Intracranial embolism and thrombosis. Medical search

Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.

Blocking of a blood vessel in the SKULL by an EMBOLUS which can be a blood clot (THROMBUS) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with HEART DISEASES. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with VASCULAR DISEASES.

Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.

Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.

The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.

Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.

Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.

Blockage of an artery due to passage of a clot (THROMBUS) from a systemic vein to a systemic artery without its passing through the lung which acts as a filter to remove blood clots from entering the arterial circulation. Paradoxical embolism occurs when there is a defect that allows a clot to cross directly from the right to the left side of the heart as in the cases of ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS or open FORAMEN OVALE. Once in the arterial circulation, a clot can travel to the brain, block an artery, and cause a STROKE.

Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the CRANIAL SINUSES, large endothelium-lined venous channels situated within the SKULL. Intracranial sinuses, also called cranial venous sinuses, include the superior sagittal, cavernous, lateral, petrous sinuses, and many others. Cranial sinus thrombosis can lead to severe HEADACHE; SEIZURE; and other neurological defects.

Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel within the SKULL. Intracranial thrombosis can lead to thrombotic occlusions and BRAIN INFARCTION. The majority of the thrombotic occlusions are associated with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Agents that prevent clotting.

Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.

Blocking of maternal circulation by AMNIOTIC FLUID that is forced into uterine VEINS by strong UTERINE CONTRACTION near the end of pregnancy. It is characterized by the sudden onset of severe respiratory distress and HYPOTENSION that can lead to maternal DEATH.

Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.

Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein.

Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. Removal of a clot at its original site is called THROMBECTOMY.

Mechanical devices inserted in the inferior vena cava that prevent the migration of blood clots from deep venous thrombosis of the leg.

Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS or the inferior sagittal sinus. Sagittal sinus thrombosis can result from infections, hematological disorders, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES. Clinical features are primarily related to the increased intracranial pressure causing HEADACHE; NAUSEA; and VOMITING. Severe cases can evolve to SEIZURES or COMA.

A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava.

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.

Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.

The ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (Stedman, 25th ed)

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS of an upper extremity vein (e.g., AXILLARY VEIN; SUBCLAVIAN VEIN; and JUGULAR VEINS). It is associated with mechanical factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Primary) secondary to other anatomic factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Secondary). Symptoms may include sudden onset of pain, warmth, redness, blueness, and swelling in the arm.

Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. They also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism.

Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.

Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. Removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called EMBOLECTOMY.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein.

Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.

Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.

Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.

Veins draining the cerebrum.

Use of infusions of FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

The process of the interaction of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS that results in an insoluble FIBRIN clot.

A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein.

The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).

Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).

Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.

The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of BLOOD from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements (eg. ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION), and the process of BLOOD COAGULATION.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the CAVERNOUS SINUS of the brain. Infections of the paranasal sinuses and adjacent structures, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, and THROMBOPHILIA are associated conditions. Clinical manifestations include dysfunction of cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI, marked periorbital swelling, chemosis, fever, and visual loss. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p711)

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.

Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins.

Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the LATERAL SINUSES. This condition is often associated with ear infections (OTITIS MEDIA or MASTOIDITIS) without antibiotic treatment. In developed nations, lateral sinus thrombosis can result from CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; THROMBOPHILIA; and other conditions. Clinical features include HEADACHE; VERTIGO; and increased intracranial pressure.

Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function.

Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein.

A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.

A collective term for pathological conditions which are caused by the formation of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel, or by blocking of a blood vessel with an EMBOLUS, undissolved materials in the blood stream.

Soluble protein fragments formed by the proteolytic action of plasmin on fibrin or fibrinogen. FDP and their complexes profoundly impair the hemostatic process and are a major cause of hemorrhage in intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.

The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.

A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.

An autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein S antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. PROTEIN S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated PROTEIN C (also a vitamin K-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestations of its deficiency are virtually identical to those of protein C deficiency. Treatment with heparin for acute thrombotic processes is usually followed by maintenance administration of coumarin drugs for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1511; Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed, p1523)

Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.

Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

Stents that are covered with materials that are embedded with chemicals that are gradually released into the surrounding milieu.

Placement of an intravenous CATHETER in the subclavian, jugular, or other central vein.

Computed tomography where there is continuous X-ray exposure to the patient while being transported in a spiral or helical pattern through the beam of irradiation. This provides improved three-dimensional contrast and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures.

Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.

The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.

An absence or deficiency in PROTEIN C which leads to impaired regulation of blood coagulation. It is associated with an increased risk of severe or premature thrombosis. (Stedman's Med. Dict., 26th ed.)

Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)

Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

An antiphospholipid antibody found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. In vitro, the antibody interferes with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and prolongs the partial thromboplastin time. In vivo, it exerts a procoagulant effect resulting in thrombosis mainly in the larger veins and arteries. It further causes obstetrical complications, including fetal death and spontaneous abortion, as well as a variety of hematologic and neurologic complications.

The venous trunk of the upper limb; a continuation of the basilar and brachial veins running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein.

Short thick veins which return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava.

A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.

The natural enzymatic dissolution of FIBRIN.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

A condition in which the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall.

Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).

A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.

An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.

Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.

A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.

A condition characterized by a chronically swollen limb, often a leg with stasis dermatitis and ulcerations. This syndrome can appear soon after phlebitis or years later. Postphlebitic syndrome is the result of damaged or incompetent venous valves in the limbs. Distended, tortuous VARICOSE VEINS are usually present. Leg pain may occur after long period of standing.

A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.

The vessels carrying blood away from the capillary beds.

A series of progressive, overlapping events, triggered by exposure of the PLATELETS to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.

Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

Tight coverings for the foot and leg that are worn to aid circulation in the legs, and prevent the formation of EDEMA and DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS. PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION STOCKINGS serve a similar purpose especially for bedridden patients, and following surgery.

Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.

A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases.

A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation.

Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.

Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Laboratory tests for evaluating the individual's clotting mechanism.

Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.

Material used for wrapping or binding any part of the body.

Endogenous factors and drugs that directly inhibit the action of THROMBIN, usually by blocking its enzymatic activity. They are distinguished from INDIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS, such as HEPARIN, which act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of antithrombins.

Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.

Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.

Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE). EC 3.4.-.

The time required for the appearance of FIBRIN strands following the mixing of PLASMA with phospholipid platelet substitute (e.g., crude cephalins, soybean phosphatides). It is a test of the intrinsic pathway (factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII) and the common pathway (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors V and X) of BLOOD COAGULATION. It is used as a screening test and to monitor HEPARIN therapy.

An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.

Instruments that generate intermittent forces, uniformed or graduated, to facilitate the emptying of VEINS. These devices are used to reduce limb EDEMA and prevent venous THROMBOEMBOLISM, such as deep vein thrombosis in the legs.

Postmortem examination of the body.

Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.

Insertion of a catheter into a peripheral artery, vein, or airway for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.

Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

Surgical shunt allowing direct passage of blood from an artery to a vein. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

System established by the World Health Organization and the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis for monitoring and reporting blood coagulation tests. Under this system, results are standardized using the International Sensitivity Index for the particular test reagent/instrument combination used.

Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.

Dilation of an occluded coronary artery (or arteries) by means of a balloon catheter to restore myocardial blood supply.

NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).

The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.

Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.

A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.

A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.

Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.

Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.

Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.

Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase IMMUNOASSAY employing the purified phospholipid antigen CARDIOLIPIN.

Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.

The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.

Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.

Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.

A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.

Operative procedures for the treatment of vascular disorders.

Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in cardiovascular and cerebral circulation.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process.

Plant tissue that carries water up the root and stem. Xylem cell walls derive most of their strength from LIGNIN. The vessels are similar to PHLOEM sieve tubes but lack companion cells and do not have perforated sides and pores.

A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233)

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.

Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.

An enzyme formed from PROTHROMBIN that converts FIBRINOGEN to FIBRIN.

Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.

An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)

Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.

Device constructed of either synthetic or biological material that is used for the repair of injured or diseased blood vessels.

A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.

The region of the lower limb in animals, extending from the gluteal region to the FOOT, and including the BUTTOCKS; HIP; and LEG.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.

A plasma alpha 2 glycoprotein that accounts for the major antithrombin activity of normal plasma and also inhibits several other enzymes. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. It receives blood from a vein in the nasal cavity, runs backwards, and gradually increases in size as blood drains from veins of the brain and the DURA MATER. Near the lower back of the CRANIUM, the superior sagittal sinus deviates to one side (usually the right) and continues on as one of the TRANSVERSE SINUSES.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a blood disease (HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES) which involves BLOOD CELLS or COAGULATION FACTORS. The hematologic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.

The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated PROTEIN C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S; (PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY); can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis.

Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.

A proteolytic enzyme that converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN where the preferential cleavage is between ARGININE and VALINE. It was isolated originally from human URINE, but is found in most tissues of most VERTEBRATES.

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The creation and display of functional images showing where the blood flow reaches by following the distribution of tracers injected into the blood stream.

The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.

Clotting time of PLASMA recalcified in the presence of excess TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN. Factors measured are FIBRINOGEN; PROTHROMBIN; FACTOR V; FACTOR VII; and FACTOR X. It is used for monitoring anticoagulant therapy with COUMARINS.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Activated form of factor X that participates in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. It catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in conjunction with other cofactors.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

The process whereby PLATELETS adhere to something other than platelets, e.g., COLLAGEN; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; MICROFIBRILS; or other "foreign" surfaces.

Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.

A heparin fraction with a mean molecular weight of 4500 daltons. It is isolated from porcine mucosal heparin and used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation.

Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are invasive or surgical in nature, and require the expertise of a specially trained radiologist. In general, they are more invasive than diagnostic imaging but less invasive than major surgery. They often involve catheterization, fluoroscopy, or computed tomography. Some examples include percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, percutaneous transthoracic biopsy, balloon angioplasty, and arterial embolization.

Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)

The use of ultrasound to guide minimally invasive surgical procedures such as needle ASPIRATION BIOPSY; DRAINAGE; etc. Its widest application is intravascular ultrasound imaging but it is useful also in urology and intra-abdominal conditions.

Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.

The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.

NECROSIS of lung tissue that is cause by the lack of OXYGEN or blood supply. The most common cause of pulmonary infarction is a blood clot in the lung.

Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.

A high-molecular-weight plasma protein, produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, that is part of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor complex. The von Willebrand factor has receptors for collagen, platelets, and ristocetin activity as well as the immunologically distinct antigenic determinants. It functions in adhesion of platelets to collagen and hemostatic plug formation. The prolonged bleeding time in VON WILLEBRAND DISEASES is due to the deficiency of this factor.

A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.

A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.

An endogenous family of proteins belonging to the serpin superfamily that neutralizes the action of thrombin. Six naturally occurring antithrombins have been identified and are designated by Roman numerals I to VI. Of these, Antithrombin I (see FIBRIN) and ANTITHROMBIN III appear to be of major importance.

Inherited prothrombotic risk factors and cerebral venous thrombosis. (1/698)

Fifteen patients with cerebral venous thrombosis were ascertained retrospectively. Their case notes were reviewed, and stored or new blood was assayed for factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, prothrombin gene mutation 20201A, and 5,10 methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T mutation. A clinical risk factor was identified in 13 patients--the oral contraceptive pill (5), puerperium (1), HRT (1), mastoiditis (1), dehydration (1), lumbar puncture and myelography (1), carcinoma (1), lupus anticoagulant (2). In addition, two patients had the FVL mutation and five (one of whom also had the FVL mutation) were homozygous for the MTHFR mutation. The latter showed a higher than expected frequency compared to 300 healthy controls from South Wales (OR 3.15.95% Cl 1.01-9.83). No patient had the prothrombin 20201A mutation. Two patients died and three had a monocular visual deficit following anticoagulation (13) or thrombolytic (2) treatment, but there was no association between the presence of a primary prothrombotic risk factor and outcome. These results confirm the importance of investigating patients for both clinical predisposing factors and primary prothrombotic states. (+info)

Computerised axial tomography in patients with severe migraine: a preliminary report. (2/698)

Patients suffering from severe migraine, usually for many years, have been examined by the EMI scanner between attacks. Judged by criteria validated originally by comparison with pneumoencephalography, about half of the patients showed evidence of cerebral atrophy. Perhaps of more significance than generalised atrophy was the frequency of areas of focal atrophy and of evidence of infarction. (+info)

Rupture mechanism of a thrombosed slow-growing giant aneurysm of the vertebral artery--case report. (3/698)

A 76-year-old male developed left hemiparesis in July 1991. The diagnosis was thrombosed giant vertebral artery aneurysm. He showed progressive symptoms and signs of brainstem compression, but refused surgery and was followed up without treatment. He died of rupture of the aneurysm and underwent autopsy in March 1995. Histological examination of the aneurysm revealed fresh clot in the aneurysmal lumen, old thrombus surrounding the aneurysmal lumen, and more recent hemorrhage between the old thrombus and the inner aneurysmal wall. The most important histological feature was the many clefts containing fresh blood clots in the old thrombus near the wall of the distal neck. These clefts were not lined with endothelial cells, and seemed to connect the lumen of the parent artery with the most peripheral fresh hemorrhage. However, the diameter of each of these clefts is apparently not large enough to transmit the blood pressure of the parent artery. Simple dissection of the aneurysmal wall by blood flow in the lumen through many clefts in the old thrombus of the distal neck may be involved in the growth and rupture of thrombosed giant aneurysms of the vertebral artery. (+info)

Cerebral venous thrombosis: combined intrathrombus rtPA and intravenous heparin. (4/698)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We chose to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined intrathrombus rtPA and intravenous heparin in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). METHODS: We treated 12 patients with symptoms of 1 to 40 days' duration (eg, headache, somnolence, focal deficits, seizures, and nausea and vomiting). Pretreatment MRI disclosed subtle hemorrhagic venous infarction in 4 patients, obvious hemorrhagic infarction in 2, small parenchymal hemorrhage from recent pallidotomy in 1, and no focal lesion in 5. Magnetic resonance venography and contrast venography identified thrombi in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in 3 patients; transverse/sigmoid sinus (TS/SS) in 2; SSS and both TS/SS in 1; SSS and 1 TS/SS in 5; and SSS, 1 TS/SS, and straight sinus in 1 patient. A loading dose of rtPA was instilled throughout the clot at 1 mg/cm, followed by continuous intrathrombus infusion at 1 to 2 mg/h. Intravenous heparin was infused concomitantly. RESULTS: Flow was restored completely in 6 patients and partially in 3, with a mean rtPA dose of 46 mg (range, 23 to 128 mg) at a mean time of 29 hours (range, 13 to 77 hours). Symptoms improved in these 9 patients concomitantly with flow restoration. Flow could not be restored in 3 patients. In 1 of them, treatment was stopped when little progress had been made, and fibrinogen level dropped to 118 mg/dL. In the other 2 patients, hemorrhagic worsening occurred, and treatment was abbreviated after initial rtPA dosing. In 1 of these, the hematoma was evacuated. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience with intrathrombus rtPA in conjunction with intravenous heparin in patients with CVT is encouraging. This therapy should probably be regarded as unsafe in patients with obvious hemorrhage. Time to restore flow may be faster than with urokinase (an average of 71 hours has been reported for 29 documented patients). Further evaluation of rtPA with heparin in CVT is warranted. (+info)

Cerebral injury after cardiac surgery: identification of a group at extraordinary risk. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group (McSPI) and the Ischemia Research Education Foundation (IREF) Investigators. (5/698)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral injury after cardiac surgery is now recognized as a serious and costly healthcare problem mandating immediate attention. To effect solution, those subgroups of patients at greatest risk must be identified, thereby allowing efficient implementation of new clinical strategies. No such subgroup has been identified; however, patients undergoing intracardiac surgery are thought to be at high risk, but comprehensive data regarding specific risk, impact on cost, and discharge disposition are not available. METHODS: We prospectively studied 273 patients enrolled from 24 diverse US medical centers, who were undergoing intracardiac and coronary artery surgery. Patient data were collected using standardized methods and included clinical, historical, specialized testing, neurological outcome and autopsy data, and measures of resource utilization. Adverse outcomes were defined a priori and determined after database closure by a blinded independent panel. Stepwise logistic regression models were developed to estimate the relative risks associated with clinical history and intraoperative and postoperative events. RESULTS: Adverse cerebral outcomes occurred in 16% of patients (43/273), being nearly equally divided between type I outcomes (8.4%; 5 cerebral deaths, 16 nonfatal strokes, and 2 new TIAs) and type II outcomes (7.3%; 17 new intellectual deterioration persisting at hospital discharge and 3 newly diagnosed seizures). Associated resource utilization was significantly increased--prolonging median intensive care unit stay from 3 days (no adverse cerebral outcome) to 8 days (type I; P<0.001) and from 3 to 6 days (type II; P<0.001), and increasing hospitalization by 50% (type II, P=0.04) to 100% (type I, P<0.001). Furthermore, specialized care after hospital discharge was frequently necessary in those with type I outcomes, in that only 31% returned home compared with 85% of patients without cerebral complications (P<0.001). Significant risk factors for type I outcomes related primarily to embolic phenomena, including proximal aortic atherosclerosis, intracardiac thrombus, and intermittent clamping of the aorta during surgery. For type II outcomes, risk factors again included proximal aortic atherosclerosis, as well as a preoperative history of endocarditis, alcohol abuse, perioperative dysrhythmia or poorly controlled hypertension, and the development of a low-output state after cardiopulmonary bypass. CONCLUSIONS: These prospective multicenter findings demonstrate that patients undergoing intracardiac surgery combined with coronary revascularization are at formidable risk, in that 1 in 6 will develop cerebral complications that are frequently costly and devastating. Thus, new strategies for perioperative management--including technical and pharmacological interventions--are now mandated for this subgroup of cardiac surgery patients. (+info)

Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator alters adhesion molecule expression in the ischemic rat brain. (6/698)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that treatment of embolic stroke with recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (rhtPA) alters cerebral expression of adhesion molecules. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion by a single fibrin-rich clot. P-selectin, E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) immunoreactivity was measured at 6 or 24 hours after embolic stroke in control rats and in rats treated with rhtPA at 1 or 4 hours after stroke. To examine the therapeutic efficacy of combined rhtPA and anti-ICAM-1 antibody treatment at 4 hours after embolization, ischemic lesion volumes were measured in rats treated with rhtPA alone, rats treated with rhtPA and anti-ICAM-1 antibody, and nontreated rats. RESULTS: Administration of rhtPA at 1 hour after embolization resulted in a significant reduction of adhesion molecule vascular immunoreactivity after embolization in the ipsilateral hemisphere compared with corresponding control rats. However, when rhtPA was administered to rats at 4 hours after embolization, significant increases of adhesion molecule immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral hemisphere were detected. A significant increase of ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was also detected in the contralateral hemisphere at 24 hours after ischemia. A significant reduction in lesion volume was found in rats treated with the combination of rhtPA and anti-ICAM-1 antibody compared with rats treated only with rhtPA. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the time of initiation of thrombolytic therapy alters vascular immunoreactivity of inflammatory adhesion molecules in the ischemic brain and that therapeutic benefit can be obtained by combining rhtPA and anti-ICAM-1 antibody treatment 4 hours after stroke. (+info)

EEG surveillance as a means of extending operability in high risk carotid endarterectomy. (7/698)

Some patients who have transient ischemic attacks are denied operation because severe occlusive lesions in other extra-cranial arteries may be inappropriately interpreted as constituting an unacceptable surgical risk, or because the lesion is so distal as to make its removal hazardous. Failure of endarterectomy is usually due to incomplete removal of the lesion or to thrombosis upon the frayed intima. Such lesions require excellent visualization and meticulous surgical technique -- not always possible with a shunt. Among 130 consecutive carotid endarterectomies performed under general anesthesia, EEG changes consistent with cerebral ischemia appeared in only nine (7%). These patients required a shunt. In 11 patients normal EEG tracings were obtained during endarterectomy despite contralateral carotid occlusion. None of these patients had a neurological deficit. Continuous EEG monitoring is a reliable method of detecting changes in cerebral perfusion, permits a more meticulous endarterectomy in high-lying lesions without a shunt, and extends operability in high risk patients. Angiographical findings may be an unreliable predictor concerning risk of endarterectomy. (+info)

A prospective study of cerebrovascular disease in Japanese rural communities, Akabane and Asahi. Part 1: evaluation of risk factors in the occurrence of cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis. (8/698)

An epidemiological study of cerebrovascular disease in Akabane and Asahi, Japan, was made. (These cities are located near Nagoy, Japan.) The study population included 4,737 men and women aged 40 to 79 at the time of entry into the study. There were 4,186 persons who were examined and, of these, 264 cases of cerebrovascular attacks were observed between 1964 and 1970. The incidence rate of stroke in those persons not responding to the survey was 15.9 times higher than in those persons examined according to person-year observation in Akabane. The risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage and thrombosis were evaluated by age-adjusted and sex-adjusted relative risks. The predisposing factors to cerebral hemorrhage appeared to be high blood pressure, high left R wave, ST depression, T abnormality, capillary fragility counts, previous medical history of stroke and albuminuria. For cerebral thrombosis, the predisposing factors appeared to be high blood pressure, ST depression and funduscopic sclerotic findings, and those factors assumed to be significant were glycosuria and smoking habits. Ocular funduscopic abnormality was the most prominent risk factor for cerebral thrombosis, while high blood pressure and ECG abnormalities were highly related to cerebral hemorrhage. It was suggested that those subjects with a relatively higher blood pressure may have a higher relative risk of cerebral hemorrhage than those with a lower (normal range) blood pressure. A previous or family history of stroke also appeared significantly related to cerebral hemorrhage. (+info)

Patent foramen ovale (PFO): Deep vein thrombosis may result in paradoxical embolism in patients with PFO. About 40% of patients ... by CT or MRI that is not lacunar No major-risk cardioembolic source of embolism Absence of extracranial or intracranial ... Varicella zoster virus), thrombophilia, cancer-related thrombosis, migraine, Fabry disease and other genetic, autoimmune or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_stroke_of_undetermined_source

Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. "Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, ... June 2014). "Thrombolysis for pulmonary embolism and risk of all-cause mortality, major bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhage: ... Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism Media related to Pulmonary embolism at Wikimedia Commons "Pulmonary Embolism". ... Thomson AJ, Greer IA (April 2015). "Thrombosis and Embolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium, the Acute Management of (Green ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism

... intracranial embolism and thrombosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.400 - intracranial embolism MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.425 - ... intracranial thrombosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.669 - sinus thrombosis, intracranial MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.669.375 - ... lateral sinus thrombosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.669.750 - sagittal sinus thrombosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.535 - intracranial ... intracranial aneurysm MeSH C10.228.140.300.510.200.475 - intracranial arteriosclerosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.510.200.475.500 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C10)

... carotid artery thrombosis MeSH C14.907.253.378.300 - intracranial embolism MeSH C14.907.253.378.350 - intracranial thrombosis ... intracranial embolism and thrombosis MeSH C14.907.355.350.850.213.206 - carotid artery thrombosis MeSH C14.907.355.350.850.213. ... intracranial embolism and thrombosis MeSH C14.907.355.830.850.213.206 - carotid artery thrombosis MeSH C14.907.355.830.850.213. ... 300 - intracranial embolism MeSH C14.907.355.350.850.213.350 - intracranial thrombosis MeSH C14.907.355.350.850.213.669 - sinus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(C14)

Between 5% and 10% of all in hospital deaths are due to pulmonary embolism (as a consequence of thrombosis). Estimates of the ... abortion ectopic pregnancy molar pregnancy pregnancy childbirth and the puerperium coronary portal vein thrombosis intracranial ... "Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism, Chapter 2, Travelers' Health". CDC. Retrieved 2016-12-25. This article incorporates ... Hospital admissions in the US for pulmonary embolism are 200,000 to 300,000 yearly. Thrombosis that develops into DVT will ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis_prevention

A collapsed lung Thrombosis (myocardial infarction) - A heart attack Thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism) - A blood clot in the ... The most common non-cardiac causes are trauma, major bleeding (gastrointestinal bleeding, aortic rupture, or intracranial ... Embolism, or clotting, of the coronary arteries most commonly occurs from septic emboli secondary to endocarditis with ... Thrombolytics may cause harm but may be of benefit in those with a confirmed pulmonary embolism as the cause of arrest. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

... which may travel to the arteries within the brain and cause an embolism. The embolism prevents blood flow to the brain, which ... Intracranial aneurysms are a leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage, or bleeding around the brain within the subarachnoid ... Dissections within the carotid arteries or vertebral arteries may compromise blood flow to the brain due to thrombosis, and ... Edema, or swelling, of the brain may occur which increases intracranial pressure and may result in brain herniation. A stroke ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease

The terms septic aneurysm and septic embolism and septic arteritis are also commonly used. However, the word septic refers to ... Other common sources include cavernous sinus thrombosis, bacterial meningitis, poor dental hygiene and intravenous drug use. ... An infectious intracranial aneurysm (IIA, also called mycotic aneurysm) is a cerebral aneurysm that is caused by infection of ... At the same time, we prefer the use of a more specific and accurate heading, namely, infected intracranial aneurysm, to include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_intracranial_aneurysm

Intracranial hemorrhage is the accumulation of blood anywhere within the skull vault. A distinction is made between intra-axial ... There are four reasons why this might happen: Thrombosis (obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally) ... Embolism (obstruction due to an embolus from elsewhere in the body, see below), Systemic hypoperfusion (general decrease in ... Stam J (April 2005). "Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (17): 1791- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_stroke

Central cyanosis may be due to the following causes: Central nervous system (impairing normal ventilation): Intracranial ... deep vein thrombosis) Differential cyanosis is the bluish coloration of the lower but not the upper extremity and the head. ... Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Hypoventilation Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD (emphysema) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis

... in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Thrombosis Research. 133 (3): 357-63. doi ... Adverse effects of alteplase include symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and fatal intracranial hemorrhage. Angioedema is ... As of 2019, alteplase is the most commonly used medication to treat pulmonary embolism (PE). Alteplase has a short infusion ... Alteplase has also been used off-label for deep vein thrombosis, peripheral artery disease, pleural effusion in children, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteplase

... central retinal and branch vein thrombosis; priapism; pulmonary hypertension of embolic origin; embolism after insertion of ... Ancrod showed modest benefits but a trend toward increased intracranial haemorrhage. A clinical trial published in 2006 found ... and thrombosis. A small study compared to ancrod to heparin in preventing thrombosis when given to people undergoing arterial ... It is also indicated for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after repair of the fractured neck of a femur. For the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancrod

There are two major types of VTE: deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. DVT is often found in the calf, ... Common types of aneurysm include abdominal aortic aneurysm, thoracic aortic aneurysm and intracranial aneurysm. Most types of ... Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 23 (12): 2155-2163. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000097770.66965.2A. PMID 14512371. Flather, Marcus D ... "Venous thrombosis". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 1 (1): 15006. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.6. PMID 27189130. S2CID 24689285. Furie ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel_disorder

... for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in people ... It has similar efficacy to warfarin and is associated with a lower risk of intracranial bleeding, but unlike warfarin there is ... 2013). "Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis ... but lower the risk of intracranial bleeding: insights from a meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparisons". PLOS ONE. 8 (10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention. DVTs may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in knee or hip replacement surgery patients. ... in preventing non-hemorrhagic stroke in people with atrial fibrillation and are associated with lower risk of intracranial ... "U.S. FDA Approves Eliquis (apixaban) for the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE), and for the ... On 13 March 2014, it was approved for the additional indication of preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apixaban

452 Portal vein thrombosis 453 Other venous embolism and thrombosis 453.4 Deep vein thrombosis, unspec. 453.41 Deep vein ... Cerebral aneurysm nonruptured 437.4 Cerebral arteritis 437.5 Moyamoya disease 437.6 Nonpyogenic thrombosis of intracranial ... thrombosis, proximal 453.42 Deep vein thrombosis, distal 453.9 Venous embolism, unspec. site 454 Varicose veins of lower ... Cerebral thrombosis without cerebral infarction 434.01 Cerebral thrombosis with cerebral infarction 434.1 Cerebral embolism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes_390–459:_diseases_of_the_circulatory_system

The risk of deep vein thrombosis may be the most pressing medical complication.[citation needed] Deep vein thrombosis can be ... They have also rewarmed patients at too fast a rate, leading to spikes in intracranial pressure. Some of the new models have ... This condition may become potentially fatal if the clot travels to the lungs and causes a pulmonary embolism. Another potential ... The use of hypothermia to control intracranial pressure (ICP) after an ischemic stroke was found to be both safe and practical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_temperature_management

Decreased activity leads to hypofibrinolysis, which can result in thrombosis or embolism. In ischemic stroke patients, ... However a significant mortality rate was noted, mostly from intracranial haemorrhage at 7 days, but later mortality was not ... If pulmonary embolism causes severe instability due to high pressure on the heart ("massive PE") and leads to low blood ... Pulmonary embolism (blood clots that have moved to the lung arteries) is usually treated with heparin generally followed by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_plasminogen_activator

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. "Intracranial venous thrombosis - Patient UK". UCH ... Diaz JM, Schiffman JS, Urban ES, Maccario M (1992). "Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a syndrome ... Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis or cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), is the ... Thrombosis of the sinuses is the main mechanism behind the increase in intracranial pressure due to decreased resorption of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis

Intracranial aneurysms are rare in childhood, with over 95% of all aneurysms occurring in adults.: 235 Incidence rates are two ... Blood clots can dislodge from the aneurysm, which can then lead to an embolism when the clot gets stuck and disrupts blood flow ... Aneurysms can also be a nidus (starting point) for clot formation (thrombosis) and embolization. As an aneurysm increases in ... Lv X, Yang H, Liu P, Li Y (February 2016). "Flow-diverter devices in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: A meta-analysis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm

Other symptoms include those that indicate a rise in intracranial pressure caused by a large mass (due to hematoma expansion) ... A very small proportion is due to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.[citation needed] Risk factors for ICH include: Hypertension ... and cerebral embolism (30%). Intracerebral hemorrhage was first distinguished from strokes due to insufficient blood flow, so ... "Brain Bleed/Hemorrhage (Intracranial Hemorrhage): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment". Naidich, Thomas P.; Castillo, Mauricio; Cha, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage

... thrombosis or embolism due to atherosclerosis of a large artery, (2) an embolism originating in the heart, (3) complete ... and vomiting usually occur more often in hemorrhagic stroke than in thrombosis because of the increased intracranial pressure ... In paradoxical embolism, a deep vein thrombosis embolizes through an atrial or ventricular septal defect in the heart into the ... Two types of thrombosis can cause stroke: Large vessel disease involves the common and internal carotid arteries, the vertebral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke

... massive pulmonary embolism or extensive deep vein thrombosis).[citation needed] The main complication is bleeding (which can be ... known intracranial arteriovenous malformation or previously known intracranial neoplasm Suspected recent (within 30 days) ... Massive pulmonary embolism. For the treatment of a massive pulmonary embolism, catheter-directed therapy is a safer and more ... Severe deep vein thrombosis (DVT), such as phlegmasia cerulea dolens, which threatens limb loss, or iliofemoral DVT, where ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombolysis

In-situ thrombosis, an obstruction that forms directly in the cerebral vasculature unlike the remote embolism previously ... CT, however, is more widely available and can be used particularly to rule out intracranial hemorrhage. Diffusion sequences can ... Embolisms can originate from multiple parts of the body. Common mechanisms of stroke and TIA: The initial clinical evaluation ... There are three major mechanisms of ischemia in the brain: embolism traveling to the brain, in situ thrombotic occlusion in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack

... and to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in some circumstances. It appears to be as effective as warfarin in ... including intracranial bleeds, but the rate of gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly higher. Dabigatran capsules contain ... as well as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in persons who have been treated for 5-10 days with parenteral ... valve thrombosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction) and major bleeding associated with dabigatran in this population. The most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabigatran

Infections within the intracranial cavity are a dangerous complication of TBI. They may occur outside of the dura mater, below ... Being unconscious and lying still for long periods can cause blood clots to form (deep venous thrombosis), which can cause ... pulmonary embolism. Other serious complications for patients who are unconscious, in a coma, or in a vegetative state include ... This in turn can create the following potential life-threatening symptoms: increased intra-cranial pressure (ICP), tachycardia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_traumatic_brain_injury

Approximately 36.6% of ischaemic strokes are caused by an embolism. Embolisms are an obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain ... In 21.4% of cases, ischaemic strokes are caused by thrombosis. A thrombus is a blood clot which forms in a cerebral blood ... In a similar manner to Streptokinase, Alteplase increases the risk of intracranial haemorrhage, however, mortality rate is not ... Stam, J. (2005-04-28). "Thrombosis of the Cerebral Veins and Sinuses". New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (17): 1791-1798. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrainous_infarction

... thrombosis or embolism due to atherosclerosis of a large artery, (2) embolism of cardiac origin, (3) occlusion of a small blood ... of intra-cranial stenting in symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis, the rate of technical success (reduction to stenosis ... Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Unusual causes such as gas embolism from rapid ascents in scuba diving. Even in cases where ... The disruption to blood supply can come from many causes, including: Thrombosis (obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_infarction

Thrombosis Research. 109 (5-6): 241-46. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(03)00240-8. PMID 12818245. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI (2007 ... yet still had a similar risk of intracranial hemorrhage. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Dabigatran (" ... cardiovascular death and systemic embolism. The left atrial appendage can also be surgically amputated, sutured or stapled ... find a better method of implementing warfarin therapy without the inconvenience of regular monitoring and risk of intracranial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_atrial_fibrillation

... and deep venous thrombosis, which can cause pulmonary embolism. Infections that can follow skull fractures and penetrating ... and raised intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull). Intracranial pressure may rise due to swelling or a mass ... For intracranial hematomas, the collected blood may be removed using suction or forceps or it may be floated off with water. ... A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

Lanska D J, Kryscio R J (2000) Risk factors for peripartum and postpartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis. Stroke 31 ... Arterial occlusion may be due to thrombi, amniotic fragments or air embolism. Postpartum cerebral angiopathy is a transitory ... Kalbag R M, Woolf A L (1967) Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, with Special Reference to Primary Aseptic Thrombosis. Oxford, Oxford ... Puerperal women are liable to thrombosis, especially thrombophlebitis of the leg and pelvic veins; aseptic thrombi can also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis

CPA has been associated rarely with retinal vascular disorder, retinal vein thrombosis, and optic neuritis. A case report of ... Deipolyi AR, Han SJ, Parsa AT (October 2010). "Development of a symptomatic intracranial meningioma in a male-to-female ... "Venous thrombo-embolism as a complication of cross-sex hormone treatment of male-to-female transsexual subjects: a review". ... In addition, progestogens by themselves at physiological doses normally do not increase the risk of thrombosis. The Women's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate

... such as pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis, with either pharmaceutical (TPA) or mechanical means. IVC filters: ... International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators (1998-12-10). "Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms - Risk ... Intracranial aneurysms arise in the arterial supply of the brain. Endovascular approaches to treatment include stenting and ... Vascular narrowing, thrombosis, aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms are commonly encountered complications over the life of an AVF or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_radiology

Liver and kidney function tests are often abnormal.[citation needed] Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein can be displayed ... intracranial abscesses, meningitis). Production of bacterial toxins such as lipopolysaccharide leads to secretion of cytokines ... rather than the macroembolic clot burden more typical of acute pulmonary embolism, are responsible for the pulmonary findings ... "Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination, Complications". "Lemierre syndrome" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemierre's_syndrome

... and embolism (migration) of these clots of the brain. From various lines of evidence, it appears that thrombosis and embolism ... and intracranial (the part inside the skull). Head pain occurs in 50-75% of all cases of vertebral artery dissection. It tends ... Kim YK, Schulman S (April 2009). "Cervical artery dissection: pathology, epidemiology and management". Thrombosis Research. 123 ... irregularities in the vessel wall and turbulence increase the risk of thrombosis (the formation of blood clots) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_artery_dissection

Case reports of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, jaundice, intrahepatic cholestasis, and meningiomas in association ... Gruber TJ, Fabiano AJ, Deeb G, Lele SB, Fenstermaker RA (November 2011). "Intracranial meningiomas in patients with uterine ... including deep vein thrombosis, toxic reactions with impaired renal function, and mortality. Megestrol acetate is the generic ... case reviews and associated deep vein thrombosis". Consult Pharm. 18 (9): 764-73. PMID 16563066. Foitl DR, Hyman G, Lefkowitch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megestrol_acetate

... a stroke is classified as being due to Thrombosis or embolism due to atherosclerosis of a large artery Embolism of cardiac ... While intracranial artery stenting is used for same side stroke prevention, basilar artery stenting may help to improve ... Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin, as well as anticoagulants, are used to help prevent blood clots and therefore embolisms, ... There are several causes of ischemia, including embolism and atherosclerosis. There are several conditions that can predispose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed_stroke

Pulmonary embolism occurs due as a result of deep vein thrombosis, in which blood clots form in the deep veins of the ... idiopathic intracranial hypertension, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Blount disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, ... Sapala, James A.; Wood, Michael H.; Schuhknecht, Michael P.; Sapala, M. Andrew (2003-12-01). "Fatal Pulmonary Embolism after ... Pulmonary embolism is another common adverse complication of bariatric surgery. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariatric_surgery

I: a new experimental model of cerebral embolism in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischemic area". Jpn J ... "Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis". Ann Neurol. 17 (5): 497-504. doi:10.1002/ ... neck tourniquet or cuff Cardiac arrest Incomplete global ischemia Hemorrhage or hypotension Hypoxic ischemia Intracranial ... diffuse embolism [6]. However, the quality of MCAO - and thus the volume of brain infarcts - is very variable, a fact which is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_model_of_ischemic_stroke

A meta-analysis of 13 randomised controlled trials". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 105 (4): 579-85. doi:10.1160/TH10-11-0729. ... reduction in relative risk of developing a deep vein clot or pulmonary embolism. The beneficial effect was strongest is the ... intracranial hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia. A 2003 Cochrane review concluded that vitamin E ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E

Other forms of thrombosis, such as the more common pulmonary embolism, may also occur. Arterial thrombosis has also been ... showing an independent association between baseline platelet count and the presence of intracranial hemorrhage. The study ... cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombosis of the splanchnic veins. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis may cause severe ... Capecchi M, Abbattista M, Martinelli I (October 2018). "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis". Journal of Thrombosis and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination

Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / diagnostic imaging * Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / therapy* * Male ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7731503/?dopt=Abstract

Categories: Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Intracranial+Embolism+and+Thrombosis&parentid=5859&catid=5811

Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis [C14.907.253.566]. *Intracranial Thrombosis [C14.907.253.566.350]. *Sinus Thrombosis, ... Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial [C14.907.355.830.850.213.350.500]. *Lateral Sinus Thrombosis [C14.907.355.830.850.213.350.500. ... "Lateral Sinus Thrombosis" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Osteomyelitis, lateral sinus thrombosis, and temporal lobe infarction caused by infection of a percutaneous cochlear implant. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Lateral%20Sinus%20Thrombosis

... deep vein thrombosis (2.81; 2.04-3.87), pulmonary embolism (2.10; 1.53-2.89), intracranial hemorrhage (2.85; 1.35-6.03), acute ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v12issue38.html

Intracranial Embolism C14.907.355.350.850.213.300 C14.907.355.590.213.300. Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis C14.907.355.350 ... Intracranial Thrombosis C14.907.355.350.850.213.350 C14.907.355.590.213.350. Intradermal Tests E5.478.594.800.300. Intralaminar ... Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial C10.228.140.300.525.669 C10.228.140.300.525.425.500. C14.907.253.566.586 C14.907.253.566.350.500 ... Embolism, Cholesterol C14.907.355.350.404 C14.907.355.350.454.500. Embolism, Paradoxical C14.907.355.350.850.400 C14.907. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2008.htm

Intracranial Embolism MeSH Thrombosis MeSH DeCS ID:. 59375 Unique ID:. D000083242 Documents indexed in the Virtual Health ... Cryptogenic Embolism Stroke Cryptogenic Embolism Strokes Cryptogenic Ischemic Strokes Cryptogenic Stroke Cryptogenic Strokes ... Embolism Stroke, Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke, Cryptogenic Stroke, Cryptogenic Stroke, Cryptogenic Embolism Stroke, Cryptogenic ... Cryptogenic Embolism Stroke. Cryptogenic Embolism Strokes. Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke. Cryptogenic Ischemic Strokes. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths?filter=ths_exact_term&q=AVC+Isqu%C3%AAmico