Introns. Medical search

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Organelles in which the splicing and excision reactions that remove introns from precursor messenger RNA molecules occur. One component of a spliceosome is five small nuclear RNA molecules (U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) that, working in conjunction with proteins, help to fold pieces of RNA into the right shapes and later splice them into the message.

Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

A species of fresh-water, flagellated EUKARYOTES in the phylum EUGLENIDA.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type (primarily found in protozoans such as trypanosomes and in lower invertebrates such as nematodes) which results in the addition of a capped, noncoding, spliced leader sequence to the 5' end of mRNAs. Another type of trans-splicing is the "discontinuous group II introns" type (found in plant/algal chloroplasts and plant mitochondria) which results in the joining of two independently transcribed coding sequences. Both are mechanistically similar to conventional nuclear pre-mRNA cis-splicing. Mammalian cells are also capable of trans-splicing.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A class of EUKARYOTA (traditionally algae), characterized by biflagellated cells and found in both freshwater and marine environments. Pigmentation varies but only one CHLOROPLAST is present. Unique structures include a nucleomorph and ejectosomes.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'-end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rRNA processing in the nucleolus (see RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEOLAR).

A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.

Components of ribosomal RNA that undergo auto-catalyzed molecular rearrangements of their RNA sequence.

A nuclear RNA-protein complex that plays a role in RNA processing. In the nucleoplasm, the U2 snRNP along with other small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U1, U4-U6, and U5) assemble into SPLICEOSOMES that remove introns from pre-mRNA by splicing. The U2 snRNA forms base pairs with conserved sequence motifs at the branch point, which associates with a heat- and RNAase-sensitive factor in an early step of splicing.

Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The parts of the messenger RNA sequence that do not code for product, i.e. the 5' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS and 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading.

A free-living soil amoeba pathogenic to humans and animals. It occurs also in water and sewage. The most commonly found species in man is NAEGLERIA FOWLERI which is the pathogen for primary amebic meningoencephalitis in primates.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Databases containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.

A phylum of unicellular flagellates of ancient eukaryotic lineage with unclear taxonomy. They lack a CELL WALL but are covered by a proteinaceous flexible coat, the pellicle, that allows the cell to change shape. Historically some authorities considered them to be an order of protozoa and others classed them as ALGAE (some members have CHLOROPLASTS and some don't).

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.

Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of CHLOROPLASTS.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

A plant division. They are simple plants that lack vascular tissue and possess rudimentary rootlike organs (rhizoids). Like MOSSES, liverworts have alternation of generations between haploid gamete-bearing forms (gametophytes) and diploid spore-bearing forms (sporophytes).

The functional hereditary units of protozoa.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

The internal fragments of precursor proteins (INternal proTEINS) that are autocatalytically removed by PROTEIN SPLICING. The flanking fragments (EXTEINS) are ligated forming mature proteins. The nucleic acid sequences coding for inteins are considered to be MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Inteins are composed of self-splicing domains and an endonuclease domain which plays a role in the spread of the intein's genomic sequence. Mini-inteins are composed of the self-splicing domains only.

A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.

Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

An order of CRENARCHAEOTA comprised of rod, disc, or spherical shaped, nonseptate, anaerobic, extreme thermophiles and found in solfataric hot waters, mud holes, and superheated submarine environments.

Cytochromes of the b group that have alpha-band absorption of 563-564 nm. They occur as subunits in MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.

The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

A genus of EUKARYOTES, in the phylum EUGLENIDA, found mostly in stagnant water. Characteristics include a pellicle usually marked by spiral or longitudinal striations.

In vivo expression of the nucleolar group I intron-encoded I-dirI homing endonuclease involves the removal of a spliceosomal intron. (1/9869)

The Didymium iridis DiSSU1 intron is located in the nuclear SSU rDNA and has an unusual twin-ribozyme organization. One of the ribozymes (DiGIR2) catalyses intron excision and exon ligation. The other ribozyme (DiGIR1), which along with the endonuclease-encoding I-DirI open reading frame (ORF) is inserted in DiGIR2, carries out hydrolysis at internal processing sites (IPS1 and IPS2) located at its 3' end. Examination of the in vivo expression of DiSSU1 shows that after excision, DiSSU1 is matured further into the I-DirI mRNA by internal DiGIR1-catalysed cleavage upstream of the ORF 5' end, as well as truncation and polyadenylation downstream of the ORF 3' end. A spliceosomal intron, the first to be reported within a group I intron and the rDNA, is removed before the I-DirI mRNA associates with the polysomes. Taken together, our results imply that DiSSU1 uses a unique combination of intron-supplied ribozyme activity and adaptation to the general RNA polymerase II pathway of mRNA expression to allow a protein to be produced from the RNA polymerase I-transcribed rDNA. (+info)

Tight binding of the 5' exon to domain I of a group II self-splicing intron requires completion of the intron active site. (2/9869)

Group II self-splicing requires the 5' exon to form base pairs with two stretches of intronic sequence (EBS1 and EBS2) which also bind the DNA target during retrotransposition of the intron. We have used dimethyl sulfate modification of bases to obtain footprints of the 5' exon on intron Pl.LSU/2 from the mitochondrion of the alga Pylaiella littoralis, as well as on truncated intron derivatives. Aside from the EBS sites, which are part of the same subdomain (ID) of ribozyme secondary structure, three distant adenines become either less or more sensitive to modification in the presence of the exon. Unexpectedly, one of these adenines in subdomain IC1 is footprinted only in the presence of the distal helix of domain V, which is involved in catalysis. While the loss of that footprint is accompanied by a 100-fold decrease in the affinity for the exon, both protection from modification and efficient binding can be restored by a separate domain V transcript, whose binding results in its own, concise footprint on domains I and III. Possible biological implications of the need for the group II active site to be complete in order to observe high-affinity binding of the 5' exon to domain I are discussed. (+info)

A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (3/9869)

Premature translation termination codon (PTC)-mediated effects on nuclear RNA processing have been shown to be associated with a number of human genetic diseases; however, how these PTCs mediate such effects in the nucleus is unclear. A PTC at nucleotide (nt) 2018 that lies adjacent to the 5' element of a bipartite exon splicing enhancer within the NS2-specific exon of minute virus of mice P4 promoter-generated pre-mRNA caused a decrease in the accumulated levels of P4-generated R2 mRNA relative to P4-generated R1 mRNA, although the total accumulated levels of P4 product remained the same. This effect was seen in nuclear RNA and was independent of RNA stability. The 5' and 3' elements of the bipartite NS2-specific exon enhancer are redundant in function, and when the 2018 PTC was combined with a deletion of the 3' enhancer element, the exon was skipped in the majority of the viral P4-generated product. Such exon skipping in response to a PTC, but not a missense mutation at nt 2018, could be suppressed by frame shift mutations in either exon of NS2 which reopened the NS2 open reading frame, as well as by improvement of the upstream intron 3' splice site. These results suggest that a PTC can interfere with the function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner and that the PTC is recognized in the nucleus. (+info)

Alterations in the conserved SL1 trans-spliced leader of Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate flexibility in length and sequence requirements in vivo. (4/9869)

Approximately 70% of mRNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans are trans spliced to conserved 21- to 23-nucleotide leader RNAs. While the function of SL1, the major C. elegans trans-spliced leader, is unknown, SL1 RNA, which contains this leader, is essential for embryogenesis. Efforts to characterize in vivo requirements of the SL1 leader sequence have been severely constrained by the essential role of the corresponding DNA sequences in SL1 RNA transcription. We devised a heterologous expression system that circumvents this problem, making it possible to probe the length and sequence requirements of the SL1 leader without interfering with its transcription. We report that expression of SL1 from a U2 snRNA promoter rescues mutants lacking the SL1-encoding genes and that the essential embryonic function of SL1 is retained when approximately one-third of the leader sequence and/or the length of the leader is significantly altered. In contrast, although all mutant SL1 RNAs were well expressed, more severe alterations eliminate this essential embryonic function. The one non-rescuing mutant leader tested was never detected on messages, demonstrating that part of the leader sequence is essential for trans splicing in vivo. Thus, in spite of the high degree of SL1 sequence conservation, its length, primary sequence, and composition are not critical parameters of its essential embryonic function. However, particular nucleotides in the leader are essential for the in vivo function of the SL1 RNA, perhaps for its assembly into a functional snRNP or for the trans-splicing reaction. (+info)

Promoter and exon-intron structure of the protein kinase C gene from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium: evolutionary considerations and promoter activity. (5/9869)

We report the gene structure of a key signaling molecule from a marine sponge, Geodia cydonium. The selected gene, which codes for a classical protein kinase C (cPKC), comprises 13 exons and 12 introns; the introns are, in contrast to those found in cPKC from higher Metazoa, small in size ranging from 93 nt to 359 nt. The complete gene has a length of 4229 nt and contains exons which encode the characteristic putative regulatory and catalytic domains of metazoan cPKCs. While in the regulatory domain only one intron is in phase 0, in the catalytic domain most introns are phase 0 introns, suggesting that the latter only rarely undergo module duplication. The 5'-flanking sequence of the sponge cPKC gene contains a TATA-box like motif which is located 35-26 nt upstream from the start of the longest sequenced cDNA. This 5'-flanking sequence was analyzed for promoter activity. The longest fragment (538 nt) was able to drive the expression of luciferase in transient transfections of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts; the strong activity of the sponge promoter was found to be half the one displayed by the SV40 reference promoter. Deletion analysis demonstrates that the AP4 site and the GC box which is most adjacent to the TATA box are the crucial elements for maximal promoter activity. The activity of the promoter is not changed in 3T3 cells which are kept serum starved or in the presence of a phorbol ester. In conclusion, these data present the phylogenetically oldest cPKC gene which contains in the 5'-flanking region a promoter functional in the heterologous mammalian cell system. (+info)

Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. (6/9869)

An interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was purified from urine by chromatography on IL-18 beads, sequenced, cloned, and expressed in COS7 cells. IL-18BP abolished IL-18 induction of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), IL-8, and activation of NF-kappaB in vitro. Administration of IL-18BP to mice abrogated circulating IFNgamma following LPS. Thus, IL-18BP functions as an inhibitor of the early Th1 cytokine response. IL-18BP is constitutively expressed in the spleen, belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and has limited homology to the IL-1 type II receptor. Its gene was localized on human chromosome 11q13, and no exon coding for a transmembrane domain was found in an 8.3 kb genomic sequence. Several Poxviruses encode putative proteins highly homologous to IL-18BP, suggesting that viral products may attenuate IL-18 and interfere with the cytotoxic T cell response. (+info)

The stability and fate of a spliced intron from vertebrate cells. (7/9869)

Introns constitute most of the length of typical pre-mRNAs in vertebrate cells. Thus, the turnover rate of introns may significantly influence the availability of ribonucleotides and splicing factors for further rounds of transcription and RNA splicing, respectively. Given the importance of intron turnover, it is surprising that there have been no reports on the half-life of introns from higher eukaryotic cells. Here, we determined the stability of IVS1Cbeta1, the first intron from the constant region of the mouse T-cell receptor-beta, (TCR-beta) gene. Using a tetracycline (tet)-regulated promoter, we demonstrate that spliced IVS1Cbeta1 and its pre-mRNA had half-lives of 6.0+/-1.4 min and 3.7+/-1.0 min, respectively. We also examined the half-lives of these transcripts by using actinomycin D (Act.D). Act.D significantly stabilized IVS1Cbeta1 and its pre-mRNA, suggesting that Act.D not only blocks transcription but exerts rapid and direct posttranscriptional effects in the nucleus. We observed that in vivo spliced IVS1Cbeta1 accumulated predominantly as lariat molecules that use a consensus branchpoint nucleotide. The accumulation of IVS1Cbeta1 as a lariat did not result from an intrinsic inability to be debranched, as it could be debranched in vitro, albeit somewhat less efficiently than an adenovirus intron. Subcellular-fractionation and sucrose-gradient analyses showed that most spliced IVS1Cbeta1 lariats cofractionated with pre-mRNA, but not always with mRNA in the nucleus. Some IVS1Cbeta1 also appeared to be selectively exported to the cytoplasm, whereas TCR-beta pre-mRNA remained in the nucleus. This study constitutes the first detailed analysis of the stability and fate of a spliced nuclear intron in vivo. (+info)

Genome-wide bioinformatic and molecular analysis of introns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/9869)

Introns have typically been discovered in an ad hoc fashion: introns are found as a gene is characterized for other reasons. As complete eukaryotic genome sequences become available, better methods for predicting RNA processing signals in raw sequence will be necessary in order to discover genes and predict their expression. Here we present a catalog of 228 yeast introns, arrived at through a combination of bioinformatic and molecular analysis. Introns annotated in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) were evaluated, questionable introns were removed after failing a test for splicing in vivo, and known introns absent from the SGD annotation were added. A novel branchpoint sequence, AAUUAAC, was identified within an annotated intron that lacks a six-of-seven match to the highly conserved branchpoint consensus UACUAAC. Analysis of the database corroborates many conclusions about pre-mRNA substrate requirements for splicing derived from experimental studies, but indicates that splicing in yeast may not be as rigidly determined by splice-site conservation as had previously been thought. Using this database and a molecular technique that directly displays the lariat intron products of spliced transcripts (intron display), we suggest that the current set of 228 introns is still not complete, and that additional intron-containing genes remain to be discovered in yeast. The database can be accessed at http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/research/compbi o/yeast_introns.html. (+info)

Introns is a remix album by the American rock band LCD Soundsystem, released in March 2006 through DFA as a digital download. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introns_(album)

... tRNA introns, group I introns, group II introns, and spliceosomal introns (see below). Introns are rare in Bacteria and Archaea ... and possibly to spliceosomal introns. Nuclear pre-mRNA introns (spliceosomal introns) are characterized by specific intron ... Intron transfer has been hypothesized to result in intron gain when a paralog or pseudogene gains an intron and then transfers ... This intron-containing mRNA is then reverse transcribed and the resulting intron-containing cDNA may then cause intron gain via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron

The Database for Bacterial Group II Introns is a repository of full-length, non-redundant group II introns present in bacterial ... group II intron Candales, Manuel A; Duong Adrian; Hood Keyar S; Li Tony; Neufeld Ryan A E; Sun Runda; McNeil Bonnie A; Wu Li; ... The database is first established in 2002 with roughly 40 introns. In less than 10 years, the database has expanded to 400 ... In addition, it contains a list of intron insertion sites, DNA sequences, protein-encoding sequences, as well as RNA secondary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_for_bacterial_group_II_introns

The bZIP intron candida is an unconventional bZIP intron located in the HAC1 mRNA in a subgroup of fungi from Saccharomycetales ... Splicing performed by Ire1 results in excision of a very long intron that was first described in Candida parapsilosis. Hooks KB ... bZIP intron ascomycota-like). The consensus structure consists of two well conserved hairpins with loop regions defining the ... Griffiths-Jones S (2011). "Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron". RNA Biol. 8 (4): 552-556. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP_intron_candida

... s identify introns along pre-tRNAs and carry out the proper excision mechanism to remove those introns ... tRNA-intron lyase (EC 4.6.1.16, tRNA intron endonuclease, transfer ribonucleate intron endoribonuclease, tRNA splicing ... and an intron with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a 5'-hydroxyl terminus. The use of tRNA-intron endonuclease in pre-tRNA intron ... Splicing on both the 3' and 5' ends of the intron. tRNA-intron lyase requires a level of specificity to the splice site on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRNA-intron_endonuclease

The small T intron is an intron, that is used in some plasmid vectors, in order to induce gene expression in mammalian cells. ... The function of this intron in the vectors is unknown, but it is theorized that it might be involved in splicing or translation ... Hunt AG, Mogen BD, Chu NM, Chua NH (1991). "The SV40 small t intron is accurately and efficiently spliced in tobacco cells". ... Huang MT, Gorman CM (1990). "The simian virus 40 small-t intron, present in many common expression vectors, leads to aberrant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_t_intron

One feature of Intron Depot 1 is that all of the works are presented with a small aside from Shirow as to his thoughts on them ... Intron Depot 1 in two spots in particular is quite graphic. One panel involves a graphic drawing of a lesbian ménage à trois, ... Intron Depot 1 (イントロンデポ) is a collection of Masamune Shirow's full color works. The volume itself is 148 210 mm x 285 mm pages ... Everything from Appleseed to Orion are well represented in Intron Depot 1, some pictures are reproductions of paintings, others ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron_Depot_1

The bZIP intron saccharomycetales is an unconventional bZIP intron located in the HAC1 mRNA in most budding yeast belonging to ... Hooks KB, Griffiths-Jones S (2011). "Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron". RNA Biol. 8 (4): 552-556 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP_intron_saccharomycetales

The bZIP intron animal is an unconventional bZIP intron in animals located in the mRNA of Xbp1 orthologs. The RNA structure ... Intron is usually 23 or 26 nt long and it is excised by endoribonuclease Ire1 encoded by ERN1 gene in response to ER stress. ... Hooks KB, Griffiths-Jones S (2011). "Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron". RNA Biol. 8 (4): 552-556 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP_intron_animal

The bZIP intron plant is an unconventional bZIP intron in plants located in the mRNA of bZIP60 orthologs. The consensus RNA ... Majority of the plants contain also a nested spliceosomal intron located at the base of 3' hairpin. The unconventional splicing ... Hooks KB, Griffiths-Jones S (2011). "Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron". RNA Biol. 8 (4): 552-556 ... structure is very similar to the animal variant with short, usually 23 nt intron defined by the loop regions of the conserved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP_intron_plant

If the intron can no longer enhance expression, then inclusion of the intron in the transcript is important, and the intron ... is the ability of an intron sequence to enhance the expression of a gene containing that intron. In particular, the intron must ... The position of an intron within the transcript is also important - the closer an intron is to the start (5' end) of a ... Rose, Alan B. (2004-12-01). "The effect of intron location on intron-mediated enhancement of gene expression in Arabidopsis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron-mediated_enhancement

... (U12DB) is a biological database of containing the sequence of eukaryotic introns that are spliced out by a ... These U12-dependent introns are under-represented in genome annotations because they often have non canonical splice sites. ... Release 1 of the database contains 6,397 known and predicted U12-dependent introns across 20 species. Alioto, Tyler S (Jan 2007 ... "U12DB: a database of orthologous U12-type spliceosomal introns". Nucleic Acids Res. England. 35 (Database issue): D110-5. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U12_intron_database

The bZIP intron ascomycota is an unconventional bZIP intron found in some of the Ascomycota fungi, mainly in filamentous fungi ... The unconventional splicing in this group results in excising introns of typical length 20 or 23 nt and it was first described ... Hooks KB, Griffiths-Jones S (2011). "Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron". RNA Biol. 8 (4): 552-556 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP_intron_ascomycota

The bZIP intron basidiomycota is an unconventional bZIP intron found mainly in the Basidiomycota and some Mucoromycotina fungi ... In Basidiomycota, splicing results in excised introns from 20 to 101 nt in length and it was first described in Cryptococcus ... Hooks KB, Griffiths-Jones S (2011). "Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron". RNA Biol. 8 (4): 552-556 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP_intron_basidiomycota

... is a class of introns found in mRNA genes of chloroplasts in euglenid protists. They have a conventional group ... Group III introns are much shorter than other self-splicing intron classes, ranging from 95 to 110 nucleotides amongst those ... In 1994, discovery of a group III intron with a length of one order of magnitude longer indicated that length alone is not the ... In 1989, David A. Christopher and Richard B. Hallick found a few more examples and proposed the name "Group III introns" to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_III_intron

The Exon-Intron Database (EID) is a database of spliced mRNA sequences. Alternative splicing Exon Intron Saxonov, S; Daizadeh I ... Fedorov A; Gilbert W (Jan 2000). "EID: the Exon-Intron Database-an exhaustive database of protein-coding intron-containing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon-intron_database

Database for bacterial group II introns Intron Splice site Nuclear introns Group I intron Group III intron Twintron LtrA ... Protein machinery is required for splicing in vivo, and long-range intron-intron and intron-exon interactions are important for ... The first intron to be identified as distinct from group I was the ai5γ group IIB intron, which was isolated in 1986 from a pre ... In contrast to group I introns, intron excision occurs in the absence of GTP and involves the formation of a lariat, with an A- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_II_intron

The consensus intron is very short in Metazoa (20, 23 or 26 nt). However, yeast species have a long (>100 nt) intron in HAC1. ... The bZIP intron RNA motif is an RNA structure guiding splicing of a non-canonical intron from bZIP-containing genes called HAC1 ... Recognition of the intron splice sites is mediated by a base-paired secondary structure of the mRNA that forms at the exon/ ... intron boundaries. Splicing of the bZIP intron is a key regulatory step in the unfolded protein response (UPR). The Ire- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BZIP_intron_RNA_motif

Intron Group I Intron Sequence and Structure Database Splice site Nuclear introns Group II intron Group III intron Twintron ... Both intron-early and intron-late theories have found evidences in explaining the origin of group I introns. Some group I ... Group I introns often have long open reading frames inserted in loop regions. Splicing of group I introns is processed by two ... A small number of group I introns are also found to encode a class of proteins called maturases that facilitate the intron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_I_catalytic_intron

Intron-encoded endonuclease I-Sce I is a homing endonuclease. The enzyme is used in biotechnology as a meganuclease. It ... I-SceI is coded by introns. It is present in the mitochondria of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New England Biolabs site ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intron-encoded_endonuclease_I-SceI

Jacquier A, Dujon B (June 1985). "An intron-encoded protein is active in a gene conversion process that spreads an intron into ... "Intron 5 alpha of the COXI gene of yeast mitochondrial DNA is a mobile group I intron". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (15): 4069-76. ... "Structural conservation among three homologous introns of bacteriophage T4 and the group I introns of eukaryotes". PNAS. 85 (4 ... Eddy SR, Gold L (June 1991). "The phage T4 nrdB intron: a deletion mutant of a version found in the wild". Genes Dev. 5 (6): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_homing_endonuclease_cutting_sites

Notches indicate introns. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

Introns and inteins. Intragenomic conflict: Homing endonuclease genes. I-CreI homing endonuclease. Databases and lists of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restriction_enzyme_cutting_sites

Notches indicate introns. Gene maps help describe the spatial arrangement of genes on a chromosome. Genes are designated to a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_map

Notches indicate introns. With few exceptions, most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single ... Unlike prokaryotic DNA molecules, chloroplast DNA molecules contain introns (plant mitochondrial DNAs do too, but not human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast

... contains 18 introns. There are 2 non overlapping alternative last exons. The transcripts appear to differ by truncation of ... MCM6 produces, by alternative splicing, 3 different transcripts, all with introns, putatively encoding 3 different protein ... located in two of the MCM6 introns, approximately 14 kb (-13910) and 22 kb (-22018) upstream of LCT. The (-13910) region, in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCM6

Bürglin TR, Barnes TM (1992). "Introns in sequence tags". Nature. 357 (6377): 367-8. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..367B. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFNAR1

When testing the effect of unc-5::intron::unc-5 transgene on a mislocalization defect in UNC-5 mutant animals at 25 °C a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC-5

When testing the effect of unc-5::intron::unc-5 transgene on a mislocalization defect in UNC-5 mutant animals at 25 °C a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_(biology)

The NFR5 gene lacks introns. First the cell membrane is depolarized and the root hairs start to swell and cell division stops. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nod_factor

PEG-Intron): learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Peginterferon Alfa-2b (PEG-Intron). pronounced as (peg in ter feer on) ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605030.html

Challenging this assumption, a recent study has found a reduction in the mutation rate in exons compared to introns in somatic ... Evidence that somatic mutation rates in introns exceed those in exons challenges the molecular evolution tenet that mutation ... we find no reduction in the mutation rate in exons compared to introns in the germline. Therefore, there is no evidence that ... including the detection of selection when using introns as proxies for neutrality. Here we compile and analyze published ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17162-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c51f0c4b-b0f6-4210-bf97-fb1024f16ebf

The structure of I-Crel, a group I intron-encoded homing endonuclease.. Heath, P.J., Stephens, K.M., Monnat Jr., R.J., Stoddard ... The structure of I-Crel provides the first view of a protein encoded by a gene within an intron. This endonuclease recognizes a ... The structure of I-Crel provides the first view of a protein encoded by a gene within an intron. This endonuclease recognizes a ... The conserved LAGLIDADG motif, which is found in many mobile intron endonucleases, maturases and inteins, forms a novel helical ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1af5

INTRON® A (In-tron-aye). (Interferon alfa-2b, recombinant). If you are taking INTRON A with REBETOL, also read the Medication ... INTRON A may cause serious side effects including: * See "What is the most important information I should know about INTRON A?" ... What is INTRON A? INTRON A is a prescription medicine that is used: *to treat adults with a blood cancer called hairy cell ... Do not use INTRON A for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give INTRON A to other people, even if they have ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/medguide.cfm?setid=30789790-8317-49f9-b97b-8c5ba17b53d2

... and Partners - published on openPR.com ... SGS INTRON will attend the Concrete Day 2010, in Rotterdam. Throughout the exhibition on November 18, SGS INTRON will present ... You can edit or delete your press release SGS INTRON Conducts Certification Services for TenCate Grass and Partners here. ... SGS INTRON Certificatie B.V.. Venusstraat 2, 4105 JH Culemborg. PO Box 267, 4100 AG Culemborg. The Netherlands. t: +31 (0)345 ...

https://www.openpr.com/news/177923/sgs-intron-conducts-certification-services-for-tencate-grass-and-partners.html

This results in cleavage of the 3′ intron/exon junction and joining of the 5′ exon to the 3′ exon. The intron sequence (dark ... More importantly, the introns are spliced out and the exon sequences are fused to form the mature mRNA. This mRNA is then ... The cell must cleave the primary transcript at each end of the intron while holding on to the flanking exons so the chopped RNA ... In some cases, the introns can be thousands of nucleotides long-much longer than the exons.. Lets look at a simplified version ...

https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2007/06/rna-splicing-introns-and-exons.html

SimpleChIP® Human FKBP51 Intron 5 Primers contain a mix of forward and reverse PCR primers that are specific to the intron 5 ... SimpleChIP® Human FKBP51 Intron 5 Primers 7859. Toggle Between Dark and Light Modes Filter: *ChIP ... SimpleChIP® Human FKBP51 Intron 5 Primers were tested on DNA isolated from cross-linked cells using the SimpleChIP® Enzymatic ... SimpleChIP® Human FKBP51 Intron 5 Primers were tested on DNA isolated from cross-linked cells using the SimpleChIP® Enzymatic ...

https://www.cellsignal.com/products/chip-kits-reagents/human-fkbp51-intron-5-primers/7859

Descubra todos los detalles y caracteristicas técnicas de Rudy Project Personal Protective Equipment Intron Guard ! ... Tralyx Guard e Intron son PPE de categoría 2. Las gafas PPE también cumplen con los estándares ANZI Z87 + pasando las pruebas ... Intron is the best value option in the PPE eyewear line. It combines lightness and stability while benefiting from the strength ...

https://www.rudyproject.com/es/es-es/products/personal-protective-equipment/intron-guard.html

Articles Citing PCMV-intron myc Rab11 S25N. <"clearfix">t data-page-length="10" data-b-auto-width="false"> Articles. TGFbeta ... PCMV-intron myc Rab11 S25N Citations (1). Plasmid Article: Seven transmembrane receptor core signaling complexes are assembled ...

https://www.addgene.org/46786/citations/

Introns are also distinguished by phase, depending on where they occur relative to a codon. Phase 0 introns are found in ... As for the introns being fairly long, this also indirectly has to do with the signal peptide. In such proteins, the signal ... For one thing, introns enable alternative splicing. This refers to the selective joining of certain exons but not others. The ... It turned out that in most cases, the phase 1 introns in the group of genes in question resulted from the presence of a ...

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-07-surprisingly-peculiar-introns-brain-genes.html

Intron retention identifies a malaria vector within the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitaris complex (Diptera: Culicidae). ... 21Intron retention identifies a malaria vector within the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitaris complex (Diptera: Culicidae). ...

https://www.mbari.org/bibliography/intron-retention-identifies-a-malaria-vector-within-the-anopheles-nyssorhynchus-albitaris-complex-diptera-culicidae/

They] found lag times for splicing of 5-10 min for introns ranging from 1.2 kb to 240 kb. These times represent the time, after ... An unexpected finding of [researchers] study is that splicing occurred at a similar rate for several U2-dependent introns ... The splicing rates for small introns agree well with previous measurements (refs 19, 20). Note-the following 2 sources-[1] ...

https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=11&id=105568

All patients were first screened for the common intron 22 and intron 1 inversions. Inversion-negative samples were screened for ... Screening of mutations of hemophilia A in 40 Italian patients: a novel G-to-A mutation in intron 10 of the F8 gene as a ... In all patients with moderate and mild hemophilia A, a nucleotide change in the c.1538 -18G,A in intron 10, not reported in the ... These included five (12.5%) intron 22 inversions, one (2.5%) small deletion, one (2.5%) small insertion and seven (17.5%) point ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18388498/

90% of the mm6 introns could be ported to mm10 and matched with an intron. so in conclusion it can still be used, even though ... A new genome-wide search of minor introns has been performed and it led to the discovery of ~150 more minor introns (doi.org/ ... database minor introns • 1.5k views ADD COMMENT • link updated 7 months ago by Ram 37k • written 7.8 years ago by Martombo & ... and many of those introns dont really match with an intron of the most recent assembly (especially for the mouse genome). So ...

https://www.biostars.org/p/129292/

Ubi1 intron-mediated enhancement of the expression of Bt cry1Ah gene in transgenic maize (Zea mays L).pdf [ English. ] ... Intron-Mediated Enhancement- A Tool for Heterologous Gene Expression in Plants?.pdf [ English. ] ... Utilizing modified ubi1 introns to enhance exogenous gene expression in maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.).pdf [ ...

https://bch.cbd.int/en/database/GENE/BCH-GENE-SCBD-103627

... in the light of recent work on the molecular mechanisms regulating bacterial and phage group I and II intron dynamics, to show ... Group I and II introns can be considered as molecular parasites that interrupt protein-coding and structural RNA genes in all ... Group I and II introns can be considered as molecular parasites that interrupt protein-coding and structural RNA genes in all ... Learning to Live Together: Mutualism between Self-splicing Introns and Their Hosts ...

https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/biochempub/134/

I am undergoing Intron-A treatment for hepatitis C. The nurse in charge of the treatment registry knows of no diet plan.. By ... I am undergoing INTRON-A treatment for Hepatitis C. One of the possible side effects of the treatment is suppression of the ... Home Immune Boosting I am undergoing Intron-A treatment for hepatitis C. The nurse in charge... ...

https://www.dietitian.com/immune-boosting/i-am-undergoing-intron-a-treatment-for-hepatitis-c-the-nurse-in-charge-of-the-treatment-registry-knows-of-no-diet-plan/

... has close relationship with intron. However, the relationship (if any) between SCUB and intron number as well as exon position ... To explore this relationship, the sequences of a set of genes containing between zero and nine introns was extracted from the ... These data provide some evidence of linkage between SCUB, the evolution of introns and DNA methylation, which brings about a ... was positively related to intron number, but that of NNA/NNT was inversely correlated; the opposite was the case in the land ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-14-56/figures/5

Mouse Nanog intron 1 primer pair

https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/mouse-nanog-intron-1-primer-pair-50-ul

It identifies intron-exon borders and splice sites and is able to cope with sequencing errors and genes spanning several ... it very often provides the user with the correct determination of intron-exon borders and splice sites, showing an improved ... From: Scipio: Using protein sequences to determine the precise exon/intron structures of genes and their orthologs in closely ...

https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2105-9-278/figures/3

The Acadian-specific 216G--,A mutation in exon 3 and a variant 9-repeat VNTR allele (designated VNTR(t,t)) in intron 5 are in ... The Acadian-specific 216GA mutation in exon 3 and a variant 9-repeat VNTR allele (designated VNTR(t,t)) in intron 5 are in ... Structure, diversity, and evolution of the 45-bp VNTR in intron 5 of the USH1C gene ... and evolution of the 45-bp VNTR in intron 5 of the USH1C gene. Genomics, 83 (3), 439-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno. ...

https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/biosci_pubs/4069/

Sato M, Mori Y, Sakurada A, Fujimura S, Horii A. A GT dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 of the H-cadherin (CDH13) ... A GT dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 of the H-cadherin (CDH13) gene. In: Journal of Human Genetics. 1998 ; Vol. 43 ... Sato, M., Mori, Y., Sakurada, A., Fujimura, S., & Horii, A. (1998). A GT dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 of the H- ... Sato, M, Mori, Y, Sakurada, A, Fujimura, S & Horii, A 1998, A GT dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 of the H- ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-gt-dinucleotide-repeat-polymorphism-in-intron-1-of-the-h-cadher-3

Huang M, Han Y, Zhang X, Pei F, Deng J, Kang J, Yan C. An intron polymorphism in the CXCL16 gene is associated with increased ... "Introns" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) ... A Novel Regulatory Mechanism of Type II Collagen Expression via a SOX9-dependent Enhancer in Intron 6. J Biol Chem. 2017 Jan 13 ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Introns" by people in this website by year, and whether " ...

https://profiles.rush.edu/display/8109

Retargeted intron targeting leuB gene in S. Agona. Lane 3: Retargeted intron targeting argD gene in S. Agona. (B) & (C) Intron ... leuB and argD metabolic gene knockout using group II intron technology. Group II intron technology was utilized to construct ... which resulted in a 350 bp retargeted intron. Lane 1: Retargeted intron targeting E.coli lacZ gene as positive control; Lane 2 ... C) Intron insertion in argD gene of S. Agona. Lane 20: PCR product of argD with targetron insertion (1,887 bp) in pure ...

https://peerj.com/articles/5989/

Reactome is pathway database which provides intuitive bioinformatics tools for the visualisation, interpretation and analysis of pathway knowledge.

https://www.reactome.org/content/detail/R-BTA-72203

The first intron of the murine beta-casein gene contains a functional promoter. In: Biochemical and Biophysical Research ... The first intron of the murine beta-casein gene contains a functional promoter. Biochemical and Biophysical Research ... The first intron of the murine beta-casein gene contains a functional promoter. / Kolb, Andreas. ... Kolb, A. (2003). The first intron of the murine beta-casein gene contains a functional promoter. Biochemical and Biophysical ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-first-intron-of-the-murine-beta-casein-gene-contains-a-functi

This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold. ...

https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChangesLinked&hideliu=0&limit=250&hideminor=1&target=Intron

Roferon and Intron A differ from the natural product only in amino acid residue at position 23 and achieve similar results in ... Roferon and Intron A differ from the natural product only in amino acid residue at position 23 and achieve similar results in ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/200580-medication

Interferon alfa 2b (Interferon alfa-2b, Intron A). *View full drug information ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1083849-100852/what-is-the-role-of-becaplermin-in-the-treatment-of-infantile-hemangiomas

Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use ...

http://www.introns.nl/dsc_0103/

The gene is transcribed from left (5′) to right (3′) beginning at the promoter (P). The long primary RNA transcript contains both intron and exon sequences. (blogspot.com)
More importantly, the introns are spliced out and the exon sequences are fused to form the mature mRNA. (blogspot.com)
This results in cleavage of the 3′ intron/exon junction and joining of the 5′ exon to the 3′ exon. (blogspot.com)
Another intron -enabled process important for gene evolution is exon shuffling. (medicalxpress.com)
The study reveals a clear and complete picture of how exon shuffling works and what role long phase 1 introns play in it. (medicalxpress.com)
Inversion-negative samples were screened for point mutations by direct sequencing of all coding regions and intron-exon boundaries of the factor 8 gene. (nih.gov)
The Acadian-specific 216G-->A mutation in exon 3 and a variant 9-repeat VNTR allele (designated VNTR(t,t)) in intron 5 are in complete linkage disequilibrium. (lsu.edu)
Introns are more important as like the exons, new gene or genotype combinations are constructed by introducing exon in new between or between unknown introns. (attainmfg.com)
After the 2'-OH of the A at the branch has joined to the initial G of the intron, the 3'‑OH of the upstream exon is available to react with the first nucleotide of the downstream exon, thereby joining the two exons via the phosphoester transfer mechanism. (dualjuridik.org)
Our results indicate that ORFs are efficiently captured without prior identification of intron-exon boundaries. (datadryad.org)
The nucleotide sequences of ten RHD exons and exon-intron boundary regions were evaluated by RHD gene-specific PCR-SSP and sequencing. (nih.gov)
A total of 31 PALB2 variants at the intron/exon boundaries were analyzed with MaxEntScan. (fecyt.es)
In both the species, diversity of microsatellites was highest in intergenic regions, followed by intron and exon regions, and lowest in coding regions. (who.int)

Challenging this assumption, a recent study has found a reduction in the mutation rate in exons compared to introns in somatic cells, ascribed to an enhanced exonic mismatch repair system activity. (nature.com)
After controlling for sampling bias in datasets with diseased probands and extended nucleotide context dependency, we find no reduction in the mutation rate in exons compared to introns in the germline. (nature.com)
A main requirement for the validation of this assumption is that mutation rate on exons and introns does not correlate with that sequence function. (nature.com)
17 found in tumoral DNA, primarily from skin melanomas and DNA-polymerase- ε (POLE)-mutant colorectal cancers, that mutation rates are lower in exons than in introns after accounting for the trinucleotide-context-dependent mutational signature. (nature.com)
The study suggests that the lower mutation rate in exons results from an enhanced mismatch repair (MMR) activity in exons compared to introns. (nature.com)
In turn, the increased repair activity is attributed to different amounts of H3K36me3 epigenetic marks on exons and introns 17 . (nature.com)
The coding regions are divided into numerous blocks called "exons" and the exons are separated by "introns. (blogspot.com)
The triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) gene from maize is composed of 9 exons and 8 introns. (blogspot.com)
The cell must cleave the primary transcript at each end of the intron while holding on to the flanking exons so the chopped RNA transcript does not come apart. (blogspot.com)
In some cases, the introns can be thousands of nucleotides long-much longer than the exons. (blogspot.com)
Eukaryotic genes are composed of exons, which correspond to protein-coding sequences (ex-on signifies that they are expressed), and intervening sequences called introns (int-ron denotes their intervening role), which may be involved in gene regulation, but are removed from the pre-mRNA during processing.Intron sequences in mRNA do not encode functional proteins. (attainmfg.com)
The eukaryotic pre-mRNA possesses introns (intervening sequencing) that interrupt the exons (the coding regions). (attainmfg.com)
Introns and exons are parts of genes. (attainmfg.com)
Introns or the intervening sequence are considered as the non-coding part of the genes, while the exons or the expressed sequence are known to be as the coding part for proteins of the genes. (attainmfg.com)
Exons code for proteins, whereas introns do not. (attainmfg.com)
Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus bound by a membrane, and their genes consist of alternating introns and exons. (attainmfg.com)
The pre-mRNA is cut, introns are spliced out (removed) and two flanking exons are joined together. (attainmfg.com)
For example, the human genome has groupings called introns and exons. (attainmfg.com)
A great way to remember this is by considering introns as intervening sequences and exons as expressed sequences. (attainmfg.com)
Introns are the common attribute found in the genes of the multicellular eukaryotes like humans, while exons are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (attainmfg.com)
Almost every gene has introns same introns are joined together therefore, the human genome has groupings called introns exons! (attainmfg.com)
Same introns introns were discovered in 1977 with the introduction of DNA sequencing introns as intervening sequences exons. (attainmfg.com)
Exons introns in prokaryotes expressed sequences eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus bound by a membrane, and their genes consist alternating! (attainmfg.com)
This post assumes you know what introns, exons and alternate splicing are. (wordpress.com)
know that RNA splicing occurs in molecular biology, and that it is a form of RNA processing in which a newly made precursor messenger RNA transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA): During splicing introns are removed and exons arejoined together, but what would happen if the introns were not removed? (solvedlib.com)
In the second step, the 3' splice site is cleaved and the exons are fused with concomitant release of the intron lariat. (bdbiosciences.com)

Namely, genes contain noncoding regions referred to as introns. (medicalxpress.com)
To their surprise, the study's authors identified a group of genes containing an unusually large number of phase 1 introns that were over 50,000 nucleotide pairs long. (medicalxpress.com)
It turned out that in most cases, the phase 1 introns in the group of genes in question resulted from the presence of a particular amino acid sequence at the beginning of the protein. (medicalxpress.com)
Group I and II introns can be considered as molecular parasites that interrupt protein-coding and structural RNA genes in all domains of life. (uwo.ca)
Some introns code for separate genes. (rush.edu)
Transcriptional enhancer elements are found in the 5' upstream regions of casein genes but have also been detected in the first intron of the bovine beta-casein gene. (elsevier.com)
Introns are interruptions in the text of eukaryotic genes. (attainmfg.com)
Cut, introns are interruptions in the text of eukaryotic genes are also present in prokaryotes but removed entirely make. (attainmfg.com)
Three genes of T4 phage were found to have stretches of non-coding sequences which belonged to the group IA type introns of self-splicing nature. (who.int)
Just how widespread this is, isn't known, but most protein coding genes have introns. (wordpress.com)
It is now safe to assume that any gene containing introns (95% of all protein coding genes [ Proc. (wordpress.com)
An intron characteristic of Archaeal tRNA and rRNA genes, where intron transcript generates a bulge-helix-bulge motif that is recognised by a splicing endoribonuclease. (virtualflybrain.org)
Intron numbers of SbSOD genes ranged from 5 to 7. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Secuencias de ADN en los genes que se localizan entre los EXONES. (bvsalud.org)

Learning to Live Together: Mutualism between Self-splicing Introns and" by David R. Edgell, Venkata R. Chalamcharla et al. (uwo.ca)
IMSEAR at SEARO: A unique group of self-splicing introns in bacteriophage T4. (who.int)
Khan AU, Ajamaluddin M, Ahmad M. A unique group of self-splicing introns in bacteriophage T4. (who.int)

The currently available full-genome sequences of many organisms have made it possible to study the evolution of introns in detail. (medicalxpress.com)
And it is precisely there, at the beginning of a gene, that long introns tend to occur, because they contain regulatory DNA sequences important for the protein's synthesis. (medicalxpress.com)
Moss, Stephen P.,Â Domino A. Joyce, Stuart Humphries, Katherine J. Tindall and David H. Lunt (2011) Comparative analysis of teleost genome sequences reveals an ancient intron size expansion in the zebrafish lineage. (davelunt.net)

Huang M, Han Y, Zhang X, Pei F, Deng J, Kang J, Yan C. An intron polymorphism in the CXCL16 gene is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in Chinese Han population: a large angiography-based study. (rush.edu)

GU is invariant at the 5' splice site, and AG is (almost) invariant at the 3' splice site for the most prevalent class of introns in pre-mRNA. (dualjuridik.org)
Together with an analysis of intron length and splice site strength, we observe that the genomic signature of splicing-coupled selection differs between long and short introns . (bvsalud.org)

and many of those introns don't really match with an intron of the most recent assembly (especially for the mouse genome). (biostars.org)
A new genome-wide search of minor introns has been performed and it led to the discovery of ~150 more minor introns ( doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6046-x ). (biostars.org)
Introns are very much common in the genome of higher vertebrates such as human beings, mammals, amphibians, fish and mice but unlikely to be seen in the genome of certain varieties of eukaryotic micro-organism. (attainmfg.com)
I am always a bit frustrated with the way introns are treated in many genome characterisation papers- "the genome contained Y introns with mean intron. (davelunt.net)
Intron endonucleases and inteins attract considerable attention for their molecular mechanisms, phylogenetic diversity, role in genome evolution, and application in research, biotechnology and medicine. (grantome.com)
Understanding the function of noncoding regions in the genome , such as introns , is of central importance to evolutionary biology . (bvsalud.org)

Splicing, the removal of introns from pre-mRNA, is mediated by spliceosomal complexes and occurs in two distinct catalytic steps. (bdbiosciences.com)

The genomic signature of splicing-coupled selection differs between long and short introns. (bvsalud.org)
On one hand , the sequence of introns , especially short introns , appears to evolve in an almost neutral manner. (bvsalud.org)
The strongest signal we identify is associated with short introns . (bvsalud.org)

The intron sequence (dark brown) is released as a lariat (looped) structure. (blogspot.com)
Intron lariat is the equivalent of a "circular" intermediate. (dualjuridik.org)

The nuclear group I introns, exemplified by the rRNA introns of Tetrahymena thermophila and Physarum polycephalum, may well have arisen by â ¦ And eukaryotes evolving from these early ancestors should keep some of these same introns. (attainmfg.com)

Three types of man-made cytokines have been approved to treat melanoma skin cancer: interferon alfa-2b (Intron A), pegylated interferon alfa-2b (Sylatron), and interleukin-2 (aldesleukin, Proleukin). (healthline.com)

Introns are also distinguished by phase, depending on where they occur relative to a codon. (medicalxpress.com)
Phase 0 introns are found in between codons, whereas phases 1 and 2 occur immediately after the first or second nucleotide in the codon, respectively. (medicalxpress.com)
P53 haplotypes defined by 3 polymorphisms (codon 72, intron 3, and intron 6) have been implicated in breast cancer]. (cdc.gov)

This endonuclease recognizes a long DNA site approximately 20 base pairs in length and facilitates the lateral transfer of that intron. (rcsb.org)
First, we showed that phage T4 group I intron endonuclease 1-Tevl, a member of the GIY-YIG family, is bifunctional, doubling as a transcriptional autorepressor. (grantome.com)
Second, we engineered the archaeal l-Dmol intron endonuclease, a monomeric LAGLIDADG family enzyme, into a heterodimer, a homodimer and a monomer with altered specificity, an accomplishment with both practical and evolutionary implication. (grantome.com)
Third, we caught a first glimpse, by cryo-electron microscopy (EM), of a lactococcal group II intron-encoded retroelement, consisting of the protein which has endonuclease and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, in complex with its intron RNA, scaffolded on a ribosome. (grantome.com)

For one thing, introns enable alternative splicing. (medicalxpress.com)
An unexpected finding of [researchers'] study is that splicing occurred at a similar rate for several U2-dependent introns spanning a wide range of sizes. (harvard.edu)
They] found lag times for splicing of 5-10 min for introns ranging from 1.2 kb to 240 kb. (harvard.edu)
The splicing rates for small introns agree well with previous measurements (refs 19, 20). (harvard.edu)
Introns may therefore be under pressure to maintain their self-splicing character in prokaryotes. (attainmfg.com)
We describe in this review, the salient splicing features of group I introns of bacteriophage T4 and propose, a hypothetical model to fit in the self-splicing of nrdB intron of T4 phage. (who.int)
Therefore, T4 bacteriophage can serve as a good model system to study the evolutionary aspects of splicing of introns. (who.int)
The 2'‑OH of an A at the "branch" point forms a phosphoester with the first G of the intron to initiate splicing. (dualjuridik.org)

The conserved LAGLIDADG motif, which is found in many mobile intron endonucleases, maturases and inteins, forms a novel helical interface and contributes essential residues to the active site. (rcsb.org)
Homing endonucleases are rare-cutting DNA cleavage enzymes that are most often encoded by introns and inteins. (grantome.com)

Once considered purely selfish DNA elements, they now seem, in the light of recent work on the molecular mechanisms regulating bacterial and phage group I and II intron dynamics, to show evidence of co-evolution with their hosts. (uwo.ca)

A in intron 10, not reported in the HAMSTeRS factor 8 mutation database (http://europium.csc.mrc.ac.uk/), was found. (nih.gov)

If this reduction happens also in the germline, it can compromise studies of population genomics, including the detection of selection when using introns as proxies for neutrality. (nature.com)

If you are taking INTRON A with REBETOL, also read the Medication Guide for REBETOL ® (ribavirin) Capsules and Oral Solution. (nih.gov)

Introns are found only in eukaryotic organisms. (attainmfg.com)

The various components of the spliceosome have to assemble at the 5′ (left) end of an intron and at the 3′ end. (blogspot.com)

First, transcriptional enhancer elements present in the intron increase the basal activity of the beta-casein promoter. (elsevier.com)

A snippet of RNA from an intron in a gene can bind to an upstream regulatory element forming a triple helix and shut off transcription of the gene. (wordpress.com)

Now a team of bioinformaticians from MIPT and IMPB RAS has examined the relation between intron phase and length in humans and mice. (medicalxpress.com)
I'm interested in studying minor introns in both humans and mice. (biostars.org)

To probe the structure and function of the l-TevI linker, which serves as a communication bridge between catalytic and DNA binding domains and controls cleavage versus repression;and to test the hypothesis that the linker acts as a redox switch, that regulates cleavage fidelity and thereby influences intron spread. (grantome.com)

INTRON A alone is a treatment for certain types of cancers and hepatitis B virus. (nih.gov)
INTRON A by itself or with REBETOL is a treatment for some people infected with hepatitis C virus. (nih.gov)
I am undergoing Intron-A treatment for hepatitis C. The nurse in charge of the treatment registry knows of no diet plan. (dietitian.com)
Home Immune Boosting I am undergoing Intron-A treatment for hepatitis C. The nurse in charge. (dietitian.com)
I am undergoing INTRON-A treatment for Hepatitis C . One of the possible side effects of the treatment is suppression of the bone marrow"s ability to produce blood cells. (dietitian.com)

Introns" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (rush.edu)

2. To use cryo-EM, among other techniques, to lay the structural foundation for biochemical function of the group II intron ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and study RNP interactions with target DNA in the tri-macromolecular initiation complex for retromobility. (grantome.com)

A Novel Regulatory Mechanism of Type II Collagen Expression via a SOX9-dependent Enhancer in Intron 6. (rush.edu)

Of the 40 patients, 20 (50%) had severe hemophilia A, 19 (47.5%) had moderate hemophilia A, and one (2.5%) had mild hemophilia A. All patients were first screened for the common intron 22 and intron 1 inversions. (nih.gov)
Intron 22 inversion (inv22) may account for 45% of all cases of severe haemophilia A. Haemophilia A is underdiagnosed in South Africa (SA), and owing to limited resources the genotypes of most haemophilia A patients are unknown.Objectives. (bvsalud.org)
Nous avons génotypé les deux polymorphismes mononucléotidiques du gène ADIPOQ chez 140 patients atteints de DNID sans lien de parenté et 66 témoins non diabétiques en recourant à l'analyse du polymorphisme de longueur des fragments de restriction par réaction en chaîne de polymérase. (who.int)

Structure, diversity, and evolution of the 45-bp VNTR in intron 5 of t" by Sevtap Savas, Ben Frischhertz et al. (lsu.edu)
I have a project going at the moment to examine changes in intron diversity, size and location in animal genomes. (davelunt.net)

These included five (12.5%) intron 22 inversions, one (2.5%) small deletion, one (2.5%) small insertion and seven (17.5%) point mutations. (nih.gov)

Intron Discovery. (attainmfg.com)

We have used a method based on DNA strand asymmetery that does not require comparison with any putatively neutrally evolving sequence, nor sequence conservation between species, to detect selection within introns . (bvsalud.org)

With a team of highly experienced experts, SGS INTRON tested the synthetic turf components and systems in accordance with the field of application and standards established by sports associations. (openpr.com)

High level transcription of the complement regulatory protein CD59 requires an enhancer located in intron 1. (ox.ac.uk)

Intron-Mediated Enhancement- A Tool for Heterologous Gene Expression in Plants? (cbd.int)
However, within the cells of multicelled animals and plants almost every gene has introns. (attainmfg.com)

Kolb, A 2003, ' The first intron of the murine beta-casein gene contains a functional promoter ', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , vol. 306, no. 4, pp. 1099-1105. (elsevier.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs33

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes45

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science5

In vivo expression of the nucleolar group I intron-encoded I-dirI homing endonuclease involves the removal of a spliceosomal intron. (1/9869)

Tight binding of the 5' exon to domain I of a group II self-splicing intron requires completion of the intron active site. (2/9869)

A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (3/9869)

Alterations in the conserved SL1 trans-spliced leader of Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrate flexibility in length and sequence requirements in vivo. (4/9869)

Promoter and exon-intron structure of the protein kinase C gene from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium: evolutionary considerations and promoter activity. (5/9869)

Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. (6/9869)

The stability and fate of a spliced intron from vertebrate cells. (7/9869)

Genome-wide bioinformatic and molecular analysis of introns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (8/9869)

Introns

RNA Splicing

Base Sequence

Exons

Molecular Sequence Data

Spliceosomes

RNA Splice Sites

RNA Precursors

Evolution, Molecular

Amino Acid Sequence

Phylogeny

Cloning, Molecular

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Alternative Splicing

Genes

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Sequence Alignment

RNA, Messenger

RNA, Small Nuclear

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Conserved Sequence

RNA, Catalytic

Euglena gracilis

RNA, Fungal

Transcription, Genetic

Restriction Mapping

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

DNA

Open Reading Frames

Biological Evolution

Models, Genetic

DNA, Complementary

Trans-Splicing

Genes, Fungal

Chromosome Mapping

Genome

Genes, Plant

Genomic Library

Species Specificity

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Chlorophyta

Blotting, Southern

Cryptophyta

Base Composition

RNA

Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear

Ascomycota

RNA, Ribosomal, Self-Splicing

Ribonucleoprotein, U2 Small Nuclear

Retroelements

DNA, Fungal

RNA, Ribosomal

Tetrahymena

Pseudogenes

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Untranslated Regions

Mutation

Fishes, Poisonous

Nucleic Acid Precursors

Naegleria

Multigene Family

DNA Restriction Enzymes

DNA, Intergenic

Vertebrates

Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid

DNA, Mitochondrial

DNA Primers

DNA Transposable Elements

Databases, Nucleic Acid

Euglenida

Eukaryotic Cells

RNA, Small Nucleolar

RNA, Plant

Chloroplasts

Codon

DNA, Chloroplast

Fungi

Plants

5' Untranslated Regions

Saccharomyces cerevisiae