Fast Track Designation for WM patients having received two ... a small-molecule PDC designed to provide targeted delivery of iodine-131 (radioisotope), proprietary preclinical PDC ...
Domestic production of radioisotopes occurs mainly at IPENs IEA-R1 reactor, which has a maximum power of 5 megawatts (MW) and ... Léo Ramos Chaves Iodine-131 processingLéo Ramos Chaves Brazilian reactor The other solution proposed by specialist is the ... Domestic production of radioisotopes occurs mainly at IPENs IEA-R1 reactor, which has a maximum power of 5 megawatts (MW) and ... With the RMB, we could become major global suppliers of radioisotopes," he says. CNEN plans to build the reactor on an area of ...
Nitrogen RadioisotopesRadioactive TracersCopper RadioisotopesGallium RadioisotopesIopamidolRacloprideIodine Radioisotopes ... RadioisotopesCarbon RadioisotopesFactor XDustOrganotechnetium CompoundsThallium RadioisotopesCobalt RadioisotopesRadioisotopes ... Iodine Radioisotopes. Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights ... The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or ...
Iodine Radioisotopes. -. dc.subject. Calcitonin. -. dc.subject. Acid Phosphatase. -. dc.subject. Isoenzymes. - ...
thyroid gland tumors; iodine radioisotopes; salivary glands; saliva; xerostomia; hyposalivation.. · Inglés · Inglés ... METHODS: A sample comprising 88 patients submitted to ablation with iodine 131 was included in the study. The patients were ...
Iodine Radioisotopes (1966-1978). Public MeSH Note. 91; was see under CHOLESTEROL 1979-90. History Note. 91(79); was see under ... A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex ... A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex ...
SPECT I-123 MIBG Scan (single photon emission, Iodine-131 metaiodobenzyl-guanidine). *Test Sensitivity: 77 to 91% ... Injection of radioisotope is 1-3 days before imaging. XIII. Management *Preoperative Medical Management. *Alpha Adrenergic ...
The present invention also relates to antigen-binding proteins, or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a radioisotope or ... binding protein or antigen-binding fragment comprising a radioisotope or cytotoxin conjugated thereto releases the radioisotope ... iodine131, indium111, yttrium90 and lutetium177. Methods for preparing radioimmunconjugates are established in the art. ... The antigen-binding protein, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as claimed in claim 34, comprising a radioisotope or a ...
Iodine-123 study. Currently, iodine-123 is the radioisotope of choice. The 13.3-hour half-life, 159-keV principal photon, and ... Currently, iodine-123 is the radioisotope of choice. The 13.3-hour half-life, the 159-keV principal photon, and the absence of ... Iodine-123 thyroid scan shows that a mass is a multinodular goiter (G). The posterior mediastinal mass is a hiatus hernia (H); ... Low iodine-123 uptake in a single palpable nodule indicates that it has a risk of malignancy of approximately 10-25%, but this ...
... such as Iodine-131 concentrating in the thyroid gland, and since, if the half life of the radioisotope is long, it may remain ... Now that we know quite a lot more of what the mechanisms of internal exposure to man-made radioisotopes are likely to be, and ... Now some man-made radioisotopes, those being produced as fission products in nuclear power stations as well as in nuclear ... Another important characteristic of the interaction between radioisotopes and tissue is the bystander effect, through which ...
Iodine radioisotopes are produced by fission of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor. Radioactive iodine is of concern because it ... Expert discovers simple method of dealing with harmful radioactive iodine A novel way to immobilise radioactive forms of iodine ... Expert discovers simple method of dealing with harmful radioactive iodine. ...
The most dangerous radioactive release mention so far is iodine 131 which has a half life of 8 days. I believe Cesium 127 is 9 ... All models of increased cancer rate from low level radiation from radioisotopes of long half life is based on a linear no ... The half lives of the dangerous ones are 8 days for iodine 131 meaning more people will be hurt by overdosing with potassium ... Trying to cherry pick iodine 131 as if thats the main source of radiative material in a nuclear reactor is beyond misleading. ...
Radioisotope [Technetium-99, Gallium-68, Iodine-131, Iodine-123, 18F, Y-90, Lutetium (Lu) 177, Copper (Cu) 67, Copper (Cu) 64, ... Radioisotope [Technetium-99, Gallium-68, Iodine-131, Iodine-123, 18F, Y-90, Lutetium (Lu) 177, Copper (Cu) 67, Copper (Cu) 64, ... Based on radioisotope, the radiopharmaceutical theranostics market is divided into Lutetium (Lu) 177, Gallium-68, Iodine-131, ... Which radioisotope held the largest share in the radiopharmaceutical theranostics market? The Lutetium (Lu) 177 segment ...
Iodine I 125 (125I), cobalt Co 60 (60Co), palladium Pd 103 (103Pd), iridium Ir 192 (192Ir), and ruthenium Ru 106 (106Ru) are ... and 125I is probably the most commonly used radioisotope.[. 15. ] Although plaque radiation therapy allows preservation of the ... Diener-West M, Earle JD, Fine SL, et al.: The COMS randomized trial of iodine 125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma, II: ... Diener-West M, Earle JD, Fine SL, et al.: The COMS randomized trial of iodine 125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma, III: ...
The Technetium-99m is a radioisotope significantly used in diagnostic nuclear medicine. The radioisotope binds with several ... Under an exclusive agreement, they begin producing and distributing iodine-123 (I-123) capsules in the United States. GE ... In August 2021: NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes, LLC, and GE Healthcare are manufacturers of radiopharmaceuticals. ... and the increase in applications of radioisotopes in the healthcare industry will expand the growth of the market in the coming ...
  • For radiotherapy ablation of tissues that absorb iodine (such as the thyroid), or that absorb an iodine-containing radiopharmaceutical, the beta-emitter iodine-131 is the preferred isotope. (wikipedia.org)
  • We are proud to be a leader in expanding the horizons of patient health by providing innovative solutions to ensure robust, reliable access to radioisotopes and radiopharmaceutical products that can make a positive difference in healthcare for people around the world. (businesswire.com)
  • The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones and cannot distinguish between radioactive iodine and stable (nonradioactive) iodine. (cdc.gov)
  • The other xenon radioisotopes decay either to stable xenon, or to various caesium isotopes, some of them radioactive (a.o., the long-lived 135Cs and 137Cs). (wikipedia.org)
  • These in vivo measurement techniques are commonly used to measure body burdens of iodine radioisotopes, but cannot be used to assess the stable isotope of iodine. (cdc.gov)
  • Instead, in vitro measurements provide an estimate of internally deposited iodine (both the stable and radioactive isotopes), utilizing techniques that measure iodine in body fluids, feces, or other human samples (Gautier 1983). (cdc.gov)
  • Stable Iodine, an essential trace element , is used by the thyroid gland to produce two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). (nrc.gov)
  • In these cases, radioactive I-131 can be used to replace stable iodine and kill both the normal and abnormal thyroid cells regardless of where they are located. (nrc.gov)
  • Pre-loading your system with stable iodine occupies the iodine receptor sites on your organs, causing your body to naturally expel radioactive iodine you may have been exposed to through air, food, water or milk products. (survival.news)
  • Iodine-125 (125I) is a radioisotope of iodine which has uses in biological assays, nuclear medicine imaging and in radiation therapy as brachytherapy to treat a number of conditions, including prostate cancer, uveal melanomas, and brain tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Iodine-125 is used therapeutically in brachytherapy treatments of tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • This process begins with radioisotope production, which involves using higher-energy elements like uranium and thorium to produce isotopes such as actinium-225 (Ac-225), Lead-212 (Pb-212), molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), iodine-131 (I-131). (mddionline.com)
  • A sample comprising 88 patients submitted to ablation with iodine 131 was included in the study. (bvsalud.org)
  • The inner walls of the capsule are then rinsed with dilute NaOH solution to collect iodine as soluble iodide (I−) and hypoiodite (IO−), according to the standard disproportionation reaction of halogens in alkaline solutions. (wikipedia.org)
  • This radioactive iodine is used in the form of sodium iodide and because of the extremely small amounts used for imaging or destroying cells, RAI is safe to use in individuals who have had allergic reactions to seafood or X-ray contrast agents. (nrc.gov)
  • Iodine, ingested in food and water as iodide, is actively concentrated by the thyroid and converted to organic iodine (organification) within follicular cells by thyroid peroxidase. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Iodine-125 itself has a neutron capture cross section of 900 barns, and consequently during a long irradiation, part of the 125I formed will be converted to 126I, a beta-emitter and positron-emitter with a half-life of 13.1 days, which is not medically useful. (wikipedia.org)
  • The RMB would be six times more powerful, at 30 MW, and in addition to producing radioisotopes for use in medicine, industry, and agriculture, would also be used to test nuclear materials and fuels and to generate neutron beams for research in various fields of science. (fapesp.br)
  • For more information about I-131, see the Public Health Statement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/PHS/PHS.aspx?phsid=477&toxid=85 , or visit the Environmental Protection Agency at https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-iodine . (cdc.gov)
  • Iodine-125 can be used in scanning/imaging the thyroid, but iodine-123 is preferred for this purpose, due to better radiation penetration and shorter half-life (13 hours). (wikipedia.org)
  • There is some exposure to radiation from the radioisotope. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The radiation from this radioisotope is higher than from many others. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The in vivo measurement of these radioisotopes within the body is performed with various radiation detectors and associated electronic devices that are collectively known as in vivo thyroid monitors or whole body counters, depending on the body site of interest. (cdc.gov)
  • The NRC staff developed the following information on radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment procedures so that patients will understand the reason for the procedures, the process, and how to reduce radiation exposure to others. (nrc.gov)
  • Lab-verified Nascent Iodine solution is a dietary supplement that provides your body with supplemental iodine to help protect your thyroid during radiation exposure. (survival.news)
  • These agreements have the potential to bring novel new treatments to patients with cancer, using radioisotopes to selectively destroy a wide range of cancer cells. (businesswire.com)
  • It includes information and links to medical and patient advocacy references about Iodine-131 (I-131) treatments. (nrc.gov)
  • Domestic production of radioisotopes occurs mainly at IPEN's IEA-R1 reactor, which has a maximum power of 5 megawatts (MW) and is located at the University of São Paulo (USP). (fapesp.br)
  • Once iodination occurs, the iodine does not readily leave the thyroid. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, if dairy animals consume grass contaminated with I-131, the radioactive iodine will be incorporated into their milk. (cdc.gov)
  • Title : Field method for rapid collection of iodine 131 from milk Personal Author(s) : Porter, Charles R.;Carter, Melvin W. (cdc.gov)
  • Iodine radioisotopes are produced by fission of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor. (myscience.uk)
  • BUSINESS WIRE )-- NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes , LLC, a global innovator in the development, production and commercialization of radiopharmaceuticals used for therapeutic and medical imaging applications, today announced a corporate update highlighting progress across its key programs during the past twelve months, and indicating important upcoming milestones. (businesswire.com)
  • NorthStar is poised to be the first commercial-scale producer of therapeutic radioisotopes Cu-67 and non-carrier added (n.c.a. (businesswire.com)
  • The beta particles emitted are used to kill, destroy, or ablate cells that use iodine and makes it a good therapeutic agent. (nrc.gov)
  • The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and/or monitoring iodine and its radioisotopes, their metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to iodine and its radioisotopes. (cdc.gov)
  • Radioactive iodine is of concern because it is highly mobile in the environment and selective uptake by the thyroid gland can pose a significant cancer risk following long term exposure. (myscience.uk)
  • Its production chain depends largely on imported radioisotopes-radioactive substances manufactured in nuclear reactors that serve as the raw material for radiopharmaceuticals. (fapesp.br)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Cellectar's lead asset iopofosine I 131, a small-molecule Phospholipid Drug Conjugate™ (PDC) designed to provide targeted delivery of iodine-131 (radioisotope), Fast Track Designation for WM patients having received two or more prior treatment regimens, as well as relapsed (or refractory) multiple myeloma and relapsed (or refractory) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). (cbs42.com)
  • The number of neutrons in the nucleus may vary and provide a number of different iodine atoms that chemically act the same but have different physical properties. (nrc.gov)
  • The company's product pipeline includes lead asset iopofosine, a small-molecule PDC designed to provide targeted delivery of iodine-131 (radioisotope), proprietary preclinical PDC chemotherapeutic programs and multiple partnered PDC assets. (cbs42.com)
  • The quantities of iodine within the body can be assessed through the use of bioassays that are comprised of in vivo measurements and/or in vitro measurements. (cdc.gov)
  • In vivo measurements can be obtained through techniques that directly quantify internally-deposited iodine using, for example, thyroid or whole body counters. (cdc.gov)
  • In vivo measurement techniques are the most direct and widely used approach for assessing the burden of iodine radioisotopes within the body. (cdc.gov)
  • Nuclear accidents such as Fukushima (or nuclear war) can expose your body to radioactive iodine-131, a dangerous radioisotope. (survival.news)
  • Before or during the test, you may be given an iodine solution. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The other solution proposed by specialist is the construction of a Brazilian multipurpose reactor (RMB), which would afford the country greater autonomy and allow it to progress from radioisotope importer to exporter. (fapesp.br)
  • Thereafter, the irradiated gas is allowed to decay for three or four days to eliminate short-lived unwanted radioisotopes, and to allow the newly created xenon-125 (half-life 17 hours) to decay to iodine-125. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is called the physical half-life of the radioisotope. (nrc.gov)
  • To isolate radioiodine, the irradiated capsule is first cooled at low temperature (to collect free iodine gas on the capsule inner wall) and the remaining Xe gas is vented in a controlled way and recovered for further use. (wikipedia.org)
  • NorthStar's industry-leading reputation is grounded in technological innovation, successful execution and proven expertise, and we have made tremendous strides in advancing our portfolio over the past year," said Stephen Merrick, Chief Executive Officer of NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes. (businesswire.com)
  • The other xenon radioisotopes decay either to stable xenon, or to various caesium isotopes, some of them radioactive (a.o., the long-lived 135Cs and 137Cs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Objectives: We investigated early childhood thyroid radiation exposure from nuclear testing fallout (supplied predominantly by radioactive isotopes of iodine) and self-reported lifetime incidence of male or female infertility or sterility. (nih.gov)
  • Among the isotopes released are large quantities of radioactive iodine. (nih.gov)
  • Instead, in vitro measurements provide an estimate of internally deposited iodine (both the stable and radioactive isotopes), utilizing techniques that measure iodine in body fluids, feces, or other human samples (Gautier 1983). (cdc.gov)
  • Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a major producer of several key isotopes, like Cobalt-60 and Iodine-125, Canada's involvement in the global supply chain cannot be understated. (canadianisotopes.ca)
  • Thereafter, the irradiated gas is allowed to decay for three or four days to eliminate short-lived unwanted radioisotopes, and to allow the newly created xenon-125 (half-life 17 hours) to decay to iodine-125. (wikipedia.org)
  • He inferred that this was a decay product of radioactive iodine -129. (wikidoc.org)
  • The quantities of iodine within the body can be assessed through the use of bioassays that are comprised of in vivo measurements and/or in vitro measurements. (cdc.gov)
  • K are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body. (wiki2.org)
  • therefore, this injection will not cause any problems for a patient with an allergy to iodine or contrast. (southnassau.org)
  • Th e guidelines have been translated into 6 languages other than In version 6.0 our new questionnaires for iodine-based and MR contrast media administration to be completed by the referring clinician have been added. (science-medic.com)
  • Radioisotope tests and/or treatment tests and treatment for 2 months aft er iodinated contrast medium administration. (science-medic.com)
  • The most commonly used radioisotopes will have left your body within 1 day. (southnassau.org)
  • Upon irradiation with slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor, several radioisotopes of xenon are produced. (wikipedia.org)
  • It can be "cured" (98% success rate) with a one time injection of I-131 radio isotope (Iodine), or it can be managed with 2 times daily doses of medicine. (3isplenty.com)
  • This invention involves treating a breast cancer patient by the administration of a radioisotope of iodine in a dosage of between 5 and 50 milliCuries over the course of a day. (technologypublisher.com)
  • Ru-96 is used for the production of the radioisotopes Ru-94 and Ru-95. (webelements.com)
  • Ru-102 has been used as a target for the production of the radioisotope Te-116. (webelements.com)
  • Ru-104 is used for the production of the radioisotope Rh-105 which has been suggested for the treatment of bone pain. (webelements.com)
  • Only La-139 is used for the production of the medical radioisotope Ce-139. (webelements.com)