Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease
Malta
Malabsorption Syndromes
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Immunoglobulin alpha-Chains
Sprue, Tropical
Intestinal Mucosa
Intestine, Small
Crohn Disease
Communicable Diseases
Intestines
Dysentery
Feces
Celiac Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Caliciviridae Infections
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Gastroenteritis
Diarrhea
Norovirus
England
Campylobacter
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
Wales
Clostridium difficile
Ileum
Colitis, Ulcerative
Campylobacter jejuni
Jejunum
Colitis
Probiotics
Colon
Biopsy
Incidence
Cohort Studies
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Disease Models, Animal
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Parasitic Diseases
Encyclopedias as Topic
Protozoan Infections
Helminths
Parasites
Persistent damage to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with persistent symptomatic relief, after combined furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. (1/790)
AIM: To investigate morphological changes in Enterocytozoon bieneusi and the duration of symptomatic relief after combination treatment with furazolidone and albendazole in AIDS patients. METHODS: Four severely immunocompromised AIDS patients with symptomatic E bieneusi infection of the gut received an 18 day course of combined furazolidone and albendazole (500 + 800 mg daily). All patients were monitored for parasite shedding in stool by light microscopy at the end of treatment and monthly during follow up. At the end of treatment, duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from three patients were studied by transmission electron microscopy by two pathologists blind to the patients' treatment or clinical outcome. Duodenal biopsy specimens obtained from one of the patients two months after completion of treatment were also studied electronmicroscopically. RESULTS: All patients had long lasting symptomatic relief, with a major decrease--or transient absence--of spore shedding in stools from completion of treatment. After treatment, changes in faecal spores were persistently found by light microscopy in all cases, and there was evidence of both a substantial decrease in the parasite load and ultrastructural damage in the parasite in all biopsy specimens. The treatment was well tolerated, and no patient had clinical or parasitological relapse during follow up (up to 15 months). CONCLUSIONS: The long lasting symptomatic relief observed in all four treated patients correlated with the persistent decrease in parasite load both in tissue and in stool, and with the morphological changes observed in the life cycle of the protozoan. These data suggest that combined treatment with furazolidone and albendazole is active against E bieneusi and may result in lasting remission even in severely immunocompromised patients. (+info)A powerful DNA extraction method and PCR for detection of microsporidia in clinical stool specimens. (2/790)
The diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis has traditionally depended on direct visualization of the parasite in stool specimens or intestinal biopsy samples by light and/or electron microscopy. Limited information about the specificity and sensitivity of PCR for the detection microsporidia in clinical stool specimens is available. To establish a sensitive and specific method for the detection of microsporidia in clinical samples, we studied clinical stool specimens of 104 randomly selected human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with diarrhea to compare light microscopy and PCR. Fluorochrome Uvitex 2B staining was used for light microscopy. To raise the sensitivity of PCR, we used a powerful and fast DNA extraction method including stool sedimentation, glass bead disruption, and proteinase K and chitinase digestion. PCR was performed with primer pairs V1-PMP2, V1-EB450, and V1-SI500, and the nature of the PCR products was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Microsporidiosis was diagnosed by light microscopy in eight patients. Ten patients tested positive for microsporidiosis by PCR. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was found in seven cases, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis was found in four cases. In one case a double infection with E. bieneusi and E. intestinalis was diagnosed by PCR, whereas light microscopy showed only E. bieneusi infection. PCR testing of stool specimens is useful for diagnosis and species differentiation of intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV patients. (+info)Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections with special reference to Entamoeba histolytica on the island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). (3/790)
The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was assessed (1993 through 1995) among two different groups of persons on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. In the first group, parasitologic examinations were performed on stool specimens from a household-based sample of 557 dwellers from the rural area of the island. In the second group, 1,633 inpatients and outpatients at the General Hospital of Malabo (the capital of the country) were studied. All age groups were represented in both groups. The average prevalence of the most common protozoan and helminthic intestinal infections in rural and urban areas, respectively, was as follows: Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (14.9% and 32.7%, respectively), Giardia lamblia (7.2% and 8.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (45.8% and 31.4%), and Trichuris trichiura (25.7% and 36.4%). Seventy-nine sera from patients with amebic liver abscess (suspected by ultrasonography) were studied by an immunohemagglutination assay, with 44 (56%) showing anti-E. histolytica titers > or = 1:32. Of these 79 sera, 71 were studied by an enzyme immunoassay, 86% of which were positive with titers > or = 1:64. This study showed that parasitic infections in Equatorial Guinea represent a major health problem. (+info)The cost effectiveness of strategies for the treatment of intestinal parasites in immigrants. (4/790)
BACKGROUND: Currently, more than 600,000 immigrants enter the United States each year from countries where intestinal parasites are endemic. At entry persons with parasitic infections may be asymptomatic, and stool examinations are not a sensitive method of screening for parasitosis. Albendazole is a new, broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug, which was approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration. International trials have shown albendazole to be safe and effective in eradicating many parasites. In the United States there is now disagreement about whether to screen all immigrants for parasites, treat all immigrants presumptively, or do nothing unless they have symptoms. METHODS: We compared the costs and benefits of no preventive intervention (watchful waiting) with those of universal screening or presumptive treatment with 400 mg of albendazole per day for five days. Those at risk were defined as immigrants to the United States from Asia, the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Cost effectiveness was expressed both in terms of the cost of treatment per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted (one DALY is defined as the loss of one year of healthy life to disease) and in terms of the cost per hospitalization averted. RESULTS: As compared with watchful waiting, presumptive treatment of all immigrants at risk for parasitosis would avert at least 870 DALYs, prevent at least 33 deaths and 374 hospitalizations, and save at least $4.2 million per year. As compared with watchful waiting, screening would cost $159,236 per DALY averted. CONCLUSIONS: Presumptive administration of albendazole to all immigrants at risk for parasitosis would save lives and money. Universal screening, with treatment of persons with positive stool examinations, would save lives but is less cost effective than presumptive treatment. (+info)Suppression of giardiasis during the intestinal phase of trichinosis in the mouse. (5/790)
The interaction of the intestinal phases of Giardia muris and Trichinella spiralis was investigated in Swiss albino mice. Intraoesophageal inoculation of G. muris cysts seven days before, or seven days after, similar inoculation of T. spiralis larvae resulted in significant reduction in the numbers of Giardia trophozoites in small bowel and Giardia cysts in stools. This effect was not observed when G. muris cysts were administered after resolution of the intestinal phase of trichinosis. Giardiasis had no effect on trichinosis as assessed by numbers of adult worms in small bowel and larvae in skeletal muscles. Studies of small bowel morphology showed that the intestinal phase of trichinosis was associated with increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, a significant increase in Paneth cells in crypts, and a marked reduction in the villus:crypt ratio of jejunum. These observations suggest that the intestinal phase of trichinosis induced environmental changes in small bowel, perhaps related to inflammation, which resulted in suppression of proliferation of Giardia trophozoites. (+info)A case of gastric pseudoterranoviasis in a 43-year-old man in Korea. (6/790)
A case of Pseudoterranova decipiens infection was found in a 43-year-old man by gastroendoscopic examination on August 20, 1996. On August 6, 1996, he visited a local clinic, complaining of epigastric pain two days after eating raw marine fishes. Although the symptoms were relieved soon, endoscopic examination was done for differential diagnosis. A white, live nematode larva was removed from the fundus of the stomach. The larva was 38.3 x 1.0 mm in size and had a cecum reaching to the mid-level of the ventriculus. A lot of transverse striations were regularly arranged on the cuticle of its body surface, but the boring tooth and mucron were not observed at both ends of the worm. The worm was identified as the 4th stage larva of P. decipiens. (+info)Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia. (7/790)
BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasitism is common among children in developing countries, but the risk factors for infection are not well characterized. METHODS: A stool examination was performed on 286 randomly selected children aged 1-18 years from three rural villages in Guinea, Africa. Information collected by questionnaire was used to examine the relationship between geophagia and infection with intestinal nematodes acquired by ingestion versus skin penetration. RESULTS: Fifty-three per cent of children were infected by at least one type of soil-transmitted nematode. Geophagia was reported by parents to occur in 57%, 53%, and 43%, of children ages 1-5, 6-10, and 11-18 years, respectively. The pattern of geophagia by age and gender of the children more closely resembled the infection pattern for the two orally acquired and soil-transmitted nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura) than it did the infection pattern for the two soil-transmitted nematodes that infect by skin penetration (hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that geophagia is an important risk factor for orally acquired nematode infections in African children. Education regarding geophagia prevention should be an integral component of any soil-transmitted parasite control programme. (+info)Development of a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic assay for Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonid fish. (8/790)
A diagnostic procedure based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta. Three sets of oligonucleotide primers were designed to specifically amplify C. shasta ribosomal RNA genes and several parameters of the assay were tested and optimised. A simple protocol for the processing of fish tissue samples was also developed. In a single round, 20 microliters volume reaction the optimised procedure allows the detection of 50 fg of purified C. shasta genomic DNA, or 0.01 spore from a seeded fish intestine sample. This protocol is considerably faster, cheaper and more reliable than any previous diagnostic procedure for a myxosporean parasite, and can be an invaluable tool for the monitoring of early and/or subclinical C. shasta infections in wild and cultured salmon populations. (+info)Intestinal diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the function or structure of the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or both. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. They can be caused by infections, inflammation, genetic disorders, or other factors. Some examples of intestinal diseases include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal infections. The specific medical definition may vary depending on the context and the specific condition being referred to.
Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease (IPSID) is a rare condition primarily affecting the small intestine. It is characterized by an excessive proliferation of immune cells, particularly plasma cells, in the lining of the small intestine. This leads to thickening of the intestinal wall, impaired absorption of nutrients, and various gastrointestinal symptoms. IPSID is often associated with a specific type of abnormal protein, called an alpha-defensin, in the stool. It's also known as alpha-defensin enteropathy or Mediterranean lymphoma. The exact cause of IPSID is not fully understood, but it may be linked to chronic antigenic stimulation, such as that caused by certain bacterial infections.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malta" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southern Europe, consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
Enteritis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the small intestine. The small intestine is responsible for digesting and absorbing nutrients from food, so inflammation in this area can interfere with these processes and lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Enteritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections, parasites, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to toxins. In some cases, the cause of enteritis may be unknown. Treatment for enteritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs, anti-inflammatory medications, or supportive care such as fluid replacement therapy.
Malabsorption syndromes refer to a group of disorders in which the small intestine is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, leading to various gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms. This can result from a variety of underlying conditions, including:
1. Mucosal damage: Conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or bacterial overgrowth that cause damage to the lining of the small intestine, impairing nutrient absorption.
2. Pancreatic insufficiency: A lack of digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas can lead to poor breakdown and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Examples include chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis.
3. Bile acid deficiency: Insufficient bile acids, which are necessary for fat emulsification and absorption, can result in steatorrhea (fatty stools) and malabsorption. This may occur due to liver dysfunction, gallbladder removal, or ileal resection.
4. Motility disorders: Abnormalities in small intestine motility can affect nutrient absorption, as seen in conditions like gastroparesis, intestinal pseudo-obstruction, or scleroderma.
5. Structural abnormalities: Congenital or acquired structural defects of the small intestine, such as short bowel syndrome, may lead to malabsorption.
6. Infections: Certain bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections can cause transient malabsorption by damaging the intestinal mucosa or altering gut flora.
Symptoms of malabsorption syndromes may include diarrhea, steatorrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, radiologic imaging, and sometimes endoscopic procedures to identify the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the specific etiology and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Parasitic intestinal diseases are disorders caused by microscopic parasites that invade the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the small intestine. These parasites include protozoa (single-celled organisms) and helminths (parasitic worms). The most common protozoan parasites that cause intestinal disease are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Common helminthic parasites include roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), tapeworms (Taenia saginata and Taenia solium), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis).
Parasitic intestinal diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. The severity and duration of the symptoms depend on the type of parasite, the number of organisms present, and the immune status of the host.
Transmission of these parasites can occur through various routes, including contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and contact with contaminated soil or feces. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet and before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood.
Treatment of parasitic intestinal diseases typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications that target the specific parasite causing the infection. In some cases, supportive care such as fluid replacement and symptom management may also be necessary.
Diverticulitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula, which are small pouches that form in the wall of the colon (large intestine). The condition most commonly affects the sigmoid colon, which is the part of the colon located in the lower left abdomen.
Diverticulitis occurs when these pouches become inflamed or infected, often as a result of a small piece of stool or undigested food getting trapped inside them. This can cause symptoms such as:
* Severe abdominal pain and tenderness, particularly in the lower left side of the abdomen
* Fever and chills
* Nausea and vomiting
* Constipation or diarrhea
* Bloating and gas
* Loss of appetite
Diverticulitis can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, it may require hospitalization and surgery. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as a liquid diet to allow the colon to rest and heal. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected portion of the colon.
Immunoglobulin alpha-chains (IgA) are a type of immunoglobulin or antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are composed of two heavy chains, known as alpha-chains, and two light chains. IgA is primarily found in secretions such as tears, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory and intestinal mucus, where they provide protection against pathogens that enter the body through these surfaces.
IgA can exist in two forms: a monomeric form, which consists of a single IgA molecule, and a polymeric form, which consists of several IgA molecules joined together by a J chain. The polymeric form is more common in secretions, where it provides an effective barrier against pathogens.
IgA functions by binding to antigens on the surface of pathogens, preventing them from attaching to and infecting host cells. It can also neutralize toxins produced by some bacteria and viruses. Additionally, IgA can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to destroy pathogens, and initiate an immune response by recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection.
Deficiencies in IgA are relatively common and usually do not cause any significant health problems. However, in some cases, people with IgA deficiency may develop recurrent infections or allergies.
Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disorder that is most commonly found in tropical or subtropical regions. It is characterized by symptoms such as chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue, which are caused by the impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
The exact cause of tropical sprue is not known, but it is thought to be related to an infection or other environmental factor that damages the lining of the small intestine. This damage can interfere with the absorption of nutrients, particularly fat-soluble vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B12, iron, and folate.
Tropical sprue is typically treated with a combination of antibiotics to eliminate any potential infectious causes, as well as a diet that is high in nutrients and low in fat. In severe cases, supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients may be necessary. With appropriate treatment, most people with tropical sprue are able to recover and manage their symptoms.
The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.
The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.
In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.
The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.
The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.
Campylobacter infections are illnesses caused by the bacterium *Campylobacter jejuni* or other species of the genus *Campylobacter*. These bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals, particularly birds, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.
The most common symptom of Campylobacter infection is diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe and may be bloody. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness usually lasts about a week, but in some cases, it can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.
Campylobacter infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but in mild cases, they may resolve on their own without treatment. Prevention measures include cooking meat thoroughly, washing hands and surfaces that come into contact with raw meat, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and untreated water, and handling pets, particularly birds and reptiles, with care.
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition.
The specific causes of Crohn's disease are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. The disease can affect people of any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in young adults between the ages of 15 and 35.
There is no cure for Crohn's disease, but treatments such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the disease, as well as the individual patient's needs and preferences.
Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are illnesses that can be transmitted from one person to another through various modes of transmission. These modes include:
1. Direct contact: This occurs when an individual comes into physical contact with an infected person, such as touching or shaking hands, or having sexual contact.
2. Indirect contact: This happens when an individual comes into contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, like doorknobs, towels, or utensils.
3. Airborne transmission: Infectious agents can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings, releasing droplets containing the pathogen into the environment. These droplets can then be inhaled by nearby individuals.
4. Droplet transmission: Similar to airborne transmission, but involving larger respiratory droplets that don't remain suspended in the air for long periods and typically travel shorter distances (usually less than 6 feet).
5. Vector-borne transmission: This occurs when an infected animal or insect, such as a mosquito or tick, transmits the disease to a human through a bite or other means.
Examples of communicable diseases include COVID-19, influenza, tuberculosis, measles, hepatitis B, and malaria. Preventive measures for communicable diseases often involve public health initiatives like vaccination programs, hygiene promotion, and vector control strategies.
The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.
The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.
The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.
Dysentery is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the intestine, particularly the colon, leading to severe diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and/or pus. It is typically caused by infectious agents such as bacteria (like Shigella, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli) or parasites (such as Entamoeba histolytica). The infection can be acquired through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms may also include abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential complications.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder in which the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, leads to damage in the small intestine. In people with celiac disease, their immune system reacts to gluten by attacking the lining of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and destruction of the villi - finger-like projections that help absorb nutrients from food.
This damage can result in various symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, anemia, and malnutrition. Over time, if left untreated, celiac disease can lead to serious health complications, including osteoporosis, infertility, neurological disorders, and even certain types of cancer.
The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which involves avoiding all foods, beverages, and products that contain gluten. With proper management, individuals with celiac disease can lead healthy lives and prevent further intestinal damage and related health complications.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The two main types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Crohn's disease can cause inflammation in any part of the digestive system, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine (the ileum) and/or the colon. The inflammation caused by Crohn's disease often spreads deep into the layers of affected bowel tissue.
Ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, is limited to the colon, specifically the innermost lining of the colon. It causes long-lasting inflammation and sores (ulcers) in the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
Symptoms can vary depending on the severity and location of inflammation but often include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and reduced appetite. IBD is not the same as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which is a functional gastrointestinal disorder.
The exact cause of IBD remains unknown, but it's thought to be a combination of genetic factors, an abnormal immune response, and environmental triggers. There is no cure for IBD, but treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce inflammation, potentially leading to long-term remission.
Intestinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissues of the intestines, which can be benign or malignant. These growths are called neoplasms and they result from uncontrolled cell division. In the case of intestinal neoplasms, these growths occur in the small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, or appendix.
Benign intestinal neoplasms are not cancerous and often do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to obstruct the intestines or cause bleeding. Common types of benign intestinal neoplasms include polyps, leiomyomas, and lipomas.
Malignant intestinal neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant intestinal neoplasm is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells lining the inside of the intestines. Other types of malignant intestinal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinoid tumors.
Symptoms of intestinal neoplasms can vary depending on their size, location, and type. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The most well-known human calicivirus is norovirus, which is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide.
Calicivirus infections typically cause symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is usually self-limiting and lasts for a few days, but in some cases, it can lead to dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.
Norovirus is highly contagious and can spread through close contact with an infected person, consumption of contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Prevention measures include frequent handwashing, proper food handling and preparation, and cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.
There is no specific treatment for calicivirus infections, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Treatment is generally supportive and includes hydration to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid replacement and monitoring.
Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
Common gastrointestinal diseases include:
1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Gastroenteritis is not a medical condition itself, but rather a symptom-based description of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily involving the stomach and intestines. It's often referred to as "stomach flu," although it's not caused by influenza virus.
Medically, gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, usually resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral (like rotavirus or norovirus), bacterial (such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli), or parasitic infections, food poisoning, allergies, or the use of certain medications.
Gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and resolves within a few days with proper hydration and rest. However, severe cases may require medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.
Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often referred to as the "stomach flu" or "winter vomiting bug." Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It can spread easily through contaminated food or water, contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated surfaces. Norovirus outbreaks are common in closed settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and cruise ships. The virus is hardy and can survive for weeks on surfaces, making it difficult to eliminate. It is also resistant to many disinfectants. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection other than managing symptoms and staying hydrated. Vaccines are under development but not yet available.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "England" is not a medical term or concept. It is one of the four constituent countries that make up the United Kingdom, along with Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England is located in the southern part of Great Britain, which is the largest island of the British Isles.
If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
'Campylobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds and mammals. These bacteria are a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness worldwide, with Campylobacter jejuni being the most frequently identified species associated with human infection.
Campylobacter infection, also known as campylobacteriosis, typically causes symptoms such as diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. The infection is usually acquired through the consumption of contaminated food or water, particularly undercooked poultry, raw milk, and contaminated produce. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected animals or their feces.
While most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting and resolve within a week without specific treatment, severe or prolonged infections may require antibiotic therapy. In rare cases, Campylobacter infection can lead to serious complications such as bacteremia (bacterial bloodstream infection), meningitis, or Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis.
Preventive measures include proper food handling and cooking techniques, thorough handwashing, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants. It is characterized by the inflammation and death of intestinal tissue, which can lead to perforations (holes) in the bowel wall. Here's a brief medical definition:
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEK-roh-tiz-ing en-ter-koh-li-TIE-tis): A gastrointestinal emergency in which the inner lining of the intestinal wall undergoes necrosis (tissue death) due to inflammation, often affecting premature infants. The condition may result in bowel perforations, sepsis, and other systemic complications, requiring surgical intervention and intensive care management.
The exact cause of NEC is not fully understood, but it's thought to be associated with factors such as prematurity, formula feeding, intestinal immaturity or injury, and disturbed blood flow in the intestines. Symptoms may include abdominal distention, bloody stools, feeding intolerance, lethargy, and temperature instability. Early recognition and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in affected infants.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wales" is not a medical term. It is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, located in Western Europe. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!
'Clostridium difficile' (also known as 'C. difficile' or 'C. diff') is a type of Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can be found in the environment, including in soil, water, and human and animal feces. It is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in individuals who have recently received antibiotics or have other underlying health conditions that weaken their immune system.
C. difficile produces toxins that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe colitis (inflammation of the colon) and potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis and toxic megacolon. The most common toxins produced by C. difficile are called TcdA and TcdB, which damage the lining of the intestine and cause inflammation.
C. difficile infections (CDIs) can be difficult to treat, particularly in severe cases or in patients who have recurrent infections. Treatment typically involves discontinuing any unnecessary antibiotics, if possible, and administering specific antibiotics that are effective against C. difficile, such as metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be recommended as a last resort for patients with recurrent or severe CDIs who have not responded to other treatments.
Preventing the spread of C. difficile is critical in healthcare settings, and includes measures such as hand hygiene, contact precautions, environmental cleaning, and antibiotic stewardship programs that promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.
The ileum is the third and final segment of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum (the beginning of the large intestine). It plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly for vitamin B12 and bile salts. The ileum is characterized by its thin, lined walls and the presence of Peyer's patches, which are part of the immune system and help surveil for pathogens.
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. In ulcerative colitis, the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops ulcers or open sores that produce pus and mucous. The symptoms of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.
The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal immune response in which the body's immune system attacks the cells in the digestive tract. The inflammation can be triggered by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and infections.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition that can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe. It can also lead to complications such as anemia, malnutrition, and colon cancer. There is no cure for ulcerative colitis, but treatment options such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.
'Campylobacter jejuni' is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. It is often found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including birds and mammals, and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food or water.
The bacteria are capable of causing an infection known as campylobacteriosis, which is characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause serious complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
'Campylobacter jejuni' is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness in the United States, with an estimated 1.3 million cases occurring each year. It is often found in undercooked poultry and raw or unpasteurized milk products, as well as in contaminated water supplies. Proper cooking and pasteurization can help reduce the risk of infection, as can good hygiene practices such as washing hands thoroughly after handling raw meat and vegetables.
Intestinal absorption refers to the process by which the small intestine absorbs water, nutrients, and electrolytes from food into the bloodstream. This is a critical part of the digestive process, allowing the body to utilize the nutrients it needs and eliminate waste products. The inner wall of the small intestine contains tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the capillaries in these villi, and then transported to other parts of the body for use or storage.
The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption that occurs in the small intestine, particularly carbohydrates, proteins, and some fats. The jejunum is characterized by its smooth muscle structure, which allows it to contract and mix food with digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients through its extensive network of finger-like projections called villi.
The jejunum is also lined with microvilli, which further increase the surface area available for absorption. Additionally, the jejunum contains numerous lymphatic vessels called lacteals, which help to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream. Overall, the jejunum plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food.
Colitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the colon or large intestine. The condition can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and urgency to have a bowel movement. Colitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), microscopic colitis, ischemic colitis, and radiation therapy. The specific symptoms and treatment options for colitis may vary depending on the underlying cause.
Probiotics are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." They are often referred to as "good" or "friendly" bacteria because they help keep your gut healthy. Probiotics are naturally found in certain foods such as fermented foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, and some cheeses, or they can be taken as dietary supplements.
The most common groups of probiotics are lactic acid bacteria (like Lactobacillus) and bifidobacteria. They can help restore the balance of bacteria in your gut when it's been disrupted by things like illness, medication (such as antibiotics), or poor diet. Probiotics have been studied for their potential benefits in a variety of health conditions, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and even mental health disorders, although more research is needed to fully understand their effects and optimal uses.
The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.
The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.
The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.
A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:
1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.
2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.
3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.
4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.
5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.
After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.
In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.
Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.
Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.
The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.
Examples of animal disease models include:
1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.
Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.
C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.
The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.
C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.
One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.
Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.
Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.
Helminths are a type of parasitic worm that can infect humans and animals. They are multi-cellular organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Nematoda (roundworms). Helminths can be further classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).
Helminth infections are typically acquired through contact with contaminated soil, food, or water. The symptoms of helminth infections can vary widely depending on the type of worm and the location and extent of the infection. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition.
Helminths have complex life cycles that often involve multiple hosts. They can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and in some cases, may require long-term treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and access to clean water can help reduce the risk of helminth infections.
Helminthiasis is a medical condition characterized by the infection and infestation of body tissues and organs by helminths, which are parasitic worms. These worms can be classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).
Helminthiasis infections can occur through various modes of transmission, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact with contaminated soil, or direct contact with an infected person or animal. The severity of the infection depends on several factors, including the type and number of worms involved, the duration of the infestation, and the overall health status of the host.
Common symptoms of helminthiasis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, the infection can lead to organ damage or failure, impaired growth and development in children, and even death.
Diagnosis of helminthiasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the presence and type of worms. Treatment usually consists of administering anthelmintic drugs that are effective against specific types of worms. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.
A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its sustenance at the expense of the host. Parasites are typically much smaller than their hosts, and they may be classified as either ectoparasites (which live on the outside of the host's body) or endoparasites (which live inside the host's body).
Parasites can cause a range of health problems in humans, depending on the type of parasite and the extent of the infection. Some parasites may cause only mild symptoms or none at all, while others can lead to serious illness or even death. Common symptoms of parasitic infections include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue.
There are many different types of parasites that can infect humans, including protozoa (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), and ectoparasites (such as lice and ticks). Parasitic infections are more common in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene, but they can also occur in industrialized nations.
Preventing parasitic infections typically involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding contaminated water. Treatment for parasitic infections usually involves medication to kill the parasites and relieve symptoms.
Helminthiasis, in general, refers to the infection or infestation of humans and animals by helminths, which are parasitic worms. When referring to "Animal Helminthiasis," it specifically pertains to the condition where animals, including domestic pets and livestock, are infected by various helminth species. These parasitic worms can reside in different organs of the animal's body, leading to a wide range of clinical signs depending on the worm species and the location of the infestation.
Animal Helminthiasis can be caused by different types of helminths:
1. Nematodes (roundworms): These include species like Ascaris suum in pigs, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina in cats, and Toxocara canis in dogs. They can cause gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss.
2. Cestodes (tapeworms): Examples include Taenia saginata in cattle, Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats, and Dipylidium caninum in dogs and cats. Tapeworm infestations may lead to gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea or constipation and may also cause vitamin deficiencies due to the worm's ability to absorb nutrients from the host animal's digestive system.
3. Trematodes (flukes): These include liver flukes such as Fasciola hepatica in sheep, goats, and cattle, and schistosomes that can affect various animals, including birds and mammals. Liver fluke infestations may cause liver damage, leading to symptoms like weight loss, decreased appetite, and jaundice. Schistosome infestations can lead to issues in multiple organs depending on the species involved.
Preventing and controlling Helminthiasis in animals is crucial for maintaining animal health and welfare, as well as ensuring food safety for humans who consume products from these animals. Regular deworming programs, good hygiene practices, proper pasture management, and monitoring for clinical signs are essential components of a comprehensive parasite control strategy.
Parasitic disease
Coccidiosis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Intestinal parasite infection
Amphistomiasis
Angel Island (California)
Health in Haiti
Capillariasis
Protozoan infection
Nematode
Diseases of poverty
Crypto
Parasitic worm
Thelohanellus
Paromomycin
Shit stick
Iron-deficiency anemia
Capillaria philippinensis
Albendazole
Piperazine
Enteromyxum scophthalmi
Gastropod-borne parasitic disease
List of human disease case fatality rates
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
Lorenzo Savioli
Metagonimiasis
Neglected tropical diseases
List of MeSH codes (C06)
Effects of parasitic worms on the immune system
Parasitic worm (disambiguation)
WHO EMRO | Intestinal diseases, Parasitic | Health topics
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic | Profiles RNS
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Intestinal Protozoal Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Fishborne Zoonotic Intestinal Trematodes, Vietnam - Volume 13, Number 12-December 2007 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal -...
CDC - Parasites - Alphabetical Index of Parasitic Diseases
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Il5 (interleukin 5) - Rat Genome Database
ICD-10 Code for Contact with and (suspected) exposure to other intestinal infectious diseases- Z20.09- Codify by AAPC
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Triple Wormer - Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Overdose, Pregnancy, Alcohol | RxWiki
Drontal Plus - Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Overdose, Pregnancy, Alcohol | RxWiki
Evaluation of Hookworm Diagnosis Techniques from Patients in Debre Elias and Sanja Districts of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Emergent Treatment of Gastroenteritis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
CONICET | Buscador de Institutos y Recursos Humanos
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FAQs • Tippecanoe County, IN • CivicEngage
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For its health and yours, keep the cat indoors
Methylprednisolone Injection: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine
Diarrhoea: Know its Causes, Symptoms and Prevention Tips with Health Insurance Benefits
PARASITES37
- Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. (wakehealth.edu)
- This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of intestinal parasites among Fulani Pastoralists in six bush encampments in Rivers State, South-South Nigeria. (journalcra.com)
- An overall prevalence of 91.2% was observed among the 593 stool samples examined with one or more of the intestinal parasites. (journalcra.com)
- A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused by parasites. (wikipedia.org)
- The study of parasites and parasitic diseases is known as parasitology. (wikipedia.org)
- Medical parasitology is concerned with three major groups of parasites: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and parasitic arthropods. (wikipedia.org)
- Although organisms such as bacteria function as parasites, the usage of the term "parasitic disease" is usually more restricted. (wikipedia.org)
- Some ways in which people may acquire parasitic infections are walking barefoot, inadequate disposal of feces, lack of hygiene, close contact with someone carrying specific parasites, and eating undercooked foods, unwashed fruits and vegetables or foods from contaminated regions. (wikipedia.org)
- Although all infectious agents in humans are parasites, by convention, parasitic diseases are defined as those caused by protozoa or helminths. (medscape.com)
- See Common Intestinal Parasites , a Critical Images slideshow, to help make an accurate diagnosis. (medscape.com)
- Infected persons were treated to expel liver and intestinal parasites for specific identification. (cdc.gov)
- These results demonstrate that fishborne intestinal parasites are an unrecognized food safety risk in a country whose people have a strong tradition of eating raw fish. (cdc.gov)
- However, recent Vietnamese surveys for zoonotic parasites in cultured and wild fish in northern and southern Vietnam identified metacercarial stages of several zoonotic intestinal trematode species in fish ( 12 , 13 ). (cdc.gov)
- Malaria caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium is the most prevalent infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions. (nature.com)
- Intestinal parasites of pets and other house-kept animals in Moscow. (cabi.org)
- Other examples of protozoan parasites that can cause enteric (intestinal) disease are Coccidia , Cryptosporidia, and Toxoplasma . (vcahospitals.com)
- These microscopic parasites attach themselves to the intestinal wall, and the damage causes an acute, sudden onset of foul-smelling diarrhea. (vcahospitals.com)
- 21] trichinosis: a disease in which trichina, minute parasitic nematoid worms, as parasites infest the intestinal tract. (utoronto.ca)
- Intestinal Parasites - the Scoop on Poop! (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- The goal of a fecal test is to detect the presence of intestinal parasites in order to prevent illness and further transmission. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- The most common intestinal parasites affecting companion animals such as cats and dogs are two protozoan parasites, coccidia and giardia, and worms such as hookworms, roundworms, tapeworms, and whipworms. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- Adult intestinal parasites spend their entire lives inside a host (your dog or cat) and depend on the host for food and an environment in which to reproduce. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- Intestinal parasites are so common because they can be transmitted in a wide variety of ways. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- So, it's considered a "given" that puppies and kittens are born with intestinal parasites. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- You may acquire some of these intestinal parasites from your pet by contact with contaminated feces or soil. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- A more common problem in developing countries than in the U.S., intestinal parasites can lead to acute pancreatitis and other pancreatic diseases. (columbiasurgery.org)
- There will likely be an examination of your cat's feces for intestinal parasites or increased levels of bacteria by looking at the feces under a microscope. (vin.com)
- There are many intestinal parasites affecting humans. (gov.hk)
- stools were also examined by the formalin-ether sedimentation technique within 1 hour to detect eggs, cysts, and oocysts of intestinal parasites. (ekb.eg)
- Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Latino residents of Chicago.Am J Epidemiol 102:526-532, 1975.In 1970, 250,000 Spanish-speaking persons resided in Chicago, 80,000 of whom were Puerto Rican. (utmb.edu)
- Because migration to Chicago is constantly occurring from areas where intestinal parasites are endemic, a survey was conducted in a predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood to determine the prevalence of these parasites and to provide impetus for further case finding and treatment programs. (utmb.edu)
- a complete blood count, total serum protein, Our study aimed to determine the inci- serum albumin and stool examination for dence of coeliac disease in Sudanese chil- ova and parasites. (who.int)
- The dominant intestinal parasites were E.histolytica 6.38 (95%Cl: 5.73, 7.04), followed by A.lumbricodes4.12 (95%Cl: 3.56, 4.67), and G. lamblia 3.12(95%Cl: 2.65, 3.60). (researchsquare.com)
- Intestinal parasites in Ethiopia are widespread and the loss of human life and suffering is enormous just like other low and middle-income countries. (researchsquare.com)
- Intestinal parasites are one of the common agents to cause intestinal infection among food handlers (7). (researchsquare.com)
- The dominate intestinal protozoa and helminths parasites in Ethiopia are Giardia lamblia (G.lamblia), Entamoebahistolytica/dispar (E.histolytica/dispar), Ascarislumbricoides (A.lumbricoides)and Trichuristrichuria (T.trichuria) ( 8). (researchsquare.com)
- Despite public health efforts to combat intestinal parasites, this serious problem is still present in this population. (bvsalud.org)
Infections23
- citation needed] Parasitic infections can usually be treated with antiparasitic drugs. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, human intestinal flukes are highly prevalent in neighboring countries such as Thailand ( 14 ), Lao People's Democratic Republic ( 15 ), and the People's Republic of China ( 16 ), which further raises the issue of whether human infections might be present in Vietnam but overlooked because of diagnostic difficulties in differentiating liver and intestinal fluke eggs in fecal examinations ( 11 , 17 ). (cdc.gov)
- Malaria infections affect the intestinal tract and changes in the intestinal environment appear to influence the pathogenesis of malaria. (nature.com)
- Three species of Chlamydia cause human disease, including sexually transmitted infections and respiratory infections. (msdmanuals.com)
- Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among indigenous people have been widely documented in Malaysia, however, the prevalence of these infections remains high. (biomedcentral.com)
- Variations in living habits such as personal hygiene practices may predispose different groups to different parasitic infections. (biomedcentral.com)
- The high prevalence of IPIs among these two sub-ethnic groups indicates that parasitic infections are important health issues in these communities. (biomedcentral.com)
- According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that more than 24 % of people worldwide are infected with intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs), the majority of whom reside in developing countries [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Parasitic intestinal infections such as giardiasis can cause chronic diarrhea. (gi.org)
- Parasitic infections are acquired through ingestion of food contaminated with their eggs. (gov.hk)
- Most parasitic infections can be completely cured by medication. (gov.hk)
- Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common diseases worldwide. (ekb.eg)
- The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among Saudis and expatriate workers in Najran region, Saudi Arabia. (ekb.eg)
- The rate of intestinal parasitic infections was 6.1% in employees, and 3.2% in each of construction workers and house maids. (ekb.eg)
- The control of intestinal parasitic infections is a politically and socially sensitive issue. (ekb.eg)
- In others, the control of intestinal parasitic infections has proved a useful entry point for other primary health care activities, e.g., in family planning, childcare, health education, and nutrition. (ekb.eg)
- Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Saudis and Expatriate Workers In Najran, Saudi Arabia', Zagazig Veterinary Journal , 51(2), pp. 101-111. (ekb.eg)
- All identified observational studies reporting the prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections at higher public University student's cafeterias and public food establishments were included. (researchsquare.com)
- A random-effect model was computed to estimate the pooled prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections. (researchsquare.com)
- In this study, intestinal parasitic infections among food handlers working in higher public university student's cafeterias and public food establishment's in Ethiopia were significantly high. (researchsquare.com)
- Fingernail trimming, hand washing after defecation, hand washing after touching any body parts, regular medical checkup, and food safety training were significantly associated with intestinal parasitic infections. (researchsquare.com)
- by WHO Expert Committee on Prevention and Control of Intestinal Parasitic Infections. (who.int)
- Travelers with diarrhea lasting 14 days or longer should be evaluated for intestinal parasitic infections. (medscape.com)
Infection13
- Direct stool microscopy is solely used in all health care service providers in Ethiopia for intestinal parasite detection including hookworm infection. (hindawi.com)
- Acute diarrhea is typically caused by a viral, bacterial or parasitic infection. (livestrong.com)
- In the present study, infection of C57BL/6 mice with P . berghei ANKA ( Pb A) caused intestinal pathological changes, such as detachment of epithelia in the small intestines and increased intestinal permeability, which correlated with development with experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). (nature.com)
- We also found that mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite P. yoelii 17XNL succumbed to otherwise non-lethal infection when mice were co-infected with an intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus 10 . (nature.com)
- Giardiasis is an intestinal infection in humans and animals caused by a microscopic protozoan. (vcahospitals.com)
- Also known as bilharzia, this is an infection caused by parasitic trematode worms transmitted when larval forms, released by freshwater snails, penetrate human skin during contact with infected water. (kit.nl)
- They rarely cause disease, in contrast to the parasitic ameba Entamoeba histolytica , which is a common cause of intestinal infection ( amebiasis). (msdmanuals.com)
- Diarrheal diseases are responsible for ten percent of all mortality in children under-five world-wide and even milder forms of intestinal infection have a long lasting impact on the nutritional state, disease susceptibility and growth of children. (upenn.edu)
- Symptoms of parasitic infection depend on the type of parasite involved. (gov.hk)
- Pinworm infection, also known as enterobiasis, is a common intestinal disease caused by the pinworm parasite. (articleinsider.com)
- Intestinal infection is still an important public health problem in low-income countries. (researchsquare.com)
- The findings from the 18 studies revealed that the pooled prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among food handlers working in higher public university student's cafeterias and public food establishments was 28.5% (95%CI: 27.4, 29.7). (researchsquare.com)
- A lot of communicable diseases and microorganisms can enter the body through foods and cause infection. (researchsquare.com)
Parasite4
- Intestinal parasite rate by bush encampments showed that Fulani Pastoralists in Elelenwo and Eleme were the most infected with 109(94.8%) and 104(92.9%) prevalence respectively. (journalcra.com)
- The effects were consistent for almost all of the diseases, including feline roundworm and the single-cell parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, both of which can affect humans. (bangkokpost.com)
- In some instances intestinal parasite worm larvae can even penetrate through skin when your dog or cat walks across contaminated soil. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- An overall intestinal parasite prevalence rate of 18.6% (67 persons) was found. (utmb.edu)
Protozoa6
- Among all intestinal protozoa, those listed in Table 1 have been confirmed to cause GI disease. (medscape.com)
- The life cycles of intestinal protozoa are very similar, with the exception of D fragilis, which lacks a cyst stage. (medscape.com)
- Mechanisms of diarrhea production by intestinal protozoa are related to direct cytotoxic effects, the ability to invade, and/or effects of the immune response on the intestinal epithelium. (medscape.com)
- No evidence suggests that intestinal protozoa produce enterotoxins. (medscape.com)
- A direct wet smear from each stool specimen (n=407) was examined microscopically for the presence of intestinal protozoa or helminth ova cysts. (ekb.eg)
- It was concluded that the prevalence of intestinal protozoa is high. (bvsalud.org)
Schistosomiasis8
- Intestinal schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease in tropical and sub-tropical regions. (uni-rostock.de)
- There are two forms: intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis. (kit.nl)
- It improves children's lives and future prospects by treating two neglected tropical diseases - schistosomiasis and intestinal worms - with an intervention sometimes known as "deworming. (givingwhatwecan.org)
- Schistosomiasis and intestinal worms are two parasitic diseases found mainly in tropical and subtropical climates - particularly in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and sanitation - that have a detrimental impact on children's nutrition, health, and education. (givingwhatwecan.org)
- Sightsavers reports that in the last project year (2021 to 2022), it treated more than 5.6 million children for schistosomiasis and/or intestinal worms. (givingwhatwecan.org)
- S. haematobium causes urogenital schistosomiasis whereas the other forms cause intestinal disease. (who.int)
- In China, among the 12 provinces in which schistosomiasis has been endemic, five have eliminated the disease and three more have recently achieved targets set for its control. (who.int)
- In Morocco, for example, in 1982 the Ministry of Health launched a national schistosomiasis control programme, whose goal was changed in 1994 to eliminating the disease by 2004. (who.int)
Centers for Diseas7
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
- Data were from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention database and 1 state department of health, comprising 97% of US cases. (cdc.gov)
- OBJECTIVES: To obtain timely and detailed data on COVID-19 cases in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses 2 data sources: (1) aggregate counts for daily situational awareness and (2) person-level data for each case (case surveillance). (cdc.gov)
- Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- d United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. (who.int)
People worldwide are infected with intestinal1
- According to the World Health Organization, 1.5 billion people worldwide are infected with intestinal worms , and 600 million school-aged children live in at-risk areas. (givingwhatwecan.org)
WORMS4
- Tapeworms (cestodes) are flat, parasitic worms. (msdmanuals.com)
- So, let's say your healthy adult dog, who is harboring intestinal parasitic worms, defecates in your yard in which you walk barefooted. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
- Intestinal worms can cause a variety of health problems , including nutritional issues and problems with cognitive and physical development. (givingwhatwecan.org)
- Pinworms are parasitic worms that primarily infect the human intestines. (articleinsider.com)
Significantly associated with intestinal1
- Multivariate analyses showed that being unemployed, having a large family and drinking unboiled water were found to be significantly associated with intestinal parasitism. (biomedcentral.com)
High prevalence of intestinal1
- The study has documented a very high prevalence of intestinal diseases among the Fulani pastoralists examined. (journalcra.com)
Abstract3
- ABSTRACT Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease associated with poverty in which patients are surrounded by stigma. (scielo.br)
- ABSTRACT Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has shown endemic pattern and epidemic episodes in urban and rural areas, however, there are still gaps in knowledge with regards to disease transmission. (scielo.br)
- ABSTRACT Our prospective hospital-based study examined frequency, clinical presentation and se- rological indicators of coeliac disease that correlated with intestinal biopsy among high-risk Sudanese children. (who.int)
Tract3
- Other domesticated animals transmit disease to their caretakers -- dogs, for examples, spread rabies, and cattle carry Cryptosporidium parvum, a parasitic disease that attacks the intestinal tract. (bangkokpost.com)
- People become infected with the larvae if they ingest eggs from the adult tapeworm, which actually lives in the human intestinal tract. (cdc.gov)
- In addition, gastrointestinal tract disease including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) should be considered for evaluation. (medscape.com)
Pathogens3
- Parasitic diseases are thus considered those diseases that are caused by pathogens belonging taxonomically to either the animal kingdom, or the protozoan kingdom. (wikipedia.org)
- A healthy person lives in harmony with the microbial flora that helps protect its host from invasion by pathogens, usually defined as microorganisms that have the capacity to cause disease. (msdmanuals.com)
- Obligate intracellular pathogens are able to grow, reproduce, and cause disease only within the cells of the host. (msdmanuals.com)
Helminths1
- These three helminths infect more than two billion people worldwide, and the disease burden might approach that of malaria [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Feces1
- Upon colonization of the colonic mucosa, the trophozoite may encyst and is then excreted in the feces, or it may invade the intestinal mucosal barrier and gain access to the bloodstream, whereby it is disseminated to the liver, lung, and other sites. (medscape.com)
Entamoeba1
- Others, such as Trichomonas hominis (in infants) and Entamoeba polecki (associated with pigs), have rarely been associated with diarrheal disease and are not discussed in this article. (medscape.com)
Mucosal2
- The trophozoites can penetrate and invade the colonic mucosal barrier, leading to tissue destruction, secretory bloody diarrhea, and colitis resembling inflammatory bowel disease . (medscape.com)
- Chronic enteropathies (CEs) in dogs are a group of heterogeneous disorders of undetermined etiologies, characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs and histologic evidence of intestinal mucosal inflammation ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Humans2
- Felis catus -- can transmit some of those diseases to humans, the authors said. (bangkokpost.com)
- A zoonotic disease is one that can be passed to humans. (petpoisonhelpline.com)
Amebiasis1
- Although most cases of amebiasis are asymptomatic, dysentery and invasive extraintestinal disease can occur. (medscape.com)
Bacterial1
- Investigation of pre- and post-weaning mortalities in rabbits bred in Egypt, with reference to parasitic and bacterial causes. (cabi.org)
INTESTINES2
- In susceptible dogs, once the cyst passes into the dog's intestines, it transforms into the trophozoite and attaches to the intestinal wall to feed. (vcahospitals.com)
- Inflammation throughout the intestines affects the intestinal mucous lining. (greenmedinfo.com)
Larvae3
- Hookworm is a blood-feeding intestinal worm, and the mature larvae ingest the blood, rupture the erythrocytes, and degrade the hemoglobin by attaching to the gut wall, which results in iron deficiency anemia. (hindawi.com)
- Reactivation of the disease was defined both by clinical symptoms appearance and/or direct larvae detection from 30 days after treatment.The analysis of the 41 stool samples described ten cox1.404 haplotypes organized in two clusters (C1 and C2). (conicet.gov.ar)
- Seth O'Neal] Neurocysticercosis is a disease that occurs when larvae of the pork tapeworm infect the human brain, forming cysts. (cdc.gov)
Small intestine2
- They inhabit the human small intestine and attach to the intestinal wall, resulting in blood loss and causing the host to become anaemic. (gov.hk)
- Those diseases which affect the small intestine, colon, or stomach can cause diarrhoea including Crohn's disease. (nobelcure.com)
Inflammation3
- In approximately 5-6% of patients with chronic pancreatitis, the disease is caused by autoimmune inflammation (in which the immune system attacks the pancreas)¹. (columbiasurgery.org)
- A bloated tummy indicates intestinal inflammation. (greenmedinfo.com)
- If you are able to jiggle your tummy below the belly button or experience bloating or gas on a fairly regular basis: think intestinal inflammation, leaky gut syndrome or other gastro-intestinal disorders such as underlying non-celiac and celiac gluten sensitivity. (greenmedinfo.com)
Enteric2
- It is important that workers with occupational animal exposure be educated about symptoms of enteric diseases and prevention measures, which include using dedicated clothing at work and proper handwashing after touching animals. (cdc.gov)
- Consequently, enteric infectious diseases remain a serious health concern as one of the major causes of hospitalization and death in the country. (who.int)
Gastrointestinal3
- Methylprednisolone injection is used in the management of multiple sclerosis (a disease in which the nerves do not function properly), lupus (a disease in which the body attacks many of its own organs), gastrointestinal disease, and certain types of arthritis. (medlineplus.gov)
- According to the guidelines of the International Gastrointestinal Standardization Group, after exclusion of extra-intestinal, infectious or parasitic diseases, CEs can be subdivided retrospectively based on the response to different treatment into: food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), antibiotic-responsive enteropathy (ARE) and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (frontiersin.org)
- The author generally avoids premedication with atropine for gastroscopy and duodenoscopy because of its potential adverse effects on gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion. (vin.com)
Acute3
- [ 1 ] Prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an estimated 179 million cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred every year in the United States. (medscape.com)
- It is unnecessary to pinpoint the exact cause of acute diarrhea in most cases, as long as the diarrhea goes away on its own within two days, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. (livestrong.com)
- We established diarrhoeal disease surveillance for acute diarrhoeal illness at four health clinics in different regions of Papua New Guinea. (who.int)
Immune4
- Circulating Immune Complex Levels are Associated with Disease Severity and Seasonality in Children with Malaria from Mali. (rit.edu)
- Regulation of the immune system via modulation of intestinal microbes is partially explained by observations that certain bacteria activate specific types of immune cells. (nature.com)
- The disease is not usually life-threatening unless the dog's immune system is immature or immunocompromised. (vcahospitals.com)
- They affect the body's nutrient and mineral absorption, auto-immune defense capability, toxin drainage ability, pH balance and anti-parasitic properties, defense from non-communicable and communicable diseases. (greenmedinfo.com)
Clinical3
- Assessment of the quality of laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases by the laboratories participating in the Federal System of External Quality Assessment of Clinical Laboratory Testing]. (bvsalud.org)
- HP24 and HP93 were the most frequent haplotypes in our patient?s population, distributed in American and Asian continents and cluster founders in median-joining network analysis (C1 and C2, respectively).Clinical presentation (intestinal, severe, cutaneous, and asymptomatic), immunological status and eosinophil count were not associated with specific haplotypes or clusters. (conicet.gov.ar)
- If sufficient numbers are present, clinical signs of damage to the intestinal wall will develop. (vcahospitals.com)
Infectious disease2
Inflammatory5
- Inflammatory bowel disease versus chronic enteropathy in dogs: are they one and the same? (avma.org)
- Jergens AE , Schreiner CA , Frank DE , A scoring index for disease activity in canine inflammatory bowel disease . (avma.org)
- Also tell your doctor if you have a family history of celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have unintentional weight loss, fever, abdominal cramping or decreased appetite. (gi.org)
- Chronic bloody diarrhea may be due to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. (gi.org)
- Chronic diarrhoea can occur due to inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. (nobelcure.com)
Bacteria1
- It is a simple one-celled parasitic species, not a worm, bacteria, or virus. (vcahospitals.com)
Zoonotic1
- Although fishborne zoonotic trematodes that infect the liver are well documented in Vietnam, intestinal fishborne zoonotic trematodes are unreported. (cdc.gov)
Diarrhoeal4
- Diarrhoeal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
- Diarrhoeal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. (who.int)
- When we began surveillance in 2013, there was no monitoring of the etiology of diarrhoeal disease in Papua New Guinea. (who.int)
- The etiology of diarrhoeal illness and the challenges of establishing and maintaining ongoing disease surveillance in Papua New Guinea are discussed. (who.int)
Malaria4
- However, the correlation between malaria intestinal pathology and intestinal microbiota has not been investigated. (nature.com)
- This is the first report demonstrating that malaria affects intestinal microbiota and causes dysbiosis. (nature.com)
- In addition, hospitalizations and associated charges related to cysticercosis far exceeded those for malaria and were greater than those for all other neglected tropical diseases combined. (cdc.gov)
- The number of hospitalizations and associated charges for neurocysticercosis far exceeds those for malaria and are greater than for all of the other neglected tropical diseases combined. (cdc.gov)
Cysticercosis1
- In case a person ingests eggs of Taenia solium (e.g. by ingesting contaminated food or water), the eggs hatch into cysticerci that could infect the brain, muscle or other tissue (human cysticercosis) which can be a very serious disease. (gov.hk)
Cysts2
- The likelihood of developing disease increases when large numbers of cysts are present in the environment from fecal contamination. (vcahospitals.com)
- Disease may be caused by only a small number of cysts, but the processes of encystation and excystation are poorly understood. (medscape.com)
Milder1
- By contrast, BALB/c mice are resistant to ECM and exhibit milder intestinal pathology and dysbiosis. (nature.com)
Diagnosis1
- In Sudan diagnosis of coeliac disease measurements, signs of nutritional deficien- has depended upon histological changes of cies and signs suggestive of coeliac disease, the small bowel biopsy and improvement such as proximal muscle wasting, abdominal after withdrawal of gluten from the diet. (who.int)
Diarrhea4
- Chronic diarrhea, which is reoccurring and lasts for long periods of time may be caused by an intestinal disease or a functional bowel disorder. (livestrong.com)
- Clues for organic disease are weight loss, diarrhea that wakes you up at night, or blood in the stools. (gi.org)
- The two major causes of fatty or malabsorptive diarrhea are impaired digestion of fats due to low pancreatic enzyme levels and impaired absorption of fats due to small bowel disease. (gi.org)
- Whipple's disease, tropical sprue, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis are some of the rare conditions that can lead to malabsorption diarrhea. (gi.org)
Illness2
Ulcerative1
- This includes conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or celiac disease. (livestrong.com)
Pathology1
- These results indicate that the severity of cerebral and intestinal pathology coincides with the degree of alteration in microbiota. (nature.com)
Autoimmune diseases1
- AIP can occur by itself or in association with other autoimmune diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cirrhosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, and Sjögren's syndrome. (columbiasurgery.org)
Histolytica1
- The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has classified E histolytica as a category B biodefense pathogen because of its low infectious dose, environmental stability, resistance to chlorine, and ease of dissemination through contamination of food and water supplies. (medscape.com)
Hookworm2
- Eleven parasitic intestinal diseases of which hookworm had the highest prevalence 450 (75.9%) was observed. (journalcra.com)
- Despite the existence of control programs, the hookworm disease burden remains high. (hindawi.com)
Severity1
- Improvements in HRQoL after hospital discharge are independent of imaging improvement, and there seems to be no association between HRQoL after hospital discharge and disease severity on hospital admission. (scielo.br)