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Parvalbuminsgamma-Aminobutyric AcidNeural InhibitionCalbindin 2Action PotentialsNeocortexGABAergic NeuronsPyramidal CellsInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsGlutamate DecarboxylaseExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsSynapsesS100 Calcium Binding Protein GPatch-Clamp TechniquesNerve NetSynaptic TransmissionHippocampusSpinal CordDendritesElectric StimulationGanglia, InvertebrateCalbindinsNeural PathwaysMotor NeuronsGABA AntagonistsGrasshoppersTelencephalonNeuronsElectrophysiologyMice, TransgenicAnimals, NewbornSomatostatinRats, Sprague-DawleyOlfactory BulbExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsDentate GyrusAxonsLeechesPeriodicityGreen Fluorescent ProteinsNeostriatumAfferent PathwaysLocomotionModels, NeurologicalReceptors, GABA-ACorpus StriatumHermissendaNerve Tissue ProteinsMembrane PotentialsNeuronal PlasticityAnterior Horn CellsCholine O-AcetyltransferaseLIM-Homeodomain ProteinsCA1 Region, HippocampalVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2Organ Culture TechniquesSynaptic PotentialsGryllidaeCholinergic FibersBicucullineEvoked PotentialsPicrotoxinPresynaptic TerminalsHomeodomain ProteinsVesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport ProteinsRats, WistarNeurogenesisCA3 Region, HippocampalCholinergic NeuronsMice, Inbred C57BL6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneOlfactory PathwaysImmunohistochemistryProsencephalonCell CountEfferent PathwaysTheta RhythmTetrodotoxinReceptors, AMPACell MovementGlutamic AcidGene Knock-In TechniquesGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPrefrontal CortexBiological ClocksNeurons, AfferentNeuropeptide YReflexSomatosensory CortexLampreysAstacoideaOptogeneticsVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1GangliaReceptors, GABA-BGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsCholecystokininPosterior Horn CellsEscape ReactionSwimmingQuinoxalinesCerebellar CortexMedian EminenceReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateLymnaeaExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsMolluscaGABA AgentsKainic AcidSerotoninGABA AgonistsReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateReceptors, Kainic AcidCell DifferentiationReaction TimeThalamusReceptors, GABACholinergic AgentsTime FactorsCA2 Region, HippocampalCerebellumSpinocerebellar TractsNeurotransmitter AgentsPhosphinic AcidsMossy Fibers, HippocampalMice, KnockoutEmbryo, Mammalianalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorElectrophysiological PhenomenaTranscription FactorsCell Adhesion Molecules, NeuronalOscillometry2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateCatsAmygdalaHirudo medicinalisStrychnineReceptors, NicotinicInstinctNeuropeptidesMechanoreceptorsSodium Channel BlockersLong-Term PotentiationGABA-B Receptor AntagonistsGlycineBehavior, AnimalAcetylcholineMotor ActivityCentral Pattern GeneratorsBrain WavesReceptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3Pyramidal TractsAplysiaBrain Tissue TransplantationBiophysicsGlycine AgentsNeural Stem CellsNicotinic AntagonistsDopaminePhysical StimulationPyridazinesLateral VentriclesSpinal Nerve RootsStem CellsDihydro-beta-ErythroidinePAX2 Transcription Factor4-AminopyridineAnalysis of VarianceBiophysical ProcessesArthropod AntennaeN-MethylaspartateIn Situ HybridizationCell LineageBromodeoxyuridineAnimals, Genetically ModifiedAmacrine CellsOrthopteraBiotinVisual PathwaysReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptors, GlutamateOctopamineTritonia Sea SlugVesicular Glutamate Transport ProteinsMovementLysineElectroporationEntorhinal CortexOptic Lobe, NonmammalianBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsSensory Receptor CellsExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsCycloleucineMice, Neurologic MutantsReceptors, Dopamine D5DipteraReceptors, PresynapticMiniature Postsynaptic PotentialsSOXB2 Transcription FactorsPotassium Channel BlockersNeuroglia
Parvalbumins: Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Calbindin 2: A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Neocortex: The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.GABAergic Neurons: Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials: Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.Glutamate Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.S100 Calcium Binding Protein G: A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Ganglia, Invertebrate: Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.Calbindins: Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.GABA Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Grasshoppers: Plant-eating orthopterans having hindlegs adapted for jumping. There are two main families: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Some of the more common genera are: Melanoplus, the most common grasshopper; Conocephalus, the eastern meadow grasshopper; and Pterophylla, the true katydid.Telencephalon: The anterior subdivision of the embryonic PROSENCEPHALON or the corresponding part of the adult prosencephalon that includes the cerebrum and associated structures.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Somatostatin: A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate excitatory amino acid receptors, thereby blocking the actions of agonists.Dentate Gyrus: GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Leeches: Annelids of the class Hirudinea. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Medicinal leeches (HIRUDO MEDICINALIS) have been used therapeutically for drawing blood since ancient times.Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).Green Fluorescent Proteins: Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Receptors, GABA-A: Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.Corpus Striatum: Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.Hermissenda: A genus of marine sea slugs in the family Glaucidae, superorder GASTROPODA, found on the Pacific coast of North America. They are used in behavioral and neurological laboratory studies.Nerve Tissue ProteinsMembrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Anterior Horn Cells: MOTOR NEURONS in the anterior (ventral) horn of the SPINAL CORD which project to SKELETAL MUSCLES.Choline O-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. EC 2.3.1.6.LIM-Homeodomain Proteins: A subclass of LIM domain proteins that include an additional centrally-located homeodomain region that binds AT-rich sites on DNA. Many LIM-homeodomain proteins play a role as transcriptional regulators that direct cell fate.CA1 Region, Hippocampal: One of four subsections of the hippocampus described by Lorente de No, located furthest from the DENTATE GYRUS.Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2: A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Organ Culture Techniques: A technique for maintenance or growth of animal organs in vitro. It refers to three-dimensional cultures of undisaggregated tissue retaining some or all of the histological features of the tissue in vivo. (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells, 3d ed, p1)Synaptic Potentials: The voltages across pre- or post-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES.Gryllidae: The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).Cholinergic Fibers: Nerve fibers liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse.Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.Evoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.Homeodomain Proteins: Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins: A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that sequester the inhibitory neurotransmitters GLYCINE; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; and possibly GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE into SECRETORY VESICLES.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Neurogenesis: Formation of NEURONS which involves the differentiation and division of STEM CELLS in which one or both of the daughter cells become neurons.CA3 Region, Hippocampal: A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA2 FIELD and the DENTATE GYRUS.Cholinergic Neurons: Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.Mice, Inbred C57BL6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.Olfactory Pathways: Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the OLFACTORY NERVE; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY TRACT; OLFACTORY TUBERCLE; ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE; and OLFACTORY CORTEX.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Prosencephalon: The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. It subdivides to form DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON. (Stedmans Medical Dictionary, 27th ed)Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.Theta Rhythm: Brain waves characterized by a frequency of 4-7 Hz, usually observed in the temporal lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy.Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.Receptors, AMPA: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Gene Knock-In Techniques: Techniques used to add in exogenous gene sequence such as mutated genes; REPORTER GENES, to study mechanisms of gene expression; or regulatory control sequences, to study effects of temporal changes to GENE EXPRESSION.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.Biological Clocks: The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Somatosensory Cortex: Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving sensations such as movement, pain, pressure, position, temperature, touch, and vibration. It lies posterior to the central sulcus.Lampreys: Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.Astacoidea: A superfamily of various freshwater CRUSTACEA, in the infraorder Astacidea, comprising the crayfish. Common genera include Astacus and Procambarus. Crayfish resemble lobsters, but are usually much smaller.Optogenetics: The combination of genetic and optical methods in controlling specific events with temporal precision in targeted cells of a functioning intact biological system.Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1: A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in TELENCEPHALON of the BRAIN.Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized CONNECTIVE TISSUE located outside the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Receptors, GABA-B: A subset of GABA RECEPTORS that signal through their interaction with HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.GABA-A Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-A RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-A RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.Posterior Horn Cells: Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.Escape Reaction: Innate response elicited by sensory stimuli associated with a threatening situation, or actual confrontation with an enemy.Swimming: An activity in which the body is propelled through water by specific movement of the arms and/or the legs. Swimming as propulsion through water by the movement of limbs, tail, or fins of animals is often studied as a form of PHYSICAL EXERTION or endurance.QuinoxalinesCerebellar Cortex: The superficial GRAY MATTER of the CEREBELLUM. It consists of two main layers, the stratum moleculare and the stratum granulosum.Median Eminence: Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.Lymnaea: A genus of dextrally coiled freshwater snails that includes some species of importance as intermediate hosts of parasitic flukes.Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.Mollusca: A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.GABA Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. GABAergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.GABA Agonists: Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA).Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate: Cell surface proteins that bind glutamate and act through G-proteins to influence second messenger systems. Several types of metabotropic glutamate receptors have been cloned. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mechanisms of action.Receptors, Kainic Acid: A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for KAINIC ACID.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.Receptors, GABA: Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.Cholinergic Agents: Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.CA2 Region, Hippocampal: A subsection of the hippocampus, described by Lorente de No, that is located between the HIPPOCAMPUS CA1 FIELD and the HIPPOCAMPUS CA3 FIELD.Cerebellum: The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.Spinocerebellar Tracts: Fibers that arise from cell groups within the spinal cord and pass directly to the cerebellum. They include the anterior, posterior, and rostral spinocerebellar tracts, and the cuneocerebellar tract. (From Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p607)Neurotransmitter Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Phosphinic Acids: Inorganic or organic derivatives of phosphinic acid, H2PO(OH). They include phosphinates and phosphinic acid esters.Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal: Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Embryo, Mammalian: The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A member of the NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR subfamily of the LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL family. It consists entirely of pentameric a7 subunits expressed in the CNS, autonomic nervous system, vascular system, lymphocytes and spleen.Electrophysiological Phenomena: The electrical properties, characteristics of living organisms, and the processes of organisms or their parts that are involved in generating and responding to electrical charges.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal: Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.Oscillometry: The measurement of frequency or oscillation changes.2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.Hirudo medicinalis: A species of European freshwater LEECHES used for BLOODLETTING in ancient times and also for LEECHING in modern times.Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.Receptors, Nicotinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.Instinct: Stereotyped patterns of response, characteristic of a given species, that have been phylogenetically adapted to a specific type of situation.Neuropeptides: Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptor cells include the INNER EAR hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with non-neural accessory structures.Sodium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory.GABA-B Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA-B RECEPTORS thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous GABA-B RECEPTOR AGONISTS.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Central Pattern Generators: Networks of nerve cells that control the firing patterns of MOTOR NEURONS to produce rhythmic movements such as MASTICATION; WALKING; SWIMMING; RESPIRATION; and PERISTALSIS.Brain Waves: Wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG.Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3: A subclass of serotonin receptors that form cation channels and mediate signal transduction by depolarizing the cell membrane. The cation channels are formed from 5 receptor subunits. When stimulated the receptors allow the selective passage of SODIUM; POTASSIUM; and CALCIUM.Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.Aplysia: An opisthobranch mollusk of the order Anaspidea. It is used frequently in studies of nervous system development because of its large identifiable neurons. Aplysiatoxin and its derivatives are not biosynthesized by Aplysia, but acquired by ingestion of Lyngbya (seaweed) species.Brain Tissue Transplantation: Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.Biophysics: The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.Glycine Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Neural Stem Cells: Self-renewing cells that generate the main phenotypes of the nervous system in both the embryo and adult. Neural stem cells are precursors to both NEURONS and NEUROGLIA.Nicotinic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) and block the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Nicotinic antagonists block synaptic transmission at autonomic ganglia, the skeletal neuromuscular junction, and at central nervous system nicotinic synapses.Dopamine: One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.Physical Stimulation: Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.PyridazinesLateral Ventricles: Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.PAX2 Transcription Factor: A paired box transcription factor that is essential for ORGANOGENESIS of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and KIDNEY.4-Aminopyridine: One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Biophysical Processes: Physical forces and actions in living things.Arthropod Antennae: Paired sense organs connected to the anterior segments of ARTHROPODS that help them navigate through the environment.N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Cell Lineage: The developmental history of specific differentiated cell types as traced back to the original STEM CELLS in the embryo.Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.Animals, Genetically Modified: ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.Amacrine Cells: INTERNEURONS of the vertebrate RETINA. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer.Orthoptera: An order of insects comprising two suborders: Caelifera and Ensifera. They consist of GRASSHOPPERS, locusts, and crickets (GRYLLIDAE).Biotin: A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.Visual Pathways: Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1: A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on central and peripheral NEURONS where it may play a role modulating NEUROTRANSMITTER release.Receptors, Glutamate: Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.Tritonia Sea Slug: A genus of large marine sea slugs in the family Tritoniidae found in the northern Pacific Ocean. They are used in neurological research.Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins: A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. Vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE from the CYTOPLASM into SECRETORY VESICLES in exchange for lumenal PROTONS.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.Electroporation: A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of CELL MEMBRANES, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA.Entorhinal Cortex: Cerebral cortex region on the medial aspect of the PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS, immediately caudal to the OLFACTORY CORTEX of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY.Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian: In invertebrate zoology, a lateral lobe of the FOREBRAIN in certain ARTHROPODS. In vertebrate zoology, either of the corpora bigemina of non-mammalian VERTEBRATES. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1329)Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors: A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.Sensory Receptor Cells: Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.Excitatory Amino Acid Agents: Drugs used for their actions on any aspect of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems. Included are drugs that act on excitatory amino acid receptors, affect the life cycle of excitatory amino acid transmitters, or affect the survival of neurons using excitatory amino acids.Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.Mice, Neurologic Mutants: Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.Receptors, Dopamine D5: A subtype of dopamine D1 receptors that has higher affinity for DOPAMINE and differentially couples to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.Diptera: An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).Receptors, Presynaptic: Neurotransmitter receptors located on or near presynaptic terminals or varicosities. Presynaptic receptors which bind transmitter molecules released by the terminal itself are termed AUTORECEPTORS.Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials: Postsynaptic potentials generated from a release of neurotransmitters from a presynaptic nerve terminal in the absence of an ACTION POTENTIAL. They may be m.e.p.p.s (miniature EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS) or m.i.p.p.s (miniature INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS).SOXB2 Transcription Factors: A subclass of SOX transcription factors that are expressed in neuronal tissue where they may play a role in the regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION. Members of this subclass are generally considered to be transcriptional repressors.Potassium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: a proof of the need for the spatial clustering of interneuronal connections to enhance cortical computation. (1/3683)

It has been argued that an important principle driving the organization of the cerebral cortex towards local processing has been the need to decrease time lost to interneuronal conduction delay. In this paper, I show for a simplified model of the cerebral cortex, using analytical means, that if interneuronal conduction time increases proportional to interneuronal distance, then the only way to increase the numbers of synaptic events occurring in a fixed finite time period is to spatially cluster interneuronal connections.  (+info)

Developmental synaptic changes increase the range of integrative capabilities of an identified excitatory neocortical connection. (2/3683)

Excitatory synaptic transmission between pyramidal cells and fast-spiking (FS) interneurons of layer V of the motor cortex was investigated in acute slices by using paired recordings at 30 degrees C combined with morphological analysis. The presynaptic and postsynaptic properties at these identified central synapses were compared between 3- and 5-week-old rats. At these two postnatal developmental stages, unitary EPSCs were mediated by the activation of AMPA receptors with fast kinetics at a holding potential of -72 mV. The amplitude distribution analysis of the EPSCs indicates that, at both stages, pyramidal-FS connections consisted of multiple functional release sites. The apparent quantal size obtained by decreasing the external calcium ([Ca2+]e) varied from 11 to 29 pA near resting membrane potential. In young rats, pairs of presynaptic action potentials elicited unitary synaptic responses that displayed paired-pulse depression at all tested frequencies. In older animals, inputs from different pyramidal cells onto the same FS interneuron had different paired-pulse response characteristics and, at most of these connections, a switch from depression to facilitation occurred when decreasing the rate of presynaptic stimulation. The balance between facilitation and depression endows pyramidal-FS connections from 5-week-old animals with wide integrative capabilities and confers unique functional properties to each synapse.  (+info)

Activity-dependent metaplasticity of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the lamprey spinal cord locomotor network. (3/3683)

Paired intracellular recordings have been used to examine the activity-dependent plasticity and neuromodulator-induced metaplasticity of synaptic inputs from identified inhibitory and excitatory interneurons in the lamprey spinal cord. Trains of spikes at 5-20 Hz were used to mimic the frequency of spiking that occurs in network interneurons during NMDA or brainstem-evoked locomotor activity. Inputs from inhibitory and excitatory interneurons exhibited similar activity-dependent changes, with synaptic depression developing during the spike train. The level of depression reached was greater with lower stimulation frequencies. Significant activity-dependent depression of inputs from excitatory interneurons and inhibitory crossed caudal interneurons, which are central elements in the patterning of network activity, usually developed between the fifth and tenth spikes in the train. Because these interneurons typically fire bursts of up to five spikes during locomotor activity, this activity-dependent plasticity will presumably not contribute to the patterning of network activity. However, in the presence of the neuromodulators substance P and 5-HT, significant activity-dependent metaplasticity of these inputs developed over the first five spikes in the train. Substance P induced significant activity-dependent depression of inhibitory but potentiation of excitatory interneuron inputs, whereas 5-HT induced significant activity-dependent potentiation of both inhibitory and excitatory interneuron inputs. Because these metaplastic effects are consistent with the substance P and 5-HT-induced modulation of the network output, activity-dependent metaplasticity could be a potential mechanism underlying the coordination and modulation of rhythmic network activity.  (+info)

Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (4/3683)

Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma.  (+info)

Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (5/3683)

Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long mechanoreceptor hairs (>1000 microm) are most sensitive to low-frequency air currents (<150 Hz); receptors innervating medium-length hairs (900-500 microm) are most sensitive to higher frequency ranges (150-400 Hz). Previous studies demonstrated that the projection pattern of the synaptic arborizations of long hair receptor afferents form a continuous map of air current direction within the terminal abdominal ganglion (). We demonstrate here that the projection pattern of the medium-length hair afferents also forms a continuous map of stimulus direction. However, the afferents from the long and medium-length hair afferents show very little spatial segregation with respect to their frequency sensitivity. The possible functional significance of this small degree of spatial segregation was investigated, by calculating the relative overlap between the long and medium-length hair afferents with the dendrites of two interneurons that are known to have different frequency sensitivities. Both interneurons were shown to have nearly equal anatomical overlap with long and medium hair afferents. Thus, the differential overlap of these interneurons with the two different classes of afferents was not adequate to explain the observed frequency selectivity of the interneurons. Other mechanisms such as selective connectivity between subsets of afferents and interneurons and/or differences in interneuron biophysical properties must play a role in establishing the frequency selectivities of these interneurons.  (+info)

Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (6/3683)

In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning.  (+info)

GABAergic excitatory synapses and electrical coupling sustain prolonged discharges in the prey capture neural network of Clione limacina. (7/3683)

Afterdischarges represent a prominent characteristic of the neural network that controls prey capture reactions in the carnivorous mollusc Clione limacina. Their main functional implication is transformation of a brief sensory input from a prey into a lasting prey capture response. The present study, which focuses on the neuronal mechanisms of afterdischarges, demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons [cerebral A interneuron (Cr-Aint)] is responsible for afterdischarge generation in the network. Cr-Aint neurons are electrically coupled to all other neurons in the network and produce slow excitatory synaptic inputs to them. This excitatory transmission is found to be GABAergic, which is demonstrated by the use of GABA antagonists, uptake inhibitors, and double-labeling experiments showing that Cr-Aint neurons are GABA-immunoreactive. The Cr-Aint neurons organize three different pathways in the prey capture network, which provide positive feedback necessary for sustaining prolonged spike activity. The first pathway includes electrical coupling and slow chemical transmission from the Cr-Aint neurons to all other neurons in the network. The second feedback is based on excitatory reciprocal connections between contralateral interneurons. Recurrent excitation via the contralateral cell can sustain prolonged interneuron firing, which then drives the activity of all other cells in the network. The third positive feedback is represented by prominent afterdepolarizing potentials after individual spikes in the Cr-Aint neurons. Afterdepolarizations apparently represent recurrent GABAergic excitatory inputs. It is suggested here that these afterdepolarizing potentials are produced by GABAergic excitatory autapses.  (+info)

Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (8/3683)

A combination of biocytin back-fills of the cerebral-buccal connectives and immunocytochemistry of the cerebral ganglion demonstrated that of the 13 bilateral pairs of cerebral-buccal interneurons in the cerebral ganglion, a subpopulation of 3 are immunopositive for the peptide myomodulin. The present paper describes the properties of two of these cells, which we have termed CBI-8 and CBI-9. CBI-8 and CBI-9 were found to be dye coupled and electrically coupled. The cells have virtually identical properties, and consequently we consider them to be "twin" pairs and refer to them as CBI-8/9. CBI-8/9 were identified by electrophysiological criteria and then labeled with dye. Labeled cells were found to be immunopositive for myomodulin, and, using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cells were shown to contain authentic myomodulin. CBI-8/9 were found to receive synaptic input after mechanical stimulation of the tentacles. They also received excitatory input from C-PR, a neuron involved in neck lengthening, and received a slow inhibitory input from CC5, a cell involved in neck shortening, suggesting that CBI-8/9 may be active during forward movements of the head or buccal mass. Firing of CBI-8 or CBI-9 resulted in the activation of a relatively small number of buccal neurons as evidenced by extracellular recordings from buccal nerves. Firing also produced local movements of the buccal mass, in particular a strong contraction of the I7 muscle, which mediates radula opening. CBI-8/9 were found to produce a slow depolarization and rhythmic activity of B48, the motor neuron for the I7 muscle. The data provide continuing evidence that the small population of cerebral buccal interneurons is composed of neurons that are highly diverse in their functional roles. CBI-8/9 may function as a type of premotor neuron, or perhaps as a peptidergic modulatory neuron, the functions of which are dependent on the coactivity of other neurons.  (+info)

Role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal CA1 oriens-lacunosum moleculare...Role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal CA1 oriens-lacunosum moleculare...
Some interneurons of the hippocampus exhibit NMDA receptor-independent long-term potentiation (LTP) that is induced by presynaptic glutamate release when the postsynaptic membrane potential is hyperpolarized. This anti-Hebbian form of LTP is prevented by postsynaptic depolarization or by blocking AMPA and kainate receptors. Although both AMPA and kainate receptors are expressed in hippocampal interneurons, their relative roles in anti-Hebbian LTP are not known. Because interneuron diversity potentially conceals simple rules underlying different forms of plasticity, we focus on glutamatergic synapses onto a subset of interneurons with dendrites in stratum oriens and a main ascending axon that projects to stratum lacunosum moleculare, the oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) cells. We show that anti-Hebbian LTP in O-LM interneurons has consistent induction and expression properties, and is prevented by selective inhibition of AMPA receptors. The majority of the ionotropic glutamatergic synaptic current in
Activation of interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border suppresses excitatory transmission to apical dendrites in the...Activation of interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border suppresses excitatory transmission to apical dendrites in the...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Activation of interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border suppresses excitatory transmission to apical dendrites in the CA1 area of the mouse hippocampus. AU - Yanovsky, Y.. AU - Sergeeva, O. A.. AU - Freund, T.. AU - Haas, H. L.. PY - 1997/1/6. Y1 - 1997/1/6. N2 - The consequences of activation or inactivation of interneurons at the CA1 stratum oriens/alveus border for signal transmission at the apical dendritic region of pyramidal cells were investigated in slices from mice submerged in a perfusion chamber. A characteristic subpopulation of interneurons with a horizontal dendritic tree in this region, which sends a GABAergic projection to the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells is strongly excited by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation and receives GABAergic input from vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing interneurons. Pressure ejection of glutamate or the metabotropic agonist 1s,3r-aminocyclopentane dicarboxylic acid from micropipettes onto the stratum ...
Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 control subtype and laminar identity of MGE-derived neocortical interneurons | DevelopmentCoup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 control subtype and laminar identity of MGE-derived neocortical interneurons | Development
Regional and cell-type specification during embryogenesis are often coupled to expression of TFs that are restricted to specific progenitor domains. Here, we found that Nkx2-1 restricts the expression of Coup-TF1/2 in the MGE to an arc that extended from a small rostrodorsal domain to a larger caudoventral domain (Fig. 1; Fig. S1B,D,H,K,L). The Coup-TF1/2+ MGE domain was complementary to an Otx2+ domain (Fig. S1B-E), where Otx2 represses Coup-TF1 MGE expression (Hoch et al., 2015a,b).. Our data support a model in which the Coup-TF1/2+ MGE domain is biased towards generating SST+ CINs (Fig. 2; Fig. S3A-C), as well as cholinergic and pallidal neurons (Fig. S4). These conclusions differ from other publications regarding the major location for the origin of SST+ interneurons, and provide evidence for a Coup-TF1/2-dependent activation of Sox6 expression that promotes SST+ interneuron development.. Multiple lines of evidence show that Coup-TF1/2 have key roles in promoting SST+ interneuron ...
Differential effects of BMP signaling on parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron differentiation. - Semantic ScholarDifferential effects of BMP signaling on parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron differentiation. - Semantic Scholar
Several different populations of interneurons in the murine cortex, including somatostatin (SST)- or parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells, are born in the ventral ganglionic eminences during mid-gestation and then migrate tangentially to the cortex. SST is expressed by some interneuron progenitors in the cerebral cortex and in migrating populations in the ventrolateral cortex at birth. However, PV (also known as PVALB) is not expressed by interneurons until the second postnatal week after reaching the cortex, suggesting that molecular cues in the cerebral cortex might be involved in the differentiation process. BMP4 is expressed at high levels in the somatosensory cortex at the time when the PV(+) interneurons differentiate. Treatment of cortical cultures containing interneuron precursors is sufficient to generate PV(+) interneurons prematurely and inhibit SST differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of BMP4 in vivo increases the number of interneurons expressing PV, with a reduction in the number of
Decrease of a Current Mediated by K(v)1.3 Channels Causes Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Hyperexcitability in Experimental...Decrease of a Current Mediated by K(v)1.3 Channels Causes Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Hyperexcitability in Experimental...
The mechanism underlying a hypercholinergic state in Parkinsons disease (PD) remains uncertain. Here, we show that disruption of the K(v)1 channel-mediated function causes hyperexcitability of striatal cholinergic interneurons in a mouse model of PD. Specifically, our data reveal that Kv1 channels containing K(v)1.3 subunits contribute significantly to the orphan potassium current known as I-sAHP in striatal cholinergic interneurons. Typically, this Kv1 current provides negative feedback to depolarization that limits burst firing and slows the tonic activity of cholinergic interneurons. However, such inhibitory control of cholinergic interneuron excitability by K(v)1.3-mediated current is markedly diminished in the parkinsonian striatum, suggesting that targeting Kv1.3 subunits and their regulatory pathways may have therapeutic potential in PD therapy. These studies reveal unexpected roles of Kv1.3 subunit-containing channels in the regulation of firing patterns of striatal cholinergic ...
On coupling and decouplin… - University of Gothenburg, SwedenOn coupling and decouplin… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
This review addresses the question of interrelations between spinal interneuronal networks. On the basis of electrophysiological, pharmacological, morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of interneurones mediating various reflex actions from muscle receptors and of reticulospinal neurones a considerable degree of interweaving between networks of these neurones has been established. The coupling has been found to occur at the level of several sites of these networks but the review focuses on two of these sites. The first is between dorsal horn interneurones with group II input and their target ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting intermediate zone and commissural interneurones. The second is between commissural interneurones with input from reticulospinal neurones and their target interneurones. Several ways of both strengthening and weakening of coupling between various interneuronal networks are also briefly reviewed. ...
neuron-glia interactions - Dwight Bergles Laboratoryneuron-glia interactions - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
Clearance of extracellular glutamate is essential for limiting the activity of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) at excitatory synapses; however, the relative contribution of transporters found in neuronal and glial membranes to this uptake is poorly understood. Hippocampalinterneurons located at the oriens-alveus border express mGluR1alpha, a metabotropic glutamate receptor that regulates excitability and synaptic plasticity. To determine which glutamate transporters are essential for removing glutamate at these excitatory synapses, we recorded mGluR1-mediated EPSCs from oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons in acute hippocampal slices. Stimulation in stratum oriens reliably elicited a slow mGluR1-mediated current in O-LM interneurons if they were briefly depolarized to allow Ca2+ entry before stimulation. Selective inhibition of GLT-1 [for glutamate transporter; EAAT2 (for excitatory amino acid transporter)] with dihydrokainate increased the amplitude of these responses ...
GABAergic Interneuron Differentiation in the Basal Forebrain Is Mediated through Direct Regulation of Glutamic Acid...GABAergic Interneuron Differentiation in the Basal Forebrain Is Mediated through Direct Regulation of Glutamic Acid...
GABA is the key inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cortex but regulation of its synthesis during forebrain development is poorly understood. In the telencephalon, members of the distal-less (Dlx) homeobox gene family are expressed in, and regulate the...
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Our analysis indicates that interneuron firing, in the entorhinal cortex, can trigger rebound firing of their targets, which are mostly other interneurons, in a brain state dependent manner. The entire inhibition-excitation sequence representing PIR typically occurred within 5 ms after the firing of the presynaptic interneuron. The inhibition lasted for 1-2 ms, which is the characteristic timescale of monosynaptic interactions in vivo (Fujisawa et al., 2008), followed by a rebound that lasted for 2-3 ms. Interestingly, studies performed in vitro report that hyperpolarization-induced rebound excitation occurs tens to hundreds of milliseconds after the beginning of the hyperpolarization (Harris-Warrick et al., 1995a,b; Bertrand and Cazalets, 1998). In contrast, our in vivo data suggest that PIR is a very fast event, commensurate with the timescales of other monosynaptic interactions observed in vivo.. The evidence for the PIR from pairwise cross-correlograms is indirect, however, reliable (Moore ...
A developmental cell-type switch in cortical interneurons leads to a selective defect in cortical oscillations - CSHL...A developmental cell-type switch in cortical interneurons leads to a selective defect in cortical oscillations - CSHL...
The cellular diversity of interneurons in the neocortex is thought to reflect subtype-specific roles of cortical inhibition. Here we ask whether perturbations to two subtypes-parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons-can be compensated for with respect to their contributions to cortical development. We use a genetic cell fate switch to delete both PV+ and SST+ interneurons selectively in cortical layers 2-4 without numerically changing the total interneuron population. This manipulation is compensated for at the level of synaptic currents and receptive fields (RFs) in the somatosensory cortex. By contrast, we identify a deficit in inhibitory synchronization in vitro and a large reduction in cortical gamma oscillations in vivo. This reveals that, while the roles of inhibition in establishing cortical inhibitory/excitatory balance and RFs can be subserved by multiple interneuron subtypes, gamma oscillations depend on cellular properties that cannot be compensated ...
Functions of distinct interneuron subtypes in cortical dynamics and behavior - Adam KepecsFunctions of distinct interneuron subtypes in cortical dynamics and behavior - Adam Kepecs
The long-term goal of our research program is to understand the neural circuit mechanisms underlying motivated behavior. The exquisite neural architecture of mi...
Modulation of inhibitory autapses and synapses on rat CA1 interneurones by GABAa receptor ligands - Enlighten: PublicationsModulation of inhibitory autapses and synapses on rat CA1 interneurones by GABAa receptor ligands - Enlighten: Publications
To determine whether autaptic inhibition plays a functional role in the adult hippocampus, the action potential afterhyperpolarisations (spike AHPs) of CA1 interneurones were investigated in 25 basket, three bistratified and eight axo-axonic cells. The spike AHPs showed two minima in all regular-spiking (5), burst-firing (3) and in many fast-spiking cells (17:28). The fast component had a time-to-peak (TTP) of 1.2 ± 0.5 ms, the slower TTP was very variable (range of 3.3-103 ms). The AHP width at half-amplitude (HW) was 12.5 ± 5.7 ms in fast-spiking, 29.3 ± 18 ms in regular-spiking and 99.7 ± 42 ms in burst-firing cells. Axo-axonic cells never establish autapses, and the fast-spiking variety showed narrow (HW: 3.9 ± 0.7 ms) spike AHPs with only one AHP minimum (TTP: 0.9 ± 0.1 ms). When challenged with GABAA receptor modulators, spike AHPs in basket and bistratified cells were enhanced by zolpidem (HW by 18.4 ± 6.2 % in 10:15 cells tested), diazepam (45.2 ± 0.5 %, 6:7), etomidate (43.9 ± ...
Spike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons | ScienceSpike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons | Science
In vivo studies indicate that coherent firing among cortical neurons may be related to sensory stimulation and behavioral states (1-4). However, how postsynaptic cells read out the pattern of activity of their presynaptic axons and how spike synchrony among input axons may be detected by the cortical network remain poorly understood (3, 5).. Studies in intact animals as well as theoretical work suggest that inhibitory interneurons may coordinate neuronal activity in cortical networks (6-11). Fast-spiking (FS) cells are a prominent subtype of GABA-releasing (GABAergic) interneurons (12), exerting powerful inhibitory control of both excitatory and inhibitory cortical cells (13-17). The properties of excitatory synapses at FS cells (13, 18), as well as their voltage-dependent conductances (19-21), suggest that these cells may be particularly sensitive to the timing of their inputs, as has been shown for hippocampal interneurons (22,23). Moreover, cortical networks of FS cells are interconnected by ...
Lake Forest College Publications - Steven Galovich Memorial Student Symposium: Repeated Drug Exposure Disrupts Rat Hippocampal...Lake Forest College Publications - Steven Galovich Memorial Student Symposium: Repeated Drug Exposure Disrupts Rat Hippocampal...
Exposure to addictive and non-addictive drugs during adolescence increases susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. GABA interneurons mediate maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus during adolescence. Recent findings indicate that these drugs disrupt GABA interneurons in the maturing PFC, but effects on hippocampus are unknown. For my thesis, I investigated three such drugs for effects on hippocampal GABA interneurons in adolescent rats. I found developmental disregulation of GABA interneurons to cocaine and a glutamate agonist, but not to a marijuana-mimic. This research was performed in Dr. Kuei Yuan Tsengs Laboratory at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science.
Identification of enhancers whose activity defines cortical interneuron types - John RubensteinIdentification of enhancers whose activity defines cortical interneuron types - John Rubenstein
Molecular definitions of neural cell types largely depend on the expression of RNAs or proteins as assessed by in situ hybridization, RNA array and sequencing,...
pyramidal cells Protocols and Video...'pyramidal cells' Protocols and Video...
Video articles in JoVE about pyramidal cells include Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons, Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex, Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors, Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond, Tuning in the Hippocampal Theta Band In Vitro: Methodologies for Recording from the Isolated Rodent Septohippocampal Circuit, Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons, Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices, Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording, Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into
Target Selection of Proprioceptive and Motor Axon Synapses on Neonatal by Valerie C. Siembab, Courtney A. Smith et al."Target Selection of Proprioceptive and Motor Axon Synapses on Neonatal" by Valerie C. Siembab, Courtney A. Smith et al.
The diversity of premotor interneurons in the mammalian spinal cord is generated from a few phylogenetically conserved embryonic classes of interneurons (V0, V1, V2, V3). Their mechanisms of diversification remain unresolved, although these are clearly important to understand motor circuit assembly in the spinal cord. Some Ia inhibitory interneurons (IaINs) and all Renshaw cells (RCs) derive from embryonic V1 interneurons; however, in adult they display distinct functional properties and synaptic inputs, for example proprioceptive inputs preferentially target IaINs, while motor axons target RCs. Previously, we found that both inputs converge on RCs in neonates, raising the possibility that proprioceptive (VGLUT1-positive) and motor axon synapses (VAChT-positive) initially target several different V1 interneurons populations and then become selected or deselected postnatally. Alternatively, specific inputs might precisely connect only with predefined groups of V1 interneurons. To test these hypotheses we
Neuronal Networks of Movement : Slc10a4 as a Modulator & Dmrt3 as a Gait-keeperNeuronal Networks of Movement : Slc10a4 as a Modulator & Dmrt3 as a Gait-keeper
Nerve cells are organized into complex networks that comprise the building blocks of our nervous system. Neurons communicate by transmitting messenger molecules released from synaptic vesicles. Alterations in neuronal circuitry and synaptic signaling contribute to a wide range of neurological conditions, often with consequences for movement. Intrinsic neuronal networks in the spinal cord serve to coordinate vital rhythmic motor functions. In spite of extensive efforts to address the organization of these neural circuits, much remains to be revealed regarding the identity and function of specific interneuron cell types and how neuromodulation tune network activity. In this thesis, two novel genes initially identified as markers for spinal neuronal populations were investigated: Slc10a4 and Dmrt3.. The orphan transporter SLC10A4 was found to be expressed on synaptic vesicles of the cholinergic system, including motor neurons, as well as in the monoaminergic system, including dopaminergic, ...
Interneuron firing precedes sequential activation of neuronal ensembles in hippocampal slicesInterneuron firing precedes sequential activation of neuronal ensembles in hippocampal slices
Neuronal firing sequences that occur during behavioral tasks are precisely reactivated in the neocortex and the hippocampus during rest and sleep. These precise firing sequences are likely to reflect latent memory traces, and their reactivation is believed to be essential for memory consolidation an …
The Continuing Case for the Renshaw Cell by Francisco J. Alvarez and Robert E.W. Fyffe"The Continuing Case for the Renshaw Cell" by Francisco J. Alvarez and Robert E.W. Fyffe
Renshaw cell properties have been studied extensively for over 50 years, making them a uniquely well-defined class of spinal interneuron. Recent work has revealed novel ways to identify Renshaw cells in situ and this in turn has promoted a range of studies that have determined their ontogeny and organization of synaptic inputs in unprecedented detail. In this review we illustrate how mature Renshaw cell properties and connectivity arise through a combination of activity-dependent and genetically specified mechanisms. These new insights should aid the development of experimental strategies to manipulate Renshaw cells in spinal circuits and clarify their role in modulating motor output.
ModelDB: Pyramidal neuron, fast, regular, and irregular spiking interneurons (Konstantoudaki et al 2014)ModelDB: Pyramidal neuron, fast, regular, and irregular spiking interneurons (Konstantoudaki et al 2014)
This is a model network of prefrontal cortical microcircuit based primarily on rodent data. It includes 16 pyramidal model neurons, 2 fast spiking interneuron models, 1 regular spiking interneuron model and 1 irregular spiking interneuron model. The goal of the paper was to use this model network to determine the role of specific interneuron subtypes in persistent activity ...
GABA Regulates the Multidirectional Tangential Migration of GABAergic Interneurons in Living Neonatal Mice - pdf descargarGABA Regulates the Multidirectional Tangential Migration of GABAergic Interneurons in Living Neonatal Mice - pdf descargar
GABA Regulates the Multidirectional Tangential Migration of GABAergic Interneurons in Living Neonatal Mice. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
ModelDB: Synchronicity of fast-spiking interneurons balances medium-spiny neurons (Damodaran et al. 2014)ModelDB: Synchronicity of fast-spiking interneurons balances medium-spiny neurons (Damodaran et al. 2014)
This study investigates the role of feedforward and feedback inhibition in maintaining the balance between D1 and D2 MSNs of the striatum. The synchronized firing of FSIs are found to be critical in this mechanism and specifically the gap junction connections between FSIs ...
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Our immunohistochemical studies suggest that similar populations of local and pcs interneurons may also be present in the rat BLA. GAD immunostaining revealed sparsely distributed local interneurons throughout the BLA as well as dense clusters localized to the lateral and medial borders of this brain region. It is noteworthy that PV staining was observed among the local interneurons but was not detected in the GAD-positive cells located within the dense clusters along the border of the BLA. Moreover, in the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists, GABAA IPSCs onto BLA pyramidal neurons could be evoked by stimulating electrodes placed distally, within the external capsule or locally, proximal to the cell being recorded. In addition, using a dual stimulation protocol, we demonstrated that a locally evoked conditioning IPSC significantly depressed the amplitude of a subsequent local test IPSC, evoked 250 ms later. In contrast, a distal conditioning IPSC, evoked by stimulating within the external ...
FSIS InspectionFSIS Inspection
On January 15, FSIS announced the availability of the agencys draft Establishment-Specific Data Release Strategic Plan (the draft plan) for sharing data on federally inspected meat and poultry establishments with the public. FSIS developed the plan in response to memoranda released by President Obama and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) that called for ...
Gene Expression Literature DetailGene Expression Literature Detail
J:60594 Lee KJ, Dietrich P, Jessell TM, Genetic ablation reveals that the roof plate is essential for dorsal interneuron specification [see comments]. Nature. 2000 Feb 17;403(6771):734-40 ...
NeuroElectro :: ArticleNeuroElectro :: Article
Article: Submillisecond firing synchrony between different subtypes of cortical interneurons connected chemically but not electrically. ...
Operating margin - ForestBioFactsOperating margin - ForestBioFacts
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Read more.. ...
Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations. -...Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations. -...
In the hippocampal CA1 area, a relatively homogenous population of pyramidal cells is accompanied by a diversity of GABAergic interneurons. Previously, we found that parvalbumin-expressing basket, axo-axonic, bistratified, and oriens-lacunosum moleculare cells, innervating different domains of pyramidal cells, have distinct firing patterns during network oscillations in vivo. A second family of interneurons, expressing cholecystokinin but not parvalbumin, is known to target the same domains of pyramidal cells as do the parvalbumin cells. To test the temporal activity of these independent and parallel GABAergic inputs, we recorded the precise spike timing of identified cholecystokinin interneurons during hippocampal network oscillations in anesthetized rats and determined their molecular expression profiles and synaptic targets. The cells were cannabinoid receptor type 1 immunopositive. Contrary to the stereotyped firing of parvalbumin interneurons, cholecystokinin-expressing basket and dendrite
Simultaneous effects on parvalbumin-positive interneuron and dopaminergic system development in a transgenic rat model for...Simultaneous effects on parvalbumin-positive interneuron and dopaminergic system development in a transgenic rat model for...
To date, unequivocal neuroanatomical features have been demonstrated neither for sporadic nor for familial schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the neuroanatomical changes in a transgenic rat model for a subset of sporadic chronic mental illness (CMI), which modestly overexpresses human full-length, non-mutant Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), and for which aberrant dopamine homeostasis consistent with some schizophrenia phenotypes has previously been reported. Neuroanatomical analysis revealed a reduced density of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and reduced dopaminergic fibres in the striatum. Parvalbumin-positive interneuron occurrence in the somatosensory cortex was shifted from layers II/III to V/VI, and the number of calbindin-positive interneurons was slightly decreased. Reduced corpus callosum thickness confirmed trend-level observations from in vivo MRI and voxel-wise tensor based morphometry. These neuroanatomical changes help explain functional phenotypes of this ...
Diversity of neocortical interneurons in the barrel cortex of mouseDiversity of neocortical interneurons in the barrel cortex of mouse
GABAergic internereurons are crucial components of the neocortical network, and the functional characterization of the neocortex has been greatly hindered by the lack of consensus regarding the way they should be classified. Interneurons differentiate from an electrophysiological, and a morphological point of view, as well as by the expression of molecular markers, and it remains debated if the combination of these features delineates separate classes, or if it defines a phenotypical continuum. During my PhD, I proposed myself to study the diversity of neocortical interneurons, while taking all these criterions into account. Patch-clamp recordings coupled to single-cell RT-PCR have been performed in mouse, on a sample of more than 300 neocortical interneurons, and the arborization of nearly 200 of them has been reconstructed in 3 dimensions. The electrophysiological, morphological and molecular phenotypes of sampled neurons have been quantified through a set of 56 parameters. Using this sample, we first
Recruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Oxford NeuroscienceRecruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Oxford Neuroscience
Perisomatic inhibition provided by a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons plays a critical role in timing the output of pyramidal cells. To test their contribution at the network and the behavioral level, we generated genetically modified mice in which the excitatory drive was selectively reduced either by the knockout of the GluR-D or by conditional ablation of the GluR-A subunit in parvalbumin-positive cells. Comparable cell type-specific reductions of AMPA-mediated currents were obtained. Kainate-induced gamma oscillations exhibited reduced power in hippocampal slices from GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice. Experimental and modeling data indicated that this alteration could be accounted for by imprecise spike timing of fast-spiking cells (FS) caused by smaller interneuronal EPSPs. GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice exhibited similar impairments in hippocampus-dependent tasks. These findings directly show the effects of insufficient recruitment of fast-spiking cells at the network and behavioral
Recruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Nuffield Department...Recruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Nuffield Department...
Perisomatic inhibition provided by a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons plays a critical role in timing the output of pyramidal cells. To test their contribution at the network and the behavioral level, we generated genetically modified mice in which the excitatory drive was selectively reduced either by the knockout of the GluR-D or by conditional ablation of the GluR-A subunit in parvalbumin-positive cells. Comparable cell type-specific reductions of AMPA-mediated currents were obtained. Kainate-induced gamma oscillations exhibited reduced power in hippocampal slices from GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice. Experimental and modeling data indicated that this alteration could be accounted for by imprecise spike timing of fast-spiking cells (FS) caused by smaller interneuronal EPSPs. GluR-D-/- and GluR-A(PVCre-/-) mice exhibited similar impairments in hippocampus-dependent tasks. These findings directly show the effects of insufficient recruitment of fast-spiking cells at the network and behavioral
New paper shows how thalamo-cortical axons regulate the radial dispersion of neocortical GABAergic interneurons « Carlos Ibanez...New paper shows how thalamo-cortical axons regulate the radial dispersion of neocortical GABAergic interneurons « Carlos Ibanez...
Neocortical GABAergic interneuron migration and thalamo-cortical axon (TCA) pathfinding follow similar trajectories and timing, suggesting they may be interdependent. The mechanisms that regulate the radial dispersion of neocortical interneurons are incompletely understood. In this new study we report that disruption of TCA innervation, or TCA-derived glutamate, affected the laminar distribution of GABAergic interneurons in mouse neocortex, resulting in abnormal accumulation in deep layers of interneurons that failed to switch from tangential to radial orientation. Expression of the KCC2 cotransporter was elevated in interneurons of denervated cortex, and KCC2 deletion restored normal interneuron lamination in the absence of TCAs. Disruption of interneuron NMDA receptors or pharmacological inhibition of calpain also led to increased KCC2 expression and defective radial dispersion of interneurons. Thus, although TCAs are not required to guide the tangential migration of GABAergic interneurons, ...
Control of cortical interneuron migration by neurotrophins and PI3-kinase signaling | DevelopmentControl of cortical interneuron migration by neurotrophins and PI3-kinase signaling | Development
Our investigations into the molecular control of tangential cell migration indicate that BDNF and NT4, the high-affinity ligands for the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase, stimulate the migration of MGE-derived neurons. While a role for neurotrophins in cell migration had been previously suggested (Behar et al., 1997; Brunstrom et al., 1997; Schwartz et al., 1997; Ringstedt et al., 1998), there has been little or no direct evidence showing that neurotrophins can acutely regulate cell motility or migration. We find that BDNF and NT4 greatly increase the number of MGE cells that migrate into the cortex. Time lapse imaging experiments show that NT4 induces motility in stationary cells and acutely increases the rate of migration in cells already migrating. We also find that inhibiting the Trk receptors drastically reduces tangential migration and that tangential migration of calbindin+ interneurons is reduced in TrkB-null mice. These experiments strongly support a role for TrkB ligands in regulating ...
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In this study, we classified oriens-alveus interneurons into four subtypes. This classification is based on the size of the ACPD-induced inward current and the action potential firing pattern. Type I interneurons are located at the oriens-alveus border and have large, horizontally located cell bodies. Their dendritic trees run horizontally, and their axons run vertically toward stratum lacunosum-moleculare (Fig. 2 A). These interneurons contain somatostatin (Fig. 2 B). Therefore, these interneurons appear identical to the horizontal O-LM cells (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996; Katona et al., 1999). Type III interneurons have vertically oriented dendritic trees, and their axons terminate exlusively in stratum pyramidale (Fig. 2 A). Together with the characteristic high-frequency spiking pattern (Fig.1 C) and the immunoreactivity for parvalbumin (Fig.2 C), these interneurons are putative basket or chandelier cells (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996). Type II and type IV interneurons represent a heterogeneous ...
Physiological and morphological diversity of immunocytochemically defined parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-positive...Physiological and morphological diversity of immunocytochemically defined parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-positive...
To investigate the electrophysiological properties, synaptic connections, and anatomy of individual parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-IR) and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive (CCK-IR) interneurones in CA1, dual intracellular recordings using biocytin-filled microelectrodes in slices of adult rat hippocampus were combined with fluorescence labelling of PV- and CCK-containing cells. Of 36 PV-IR cells, 29 were basket cells, with most of their axonal arbours in the stratum pyramidale (SP). Six were bistratified cells with axons ramifying throughout stratum oriens (SO) and stratum radiatum (SR). One was a putative axo-axonic cell with an axonal arbour confined to half of the SP and a narrow adjacent region of the SO. Of 27 CCK-IR neurones, 13 were basket cells, with most of their axonal arbours in the SP, and included basket cells with somata in the SP (6), SO (3), and SR (2) and at the border between the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM) and the SR (2). In addition, several dendrite-targeting cell ...
Regionalized loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the cerebral cortex of mice with deficits in GFRα1 signaling - Fingerprint ...Regionalized loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the cerebral cortex of mice with deficits in GFRα1 signaling - Fingerprint ...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Regionalized loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the cerebral cortex of mice with deficits in GFRα1 signaling. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Depolarizing effect of neocortical chandelier neurons - Academic CommonsDepolarizing effect of neocortical chandelier neurons - Academic Commons
Chandelier (or axo-axonic) cells are one of the most distinctive types of GABAergic interneurons in the cortex. Although they have traditionally been considered inhibitory neurons, data from rat and human neocortical preparations suggest that chandelier cells have a depolarizing effect on pyramidal neurons at resting membrane potential, and could even activate synaptic chains of neurons. At the same time, recent results from rat hippocampal chandeliers indicate a predominantly inhibitory effect on their postsynaptic targets. To better understand the function of chandelier neurons, we generated Nkx2.1Cre MADM mice, a strain of genetically engineered animals that, by expressing GFP in a subset of neocortical interneurons, enable the identification and targeting of chandelier cells in living brain slices. Using these mice, we characterized the basic electrophysiological properties of a homogeneous population of chandelier neurons from upper layers of somatosensory cortical slices. These chandelier cells
Electrophysiological analysis of GABAergic local circuit neurons in the central nervous system.<...Electrophysiological analysis of GABAergic local circuit neurons in the central nervous system.<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Electrophysiological analysis of GABAergic local circuit neurons in the central nervous system.. AU - Alger, B. E.. AU - Jahr, C. E.. AU - Nicoll, R. A.. PY - 1981/1/1. Y1 - 1981/1/1. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0019399076&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0019399076&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 7457236. AN - SCOPUS:0019399076. VL - 26. SP - 77. EP - 91. JO - Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology. JF - Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology. SN - 0065-2229. ER - ...
Excitatory effects of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons maintain hippocampal epileptiform activity via synchronous...Excitatory effects of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons maintain hippocampal epileptiform activity via synchronous...
Epileptic seizures are characterized by periods of hypersynchronous, hyperexcitability within brain networks. Most seizures involve two stages: an initial tonic phase, followed by a longer clonic phase that is characterized by rhythmic bouts of synchronized network activity called afterdischarges (ADs). Here we investigate the cellular and network mechanisms underlying hippocampal ADs in an effort to understand how they maintain seizure activity. Using in vitro hippocampal slice models from rats and mice, we performed electrophysiological recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons to monitor network activity and changes in GABAergic signaling during epileptiform activity. First, we show that the highest synchrony occurs during clonic ADs, consistent with the idea that specific circuit dynamics underlie this phase of the epileptiform activity. We then show that ADs require intact GABAergic synaptic transmission, which becomes excitatory as a result of a transient collapse in the chloride (Cl(-)) reversal
Recruitment of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Determines Hippocampal Function and Associated Behavior - ePrints - Newcastle...Recruitment of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Determines Hippocampal Function and Associated Behavior - ePrints - Newcastle...
Fuchs EC, Zivkovic AR, Cunningham MO, Middleton S, Le Beau FEN, Bannerman DM, Rozov A, Whittington MA, Traub RD, Rawlins JNP, Monyer ...
Interneuron Migration from Basal Forebrain to Neocortex: Dependence on Dlx Genes | ScienceInterneuron Migration from Basal Forebrain to Neocortex: Dependence on Dlx Genes | Science
The primary subdivisions of the forebrain, including the neocortex and the basal ganglia, have distinct molecular and cellular properties (1,2). Previous evidence suggests that these subdivisions develop from separate proliferative zones that do not intermix (3). Here we show that cell migration occurs between the primordia of the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. Our results suggest that many neocortical interneurons are generated by the proliferative zone of the basal ganglia.. Neocortical neurons include two types: the excitatory pyramidal neurons and the inhibitory (GABA-containing) interneurons. During development, neocortical neurons were thought to derive from the proliferative zone of the neocortical primordium. However, studies of neuronal migration in vitro indicate that cells migrate from the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) (4), which is the primordium of the striatum (5), into the neocortex. Other evidence suggests that these cells might be interneurons. For example, clonally ...
OpenEmory | Search ResultsOpenEmory | Search Results
Appropriate growth and synaptic integration of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons are essential for functional neural circuits in the brain. Here, we demonstrate that disruption of primary cilia function following the selective loss of ciliary GTPase Arl13b in interneurons impairs interneuronal morphology and synaptic connectivity, leading to altered excitatory/inhibitory activity balance. The altered morphology and connectivity of cilia mutant interneurons and the functional deficits are rescued by either chemogenetic activation of ciliary G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling or the selective induction of Sstr3, a ciliary GPCR, in Arl13b-deficient cilia. Our results thus define a specific requirement for primary cilia-mediated GPCR signaling in interneuronal connectivity and inhibitory circuit formation ...
Commissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cordCommissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cord
Unravelling how neurons are guided during vertebrate embryonic development has wide implications for understanding the assembly of the nervous system. During embryogenesis, migration of neuronal cell bodies and axons occurs simultaneously, but to what degree they influence each others development remains obscure. We show here that within the mouse embryonic spinal cord, commissural axons bisect, delimit or preconfigure ventral interneuron cell body position. Furthermore, genetic disruption of commissural axons results in abnormal ventral interneuron cell body positioning. These data suggest that commissural axonal fascicles instruct cell body position by acting either as border landmarks (axon-restricted migration), which to our knowledge has not been previously addressed, or acting as cellular guides. This study in the developing spinal cord highlights an important function for the interaction of cell bodies and axons, and provides a conceptual proof of principle that is likely to have ...
Professor Alain Marty - ENI-NETProfessor Alain Marty - ENI-NET
This group studies various aspects of gabaergic synaptic transmission in cerebellar slices.. The cerebellar interneuron network Interneurons (stellate and basket cells) of the molecular layer are interconnected by chemical (gabaergic) synapses, as well as by electrical synapses. This network is functionally isolated in slice preparations because excitatory inputs are inactive. In the past we have been studying this network in detail, notably focusing on interactions of chemical synapses with the excitability of interneurons (Chavas and Marty, 2003). Current work focuses on the role of electrical synapses as well as the effects exerted by interneurons on Purkinje cells (Oldfield et al., 2010).. Autoreceptors and presynaptic receptors We have shown that, following the release of GABA from interneuron terminals, GABA binds to axonal receptors located on the releasing cell and elicits GABAA (bicuculline-sensitive) currents (Pouzat and Marty, 1999). These autoreceptor currents enhance the ...
Directed migration of cortical interneurons depends on the cell-autonomous action of Sip1Directed migration of cortical interneurons depends on the cell-autonomous action of Sip1
article{3127253, abstract = {GABAergic interneurons mainly originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of the embryonic ventral telencephalon (VT) and migrate tangentially to the cortex, guided by membrane-bound and secreted factors. We found that Sip1 (Zfhx1b, Zeb2), a transcription factor enriched in migrating cortical interneurons, is required for their proper differentiation and correct guidance. The majority of Sip1 knockout interneurons fail to migrate to the neocortex and stall in the VT. RNA sequencing reveals that Sip1 knockout interneurons do not acquire a fully mature cortical interneuron identity and contain increased levels of the repulsive receptor Unc5b. Focal electroporation of Unc5b-encoding vectors in the MGE of wild-type brain slices disturbs migration to the neocortex, whereas reducing Unc5b levels in Sip1 knockout slices and brains rescues the migration defect. Our results reveal that Sip1, through tuning of Unc5b levels, is essential for cortical interneuron ...
Distinct Limb and Trunk Premotor Circuits Establish Laterality in the Spinal Cord - edocDistinct Limb and Trunk Premotor Circuits Establish Laterality in the Spinal Cord - edoc
Movement coordination between opposite body sides relies on neuronal circuits capable of controlling muscle contractions according to motor commands. Trunk and limb muscles engage in distinctly lateralized behaviors, yet how regulatory spinal circuitry differs is less clear. Here, we intersect virus technology and mouse genetics to unravel striking distribution differences of interneurons connected to functionally distinct motor neurons. We find that premotor interneurons conveying information to axial motor neurons reside in symmetrically balanced locations while mostly ipsilateral premotor interneurons synapse with limb-innervating motor neurons, especially those innervating more distal muscles. We show that observed distribution differences reflect specific premotor interneuron subpopulations defined by genetic and neurotransmitter identity. Synaptic input across the midline reaches axial motor neurons preferentially through commissural axon arborization, and to a lesser extent, through ...
gabaergic neurons Protocols and Video...'gabaergic neurons' Protocols and Video...
Video articles in JoVE about gabaergic neurons include Vibrodissociation of Neurons from Rodent Brain Slices to Study Synaptic Transmission and Image Presynaptic Terminals, Reliable Identification of Living Dopaminergic Neurons in Midbrain Cultures Using RNA Sequencing and TH-promoter-driven eGFP Expression, The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry, Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies, Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors, Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention, Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing, Tuning in the
Impaired fast-spiking interneuron function in a genetic mouse model of depression | eLifeImpaired fast-spiking interneuron function in a genetic mouse model of depression | eLife
Truncated Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (Disc 1) ablates signaling of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the prefrontal cortex and underlies depression-related behaviour in mice.
The caudal ganglionic eminence is a source of distinct cortical and subcortical cell populationsThe caudal ganglionic eminence is a source of distinct cortical and subcortical cell populations
During development, the mammalian ventral telencephalon is comprised of three major proliferative zones: the medial (MGE), lateral (LGE) and caudal (CGE) ganglionic eminences. Through gene expression studies, in vitro migration assays, genetic mutant analysis and in vivo fate mapping in mice, we fou …
Janelia Research CampusJanelia Research Campus
Neural circuits, governed by a complex interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neurons, are the substrate for information processing, and the organization of synaptic connectivity in neural network is an important determinant of circuit function. Here, we analyzed the fine structure of connectivity in hippocampal CA1 excitatory and inhibitory neurons innervated by Schaffer collaterals (SCs) using mGRASP in male mice. Our previous study revealed spatially structured synaptic connectivity between CA3-CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs). Surprisingly, parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVs) showed a significantly more random pattern spatial structure. Notably, application of Peters Rule for synapse prediction by random overlap between axons and dendrites enhanced structured connectivity in PCs, but, by contrast, made the connectivity pattern in PVs more random. In addition, PCs in a deep sublayer of striatum pyramidale appeared more highly structured than PCs in superficial layers, and little or no ...
Spinal neurons require Islet1 for subtype-specific differentiation of electrical excitability | Neural Development | Full TextSpinal neurons require Islet1 for subtype-specific differentiation of electrical excitability | Neural Development | Full Text
For study of ventral neurons, we recorded from CaP and three ventral interneurons types, VeLD, KA and KA", because the axonal tracks of CaP-like cells are often similar to those of VeLDs, KAs and KA"s (Figure 1). Moreover, previous work indicates that single ventral spinal cord precursor cells can give rise to a PMN as well as a VeLD or KA, demonstrating a shared lineage for two of these ventral interneurons[45-48]. Furthermore, Islet1 knock-down leads to the appearance of a novel population of ventral neurons with somas in PMN-like positions but positive for markers of GABAergic neurons, such VeLDs, KAs and KA"s[13, 49].. We used the Tg(mnx1:gfp)ml2 line to record from CaP and VeLD in control embryos and CaP-like cells in E3 morphants (Figure 1; Additional file1). We included AlexaFluor 594 in the pipette solution to allow for dye filling of the recorded neuron and visualization of its morphology as an additional test of cell identification (for example, Figure 1C; see Methods). ...
The morphology of a population of thoracic intersegmental interneurones in the locust. - Semantic ScholarThe morphology of a population of thoracic intersegmental interneurones in the locust. - Semantic Scholar
A population of intersegmental interneurones with axons extending from the meso- to the metathoracic ganglion of the locust is described. They receive specific mechanosensory inputs from one mesothoracic leg. Their cell bodies are in group at the posterior of the mesothoracic ganglion, lying over the lateral base of each connective, and their primary neurites emerge in one of four bundles. Their mesothoracic branches are ipsilateral to the cell bodies and the leg from which they receive inputs. Each interneurone has two to six mesothoracic secondary neurites that divide and form a dense field of arborizations in specific regions of the neuropil so that each individual interneurone has a characteristic shape that is an elaboration of a basic and common plan. An interneurone excited by tibial campaniform sensilla and tarsal hair afferents branches in the intermediate neuropil and the ventral association center where the afferents from these receptors also project. An interneurone excited by proprioceptive
Nonspiking and Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust | SpringerLinkNonspiking and Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust | SpringerLink
Since the discovery of interneurons that normally do not produce action potentials (nonspiking interneurons) (for reviews, see Roberts and Bush, 1981), the question of why such neurons should exist...
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Items where Subject is GABA - CSHL Scientific Digital RepositoryItems where Subject is "GABA" - CSHL Scientific Digital Repository
DeFelipe, J., López-Cruz, P. L., Benavides-Piccione, R., Bielza, C., Larrañaga, P., Anderson, S., Burkhalter, A., Cauli, B., Fairén, A., Feldmeyer, D., Fishell, G., Fitzpatrick, D., Freund, T. F., González-Burgos, G., Hestrin, S., Hill, S., Hof, P. R., Huang, J., Jones, E. G., Kawaguchi, Y., Kisvárday, Z., Kubota, Y., Lewis, D. A., Marín, O., Markram, H., McBain, C. J., Meyer, H. S., Monyer, H., Nelson, S. B., Rockland, K., Rossier, J., Rubenstein, J. L. R., Rudy, B., Scanziani, M., Shepherd, G. M., Sherwood, C. C., Staiger, J. F., Tamás, G., Thomson, A., Wang, Y., Yuste, R., Ascoli, G. A. (March 2013) New insights into the classification and nomenclature of cortical GABAergic interneurons. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14 (3). pp. 202-216. ISSN 1471003X (ISSN) Di Cristo, G., Chattopadhyaya, B., Kuhlman, S. J., Fu, Y., Belanger, M-C., Wu, C. Z., Rutishauser, U., Maffei, L., Huang, Z. J. (December 2007) Activity-dependent PSA expression regulates inhibitory maturation and onset of critical ...
Long-term depression in hippocampal interneurons: Joint requirement for pre- and postsynaptic events - Fingerprint - UTMB...Long-term depression in hippocampal interneurons: Joint requirement for pre- and postsynaptic events - Fingerprint - UTMB...
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Long-term depression in hippocampal interneurons: Joint requirement for pre- and postsynaptic events. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
IST Research ExplorerIST Research Explorer
Espinoza Martinez, Claudia M, José Guzmán, Xiaomin Zhang, and Peter M Jonas. "Parvalbumin+ Interneurons Obey Unique Connectivity Rules and Establish a Powerful Lateral-Inhibition Microcircuit in Dentate Gyrus." Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06899-3 ...
Frontiers | Distribution of interneurons in the CA2 region of the rat hippocampus | Frontiers in NeuroanatomyFrontiers | Distribution of interneurons in the CA2 region of the rat hippocampus | Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
The CA2 region of the mammalian hippocampus is a unique region with its own distinctive properties, inputs and pathologies. Disruption of inhibitory circuits in this region appears to be linked with the pathology of specific psychiatric disorders, promoting interest in its local circuitry, its role in hippocampal function and its dysfunction in disease. In previous studies, CA2 interneurons, including a novel subclass of CA2 dendrite-preferring interneurons that has not been identified in other CA regions, have been shown to display physiological, synaptic and morphological properties unique to this sub-field and may therefore play a crucial role in the hippocampal circuitry. The distributions of immuno-labeled interneurons in dorsal CA2 were studied and compared with those of interneurons in CA1 and CA3. Like those in CA1 and CA3, the somata of CA2 parvalbumin-immunoperoxidase-labeled interneurons were located primarily in Stratum Pyramidale (SP) and Stratum Oriens (SO), with very few cells in Stratum
Cogs 107b - Systems Neuroscience lec12 - sleep and its function (or potential lack thereof) principle: homeostasis...Cogs 107b - Systems Neuroscience lec12 - sleep and its function (or potential lack thereof) principle: 'homeostasis'...
 voltage  time  ~125 ms the local field potential (LFP): a measurement, like the membrane potential, of charge differences (voltages) between two regions of the brain - maximal fluctuations in voltage are produced by common fluctuations in membrane potential among a population of neurons LFP waves, like sound waves can be analyzed for power (amplitude) at different frequencies pyramidal cell and its dendrites GABA interneuron and its axons
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Search Articles | University of Toronto LibrariesSearch Articles | University of Toronto Libraries
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NeuronNeuron
OpenWormOpenWorm
Accommodation indexAccommodation index
Anaxonic neuronAnaxonic neuron
Subthalamic nucleusSubthalamic nucleus
AcetylcholineAcetylcholine
Low-threshold spikesLow-threshold spikes
Mechanisms of schizophreniaMechanisms of schizophrenia
KCNK9KCNK9
KCNC1KCNC1
Non-spiking neuronNon-spiking neuron
Medium spiny neuronMedium spiny neuron
Neuropeptide YNeuropeptide Y
Withdrawal reflexWithdrawal reflex
Caridoid escape reactionCaridoid escape reaction
Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death
H1 neuronH1 neuron
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Ganglionic eminenceGanglionic eminence
ParvalbuminParvalbumin
Gate control theoryGate control theory
Association fiberAssociation fiber
StriatumStriatum
OptogeneticsOptogenetics
Supraesophageal ganglionSupraesophageal ganglion
Parkinsons disease clinical researchParkinson's disease clinical research
Addiction-related structural neuroplasticityAddiction-related structural neuroplasticity
Development of the human cortexDevelopment of the human cortex
ProtocadherinProtocadherin
Synaptic gatingSynaptic gating
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
Parvalbuminsgamma-Aminobutyric AcidNeural InhibitionCalbindin 2Action PotentialsNeocortexGABAergic NeuronsPyramidal CellsInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsGlutamate DecarboxylaseExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsSynapsesS100 Calcium Binding Protein GPatch-Clamp TechniquesNerve NetSynaptic TransmissionHippocampusSpinal CordDendritesElectric StimulationGanglia, InvertebrateCalbindinsNeural PathwaysMotor NeuronsGABA AntagonistsGrasshoppersTelencephalonNeuronsElectrophysiologyMice, TransgenicAnimals, NewbornSomatostatinRats, Sprague-DawleyOlfactory BulbExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsDentate GyrusAxonsLeechesPeriodicityGreen Fluorescent ProteinsNeostriatumAfferent PathwaysLocomotionModels, NeurologicalReceptors, GABA-ACorpus StriatumHermissendaNerve Tissue ProteinsMembrane PotentialsNeuronal PlasticityAnterior Horn CellsCholine O-AcetyltransferaseLIM-Homeodomain ProteinsCA1 Region, HippocampalVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2Organ Culture TechniquesSynaptic PotentialsGryllidaeCholinergic FibersBicucullineEvoked PotentialsPicrotoxinPresynaptic TerminalsHomeodomain ProteinsVesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport ProteinsRats, WistarNeurogenesisCA3 Region, HippocampalCholinergic NeuronsMice, Inbred C57BL6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneOlfactory PathwaysImmunohistochemistryProsencephalonCell CountEfferent PathwaysTheta RhythmTetrodotoxinReceptors, AMPACell MovementGlutamic AcidGene Knock-In TechniquesGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPrefrontal CortexBiological ClocksNeurons, AfferentNeuropeptide YReflexSomatosensory CortexLampreysAstacoideaOptogeneticsVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1GangliaReceptors, GABA-BGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsCholecystokininPosterior Horn CellsEscape ReactionSwimmingQuinoxalinesCerebellar CortexMedian EminenceReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateLymnaeaExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsMolluscaGABA AgentsKainic AcidSerotoninGABA AgonistsReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateReceptors, Kainic AcidCell DifferentiationReaction TimeThalamusReceptors, GABACholinergic AgentsTime FactorsCA2 Region, HippocampalCerebellumSpinocerebellar TractsNeurotransmitter AgentsPhosphinic AcidsMossy Fibers, HippocampalMice, KnockoutEmbryo, Mammalianalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorElectrophysiological PhenomenaTranscription FactorsCell Adhesion Molecules, NeuronalOscillometry2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateCatsAmygdalaHirudo medicinalisStrychnineReceptors, NicotinicInstinctNeuropeptidesMechanoreceptorsSodium Channel BlockersLong-Term PotentiationGABA-B Receptor AntagonistsGlycineBehavior, AnimalAcetylcholineMotor ActivityCentral Pattern GeneratorsBrain WavesReceptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3Pyramidal TractsAplysiaBrain Tissue TransplantationBiophysicsGlycine AgentsNeural Stem CellsNicotinic AntagonistsDopaminePhysical StimulationPyridazinesLateral VentriclesSpinal Nerve RootsStem CellsDihydro-beta-ErythroidinePAX2 Transcription Factor4-AminopyridineAnalysis of VarianceBiophysical ProcessesArthropod AntennaeN-MethylaspartateIn Situ HybridizationCell LineageBromodeoxyuridineAnimals, Genetically ModifiedAmacrine CellsOrthopteraBiotinVisual PathwaysReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptors, GlutamateOctopamineTritonia Sea SlugVesicular Glutamate Transport ProteinsMovementLysineElectroporationEntorhinal CortexOptic Lobe, NonmammalianBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsSensory Receptor CellsExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsCycloleucineMice, Neurologic MutantsReceptors, Dopamine D5DipteraReceptors, PresynapticMiniature Postsynaptic PotentialsSOXB2 Transcription FactorsPotassium Channel BlockersNeuroglia
Spike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons | ScienceSpike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons | Science
Epigenome Mapping in Cortical Interneurons - Schahram AkbarianEpigenome Mapping in Cortical Interneurons - Schahram Akbarian
Activation of interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border suppresses excitatory transmission to apical dendrites in the...Activation of interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border suppresses excitatory transmission to apical dendrites in the...
GABA Regulates the Multidirectional Tangential Migration of GABAergic Interneurons in Living Neonatal Mice - pdf descargarGABA Regulates the Multidirectional Tangential Migration of GABAergic Interneurons in Living Neonatal Mice - pdf descargar
Interneuron | Britannica.comInterneuron | Britannica.com
Interneuron Issue 4.2 by theinterneuron - issuuInterneuron Issue 4.2 by theinterneuron - issuu
interneuron - Everything2.cominterneuron - Everything2.com
Interneuron - WikipediaInterneuron - Wikipedia
Cortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control. - PubMed - NCBICortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control. - PubMed - NCBI
Innovations present in the primate interneuron repertoire | NatureInnovations present in the primate interneuron repertoire | Nature
Spinal interneuron - WikipediaSpinal interneuron - Wikipedia
Four GABAergic interneurons impose feeding restraint in Drosophila. - PubMed - NCBIFour GABAergic interneurons impose feeding restraint in Drosophila. - PubMed - NCBI
Differentiation of V2a interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells | PNASDifferentiation of V2a interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells | PNAS
EphA4 defines a class of excitatory locomotor-related interneurons | PNASEphA4 defines a class of excitatory locomotor-related interneurons | PNAS
Transplanted interneurons can help reduce fear in mice | EurekAlert! Science NewsTransplanted interneurons can help reduce fear in mice | EurekAlert! Science News
Nonspiking and Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust | SpringerLinkNonspiking and Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust | SpringerLink
Interneurons find their way to the striatumInterneurons find their way to the striatum
Degenerating Interneurons in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) Mice [image] | EurekAlert! Science NewsDegenerating Interneurons in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) Mice [image] | EurekAlert! Science News
Interneurons Provide Circuit-Specific Depolarization and Hyperpolarization | Journal of NeuroscienceInterneurons Provide Circuit-Specific Depolarization and Hyperpolarization | Journal of Neuroscience
Novel markers for OLM interneurons in the hippocampusNovel markers for OLM interneurons in the hippocampus
Hyperactivity is Associated with Decreased Numbers of InterneuronsHyperactivity is Associated with Decreased Numbers of Interneurons
Multiphasic Modulation of Cholinergic Interneurons by Nigrostriatal Afferents | Journal of NeuroscienceMultiphasic Modulation of Cholinergic Interneurons by Nigrostriatal Afferents | Journal of Neuroscience
JCI - Neurovascular crosstalk between interneurons and capillaries is required for visionJCI - Neurovascular crosstalk between interneurons and capillaries is required for vision
Spinal Interneurons as Instigators of Excitotoxicity in ALS | ALZFORUMSpinal Interneurons as Instigators of Excitotoxicity in ALS | ALZFORUM
Interneurons from Embryonic Development to Cell-Based Therapy | ScienceInterneurons from Embryonic Development to Cell-Based Therapy | Science
genetic control of inter-neuron signalsgenetic control of inter-neuron signals
JCI - GABA interneurons are the cellular trigger for ketamines rapid antidepressant actionsJCI - GABA interneurons are the cellular trigger for ketamine's rapid antidepressant actions
Cortical NO interneurons: from embryogenesis to functions | Frontiers Research TopicCortical NO interneurons: from embryogenesis to functions | Frontiers Research Topic
INTERNEURON FILES FOR OFFERING | BioWorldINTERNEURON FILES FOR OFFERING | BioWorld
Rapid Conversion of Fibroblasts into Functional Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons by Direct Genetic ReprogrammingRapid Conversion of Fibroblasts into Functional Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons by Direct Genetic Reprogramming
Using c-kit to genetically target cerebellar molecular layer interneurons in adult miceUsing c-kit to genetically target cerebellar molecular layer interneurons in adult mice
LTP of inhibition at PV interneuron output synapses requires developmental BMP signaling | Scientific ReportsLTP of inhibition at PV interneuron output synapses requires developmental BMP signaling | Scientific Reports
Contributions of distinct interneuron types to neocortical dynamicsContributions of distinct interneuron types to neocortical dynamics
AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth Care
Parvalbuminsgamma-Aminobutyric AcidNeural InhibitionCalbindin 2Action PotentialsNeocortexGABAergic NeuronsPyramidal CellsInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsGlutamate DecarboxylaseExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsSynapsesS100 Calcium Binding Protein GPatch-Clamp TechniquesNerve NetSynaptic TransmissionHippocampusSpinal CordDendritesElectric StimulationGanglia, InvertebrateCalbindinsNeural PathwaysMotor NeuronsGABA AntagonistsGrasshoppersTelencephalonNeuronsElectrophysiologyMice, TransgenicAnimals, NewbornSomatostatinRats, Sprague-DawleyOlfactory BulbExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsDentate GyrusAxonsLeechesPeriodicityGreen Fluorescent ProteinsNeostriatumAfferent PathwaysLocomotionModels, NeurologicalReceptors, GABA-ACorpus StriatumHermissendaNerve Tissue ProteinsMembrane PotentialsNeuronal PlasticityAnterior Horn CellsCholine O-AcetyltransferaseLIM-Homeodomain ProteinsCA1 Region, HippocampalVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2Organ Culture TechniquesSynaptic PotentialsGryllidaeCholinergic FibersBicucullineEvoked PotentialsPicrotoxinPresynaptic TerminalsHomeodomain ProteinsVesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport ProteinsRats, WistarNeurogenesisCA3 Region, HippocampalCholinergic NeuronsMice, Inbred C57BL6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneOlfactory PathwaysImmunohistochemistryProsencephalonCell CountEfferent PathwaysTheta RhythmTetrodotoxinReceptors, AMPACell MovementGlutamic AcidGene Knock-In TechniquesGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalPrefrontal CortexBiological ClocksNeurons, AfferentNeuropeptide YReflexSomatosensory CortexLampreysAstacoideaOptogeneticsVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1GangliaReceptors, GABA-BGABA-A Receptor AntagonistsCholecystokininPosterior Horn CellsEscape ReactionSwimmingQuinoxalinesCerebellar CortexMedian EminenceReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateLymnaeaExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsMolluscaGABA AgentsKainic AcidSerotoninGABA AgonistsReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateReceptors, Kainic AcidCell DifferentiationReaction TimeThalamusReceptors, GABACholinergic AgentsTime FactorsCA2 Region, HippocampalCerebellumSpinocerebellar TractsNeurotransmitter AgentsPhosphinic AcidsMossy Fibers, HippocampalMice, KnockoutEmbryo, Mammalianalpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorElectrophysiological PhenomenaTranscription FactorsCell Adhesion Molecules, NeuronalOscillometry2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateCatsAmygdalaHirudo medicinalisStrychnineReceptors, NicotinicInstinctNeuropeptidesMechanoreceptorsSodium Channel BlockersLong-Term PotentiationGABA-B Receptor AntagonistsGlycineBehavior, AnimalAcetylcholineMotor ActivityCentral Pattern GeneratorsBrain WavesReceptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3Pyramidal TractsAplysiaBrain Tissue TransplantationBiophysicsGlycine AgentsNeural Stem CellsNicotinic AntagonistsDopaminePhysical StimulationPyridazinesLateral VentriclesSpinal Nerve RootsStem CellsDihydro-beta-ErythroidinePAX2 Transcription Factor4-AminopyridineAnalysis of VarianceBiophysical ProcessesArthropod AntennaeN-MethylaspartateIn Situ HybridizationCell LineageBromodeoxyuridineAnimals, Genetically ModifiedAmacrine CellsOrthopteraBiotinVisual PathwaysReceptor, Cannabinoid, CB1Receptors, GlutamateOctopamineTritonia Sea SlugVesicular Glutamate Transport ProteinsMovementLysineElectroporationEntorhinal CortexOptic Lobe, NonmammalianBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsSensory Receptor CellsExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsCycloleucineMice, Neurologic MutantsReceptors, Dopamine D5DipteraReceptors, PresynapticMiniature Postsynaptic PotentialsSOXB2 Transcription FactorsPotassium Channel BlockersNeuroglia
HippocampusHippocampal interneuronsGABAergic InterneuronsGABAStratum oriensGlutamateNeuronal activityGABAergicParvalbumin interneuronsCortexMotor neuronsNeuronCholinergicPyramidalDifferentiationCerebralExcitatory and inhibitorySensoryMiceNeurons and interneuronsDorsalEmbryonicProjection neuronsNeocortical interneuronsInhibitory neuronsSpinal interneuronsStriatal interneuronsTransplantationLocal interneuronsAxonsIntrinsicSomatostatin-positiveMigrationPlasticityFunctionalHuman pluripotent stemExpressing interneurons in mouseDistinctCommissuralMouse hippocampal interneuronJournal of NeurosciePerisomatic-targeting inDendriticProgenitorsSynapseClasses of interneuronsPopulation of interneuronsPopulations of interneuronsReceptors
Hippocampus3
Hippocampal interneurons1
GABAergic Interneurons1
GABA4
Stratum oriens1
  • The consequences of activation or inactivation of interneurons at the CA1 stratum oriens/alveus border for signal transmission at the apical dendritic region of pyramidal cells were investigated in slices from mice submerged in a perfusion chamber. (elsevier.com)
Glutamate1
  • A characteristic subpopulation of interneurons with a horizontal dendritic tree in this region, which sends a GABAergic projection to the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells is strongly excited by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation and receives GABAergic input from vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing interneurons. (elsevier.com)
Neuronal activity1
GABAergic38
Parvalbumin interneurons3
Cortex20
  • The interneurons that make up the brain's cerebral cortex alone include pyramidal , spiny stellate , chandelier ,and basket neurons , and perhaps hundreds of other kinds. (everything2.com)
  • While most research studies have focused on the migration of interneurons to the cortex, very little is known about the mechanisms through which interneurons colonise the striatum. (innovations-report.com)
  • Both cortical and striatal interneurons can be attracted by Nrg1 sources present in the cerebral cortex and the striatum. (innovations-report.com)
  • Experiments carried out by the group of Prof. Marín demonstrated that striatal interneurons are repelled by the cerebral cortex through a mechanism that involves Eph/ephrins signalling. (innovations-report.com)
  • These results reveal parallel mechanisms of target chemoattraction and off-target chemorepulsion for the migration of interneurons to the cortex and striatum. (innovations-report.com)
  • Its activity is controlled by glutamatergic afferents from cortex and thalamus, by dopaminergic inputs from the ventral midbrain, and by local interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • After migrating from their origins across the developing brain, young interneurons reach the cortex and differentiate into various inhibitory neuronal cell types. (sciencemag.org)
  • Precursors of inhibitory interneurons transplanted from the medial ganglionic eminence of the ventral embryonic forebrain into the juvenile or adult rodent cortex migrate from the graft site and become dispersed throughout the recipient tissue (shown as small red dots in the transplanted hemisphere in a cross section of the rodent brain, upper left). (sciencemag.org)
  • Deficits in these different genes may converge to alter similar neuron cell types, as loss of PTEN or CASPR2 alters the numbers of specific types of interneurons in the cortex. (sfari.org)
  • We also found that PV interneurons in the dorsomedial region, but not in the dorsolateral striatum region, receive short-latency excitatory inputs from cingulate cortex. (broadinstitute.org)
  • I sought to examine the expression of CP-AMPARs at synapses onto the two major classes of inhibitory interneuron in layer 5 of the mouse visual cortex, Basket cells (BCs) and Martinotti cells (MCs). (bl.uk)
  • Addgene: A MicroRNA-Based Gene-Targeting Tool for Virally Labeling Interneurons in the Rodent Cortex. (addgene.org)
  • These observations suggest that TrkB signaling, via PI3-kinase activation, plays an important role in controlling interneuron migration in the developing cerebral cortex. (biologists.org)
  • Subgroups of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in layers 2/3 of the visual cortex. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Here, we used cell-type-specific Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) in adult mice to activate a sparse population of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) PV+ interneurons. (eur.nl)
  • We use mouse genetics, forebrain slice and dissociated culture techniques, as well as mouse and human pluripotent stem cells in cell culture and transplantation experiments to study the fate determination of interneurons of the cerebral cortex. (wisc.edu)
  • Her præsenterer vi en protokol, designet til at bruge kemo genetiske værktøjer til at manipulere aktiviteten af kortikale interneuron forfædre transplanteres i cortex af tidlige postnatale mus. (jove.com)
  • Interneuron forfædre isoleret fra embryonale ganglioniske to er i stand til at overleve, sprede og integrere sig i værtsnetværket ved transplantation i cortex 7 , 8 . (jove.com)
  • Loss of interneurons and disruption of perineuronal nets in the cerebral cortex following hypoxia-ischaemia in near-term fetal sheep. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • HI was associated with marked loss of both GAD+ and PV+ cortical interneurons (all layers of the parasagittal cortex and layer 6) and PNNs (layer 6). (auckland.ac.nz)
Motor neurons14
Neuron18
Cholinergic8
Pyramidal7
Differentiation5
Cerebral5
  • Los investigadores descubrieron que este diálogo celular controla el incremento de la corteza cerebral y que su debilitación lleva una malformación cortical se asoció previamente a autismo en ratones. (news-medical.net)
  • La corteza cerebral contiene interneurons excitadores e inhibitorios. (news-medical.net)
  • Interneurons nace en regiones distantes de la corteza cerebral y emigra a lo largo de los corredores tangenciales por el desplazamiento o saltos relativos a la danza. (news-medical.net)
  • Esta heterogeneidad del movimiento regula el flujo de los interneurons que alcanzan la corteza cerebral que se convierte, limitando el número de células que entablen diálogo con las células madres que generan las neuronas excitadoras. (news-medical.net)
  • Herein, we hypothesised that HI would reduce survival of cortical interneurons and disrupt PNNs in a near-term fetal sheep model of global cerebral ischaemia. (auckland.ac.nz)
Excitatory and inhibitory3
Sensory7
Mice11
  • By combining optogenetic activation with single-cell recordings, we examined the functional role of VIP interneurons in awake mice, and investigated the underlying circuit mechanisms in vitro in auditory and medial prefrontal cortices. (nih.gov)
  • Homologous interneuron types-which were readily identified by their RNA-expression patterns-varied in abundance and RNA expression among ferrets, mice and primates, but varied less among primates. (nature.com)
  • We also found a notable subcortical innovation: an abundant striatal interneuron type in primates that had no molecularly homologous counterpart in mice or ferrets. (nature.com)
  • Scientists in China are reporting that by transplanting mouse embryonic interneurons into the brains of mice and combining that procedure with training to lessen fear, they can help to reduce the fear response. (eurekalert.org)
  • To determine the contribution that transplanting immature interneurons into the amygdala--a brain structure known to be involved in processing of fear and other emotions--could have on fear extinction training, they inserted medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells taken from embryos into the amygdala regions of mature mice. (eurekalert.org)
  • In the present study, we recorded PV interneurons in dorsal striatum slices from wild-type male mice and suggest the existence of two electrophysiological dichotomous populations. (broadinstitute.org)
  • When the V2a interneurons were injected into the spinal cord of the mice, the new cells integrated with the existing cells. (alexanderlaw.com)
  • eGFP mice it was found that 93% of the cells that expressed eGFP were positive for Pax2 thus showed that these animals labelled inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn. (gla.ac.uk)
  • eGFP mice, this project was then continued with a knock-in mouse line, RorBeGFP mouse that also labelled inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Interneuron gap junctions enhance synchrony of γ oscillations (25-70 Hz) in isolated interneuron networks and also in networks containing both interneurons and principal cells, as shown in mice with a knockout of the neuronal (primarily interneuronal) connexin36. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Distribution of melanopsin positive neurons in pigmented and albino mice: evidence for melanopsin interneurons in the mouse retina. (ucl.ac.uk)
Neurons and interneurons1
Dorsal10
Embryonic3
Projection neurons1
  • However, in the CNS, the term of interneuron is used for small, locally projecting neurons of the central nervous system (in contrast to larger projection neurons with long-distance connections). (statemaster.com)
Neocortical interneurons2
Inhibitory neurons1
Spinal interneurons3
  • The versatile properties of these spinal interneurons cover a wide range of activities. (wikipedia.org)
  • In motor control, the general view is still that spinal interneurons mainly contribute to reflexes and automatic movements. (diva-portal.org)
  • The question raised here is whether spinal interneurons can mediate the cortical command for independent finger movements, like a precision grip between the thumb and index finger in the macaque monkey, or if this function depends exclusively on a direct corticomotoneuronal pathway. (diva-portal.org)
Striatal interneurons4
Transplantation8
Local interneurons2
  • Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • need quotation to verify] Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. (wikipedia.org)
Axons6
Intrinsic4
Somatostatin-positive1
  • To quantitatively identify classes of interneurons, 59 GFP-positive interneurons from a somatostatin-positive mouse line were characterized by whole-cell recordings and anatomical reconstructions. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Migration3
  • Nrgl is a family of extracellular growth factors that requires the expression of the ErbB receptor on the interneuron cell surface during migration. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Studiet af CI udvikling er udfordrende, fordi CIs er genereret i forbigÃ¥ende embryonale strukturer, der er svære at fÃ¥ adgang til, og de følger en lang tangentielle migration, før de nÃ¥r pallium og udvikle deres modne anatomiske og fysiologiske ejendomme 3 . (jove.com)
  • This second step we believe occurs post-migration when interneurons have attained their final position within the brain and is characterized by local cues including activity and trophic signals impinging on immature neurons to determine their appropriate and precise afferent and efferent connectivity within given brain regions. (maxplanckflorida.org)
Plasticity2
Functional2
  • The culture enriched in interneurons described here represents a useful experimental system to examine in a relatively easy and fast way the morpho-functional properties of these cells under physiological or pathological conditions, providing a powerful tool to complement the studies in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
  • However, its neuronal circuitry is poorly understood due to the difficulty of identifying functional populations of interneurons. (gla.ac.uk)
Human pluripotent stem1
Expressing interneurons in mouse1
Distinct4
  • It is the fantastically complex network of interneurons and their specialization into morphologically distinct areas within the brain and other parts of the central nervous system, such as the cerebrum , the thalamus , the cerebellum , the brainstem and various nerve plexuses around the body that allow for truly complex and intelligent behavior . (everything2.com)
  • Together, these findings indicate that CRH-expressing interneurons do not segregate into any single distinct subtype of interneuron using conventional criteria. (springer.com)
  • Physiologically distinct temporal cohorts of cortical interneurons arise from telencephalic Olig2-expressing precursors. (semanticscholar.org)
  • The rhythmically active heart interneuron HN(5) in the medicinal leech exhibits two distinct activity states, which have been associated with different coordination states of the two hearts. (biologists.org)
Commissural3
Mouse hippocampal interneuron2
Journal of Neuroscie2
Perisomatic-targeting in1
  • Thirdly, single perisomatic-targeting interneurons were activated. (bl.uk)
Dendritic1
Progenitors2
  • Analysis of cell-type-specific markers showed a specific loss of V2 interneurons in the brain and spinal cord, likely arising from mis-specification of neural progenitors. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Progenitors of these novel interneurons are responsive to sonic hedgehog (SHH) and are organized into microdomains that correlate with the expression domains of the Nkx6.2 and Zic family of transcription factors. (harvard.edu)
Synapse1
Classes of interneurons1
  • Therefore, interneuron classifications often differ and it is unclear which set of descriptors are the most relevant to determine a neuronal class and, more generally, how many classes of interneurons actually exist. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Population of interneurons2
  • Here, we aimed to characterize a population of interneurons that express the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) within existing interneuronal categories through the use of combined electrophysiological and immunocytochemical approaches. (springer.com)
  • I will then focus on a particular early born population of interneurons, the Layer 5/6 Martinotti neurons that are generated at E10.5. (maxplanckflorida.org)
Populations of interneurons1
Receptors1
Whole-Brain Mapping of Inputs to Projection Neurons and Cholinergic Interneurons in the Dorsal Striatum
Whole-Brain Mapping of Inputs to Projection Neurons and Cholinergic Interneurons in the Dorsal Striatum (journals.plos.org)
Lymph nodes filter ______. a. blood b. lymph c. plasma | bartleby
Lymph nodes filter ______. a. blood b. lymph c. plasma | bartleby (bartleby.com)
Regulation of striatal cells and goal-directed behavior by cerebellar outputs | Nature Communications
Regulation of striatal cells and goal-directed behavior by cerebellar outputs | Nature Communications (nature.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Evidence that Climbing Fibers Control an Intrinsic Spike Generator in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells | Journal of Neuroscience
Evidence that Climbing Fibers Control an Intrinsic Spike Generator in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Research Highlights
Research Highlights (jax.org)
NeuroD1 induces terminal neuronal differentiation in olfactory neurogenesis | PNAS
NeuroD1 induces terminal neuronal differentiation in olfactory neurogenesis | PNAS (pnas.org)
Diminished dosage of 22q11 genes disrupts neurogenesis and cortical development in a mouse model of 22q11 deletion/DiGeorge...
Diminished dosage of 22q11 genes disrupts neurogenesis and cortical development in a mouse model of 22q11 deletion/DiGeorge... (pnas.org)
Repetitive Convulsant-Induced Seizures Reduce the Number But Not Precision of Hippocampal Place Cells | Journal of Neuroscience
Repetitive Convulsant-Induced Seizures Reduce the Number But Not Precision of Hippocampal Place Cells | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Frontiers | Neuron Names: A Gene- and Property-Based Name Format, With Special Reference to Cortical Neurons | Frontiers in...
Frontiers | Neuron Names: A Gene- and Property-Based Name Format, With Special Reference to Cortical Neurons | Frontiers in... (frontiersin.org)
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal Cortex | Journal of Neuroscience
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal Cortex | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Identification of novel tumour-associated genes differentially expressed in the process of squamous cell cancer development |...
Identification of novel tumour-associated genes differentially expressed in the process of squamous cell cancer development |... (nature.com)
Frontiers | Molecular Specialization of GABAergic Synapses on the Soma and Axon in Cortical and Hippocampal Circuit Function...
Frontiers | Molecular Specialization of GABAergic Synapses on the Soma and Axon in Cortical and Hippocampal Circuit Function... (frontiersin.org)
Neonatal Neuronal Circuitry Shows Hyperexcitable Disturbance in a Mouse Model of the Adult-Onset Neurodegenerative Disease...
Neonatal Neuronal Circuitry Shows Hyperexcitable Disturbance in a Mouse Model of the Adult-Onset Neurodegenerative Disease... (jneurosci.org)
Multiphasic Modulation of Cholinergic Interneurons by Nigrostriatal Afferents | Journal of Neuroscience
Multiphasic Modulation of Cholinergic Interneurons by Nigrostriatal Afferents | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Developmental Excitation of Corticothalamic Neurons by Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors | Journal of Neuroscience
Developmental Excitation of Corticothalamic Neurons by Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
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Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Frontiers | A Spiking Neural Network Model of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus on the SpiNNaker Machine | Neuroscience
Frontiers | A Spiking Neural Network Model of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus on the SpiNNaker Machine | Neuroscience (frontiersin.org)
King's College London - Stimulating the brain with electricity may reduce bulimia symptoms
King's College London - Stimulating the brain with electricity may reduce bulimia symptoms (kcl.ac.uk)
King's College London - Study reveals for first time that talking therapy changes the brain's wiring
King's College London - Study reveals for first time that talking therapy changes the brain's wiring (kcl.ac.uk)
King's College London - Schizophrenia could directly increase risk of diabetes
King's College London - Schizophrenia could directly increase risk of diabetes (kcl.ac.uk)
Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons | Journal of Neuroscience
Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Global Optogenetic Activation of Inhibitory Interneurons during Epileptiform Activity | Journal of Neuroscience
Global Optogenetic Activation of Inhibitory Interneurons during Epileptiform Activity | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Associate Professor Chris Dayas / Staff Profile / The University of Newcastle, Australia
Associate Professor Chris Dayas / Staff Profile / The University of Newcastle, Australia (newcastle.edu.au)
Functional Characterization of Intrinsic Cholinergic Interneurons in the Cortex | Journal of Neuroscience
Functional Characterization of Intrinsic Cholinergic Interneurons in the Cortex | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Joubert Syndrome News, Research
Joubert Syndrome News, Research (news-medical.net)
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Plus it (jneurosci.org)