Parvalbumins
Neural Inhibition
Calbindin 2
A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.
Action Potentials
Neocortex
Pyramidal Cells
Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Glutamate Decarboxylase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Spinal Cord
Dendrites
Ganglia, Invertebrate
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.
Calbindins
GABA Antagonists
Grasshoppers
Telencephalon
Neurons
Electrophysiology
Mice, Transgenic
Somatostatin
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Olfactory Bulb
Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Dentate Gyrus
GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.
Leeches
Periodicity
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Neostriatum
Afferent Pathways
Locomotion
Models, Neurological
Receptors, GABA-A
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Hermissenda
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Neuronal Plasticity
Anterior Horn Cells
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
LIM-Homeodomain Proteins
CA1 Region, Hippocampal
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2
Organ Culture Techniques
Gryllidae
Bicuculline
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Picrotoxin
A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
Presynaptic Terminals
The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
Homeodomain Proteins
Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins
Rats, Wistar
Neurogenesis
CA3 Region, Hippocampal
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Olfactory Pathways
Immunohistochemistry
Prosencephalon
Cell Count
Efferent Pathways
Theta Rhythm
Tetrodotoxin
Receptors, AMPA
Cell Movement
Glutamic Acid
Gene Knock-In Techniques
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Prefrontal Cortex
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
Biological Clocks
Neuropeptide Y
A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
Reflex
Somatosensory Cortex
Lampreys
Astacoidea
Optogenetics
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
Ganglia
Receptors, GABA-B
GABA-A Receptor Antagonists
Cholecystokinin
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.
Posterior Horn Cells
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
Escape Reaction
Swimming
Cerebellar Cortex
Median Eminence
Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Lymnaea
Mollusca
A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.
GABA Agents
Kainic Acid
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
GABA Agonists
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
Receptors, Kainic Acid
Cell Differentiation
Thalamus
Receptors, GABA
Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
Cholinergic Agents
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.
CA2 Region, Hippocampal
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Neurotransmitter Agents
Phosphinic Acids
Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Embryo, Mammalian
alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Electrophysiological Phenomena
Transcription Factors
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Amygdala
Hirudo medicinalis
Strychnine
Receptors, Nicotinic
One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.
Instinct
Neuropeptides
Mechanoreceptors
Sodium Channel Blockers
Long-Term Potentiation
GABA-B Receptor Antagonists
Glycine
Acetylcholine
Central Pattern Generators
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3
Pyramidal Tracts
Aplysia
Brain Tissue Transplantation
Glycine Agents
Neural Stem Cells
Nicotinic Antagonists
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Lateral Ventricles
Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
Spinal Nerve Roots
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Stem Cells
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine
PAX2 Transcription Factor
4-Aminopyridine
Analysis of Variance
Arthropod Antennae
N-Methylaspartate
In Situ Hybridization
Cell Lineage
Bromodeoxyuridine
Animals, Genetically Modified
Amacrine Cells
Orthoptera
Biotin
Visual Pathways
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Octopamine
An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.
Tritonia Sea Slug
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins
A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. Vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE from the CYTOPLASM into SECRETORY VESICLES in exchange for lumenal PROTONS.
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Electroporation
A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of CELL MEMBRANES, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA.
Entorhinal Cortex
Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
Sensory Receptor Cells
Excitatory Amino Acid Agents
Cycloleucine
Receptors, Dopamine D5
Diptera
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
Receptors, Presynaptic
Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials
SOXB2 Transcription Factors
Potassium Channel Blockers
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: a proof of the need for the spatial clustering of interneuronal connections to enhance cortical computation. (1/3683)
It has been argued that an important principle driving the organization of the cerebral cortex towards local processing has been the need to decrease time lost to interneuronal conduction delay. In this paper, I show for a simplified model of the cerebral cortex, using analytical means, that if interneuronal conduction time increases proportional to interneuronal distance, then the only way to increase the numbers of synaptic events occurring in a fixed finite time period is to spatially cluster interneuronal connections. (+info)Developmental synaptic changes increase the range of integrative capabilities of an identified excitatory neocortical connection. (2/3683)
Excitatory synaptic transmission between pyramidal cells and fast-spiking (FS) interneurons of layer V of the motor cortex was investigated in acute slices by using paired recordings at 30 degrees C combined with morphological analysis. The presynaptic and postsynaptic properties at these identified central synapses were compared between 3- and 5-week-old rats. At these two postnatal developmental stages, unitary EPSCs were mediated by the activation of AMPA receptors with fast kinetics at a holding potential of -72 mV. The amplitude distribution analysis of the EPSCs indicates that, at both stages, pyramidal-FS connections consisted of multiple functional release sites. The apparent quantal size obtained by decreasing the external calcium ([Ca2+]e) varied from 11 to 29 pA near resting membrane potential. In young rats, pairs of presynaptic action potentials elicited unitary synaptic responses that displayed paired-pulse depression at all tested frequencies. In older animals, inputs from different pyramidal cells onto the same FS interneuron had different paired-pulse response characteristics and, at most of these connections, a switch from depression to facilitation occurred when decreasing the rate of presynaptic stimulation. The balance between facilitation and depression endows pyramidal-FS connections from 5-week-old animals with wide integrative capabilities and confers unique functional properties to each synapse. (+info)Activity-dependent metaplasticity of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the lamprey spinal cord locomotor network. (3/3683)
Paired intracellular recordings have been used to examine the activity-dependent plasticity and neuromodulator-induced metaplasticity of synaptic inputs from identified inhibitory and excitatory interneurons in the lamprey spinal cord. Trains of spikes at 5-20 Hz were used to mimic the frequency of spiking that occurs in network interneurons during NMDA or brainstem-evoked locomotor activity. Inputs from inhibitory and excitatory interneurons exhibited similar activity-dependent changes, with synaptic depression developing during the spike train. The level of depression reached was greater with lower stimulation frequencies. Significant activity-dependent depression of inputs from excitatory interneurons and inhibitory crossed caudal interneurons, which are central elements in the patterning of network activity, usually developed between the fifth and tenth spikes in the train. Because these interneurons typically fire bursts of up to five spikes during locomotor activity, this activity-dependent plasticity will presumably not contribute to the patterning of network activity. However, in the presence of the neuromodulators substance P and 5-HT, significant activity-dependent metaplasticity of these inputs developed over the first five spikes in the train. Substance P induced significant activity-dependent depression of inhibitory but potentiation of excitatory interneuron inputs, whereas 5-HT induced significant activity-dependent potentiation of both inhibitory and excitatory interneuron inputs. Because these metaplastic effects are consistent with the substance P and 5-HT-induced modulation of the network output, activity-dependent metaplasticity could be a potential mechanism underlying the coordination and modulation of rhythmic network activity. (+info)Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (4/3683)
Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma. (+info)Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (5/3683)
Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long mechanoreceptor hairs (>1000 microm) are most sensitive to low-frequency air currents (<150 Hz); receptors innervating medium-length hairs (900-500 microm) are most sensitive to higher frequency ranges (150-400 Hz). Previous studies demonstrated that the projection pattern of the synaptic arborizations of long hair receptor afferents form a continuous map of air current direction within the terminal abdominal ganglion (). We demonstrate here that the projection pattern of the medium-length hair afferents also forms a continuous map of stimulus direction. However, the afferents from the long and medium-length hair afferents show very little spatial segregation with respect to their frequency sensitivity. The possible functional significance of this small degree of spatial segregation was investigated, by calculating the relative overlap between the long and medium-length hair afferents with the dendrites of two interneurons that are known to have different frequency sensitivities. Both interneurons were shown to have nearly equal anatomical overlap with long and medium hair afferents. Thus, the differential overlap of these interneurons with the two different classes of afferents was not adequate to explain the observed frequency selectivity of the interneurons. Other mechanisms such as selective connectivity between subsets of afferents and interneurons and/or differences in interneuron biophysical properties must play a role in establishing the frequency selectivities of these interneurons. (+info)Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (6/3683)
In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning. (+info)GABAergic excitatory synapses and electrical coupling sustain prolonged discharges in the prey capture neural network of Clione limacina. (7/3683)
Afterdischarges represent a prominent characteristic of the neural network that controls prey capture reactions in the carnivorous mollusc Clione limacina. Their main functional implication is transformation of a brief sensory input from a prey into a lasting prey capture response. The present study, which focuses on the neuronal mechanisms of afterdischarges, demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons [cerebral A interneuron (Cr-Aint)] is responsible for afterdischarge generation in the network. Cr-Aint neurons are electrically coupled to all other neurons in the network and produce slow excitatory synaptic inputs to them. This excitatory transmission is found to be GABAergic, which is demonstrated by the use of GABA antagonists, uptake inhibitors, and double-labeling experiments showing that Cr-Aint neurons are GABA-immunoreactive. The Cr-Aint neurons organize three different pathways in the prey capture network, which provide positive feedback necessary for sustaining prolonged spike activity. The first pathway includes electrical coupling and slow chemical transmission from the Cr-Aint neurons to all other neurons in the network. The second feedback is based on excitatory reciprocal connections between contralateral interneurons. Recurrent excitation via the contralateral cell can sustain prolonged interneuron firing, which then drives the activity of all other cells in the network. The third positive feedback is represented by prominent afterdepolarizing potentials after individual spikes in the Cr-Aint neurons. Afterdepolarizations apparently represent recurrent GABAergic excitatory inputs. It is suggested here that these afterdepolarizing potentials are produced by GABAergic excitatory autapses. (+info)Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (8/3683)
A combination of biocytin back-fills of the cerebral-buccal connectives and immunocytochemistry of the cerebral ganglion demonstrated that of the 13 bilateral pairs of cerebral-buccal interneurons in the cerebral ganglion, a subpopulation of 3 are immunopositive for the peptide myomodulin. The present paper describes the properties of two of these cells, which we have termed CBI-8 and CBI-9. CBI-8 and CBI-9 were found to be dye coupled and electrically coupled. The cells have virtually identical properties, and consequently we consider them to be "twin" pairs and refer to them as CBI-8/9. CBI-8/9 were identified by electrophysiological criteria and then labeled with dye. Labeled cells were found to be immunopositive for myomodulin, and, using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cells were shown to contain authentic myomodulin. CBI-8/9 were found to receive synaptic input after mechanical stimulation of the tentacles. They also received excitatory input from C-PR, a neuron involved in neck lengthening, and received a slow inhibitory input from CC5, a cell involved in neck shortening, suggesting that CBI-8/9 may be active during forward movements of the head or buccal mass. Firing of CBI-8 or CBI-9 resulted in the activation of a relatively small number of buccal neurons as evidenced by extracellular recordings from buccal nerves. Firing also produced local movements of the buccal mass, in particular a strong contraction of the I7 muscle, which mediates radula opening. CBI-8/9 were found to produce a slow depolarization and rhythmic activity of B48, the motor neuron for the I7 muscle. The data provide continuing evidence that the small population of cerebral buccal interneurons is composed of neurons that are highly diverse in their functional roles. CBI-8/9 may function as a type of premotor neuron, or perhaps as a peptidergic modulatory neuron, the functions of which are dependent on the coactivity of other neurons. (+info)
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Differential effects of BMP signaling on parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron differentiation. - Semantic Scholar
Decrease of a Current Mediated by K(v)1.3 Channels Causes Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Hyperexcitability in Experimental...
On coupling and decouplin… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Making interneurons with Magoh | Development
Activation of Specific Interneurons Improves V1 Feature Selectivity and Visual Perception - ScienceOpen
neuron-glia interactions - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
Glutamatergic and cholinergic metabotropic modulation induces plateau potentials in hippocampal OLM interneurons | Meta
GABAergic Interneuron Differentiation in the Basal Forebrain Is Mediated through Direct Regulation of Glutamic Acid...
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A developmental cell-type switch in cortical interneurons leads to a selective defect in cortical oscillations - CSHL...
Functions of distinct interneuron subtypes in cortical dynamics and behavior - Adam Kepecs
Modulation of inhibitory autapses and synapses on rat CA1 interneurones by GABAa receptor ligands - Enlighten: Publications
Spike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons | Science
Lake Forest College Publications - Steven Galovich Memorial Student Symposium: Repeated Drug Exposure Disrupts Rat Hippocampal...
Innovations present in the primate interneuron repertoire | Nature
Identification of enhancers whose activity defines cortical interneuron types - John Rubenstein
pyramidal cells Protocols and Video...
Target Selection of Proprioceptive and Motor Axon Synapses on Neonatal by Valerie C. Siembab, Courtney A. Smith et al.
Neuronal Networks of Movement : Slc10a4 as a Modulator & Dmrt3 as a Gait-keeper
Interneuron firing precedes sequential activation of neuronal ensembles in hippocampal slices
The Continuing Case for the Renshaw Cell by Francisco J. Alvarez and Robert E.W. Fyffe
ModelDB: Pyramidal neuron, fast, regular, and irregular spiking interneurons (Konstantoudaki et al 2014)
Functional diversity of excitatory commissural interneurons in adult zebrafish | eLife
GABA Regulates the Multidirectional Tangential Migration of GABAergic Interneurons in Living Neonatal Mice - pdf descargar
MicrocircuitDB: O-LM interneuron model (Lawrence et al. 2006)
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222: What are Fast-Spiking Interneurons? | Smart Drug Smarts: Brain Optimization | Nootropics | Neuroscience on Acast
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EMF-Portal | Literature search results
Gene Expression Literature Detail
NeuroElectro :: Article
Operating margin - ForestBioFacts
Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations. -...
Simultaneous effects on parvalbumin-positive interneuron and dopaminergic system development in a transgenic rat model for...
Diversity of neocortical interneurons in the barrel cortex of mouse
Recruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Oxford Neuroscience
Recruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Nuffield Department...
Difference between revisions of Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons coordinate hippocampal network dynamics required for...
New paper shows how thalamo-cortical axons regulate the radial dispersion of neocortical GABAergic interneurons « Carlos Ibanez...
Neonatal exposure to propofol affects interneuron development in the piriform cortex and causes neurobehavioral deficits in...
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Physiological and morphological diversity of immunocytochemically defined parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-positive...
Functional α7β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in hippocampal interneurons exhibit high sensitivity to...
Regionalized loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the cerebral cortex of mice with deficits in GFRα1 signaling - Fingerprint
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Depolarizing effect of neocortical chandelier neurons - Academic Commons
Electrophysiological analysis of GABAergic local circuit neurons in the central nervous system.<...
Excitatory effects of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons maintain hippocampal epileptiform activity via synchronous...
Recruitment of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Determines Hippocampal Function and Associated Behavior - ePrints - Newcastle...
Interneuron Migration from Basal Forebrain to Neocortex: Dependence on Dlx Genes | Science
Receptor subtypes involved in the presynaptic and postsynaptic actions of dopamine on striatal interneurons<...
OpenEmory | Search Results
Commissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cord
Loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 from parvalbumin interneurons leads to hyperinhibition, decreased anxiety, and memory...
Professor Alain Marty - ENI-NET
Development and diversification of retinal amacrine interneurons at single cell resolution | PNAS
Directed migration of cortical interneurons depends on the cell-autonomous action of Sip1
Distinct Limb and Trunk Premotor Circuits Establish Laterality in the Spinal Cord - edoc
gabaergic neurons Protocols and Video...
Impaired fast-spiking interneuron function in a genetic mouse model of depression | eLife
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Janelia Research Campus
Spinal neurons require Islet1 for subtype-specific differentiation of electrical excitability | Neural Development | Full Text
The morphology of a population of thoracic intersegmental interneurones in the locust. - Semantic Scholar
Spinal Hb9::Cre-derived excitatory interneurons contribute to rhythm generation in the mouse
Nonspiking and Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust | SpringerLink
Chandeliers & Pendant Lights, Chandeliers & Pendant Lights Products, Chandeliers & Pendant Lights Manufacturers, Chandeliers &...
Items where Subject is GABA - CSHL Scientific Digital Repository
Long-term depression in hippocampal interneurons: Joint requirement for pre- and postsynaptic events - Fingerprint
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Interneuron
Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons CCK-expressing interneurons VIP-expressing interneurons SOM-expressing interneurons ... interneurons Calretinin-expressing interneurons Nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons Interneurons in the CNS are ... Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons.[need quotation to verify] ... However, excitatory interneurons using glutamate in the CNS also exist, as do interneurons releasing neuromodulators like ...
Spinal interneuron
The spinal interneuron called Ia inhibitory interneuron is responsible for this inhibition of the antagonist muscle. The Ia ... Different classes of spinal interneurons are involved in the process of sensory-motor integration. Most interneurons are found ... Renshaw cells are among the first identified interneurons. This type of interneuron projects onto α-motoneurons, where it ... These afferent fibers project onto the spinal cord and synapse with the spinal interneurons called Ib inhibitory interneurons. ...
Medial giant interneuron
The medial giant interneuron (MG) is an interneuron in the abdominal nerve cord of crayfish. It is part of the system that ... The medial giant interneurons are less well studied than the lateral giant neurons, which trigger a similar escape behavior. ...
Lateral giant interneuron
The lateral giant interneuron (LG) is an interneuron in the abdominal nerve cord of crayfish, lobsters, shrimp of the order ... Mauthner cell Medial giant interneuron Squid giant axon Edwards, Donald H.; Heitler, William J.; Krasne, Franklin B. (April ...
György Buzsáki
He was the first to demonstrate the role of GABAergic interneurons in network oscillations. Buzsáki's recognition of the ... Freund, T. F.; Buzsáki, G. (1996). "Interneurons of the hippocampus". Hippocampus. 6 (4): 347-470. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063( ...
Neuron
Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. When multiple neurons are ... Example: interneurons in neurostriatum. Phasic or bursting. Neurons that fire in bursts are called phasic. Fast spiking. Some ... Interneurons connect neurons within specific regions of the central nervous system. Afferent and efferent also refer generally ... Some examples are:[citation needed] Basket cells, interneurons that form a dense plexus of terminals around the soma of target ...
OpenWorm
A full feedback loop must be established: Environmental Stimulus > Sensory Transduction > Interneuron Firing > Motor Neuron ...
Accommodation index
"Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (10): 793-807. doi:10.1038/nrn1519. (Metrics ...
Primate basal ganglia
There are also various groups of GABAergic interneurons and a single group of cholinergic interneurons. These few types are ... The cholinergic interneurons of the primate, are very different from those of non-primates. These are said to be tonically ... The dorsal striatum and the ventral striatum have different populations of the cholinergic interneurons showing a marked ... Levesque, J.C.; Parent, A. (2005). "GABAergic interneurons in human subthalamic nucleus". Mov. Disord. 20 (5): 574-584. doi: ...
Seizure
Liu YQ, Yu F, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW (December 2014). "Dysfunction of hippocampal interneurons in epilepsy". Neuroscience ...
Anaxonic neuron
They act as non-spiking interneurons. Interneuron Unipolar neuron Pseudounipolar neuron Bipolar neuron Multipolar neuron Al, ... "Physiological and morphological characterization of anaxonic non-spiking interneurons in the crayfish motor control system". ...
Subthalamic nucleus
In humans there are also a small number (about 7.5%) of GABAergic interneurons that participate in the local circuitry; however ... Lévesque JC, Parent A (May 2005). "GABAergic interneurons in human subthalamic nucleus". Movement Disorders. 20 (5): 574-84. ...
Acetylcholine
It is released by cholinergic interneurons. In humans, non-human primates and rodents, these interneurons respond to salient ... "Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum". Neuroscience. 198: 27- ...
Low-threshold spikes
Serotonin serves to inhibit these interneurons. This was studied using transgenic mice in which nitric oxide interneurons were ... These interneurons produce nitric oxide and are modulated by neurotransmitters, specifically serotonin, released from the ... The striatum, a nucleus in the basal ganglia, contains low-threshold spike interneurons. The basal ganglia serve many functions ... When the hyperpolarization of the membrane in these interneurons is maintained at a certain level calcium conductance is ...
Henry Markram
2000: Gupta, A.; Wang, Y.; Markram, H. (2000). "Organizing Principles for a Diversity of GABAergic Interneurons and Synapses in ... 2004: Markram, Henry; Toledo-Rodriguez, Maria; Wang, Yun; Gupta, Anirudh; Silberberg, Gilad; Wu, Caizhi (2004). "Interneurons ...
Mechanisms of schizophrenia
They are local, and one type, the fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive interneuron, has been suggested to play a key role in ... Actual numbers of parvalbumin interneurons have been found to be unchanged in these studies, however, except for a single study ... These reductions were found in only a subset of cortical interneurons. Furthermore, GAD67 mRNA was completely undetectable in a ... Cabungcal JH, Steullet P, Kraftsik R, Cuenod M, Do KQ (March 2013). "Early-life insults impair parvalbumin interneurons via ...
Neuropeptide Y
... is expressed in interneurons. NPY exerts most of its effects through Neuropeptide Y receptors, mainly Y1, Y2, Y4 ... Reduction or elimination of NPY released by interneurons decreased cell growth in this brain area. NPY affects neurogenesis by ...
KCNK9
TASK-3 channels are also expressed in the hippocampus; both on pyramidal cells and interneurons. It is thought that these ... "TASK-like conductances are present within hippocampal CA1 stratum oriens interneuron subpopulations". The Journal of ...
Critical period
Pi HJ, Hangya B, Kvitsiani D, Sanders JI, Huang ZJ, Kepecs A (November 2013). "Cortical interneurons that specialize in ... parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV cells). Prior to the onset of the critical period, modulation of this circuit is hampered ... of PNNs in critical period closure is further supported by the finding that fast-spiking parvalbulmin-positive interneurons are ...
KCNC1
Kv3.1 channels are important for the high-firing frequency of auditory and fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, retinal ... cortical and hippocampal interneurons > inferior colliculi, cochlear and vestibular nuclei), and in retinal ganglion cells. ... conductance is necessary and kinetically optimized for high-frequency action potential generation in hippocampal interneurons ...
Striatum
There are many types of GABAergic interneurons. The best known are parvalbumin expressing interneurons, also known as fast- ... Cholinergic interneurons release acetylcholine, which has a variety of important effects in the striatum. In humans, other ... The large aspiny cholinergic interneurons themselves are affected by dopamine through D5 dopamine receptors. Dopamine also ... Koós, Tibor; Tepper, James M. (May 1999). "Inhibitory control of neostriatal projection neurons by GABAergic interneurons". ...
Patch-sequencing
Lipovsek, Marcela; Browne, Lorcan; Grubb, Matthew S. (December 2020). "Protocol for Patch-Seq of Small Interneurons". STAR ... "Functional specification of CCK+ interneurons by alternative isoforms of Kv4.3 auxiliary subunits". eLife. 9. doi:10.7554/eLife ...
Gate control theory
The inhibitory interneuron fires spontaneously. The C fiber's synapse would inhibit the inhibitory interneuron, indirectly ... activation of the inhibitory interneurons varies: large-diameter fibers excite the interneuron, which ultimately reduces ... The same neurons may also form synapses with an inhibitory interneuron that also synapses on the projection neuron, reducing ... The Aβ fiber, on the other hand, forms an excitatory connection with the inhibitory interneuron, thus decreasing the projection ...
Ganglionic eminence
Some examples of non-GABAergic interneurons that the GEs guide are dopaminergic interneurons in the olfactory bulb, and ... One example of GABAergic interneurons that the GEs guide are parvalbumin-containing interneurons in the neocortex. ... CGE-derived cells include GABAergic interneurons, spiny interneurons, mossy cells, pyramidal and granule neurons, and even ... It seems that the majority of cells from the CGE were GABAergic interneurons, but depending on where they are located, CGE- ...
Amacrine cell
... s are interneurons in the retina. They are named from the Greek roots a- ("non"), makr- ("long") and in- ("fiber ... Amacrine cells and other retinal interneuron cells are less likely to be near neighbours of the same subtype than would occur ...
Non-spiking neuron
... interneurons, with AL interneurons divided into three types of interneurons based on staining. The initial differentiation ... "Interneurons" is a name used to indicate neurons that are neither sensory neurons nor motory in nature, but function as an ... Modulatory interneurons are neurons that are physically situated next to muscle fibers and innervate the nerve fibers which ... These interneurons are connected to one another via synapses and a minority, approximately 15% of the neurons, exhibit ...
Medium spiny neuron
Additionally, other types of GABAergic interneurons make connections with the spiny neurons. These include interneurons that ... The synaptic connections between a particular GABAergic interneuron, the parvalbumin expressing fast-spiking interneuron, and ... There are also interneurons in the striatum which regulate the excitability of the medium spiny neurons. ... Since the fast-spiking interneurons influence is located so closely to this critical gate between the dendrites and the soma, ...
Withdrawal reflex
The sensory neuron then synapses with interneurons that connect to motor neurons. Some of these send motor impulses to the ... Interneuron Nociceptor Reflex Solomon; Schmidt (1990). "13". In Carol, Field (ed.). Human Anatomy & physiology (2 ed.). ...
Donepezil
Habit formation is modulated by striatal cholinergic interneurons. Based on the physiopathology of anorexia nervosa, namely in ...
Caridoid escape reaction
Crayfish Lateral giant interneuron Medial giant interneuron Command neuron Fixed action pattern Central pattern generator ... The aforementioned neuronal fibres consist of a pair of lateral giant interneurons and a pair of medial giant interneurons, and ... These interneurons play important roles in escape swimming. Their large diameter allows for rapid conduction since there is ... In the beta pathway, the signal can then pass a chemical synapse, the information is sent to a sensory interneuron (SI) of ...
Somatostatin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex control affective state discrimination in mice | Request PDF
Somatostatin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex control affective state discrimination in mice , The prefrontal cortex (PFC ... SOM+), but not of parvalbumin (PV+) interneurons or pyrami-. dal neurons, is a primary substrate for the expression of ... Somatostatin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex control affective state discrimination in mice. *January 2020 ... cell microendoscopic Ca2+ imaging, an increased synchronous activity of mPFC SOM+ interneurons, guiding inhibition of pyra- ...
Interneuron- and GABAA receptor-specific inhibitory synaptic plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells | Nature Communications
By stimulating individual interneurons, this plasticity was observed at somatodendritic basket cell synapses, but not at distal ... Here the authors demonstrate that RP is both interneuron input-specific and GABAAreceptor subunit-specific and serves to ... the input and GABAA receptor subunit specificity of inhibitory synaptic plasticity by studying cerebellar interneuron-Purkinje ... Interneuron- and GABAA receptor-specific inhibitory synaptic plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells. *Qionger He1 nAff5, ...
JCI -
Parvalbumin interneuron loss mediates repeated anesthesia-induced memory deficits in mice
Parvalbumin interneuron loss mediates repeated anesthesia-induced memory deficits in mice. Patricia Soriano Roque,1 Carolina ... Each parvalbumin interneuron controls the activity of multiple pyramidal excitatory neurons, thereby regulating neuronal ... Thus, loss of parvalbumin interneurons in postnatal mice following repeated general anesthesia critically contributes to memory ... anesthesia in postnatal mice induces preferential apoptosis and subsequent loss of parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons ...
V1 interneurons News Research Tags Articles - Neuroscience News
Neuroscience research articles are provided.. What is neuroscience? Neuroscience is the scientific study of nervous systems. Neuroscience can involve research from many branches of science including those involving neurology, brain science, neurobiology, psychology, computer science, artificial intelligence, statistics, prosthetics, neuroimaging, engineering, medicine, physics, mathematics, pharmacology, electrophysiology, biology, robotics and technology. ...
Optogenetic mapping of cerebellar inhibitory circuitry reveals spatially biased coordination of interneurons via electrical...
This approach revealed that interneurons converge upon Purkinje cells over a broad area and that at least seven interneurons ... Animals, Brain Mapping, Electrical Synapses, Interneurons, Mice, Optogenetics, Purkinje Cells, Rhodopsin. Abstract. We used ... The number of converging interneurons was reduced by treatment with gap junction blockers, revealing that electrical synapses ... We conclude that electrical synapse networks spatially coordinate interneurons in the cerebellum and may also serve this ...
Correction for Tiveron et al., Molecular Interaction between Projection Neuron Precursors and Invading Interneurons via Stromal...
Correction for Tiveron et al., Molecular Interaction between Projection Neuron Precursors and Invading Interneurons via Stromal ... Correction for Tiveron et al., Molecular Interaction between Projection Neuron Precursors and Invading Interneurons via Stromal ... Correction for Tiveron et al., Molecular Interaction between Projection Neuron Precursors and Invading Interneurons via Stromal ... Correction for Tiveron et al., Molecular Interaction between Projection Neuron Precursors and Invading Interneurons via Stromal ...
MicrocircuitDB: Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020)
Interneuron Specific 3 Interneuron Model (Guet-McCreight et al, 2016). Interneuron Specific 3 Interneuron Model (Guet-McCreight ... Interneuron Specific 3 Interneuron Model (Guet-McCreight et al, 2016). Interneuron Specific 3 Interneuron Model (Guet-McCreight ... Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020). Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron ... Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron Specific 3 (IS3) in vivo-like virtual NN simulations (Luo et al 2020). Hippocampus CA1 Interneuron ...
Selective ablation of type 3 adenylyl cyclase in somatostatin-positive interneurons produces anxiety- and depression-like...
Selective ablation of type 3 adenylyl cyclase in somatostatin-positive interneurons produces anxiety- and depression-like ... We found that selective disruption of AC3 in SST+ but not PV+ interneurons caused anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. ... Somatostatin-positive (SST+) and parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons are two major GABAergic interneurons and play roles in ... We hope to know whether AC3 in these two subtypes of interneurons contributes to the pathophysiological process of depression. ...
Human ES cell-derived MGE inhibitory interneuron transplantation for spinal cord injury | California's Stem Cell Agency
Science (2014) Interneurons from embryonic development to cell-based therapy. (PubMed: 24723614) ... Cell Stem Cell (2016) Transplanted Human Stem Cell-Derived Interneuron Precursors Mitigate Mouse Bladder Dysfunction and ... We propose to use cell grafts of inhibitory interneurons that we have derived from human stem cells in order to provide a novel ... We have also recently developed methods to create human inhibitory interneurons from embryonic stem cells. This proposal will ...
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Expressing Interneurons in the Hippocampus Support Goal-Oriented Spatial Learning | Bruker
Interestingly INs can be under control of other interneurons, so-called disinhibitory interneurons. ... Place cells are excitatory cells and their activity is under control of inhibitory interneurons (INs). ... Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide-Expressing Interneurons in the Hippocampus Support Goal-Oriented Spatial Learning. ... The group focused on disinhibitory interneurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). ...
Figures and data in Paradoxical network excitation by glutamate release from VGluT3+ GABAergic interneurons | eLife
Glutamate cotransmission from a subset of cortical GABAergic interneurons can promote network hyperexcitability. ... The bottom right panel ill1ustrates a post-hoc recovered O-LM interneuron, the prototypical SOM+ interneuron, that was targeted ... C) Confirmation of VGluT3 signal in a small subset of hippocampal SOM+ interneurons. Upper panels illustrate that delivery of ... Distributions of labelled cells for each interneuron marker within CA1 from s.o. to s.l.m. (stratum lacunosum moleculare) are ...
Master Consulting Agreement - Interneuron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Quintiles Inc. - Sample Contracts and Business Forms
Interneuron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Quintiles Inc. and Other Business Contracts, Forms and Agreeements. Competitive ... Upon the termination of this Agreement, Quintiles shall deliver to Interneuron all data and materials provided by Interneuron ... Interneuron. Payment for such services shall be made to Quintiles within thirty (30) days of receipt by Interneuron of invoices ... Quintiles by Interneuron and to written recommendations and written instructions that have been delivered by Interneuron to ...
Investigating the interaction between BDNF-TrkB signaling, inhibitory interneurons and cognition with relevance to schizophrenia
... inhibitory interneurons and cognition with relevance to schizophrenia ... BDNF-TrkB signaling and inhibitory interneurons are considered part of the pathophysiology but the dynamics between them are ... Three mouse models of altered BDNF-TrkB signaling were used to investigate the interaction with inhibitory interneurons upon ... This thesis supports that BDNF-TrkB signaling and inhibitory interneurons interact with sex to contribute to learning and ...
ModelDB: Thalamic interneuron multicompartment model (Zhu et al. 1999)
Thalamic interneuron multicompartment model (Zhu et al. 1999). Download zip file Help downloading and running models *Model ... 1 . Zhu JJ, Uhlrich DJ, Lytton WW (1999) Burst firing in identified rat geniculate interneurons. Neuroscience 91:1445-60 [ ... 2 . Zhu JJ, Lytton WW, Xue JT, Uhlrich DJ (1999) An intrinsic oscillation in interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus ...
Parvalbumin interneurons mediate neuronal circuitry-neurogenesis coupling in the adult hippocampus<...
... expressing interneurons. Recently shown to suppress adult quiescent neural stem cell activation, parvalbumin interneuron ... expressing interneurons. Recently shown to suppress adult quiescent neural stem cell activation, parvalbumin interneuron ... expressing interneurons. Recently shown to suppress adult quiescent neural stem cell activation, parvalbumin interneuron ... expressing interneurons. Recently shown to suppress adult quiescent neural stem cell activation, parvalbumin interneuron ...
Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn.
Usage: Selectively ablated Y1R-expressing interneurons while sparing the central terminals of primary afferents. Rats received ... Summary: This neuroanatomical and behavioral characterization of Y1R-expressing excitatory interneurons provides compelling ... Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn ...
Defining the spatiotemporal origins of GABAergic cortical interneuron subtypes Center for Developmental Biology | RIKEN CDB
2209.10634] Interneurons accelerate learning dynamics in recurrent neural networks
for statistical adaptation
Title: Interneurons accelerate learning dynamics in recurrent neural networks for statistical adaptation. Authors: David ... Mechanistically, such recurrent communication is often indirect and mediated by local interneurons. In this work, we explore ... Interestingly, the network with interneurons is an overparameterized solution of the whitening objective for the network with ... Our results suggest that interneurons are computationally useful for rapid adaptation to changing input statistics. ...
Restrained Dendritic Growth of Adult-Born Granule Cells Innervated by Transplanted Fetal GABAergic Interneurons in Mice with...
T, An IMARIS-based reconstruction of the transplanted interneuron from R-T. Arrows, VGAT-ChR2-EYFP interneurons co-expressing ... Zhang W, Yamawaki R, Wen X, Uhl J, Diaz J, Prince DA, Buckmaster PS (2009) Surviving hilar somatostatin interneurons enlarge, ... Xu Q, Cobos I, De La Cruz E, Rubenstein JL, Anderson SA (2004) Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes. J Neurosci 24:2612- ... interneurons in the hippocampus and sprouting of subsets of interneurons, as well as other host brain changes (Peng et al., ...
"Trpm4 ion channels in pre-bötzinger complex interneurons are essential" by Maria Cristina D. Picardo, Yae K. Sugimura et al.
Inspiratory breathing movements depend on pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) interneurons that express calcium (Ca 2+ )-activated ... Trpm4 ion channels in pre-bötzinger complex interneurons are essential for breathing motor pattern but not rhythm ... Inspiratory breathing movements depend on pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) interneurons that express calcium (Ca 2+ )-activated ... Trpm4 ion channels in pre-bötzinger complex interneurons are essential for breathing motor pattern but not rhythm. PLoS Biology ...
Age-correlated changes and juvenile hormone III regulation of the syllable period specific responses of the L3 auditory...
1. L3 is an auditory interneuron in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domesticus. The degree of syllable period ( ... N2 - 1. L3 is an auditory interneuron in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domesticus. The degree of syllable ... AB - 1. L3 is an auditory interneuron in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domesticus. The degree of syllable ... abstract = "1. L3 is an auditory interneuron in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domesticus. The degree of ...
Tau pathology induces loss of GABAergic interneurons leading to altered synaptic plasticity and behavioral impairments | Acta...
ZHONG PFC C6 DLX5 GAD1 GAD2 POS INTERNEURON
FAN_EMBRYONIC_CTX_IN_1_INTERNEURON FAN_EMBRYONIC_CTX_IN_2_INTERNEURON FAN_EMBRYONIC_CTX_IN_3_INTERNEURON FAN_EMBRYONIC_CTX_IN_4 ... INTERNEURON FAN_EMBRYONIC_CTX_IN_5_INTERNEURON FAN_EMBRYONIC_CTX_IN_6_INTERNEURON FAN_EMBRYONIC_CTX_MICROGLIA_1 FAN_EMBRYONIC_ ... Human Gene Set: ZHONG_PFC_C6_DLX5_GAD1_GAD2_POS_INTERNEURON Standard name. ZHONG_PFC_C6_DLX5_GAD1_GAD2_POS_INTERNEURON. ... ZHONG_PFC_C3_PROX1_CCK_POS_INTERNEURON ZHONG_PFC_C3_UNKNOWN_INP ZHONG_PFC_C4_PTGDS_POS_OPC ZHONG_PFC_C4_UNKNOWN_INP ZHONG_PFC_ ...
Extinction of cue-evoked food seeking recruits a GABAergic interneuron ensemble in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex of mice ...
... we revealed a persistent activation of a subset of interneurons which emerged from a wider population of interneurons activated ... Extinction of cue-evoked food seeking recruits a GABAergic interneuron ensemble in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex of mice ... Extinction of cue-evoked food seeking recruits a GABAergic interneuron ensemble in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex of mice. ... in recently behaviorally-activated neurons to determine the recruitment of activated pyramidal and GABAergic interneuron mPFC ...
Interneurons | Profiles RNS
Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, ... "Interneurons" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Interneurons" by people in this website by year, and whether " ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Interneurons" by people in Profiles. ...
Postdoctoral Fellow for Laboratory of Interneuron Developmental Dynamics - VIB
Job description The Laboratory of Interneuron Developmental Dynamics (headed by Lynette Lim) at the VIB Center for Brain & ... The Laboratory of Interneuron Developmental Dynamics (headed by Lynette Lim) at the VIB Center for Brain & Disease in KU Leuven ... Postdoctoral Fellow for Laboratory of Interneuron Developmental Dynamics. Leuven VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease ... to examine the role of metabolism in driving interneuron diversification. The postdoctoral fellow and research technician will ...
Interneuron
Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons.[3] Local interneurons have ... Interneuron An interneuron (also called internuncial neuron, relay neuron, association neuron, connector neuron, intermediate ... Nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons[14]. Function. Interneurons in the CNS are primarily inhibitory, and use the ... Interneuron. Cartoon of a locust interneuron that integrates information about wind in order to control wing motor neurons ...
Autonomous firing of low-threshold spike interneurons in the striatum | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
The many tunes of perisomatic targeting interneurons in the hippocampal network. - Department of Pharmacology
Furthermore, GABAergic interneurons have a previously unrecognized role in the initiation of hippocampal population bursts, ... The axonal targets of perisomatic targeting interneurons make them ideally suited to synchronize excitatory neurons. As such ... Furthermore, GABAergic interneurons have a previously unrecognized role in the initiation of hippocampal population bursts, ... The axonal targets of perisomatic targeting interneurons make them ideally suited to synchronize excitatory neurons. As such ...
Estimation of self-motion by optic flow processing in single visual interneurons. :: MPG.PuRe
Estimation of self-motion by optic flow processing in single visual interneurons. ... Estimation of self-motion by optic flow processing in single visual interneurons. Krapp, H., & Hengstenberg, R. (1996). ... To investigate how the optic flow is processed at the neuronal level, we recorded intracellularly from identified interneurons ... Estimation of self-motion by optic flow processing in single visual interneurons. Nature, 384(6608), 463-466. doi:10.1038/ ...
InhibitionLocal interneuronsCortical interneuronsInhibitory interneuronSelectivelyVasoactive intestinalHippocampusGABAergic InterneuronsParvalbumin interneuronsCellsMiceHippocampal networkAxonalSpinal cordDorsal hornSensoryNeuronalMolecularSynaptic plasticityOscillationDiversityDynamicsDendriticMediateAuditoryNervous SystemNeuralAXONSSynapsesGlutamateInnervateNeocortexBehavioralMetabolismConcludeExcitatory neuronsSignalsMigrationDescriptorPatternsModulationOpticInputs
Inhibition6
- Specifically, inhibition of mPFC somatostatin (SOM+), but not of parvalbumin (PV+) interneurons, abolishes affective state discrimination. (researchgate.net)
- As visualized by in vivo single-cell microendoscopic Ca2+ imaging, an increased synchronous activity of mPFC SOM+ interneurons, guiding inhibition of pyramidal neurons, is associated with affective state discrimination. (researchgate.net)
- Objective: The objective is to propose a novel stimulation procedure able to evaluate the efficacy of inhibition imposed by GABAergic interneurons onto pyramidal cells from evoked responses observed in local field potentials (LFPs). (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Pairwise recordings from the CiA interneurons and postsynaptic cells reveal that the Engrailed-1 neurons produce monosynaptic, strychnine-sensitive inhibition of dorsal sensory interneurons and also inhibit more ventral neurons, including motoneurons and descending interneurons. (elsevier.com)
- We conclude that Engrailed-1 expression marks a class of inhibitory interneuron that seems to provide all of the ipsilateral glycinergic inhibition in the spinal cord of embryonic and larval fish. (elsevier.com)
- Cyfip1 Haploinsufficiency Does Not Alter GABA Receptor d-Subunit Expression and Tonic Inhibition in Dentate Gyrus PV Interneurons and Granule Cells. (cdc.gov)
Local interneurons4
- Mechanistically, such recurrent communication is often indirect and mediated by local interneurons. (arxiv.org)
- Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. (orange.com)
- [3] Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. (orange.com)
- This was based largely on circumstantial evidence, i.e. prominent staining for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) or soluble guanylyl cyclase, an effector enzyme activated by NO, in local interneurons of the olfactory bulb. (princeton.edu)
Cortical interneurons3
- In 2008, a nomenclature for the features of GABAergic cortical interneurons was proposed, called Petilla terminology . (orange.com)
- Recent research has highlighted the fact that cerebellar cortical interneurons are a quite more diverse and heterogeneous class of cells than generally appreciated, and have provided novel insights into the mechanisms that underpin the development and histogenetic integration of these cells. (unito.it)
- We found that Sip1 (Zfhx1b, Zeb2), a transcription factor enriched in migrating cortical interneurons, is required for their proper differentiation and correct guidance. (nyu.edu)
Inhibitory interneuron1
- The objective of this Development Candidate Feasibility Award is to assess the safety and efficacy of hESC-derived and human fetal inhibitory interneuron precursor cells (MGE cells) in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. (ca.gov)
Selectively4
- Accordingly, synchronized activation of mPFC SOM+ interneurons selectively induces social discrimination. (researchgate.net)
- In the hippocampus, disinhibition of principal cells is provided by the interneuron-specific interneurons that express the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IS) and innervate selectively inhibitory interneurons. (yale.edu)
- Usage: Selectively ablated Y1R-expressing interneurons while sparing the central terminals of primary afferents. (atsbio.com)
- Double in situ hybridization analysis showed that Rhes transcript is selectively localized in striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs), but not in GABAergic parvalbumin- or in neuropeptide Y-positive cell populations. (elsevier.com)
Vasoactive intestinal1
- The group focused on disinhibitory interneurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). (bruker.com)
Hippocampus2
- Furthermore, GABAergic interneurons have a previously unrecognized role in the initiation of hippocampal population bursts, both in the developing and adult hippocampus. (ox.ac.uk)
- 2016. Enkephalin levels and the number of neuropeptide Y-containing interneurons in the hippocampus are decreased in female cannabinoid-receptor 1 knock-out mice. . (cornell.edu)
GABAergic Interneurons6
- Additionally, transplants of fetal GABAergic interneurons in the DG of mice with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) result in seizure suppression, but it is unknown whether increasing interneurons with these transplants restores GABAergic innervation to adult-born GCs. (eneuro.org)
- Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)-expressing medial-ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived GABAergic interneurons from embryonic day (E)13.5 mouse embryos were transplanted into the DG of the TLE mice and GCs with transplant-derived inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs) were identified by patch-clamp electrophysiology and optogenetic interrogation. (eneuro.org)
- 2008). "Petilla terminology: Nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex" . (orange.com)
- An ubiquitous finding among these disorders is the disrupted function of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Results: Appropriately-tuned ELBS allows for preferential activation of GABAergic interneurons. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- GABAergic interneurons mainly originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of the embryonic ventral telencephalon (VT) and migrate tangentially to the cortex, guided by membrane-bound and secreted factors. (nyu.edu)
Parvalbumin interneurons1
- Our results suggest a niche mechanism involving parvalbumin interneurons that couples local circuit activity to the diametric regulation of two critical early phases of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. (elsevier.com)
Cells14
- Transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 exclusively in molecular layer interneurons allowed us to focally photostimulate these neurons, while measuring resulting responses in postsynaptic Purkinje cells. (broadinstitute.org)
- This approach revealed that interneurons converge upon Purkinje cells over a broad area and that at least seven interneurons form functional synapses with a single Purkinje cell. (broadinstitute.org)
- During the reporting period, we completed histological analyses for the two-month time point post-injection, and we found that the human MGE cells, derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), appropriately matured into forebrain-type inhibitory interneurons in the rodent spinal cord. (ca.gov)
- Place cells are excitatory cells and their activity is under control of inhibitory interneurons (INs). (bruker.com)
- Distributions of labelled cells for each interneuron marker within CA1 from s.o. to s.l.m. (stratum lacunosum moleculare) are plotted for comparison to RFP + cell distributions (right). (elifesciences.org)
- Computer simulations led to sharp predictions regarding: i) the shape of evoked responses as observed in local field potentials, ii) the type of cells (pyramidal neurons and interneurons) contributing to these field responses and iii) the optimal tuning of stimulation parameters (intensity and frequency) to evoke meaningful responses. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Neuronal differentiation of L2.2 cells was inhibited by bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) and enhanced by Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) similar to cortical interneuron progenitors. (elsevier.com)
- These cells express the glycine transporter 2 gene and are the only known ipsilateral interneurons positive for this marker of inhibitory transmission. (elsevier.com)
- Researchers at the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA have developed a first-of-its-kind roadmap detailing how stem cells become sensory interneurons-the cells that enable sensations like touch, pain and itch. (lifeboat.com)
- The study, conducted using embryonic stem cells from mice, also identified a method for producing all types of sensory interneurons in the laboratory. (lifeboat.com)
- Despite overall variability in dendritic Ca transients (CaTs) across different cells and dendritic branches, we report consistent behavior state-dependent organization of Ca signaling in interneurons. (ulaval.ca)
- Candelabrum cells are ubiquitous cerebellar cortex interneurons with specialized circuit properties. (bvsalud.org)
- Candelabrum cells (CCs) are enigmatic interneurons of the cerebellar cortex that have been identified based on their morphology, but their electrophysiological properties, synaptic connections and function remain unknown. (bvsalud.org)
- A myomodulin peptide has been suggested to mediate the response of the giant glial cells to stimulation of the Leydig interneuron in the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. (boykyo.com.cn)
Mice4
- Here, we used in vivo 2-Photon imaging in male Fos-GFP mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in recently behaviorally-activated neurons to determine the recruitment of activated pyramidal and GABAergic interneuron mPFC ensembles during extinction. (sussex.ac.uk)
- Studies in chicks and mice have suggested that transcription factors mark functional subtypes of interneurons in the developing spinal cord. (elsevier.com)
- Calcium Dynamics in Dendrites of Hippocampal CA1 Interneurons in Awake Mice. (ulaval.ca)
- Isoflurane Suppresses Hippocampal High-frequency Ripples by Differentially Modulating Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in Mice. (cornell.edu)
Hippocampal network1
- The many tunes of perisomatic targeting interneurons in the hippocampal network. (ox.ac.uk)
Axonal3
- The axonal targets of perisomatic targeting interneurons make them ideally suited to synchronize excitatory neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
- We found that Engrailed-1 expression uniquely marks a class of ascending interneurons, called circumferential ascending (CiA) interneurons, with ipsilateral axonal projections in both motor and sensory regions of spinal cord. (elsevier.com)
- The dendritic and axonal patterns of some interneurons in this region are also strikingly different from those described previously in CA1 and CA3. (nih.gov)
Spinal cord1
- Our data support the view that the subdivision of spinal cord into different regions by transcription factors defines a primitive functional organization of spinal interneurons that formed a developmental and evolutionary foundation on which more complex systems were built. (elsevier.com)
Dorsal horn2
- Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn. (atsbio.com)
- Nelson TS, Fu W, Donahue RR, Corder GF, Hökfelt T, Wiley RG, Taylor BK (2019) Facilitation of neuropathic pain by the NPY Y1 receptor-expressing subpopulation of excitatory interneurons in the dorsal horn. (atsbio.com)
Sensory2
- Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits , enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). (orange.com)
- Interneurons main function is to provide a neural circuit, conducting flow of signals or information between a sensory neuron and or motor neuron. (orange.com)
Neuronal4
- Recently shown to suppress adult quiescent neural stem cell activation, parvalbumin interneuron activation promoted newborn neuronal progeny survival and development. (elsevier.com)
- Our findings illuminate novel neuronal activation patterns in the dmPFC underlying extinction of food-seeking, and in particular, highlight an important role for interneuron ensembles in this inhibitory form of learning. (sussex.ac.uk)
- An effective means of identifying coetaneous interneurons is neuronal birthdating. (orange.com)
- To investigate how the optic flow is processed at the neuronal level, we recorded intracellularly from identified interneurons in the third visual neuropile of the blowfly (8). (mpg.de)
Molecular3
- Three mouse models of altered BDNF-TrkB signaling were used to investigate the interaction with inhibitory interneurons upon behaviour and molecular markers. (monash.edu)
- CCs in turn primarily inhibit molecular layer interneurons , which leads to PC disinhibition. (bvsalud.org)
- Synergism of type 1 metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons in vivo. (ista.ac.at)
Synaptic plasticity2
- Here we investigate the input and GABA A receptor subunit specificity of inhibitory synaptic plasticity by studying cerebellar interneuron-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses. (nature.com)
- Hippocampal inhibitory interneurons exhibit a large diversity of dendritic Ca mechanisms that are involved in the induction of Hebbian and anti-Hebbian synaptic plasticity. (ulaval.ca)
Oscillation1
- 2 . Zhu JJ, Lytton WW, Xue JT, Uhlrich DJ (1999) An intrinsic oscillation in interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. (yale.edu)
Diversity1
- 2021. Relevance of Cortical and Hippocampal Interneuron Functional Diversity to General Anesthetic Mechanisms: A Narrative Review. . (cornell.edu)
Dynamics3
- BDNF-TrkB signaling and inhibitory interneurons are considered part of the pathophysiology but the dynamics between them are not fully understood. (monash.edu)
- By analyzing the corresponding continuous synaptic dynamics and numerically simulating the networks, we show that the network with interneurons is more robust to initialization than the network with direct recurrent connections in the sense that the convergence time for the synaptic dynamics in the network with interneurons (resp. (arxiv.org)
- The Laboratory of Interneuron Developmental Dynamics (headed by Lynette Lim) at the VIB Center for Brain & Disease in KU Leuven is located in the University Hospital Campus, Leuven, Belgium. (vib.be)
Dendritic2
- By stimulating individual interneurons, this plasticity was observed at somatodendritic basket cell synapses, but not at distal dendritic stellate cell synapses. (nature.com)
- However, little is still known about dendritic Ca activity in interneurons during different behavioral states. (ulaval.ca)
Mediate1
- To this end, we consider two mathematically tractable recurrent neural networks that statistically whiten their inputs -- one with direct recurrent connections and the other with interneurons that mediate recurrent communication. (arxiv.org)
Auditory3
- 1. L3 is an auditory interneuron in the prothoracic ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domesticus. (elsevier.com)
- Parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons in auditory cortex are well-tuned for frequency. (arizona.edu)
- Gap encoding by parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in auditory cortex. (arizona.edu)
Nervous System1
- An interneuron (also called internuncial neuron , relay neuron , association neuron , connector neuron , intermediate neuron or local circuit neuron ) is a broad class of neurons found in the central nervous system. (orange.com)
Neural2
- Using immunohistology, electron microscopy, electrophysiology and optogenetics, we found that proliferating adult mouse hippocampal neural precursors received immature GABAergic synaptic inputs from parvalbumin- expressing interneurons. (elsevier.com)
- Interestingly, the network with interneurons is an overparameterized solution of the whitening objective for the network with direct recurrent connections, so our results can be viewed as a recurrent neural network analogue of the implicit acceleration phenomenon observed in overparameterized feedforward linear networks. (arxiv.org)
AXONS2
- Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions. (childrensmercy.org)
- [4] Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions. (orange.com)
Synapses2
- Optogenetic mapping of cerebellar inhibitory circuitry reveals spatially biased coordination of interneurons via electrical synapses. (broadinstitute.org)
- The number of converging interneurons was reduced by treatment with gap junction blockers, revealing that electrical synapses between interneurons contribute substantially to the spatial convergence. (broadinstitute.org)
Glutamate1
- However, excitatory interneurons using glutamate in the CNS also exist, as do interneurons releasing neuromodulators like acetylcholine . (orange.com)
Innervate1
- 2006 Primary motoneuron Secondary motoneuron LIM homeodomain Interneuron Spinal motoneuron pMN domain Zebrafish Vertebrate motoneurons innervate muscles in an exquisitely precise pattern. (silverchair.com)
Neocortex2
- In the neocortex (making up about 80% of the human brain), approximately 20-30% of neurons are interneurons. (orange.com)
- The majority of Sip1 knockout interneurons fail to migrate to the neocortex and stall in the VT. (nyu.edu)
Behavioral1
- Summary: This neuroanatomical and behavioral characterization of Y1R-expressing excitatory interneurons provides compelling evidence for the development of spinally-directed Y1R agonists to reduce chronic neuropathic pain. (atsbio.com)
Metabolism1
- The selected postdoctoral fellow will work jointly with a research technician on an FWO Odysseus grant-funded project (5-year duration) to examine the role of metabolism in driving interneuron diversification. (vib.be)
Conclude1
- We conclude that electrical synapse networks spatially coordinate interneurons in the cerebellum and may also serve this function in other brain regions. (broadinstitute.org)
Excitatory neurons1
- Key genes were overrepresented in L2/3 and L4 (all upper levels of the cortex) excitatory neurons, as well as VIP- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons, which set daily cellular rhythms and regulate endocrine functions, respectively. (10xgenomics.com)
Signals2
- Interneurons relay signals between neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
- High resolution imaging techniques allowed examining somatic Ca signals and, accordingly, the recruitment of hippocampal interneurons in awake behaving animals. (ulaval.ca)
Migration2
- The ARX protein regulates genes that play a role in the migration of specialized neurons (interneurons) to their proper location. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result, the ARX protein cannot perform its role regulating the activity of genes important for interneuron migration. (medlineplus.gov)
Descriptor1
- Interneurons" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
Patterns1
- Here, we used two-photon Ca imaging in mouse hippocampal CA1 interneurons to reveal Ca signal patterns in interneuron dendrites during animal locomotion and immobility. (ulaval.ca)
Modulation1
- Dive into the research topics of 'Modulation of the excitability of cockroach giant interneurons during walking - II. (illinois.edu)
Optic1
- Estimation of self-motion by optic flow processing in single visual interneurons. (mpg.de)
Inputs1
- GABAergic inputs from transplanted interneurons correlated with markedly shorter GC dendrites, compared to GCs that were not innervated by the transplants. (eneuro.org)