Parvalbumins
Neural Inhibition
Calbindin 2
A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.
Action Potentials
Neocortex
Pyramidal Cells
Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Glutamate Decarboxylase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
S100 Calcium Binding Protein G
A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Spinal Cord
Dendrites
Ganglia, Invertebrate
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.
Calbindins
GABA Antagonists
Grasshoppers
Telencephalon
Neurons
Electrophysiology
Mice, Transgenic
Somatostatin
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Olfactory Bulb
Ovoid body resting on the CRIBRIFORM PLATE of the ethmoid bone where the OLFACTORY NERVE terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose DENDRITES the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the VOMERONASAL ORGAN via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here.
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Dentate Gyrus
GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.
Leeches
Periodicity
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Neostriatum
Afferent Pathways
Locomotion
Models, Neurological
Receptors, GABA-A
Corpus Striatum
Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.
Hermissenda
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Neuronal Plasticity
Anterior Horn Cells
Choline O-Acetyltransferase
LIM-Homeodomain Proteins
CA1 Region, Hippocampal
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2
Organ Culture Techniques
Gryllidae
Bicuculline
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Picrotoxin
A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
Presynaptic Terminals
The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
Homeodomain Proteins
Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins
Rats, Wistar
Neurogenesis
CA3 Region, Hippocampal
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Olfactory Pathways
Immunohistochemistry
Prosencephalon
Cell Count
Efferent Pathways
Theta Rhythm
Tetrodotoxin
Receptors, AMPA
Cell Movement
Glutamic Acid
Gene Knock-In Techniques
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Prefrontal Cortex
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
Biological Clocks
Neuropeptide Y
A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
Reflex
Somatosensory Cortex
Lampreys
Astacoidea
Optogenetics
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
Ganglia
Receptors, GABA-B
GABA-A Receptor Antagonists
Cholecystokinin
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.
Posterior Horn Cells
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
Escape Reaction
Swimming
Cerebellar Cortex
Median Eminence
Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Lymnaea
Mollusca
A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.
GABA Agents
Kainic Acid
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
GABA Agonists
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
Receptors, Kainic Acid
Cell Differentiation
Thalamus
Receptors, GABA
Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
Cholinergic Agents
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of ACETYLCHOLINE, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of MUSCARINIC AGONISTS, although most modern texts discourage that usage.
CA2 Region, Hippocampal
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Neurotransmitter Agents
Phosphinic Acids
Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Embryo, Mammalian
alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Electrophysiological Phenomena
Transcription Factors
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Amygdala
Hirudo medicinalis
Strychnine
Receptors, Nicotinic
One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors were originally distinguished by their preference for NICOTINE over MUSCARINE. They are generally divided into muscle-type and neuronal-type (previously ganglionic) based on pharmacology, and subunit composition of the receptors.
Instinct
Neuropeptides
Mechanoreceptors
Sodium Channel Blockers
Long-Term Potentiation
GABA-B Receptor Antagonists
Glycine
Acetylcholine
Central Pattern Generators
Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3
Pyramidal Tracts
Aplysia
Brain Tissue Transplantation
Glycine Agents
Neural Stem Cells
Nicotinic Antagonists
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Lateral Ventricles
Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
Spinal Nerve Roots
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Stem Cells
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine
PAX2 Transcription Factor
4-Aminopyridine
Analysis of Variance
Arthropod Antennae
N-Methylaspartate
In Situ Hybridization
Cell Lineage
Bromodeoxyuridine
Animals, Genetically Modified
Amacrine Cells
Orthoptera
Biotin
Visual Pathways
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Octopamine
An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.
Tritonia Sea Slug
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins
A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. Vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE from the CYTOPLASM into SECRETORY VESICLES in exchange for lumenal PROTONS.
Movement
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
Electroporation
A technique in which electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of microsecond-to-millisecond duration cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of CELL MEMBRANES, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA.
Entorhinal Cortex
Optic Lobe, Nonmammalian
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
Sensory Receptor Cells
Excitatory Amino Acid Agents
Cycloleucine
Receptors, Dopamine D5
Diptera
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
Receptors, Presynaptic
Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials
SOXB2 Transcription Factors
Potassium Channel Blockers
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Ringo, Doty, Demeter and Simard, Cerebral Cortex 1994;4:331-343: a proof of the need for the spatial clustering of interneuronal connections to enhance cortical computation. (1/3683)
It has been argued that an important principle driving the organization of the cerebral cortex towards local processing has been the need to decrease time lost to interneuronal conduction delay. In this paper, I show for a simplified model of the cerebral cortex, using analytical means, that if interneuronal conduction time increases proportional to interneuronal distance, then the only way to increase the numbers of synaptic events occurring in a fixed finite time period is to spatially cluster interneuronal connections. (+info)Developmental synaptic changes increase the range of integrative capabilities of an identified excitatory neocortical connection. (2/3683)
Excitatory synaptic transmission between pyramidal cells and fast-spiking (FS) interneurons of layer V of the motor cortex was investigated in acute slices by using paired recordings at 30 degrees C combined with morphological analysis. The presynaptic and postsynaptic properties at these identified central synapses were compared between 3- and 5-week-old rats. At these two postnatal developmental stages, unitary EPSCs were mediated by the activation of AMPA receptors with fast kinetics at a holding potential of -72 mV. The amplitude distribution analysis of the EPSCs indicates that, at both stages, pyramidal-FS connections consisted of multiple functional release sites. The apparent quantal size obtained by decreasing the external calcium ([Ca2+]e) varied from 11 to 29 pA near resting membrane potential. In young rats, pairs of presynaptic action potentials elicited unitary synaptic responses that displayed paired-pulse depression at all tested frequencies. In older animals, inputs from different pyramidal cells onto the same FS interneuron had different paired-pulse response characteristics and, at most of these connections, a switch from depression to facilitation occurred when decreasing the rate of presynaptic stimulation. The balance between facilitation and depression endows pyramidal-FS connections from 5-week-old animals with wide integrative capabilities and confers unique functional properties to each synapse. (+info)Activity-dependent metaplasticity of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the lamprey spinal cord locomotor network. (3/3683)
Paired intracellular recordings have been used to examine the activity-dependent plasticity and neuromodulator-induced metaplasticity of synaptic inputs from identified inhibitory and excitatory interneurons in the lamprey spinal cord. Trains of spikes at 5-20 Hz were used to mimic the frequency of spiking that occurs in network interneurons during NMDA or brainstem-evoked locomotor activity. Inputs from inhibitory and excitatory interneurons exhibited similar activity-dependent changes, with synaptic depression developing during the spike train. The level of depression reached was greater with lower stimulation frequencies. Significant activity-dependent depression of inputs from excitatory interneurons and inhibitory crossed caudal interneurons, which are central elements in the patterning of network activity, usually developed between the fifth and tenth spikes in the train. Because these interneurons typically fire bursts of up to five spikes during locomotor activity, this activity-dependent plasticity will presumably not contribute to the patterning of network activity. However, in the presence of the neuromodulators substance P and 5-HT, significant activity-dependent metaplasticity of these inputs developed over the first five spikes in the train. Substance P induced significant activity-dependent depression of inhibitory but potentiation of excitatory interneuron inputs, whereas 5-HT induced significant activity-dependent potentiation of both inhibitory and excitatory interneuron inputs. Because these metaplastic effects are consistent with the substance P and 5-HT-induced modulation of the network output, activity-dependent metaplasticity could be a potential mechanism underlying the coordination and modulation of rhythmic network activity. (+info)Somatic recording of GABAergic autoreceptor current in cerebellar stellate and basket cells. (4/3683)
Patch-clamp recordings were performed from stellate and basket cells in rat cerebellar slices. Under somatic voltage clamp, short depolarizing pulses were applied to elicit action potentials in the axon. After the action potential, a bicuculline- and Cd2+-sensitive current transient was observed. A similar response was obtained when eliciting axonal firing by extracellular stimulation. With an isotonic internal Cl- solution, the peak amplitude of this current varied linearly with the holding potential, yielding an extrapolated reversal potential of -20 to 0 mV. Unlike synaptic or autaptic GABAergic currents obtained in the same preparation, the current transient had a slow rise-time and a low variability between trials. This current was blocked when 10 mM BAPTA was included in the recording solution. In some experiments, the current transient elicited axonal action potentials. The current transient was reliably observed in animals aged 12-15 d, with a mean amplitude of 82 pA at -70 mV, but was small and rare in the age group 29-49 d. Numerical simulations could account for all properties of the current transient by assuming that an action potential activates a distributed GABAergic conductance in the axon. The actual conductance is probably restricted to release sites, with an estimated mean presynaptic current response of 10 pA per site (-70 mV, age 12-15 d). We conclude that in developing rats, stellate and basket cell axons have a high density of GABAergic autoreceptors and that a sizable fraction of the corresponding current can be measured from the soma. (+info)Neural mapping of direction and frequency in the cricket cercal sensory system. (5/3683)
Primary mechanosensory receptors and interneurons in the cricket cercal sensory system are sensitive to the direction and frequency of air current stimuli. Receptors innervating long mechanoreceptor hairs (>1000 microm) are most sensitive to low-frequency air currents (<150 Hz); receptors innervating medium-length hairs (900-500 microm) are most sensitive to higher frequency ranges (150-400 Hz). Previous studies demonstrated that the projection pattern of the synaptic arborizations of long hair receptor afferents form a continuous map of air current direction within the terminal abdominal ganglion (). We demonstrate here that the projection pattern of the medium-length hair afferents also forms a continuous map of stimulus direction. However, the afferents from the long and medium-length hair afferents show very little spatial segregation with respect to their frequency sensitivity. The possible functional significance of this small degree of spatial segregation was investigated, by calculating the relative overlap between the long and medium-length hair afferents with the dendrites of two interneurons that are known to have different frequency sensitivities. Both interneurons were shown to have nearly equal anatomical overlap with long and medium hair afferents. Thus, the differential overlap of these interneurons with the two different classes of afferents was not adequate to explain the observed frequency selectivity of the interneurons. Other mechanisms such as selective connectivity between subsets of afferents and interneurons and/or differences in interneuron biophysical properties must play a role in establishing the frequency selectivities of these interneurons. (+info)Neural changes after operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. (6/3683)
In this study, we demonstrate neural changes that occurred during operant conditioning of the aerial respiratory behavior of Lymnaea stagnalis. Aerial respiration in Lymnaea occurs at the water interface and is achieved by opening and closing movements of its respiratory orifice, the pneumostome. This behavior is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG), the neurons of which, as well as the motoneurons innervating the pneumostome, have previously been identified and their synaptic connections well characterized. The respiratory behavior was operantly conditioned by applying a mechanical stimulus to the open pneumostome whenever the animal attempted to breathe. This negative reinforcement to the open pneumostome resulted in its immediate closure and a significant reduction in the overall respiratory activity. Electrophysiological recordings from the isolated CNSs after operant conditioning showed that the spontaneous patterned respiratory activity of the CPG neurons was significantly reduced. This included reduced spontaneous activity of the CPG interneuron involved in pneumostome opening (input 3 interneuron) and a reduced frequency of spontaneous tonic activity of the CPG interneuron [right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1)]. The ability to trigger the patterned respiratory activity by electrical stimulation of RPeD1 was also significantly reduced after operant conditioning. This study therefore demonstrates significant changes within a CPG that are associated with changes in a rhythmic homeostatic behavior after operant conditioning. (+info)GABAergic excitatory synapses and electrical coupling sustain prolonged discharges in the prey capture neural network of Clione limacina. (7/3683)
Afterdischarges represent a prominent characteristic of the neural network that controls prey capture reactions in the carnivorous mollusc Clione limacina. Their main functional implication is transformation of a brief sensory input from a prey into a lasting prey capture response. The present study, which focuses on the neuronal mechanisms of afterdischarges, demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons [cerebral A interneuron (Cr-Aint)] is responsible for afterdischarge generation in the network. Cr-Aint neurons are electrically coupled to all other neurons in the network and produce slow excitatory synaptic inputs to them. This excitatory transmission is found to be GABAergic, which is demonstrated by the use of GABA antagonists, uptake inhibitors, and double-labeling experiments showing that Cr-Aint neurons are GABA-immunoreactive. The Cr-Aint neurons organize three different pathways in the prey capture network, which provide positive feedback necessary for sustaining prolonged spike activity. The first pathway includes electrical coupling and slow chemical transmission from the Cr-Aint neurons to all other neurons in the network. The second feedback is based on excitatory reciprocal connections between contralateral interneurons. Recurrent excitation via the contralateral cell can sustain prolonged interneuron firing, which then drives the activity of all other cells in the network. The third positive feedback is represented by prominent afterdepolarizing potentials after individual spikes in the Cr-Aint neurons. Afterdepolarizations apparently represent recurrent GABAergic excitatory inputs. It is suggested here that these afterdepolarizing potentials are produced by GABAergic excitatory autapses. (+info)Actions of a pair of identified cerebral-buccal interneurons (CBI-8/9) in Aplysia that contain the peptide myomodulin. (8/3683)
A combination of biocytin back-fills of the cerebral-buccal connectives and immunocytochemistry of the cerebral ganglion demonstrated that of the 13 bilateral pairs of cerebral-buccal interneurons in the cerebral ganglion, a subpopulation of 3 are immunopositive for the peptide myomodulin. The present paper describes the properties of two of these cells, which we have termed CBI-8 and CBI-9. CBI-8 and CBI-9 were found to be dye coupled and electrically coupled. The cells have virtually identical properties, and consequently we consider them to be "twin" pairs and refer to them as CBI-8/9. CBI-8/9 were identified by electrophysiological criteria and then labeled with dye. Labeled cells were found to be immunopositive for myomodulin, and, using high pressure liquid chromatography, the cells were shown to contain authentic myomodulin. CBI-8/9 were found to receive synaptic input after mechanical stimulation of the tentacles. They also received excitatory input from C-PR, a neuron involved in neck lengthening, and received a slow inhibitory input from CC5, a cell involved in neck shortening, suggesting that CBI-8/9 may be active during forward movements of the head or buccal mass. Firing of CBI-8 or CBI-9 resulted in the activation of a relatively small number of buccal neurons as evidenced by extracellular recordings from buccal nerves. Firing also produced local movements of the buccal mass, in particular a strong contraction of the I7 muscle, which mediates radula opening. CBI-8/9 were found to produce a slow depolarization and rhythmic activity of B48, the motor neuron for the I7 muscle. The data provide continuing evidence that the small population of cerebral buccal interneurons is composed of neurons that are highly diverse in their functional roles. CBI-8/9 may function as a type of premotor neuron, or perhaps as a peptidergic modulatory neuron, the functions of which are dependent on the coactivity of other neurons. (+info)
Role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal CA1 oriens-lacunosum moleculare...
Activation of interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border suppresses excitatory transmission to apical dendrites in the...
Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 control subtype and laminar identity of MGE-derived neocortical interneurons | Development
Differential effects of BMP signaling on parvalbumin and somatostatin interneuron differentiation. - Semantic Scholar
Decrease of a Current Mediated by K(v)1.3 Channels Causes Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Hyperexcitability in Experimental...
On coupling and decouplin… - University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Making interneurons with Magoh | Development
Activation of Specific Interneurons Improves V1 Feature Selectivity and Visual Perception - ScienceOpen
neuron-glia interactions - Dwight Bergles Laboratory
Glutamatergic and cholinergic metabotropic modulation induces plateau potentials in hippocampal OLM interneurons | Meta
GABAergic Interneuron Differentiation in the Basal Forebrain Is Mediated through Direct Regulation of Glutamic Acid...
Plus it
A developmental cell-type switch in cortical interneurons leads to a selective defect in cortical oscillations - CSHL...
Functions of distinct interneuron subtypes in cortical dynamics and behavior - Adam Kepecs
Modulation of inhibitory autapses and synapses on rat CA1 interneurones by GABAa receptor ligands - Enlighten: Publications
Spike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons | Science
Lake Forest College Publications - Steven Galovich Memorial Student Symposium: Repeated Drug Exposure Disrupts Rat Hippocampal...
Innovations present in the primate interneuron repertoire | Nature
Identification of enhancers whose activity defines cortical interneuron types - John Rubenstein
pyramidal cells Protocols and Video...
Target Selection of Proprioceptive and Motor Axon Synapses on Neonatal by Valerie C. Siembab, Courtney A. Smith et al.
Neuronal Networks of Movement : Slc10a4 as a Modulator & Dmrt3 as a Gait-keeper
Interneuron firing precedes sequential activation of neuronal ensembles in hippocampal slices
The Continuing Case for the Renshaw Cell by Francisco J. Alvarez and Robert E.W. Fyffe
ModelDB: Pyramidal neuron, fast, regular, and irregular spiking interneurons (Konstantoudaki et al 2014)
Functional diversity of excitatory commissural interneurons in adult zebrafish | eLife
GABA Regulates the Multidirectional Tangential Migration of GABAergic Interneurons in Living Neonatal Mice - pdf descargar
MicrocircuitDB: O-LM interneuron model (Lawrence et al. 2006)
Plus it
222: What are Fast-Spiking Interneurons? | Smart Drug Smarts: Brain Optimization | Nootropics | Neuroscience on Acast
FSIS Inspection
EMF-Portal | Literature search results
Gene Expression Literature Detail
NeuroElectro :: Article
Operating margin - ForestBioFacts
Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations. -...
Simultaneous effects on parvalbumin-positive interneuron and dopaminergic system development in a transgenic rat model for...
Diversity of neocortical interneurons in the barrel cortex of mouse
Recruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Nuffield Department...
Recruitment of parvalbumin-positive interneurons determines hippocampal function and associated behavior. - Oxford Neuroscience
Difference between revisions of Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons coordinate hippocampal network dynamics required for...
New paper shows how thalamo-cortical axons regulate the radial dispersion of neocortical GABAergic interneurons « Carlos Ibanez...
Neonatal exposure to propofol affects interneuron development in the piriform cortex and causes neurobehavioral deficits in...
Plus it
Physiological and morphological diversity of immunocytochemically defined parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-positive...
Functional α7β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in hippocampal interneurons exhibit high sensitivity to...
Regionalized loss of parvalbumin interneurons in the cerebral cortex of mice with deficits in GFRα1 signaling - Fingerprint
...
Depolarizing effect of neocortical chandelier neurons - Academic Commons
Electrophysiological analysis of GABAergic local circuit neurons in the central nervous system.<...
Excitatory effects of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons maintain hippocampal epileptiform activity via synchronous...
Recruitment of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Determines Hippocampal Function and Associated Behavior - ePrints - Newcastle...
Interneuron Migration from Basal Forebrain to Neocortex: Dependence on Dlx Genes | Science
Receptor subtypes involved in the presynaptic and postsynaptic actions of dopamine on striatal interneurons<...
OpenEmory | Search Results
Commissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cord
Loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 from parvalbumin interneurons leads to hyperinhibition, decreased anxiety, and memory...
Professor Alain Marty - ENI-NET
Development and diversification of retinal amacrine interneurons at single cell resolution | PNAS
Directed migration of cortical interneurons depends on the cell-autonomous action of Sip1
Distinct Limb and Trunk Premotor Circuits Establish Laterality in the Spinal Cord - edoc
gabaergic neurons Protocols and Video...
Impaired fast-spiking interneuron function in a genetic mouse model of depression | eLife
acetyl-l-carnitine : Bipolar Network News
Janelia Research Campus
Spinal neurons require Islet1 for subtype-specific differentiation of electrical excitability | Neural Development | Full Text
The morphology of a population of thoracic intersegmental interneurones in the locust. - Semantic Scholar
Spinal Hb9::Cre-derived excitatory interneurons contribute to rhythm generation in the mouse
Nonspiking and Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust | SpringerLink
Chandeliers & Pendant Lights, Chandeliers & Pendant Lights Products, Chandeliers & Pendant Lights Manufacturers, Chandeliers &...
Items where Subject is GABA - CSHL Scientific Digital Repository
Long-term depression in hippocampal interneurons: Joint requirement for pre- and postsynaptic events - Fingerprint
- UTMB...
Nervous tissue
Interneurons: Cells that form connections between neurons and whose processes are limited to a single local area in the brain ... Unipolar brush cells: Are excitatory glutamatergic interneurons that have a single short dendrite terminating in a brush-like ... They are the major neuron type in the CNS and include interneurons and motor neurons. ...
Development of the nervous system
These induce sensory interneurons by activating Sr/Thr kinases and altering SMAD transcription factor levels. ... Most interneurons migrate tangentially through multiple modes of migration to reach their appropriate location in the cortex. ... An example of tangential migration is the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex. One ... At low concentrations it forms ventral interneurons, at higher concentrations it induces motor neuron development, and at ...
Programmed cell death
Apoptotic mechanisms in the CNS are still not well understood, yet it is thought that apoptosis of interneurons is a self- ... In the neocortex, a 4:1 ratio of excitatory to inhibitory interneurons is maintained by apoptotic machinery that appears to be ... Transplanted cells died at the age of two weeks, the same age at which endogenous interneurons undergo apoptosis. Regardless of ... Supporting evidence came from an experiment where interneuron progenitors were either transplanted into the mouse neocortex or ...
Tetanospasmin
Transcytosis from the axon into the inhibitory interneurons. Action. *Temperature and pH mediated translocation of the light ... The next step, transcytosis from the axon into the CNS inhibitory interneuron, is one of the least understood parts of TeNT ... Transport to the CNS inhibitory interneurons begins with the B-chain mediating the neurospecific binding of TeNT to the nerve ... Once the vesicle is in the inhibitory interneuron its translocation is mediated by pH and temperature, specifically a low or ...
Gate control theory
The inhibitory interneuron fires spontaneously.[7] The C fiber's synapse would inhibit the inhibitory interneuron, indirectly ... The inhibitory interneuron decreases the chances that the projection neuron will fire. Firing of C fibers inhibits the ... The Aβ fiber, on the other hand, forms an excitatory connection with the inhibitory interneuron, thus decreasing the projection ... Firing of the Aβ fibers activates the inhibitory interneuron, reducing the chances that the projection neuron will fire, even ...
Bipolar disorder
Benes FM, Berretta S (2001). "GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". ...
Mechanoreceptor
Some of the branches of the I-a axons synapse with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord. These, in turn, synapse with ... By inhibiting the flexor, these interneurons aid contraction of the extensor.. *Still other branches of the I-a axons synapse ... with interneurons leading to brain centers, e.g., the cerebellum, that coordinate body movements.[16] ...
Olfactory bulb
The interneurons in the external plexiform layer perform feedback inhibition on the mitral cells to control back propagation. ... Interneurons in the external plexiform layer are responsive to pre-synaptic action potentials and exhibit both excitatory ... The basal dendrites of mitral cells are connected to interneurons known as granule cells, which by some theories produce ... Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including periglomerular cells which synapse within and between ...
Granule cell
In the cerebellar cortex there are a variety of inhibitory neurons (interneurons). The only excitatory neurons present in the ... Mugnaini E, Osen KK, Dahl AL, Friedrich VL Jr, Korte G (1980). "Fine structure of granule cells and related interneurons ( ... The dorsal cochlear granule cells are small excitatory interneurons which are developmentally related and thus resemble the ... granule cells excite Purkinje cells but also excite GABAergic interneurons that inhibit Purkinje cells. ...
Oxytocin
... silencing of oxytocin receptor interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of female mice resulted in loss of social ... "Oxytocin modulates female sociosexual behavior through a specific class of prefrontal cortical interneurons". Cell. 159 (2): ...
Thalamocortical radiations
Thalamic interneurons process sensory information and signal different regions of the thalamic nuclei. These nuclei extend to ... role in top down processing and regulation of thalamic activity than do the processes originating in thalamic interneurons. ...
HVC (avian brain region)
... interneurons, RA-projecting cells (HVCRA), and X-projecting cells (HVCX)[7] ...
Command neuron
Interneurons commanding swimmeret movements in the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard) Comparative Biochemistry and ... Stimulation of the command neuron triggers a lower level central pattern generator whose motorneurons and interneurons produce ... The term command neuron first appeared in a 1964 paper "Interneurons Commanding Swimmeret Movements in the Crayfish" by CAG ...
Neuron - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Interneurons connect neurons within the central nervous system.. By function[change , change source]. Sensory neurons carry ... There are three classes of neurons: afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons. ...
Subthalamic nucleus
In humans there are also a small number (about 7.5%) of GABAergic interneurons that participate in the local circuitry; however ... Lévesque JC, Parent A (May 2005). "GABAergic interneurons in human subthalamic nucleus". Movement Disorders. 20 (5): 574-84. ...
Acetylcholine
It is released by cholinergic interneurons. In humans, non-human primates and rodents, these interneurons respond to salient ... "Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum". Neuroscience. 198: 27- ...
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
When interneurons are activated by metabotropic acetylcholine receptors in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, a theta ... Chavas J, Marty A (March 2003). "Coexistence of excitatory and inhibitory GABA synapses in the cerebellar interneuron network ...
Morte celular programada, a enciclopedia libre
Southwell, D.G. (November 2012). "Intrinsically determined cell death of developing cortical interneurons". Nature 491 (7422): ...
DÃpteros, a enciclopedia libre
"Performance of fly visual interneurons during object fixation". The Journal of Neuroscience 20 (16): 6256-66. PMID 10934276 ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
... neurotrophic factor attenuates alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses in hippocampal interneurons". The ...
gamma-Aminobutyric acid
GABAergic interneurons mature faster in the hippocampus and the GABA signalling machinery appears earlier than glutamatergic ...
Medulla oblongata
The pre-Bötzinger complex is a cluster of interneurons involved in the respiratory function of the medulla. ...
General anaesthetic
Ketamine appears to bind preferentially to the NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons, which may partially explain its ...
ATOH1 - ويكيبيديا
Helms AW, Johnson JE (Mar 1998). "Progenitors of dorsal commissural interneurons are defined by MATH1 expression". Development ...
Muscle relaxant
Jankowska E, Hammar I, Chojnicka B, Hedén CH (2000). "Effects of monoamines on interneurons in four spinal reflex pathways from ...
Cholecystokinin B receptor
... receptors located on glutamatergic interneurons". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 361 (1): 33-8. doi:10.1007/ ...
Hippocampus anatomy
Some interneurons that can be found in more superficial layers can also be found here, including basket cells, bistratified ... This stratum also contains the cell bodies of many interneurons, including axo-axonic cells, bistratified cells, and radial ... Sik, Attila; Penttonen, Markku; Buzsáki, György (March 1997). "Interneurons in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus: an In Vivo ... and they terminate on both principal cells and interneurons.[28][29] A weak commissural projection connects both CA1 regions ...
Alpha motor neuron
Among their many roles, interneurons synapse on α-MNs to create more complex reflex circuitry. One type of interneuron is the ... The most extensive input to α-MNs is from local interneurons, which are the most numerous type of neuron in the spinal cord. ... Other fibers from α-MNs synapse on Renshaw cells, i.e. inhibitory interneurons that synapse on the α-MN and limit its activity ... Alpha motor neurons receive input from a number of sources, including upper motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons. ...
Muscle spindle
The Ia afferent signal is also transmitted polysynaptically through interneurons (Ia inhibitory interneurons), which inhibit ... Hypertonia may be the result of over-sensitivity of alpha motoneurons and interneurons to the Ia and II afferent signals.[8] ...
Thought
Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Neurons respond to stimuli, and communicate the ...
Interneuron | Britannica.com
... called an interneuron. (All neurons are capable of conducting an impulse, which is a brief change in the electrical charge on ... Other articles where Interneuron is discussed: nervous system: Nervous systems: …to an adjustor, ... the spinal gray matter contain interneurons, which connect various cell groups. Many interneurons have short axons distributed ... transmit information to interneurons located within the Auerbach and the Meissner plexi, and the interneurons relay the ...
Interneuron Issue 4.2 by theinterneuron - issuu
Title: Interneuron Issue 4.2, Author: theinterneuron, Name: Interneuron Issue 4.2, Length: 23 pages, Page: 1, Published: 2017- ... GET INVOLVED! Interneuron is always looking for contributors! If you are interested in joining us as a writer, artist, or ... Send us an email: interneuron[email protected] Images from http://icons.iconarchive.com/icon s/custom-icon-design/flatastic- ...
interneuron - Everything2.com
The interneurons constitute one of the three basic classes of neuron,neurons. They receive input only from neurons, either ... Interneurons make up all of the brain and most of the spinal cord, and number close to a hundred billion by some estimates. ... The interneurons constitute one of the three basic classes of neurons. They receive input only from neurons, either sensory ... The interneurons that make up the brains cerebral cortex alone include pyramidal, spiny stellate, chandelier,and basket ...
Interneuron - Wikipedia
Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons CCK-expressing interneurons VIP-expressing interneurons SOM-expressing interneurons ... interneurons Calretinin-expressing interneurons Nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons Interneurons in the CNS are ... Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons.[need quotation to verify] ... However, excitatory interneurons using glutamate in the CNS also exist, as do interneurons releasing neuromodulators like ...
Cortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control. - PubMed - NCBI
Although several interneuron populations are known to target other interneurons to varying degrees, little is known about ... VIP interneurons inhibit Som and Pv interneurons in ACx and mPFC in vitro ... Cortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control.. Pi HJ1, Hangya B, Kvitsiani D, Sanders JI, Huang ZJ, Kepecs A. ... d, Photostimulation-evoked spike probability of a VIP interneuron. (left) Raster plot. (right) Firing probability as a function ...
Innovations present in the primate interneuron repertoire | Nature
These interneurons expressed a unique combination of genes that encode transcription factors, receptors and neuropeptides and ... Only a modest fraction of the genes identified as markers of specific interneuron subtypes in any one species had this ... We found that an interneuron type that was previously associated with the mouse hippocampus-the ivy cell, which has ... Here we use single-nucleus RNA sequencing to profile RNA expression in 188,776 individual interneurons across homologous brain ...
Spinal interneuron - Wikipedia
The spinal interneuron called Ia inhibitory interneuron is responsible for this inhibition of the antagonist muscle. The Ia ... Different classes of spinal interneurons are involved in the process of sensory-motor integration. Most interneurons are found ... Renshaw cells are among the first identified interneurons. This type of interneuron projects onto α-motoneurons, where it ... These afferent fibers project onto the spinal cord and synapse with the spinal interneurons called Ib inhibitory interneurons. ...
Four GABAergic interneurons impose feeding restraint in Drosophila. - PubMed - NCBI
Four GABAergic interneurons impose feeding restraint in Drosophila.. Pool AH1, Kvello P2, Mann K1, Cheung SK1, Gordon MD1, Wang ... Here, we identify four GABAergic interneurons in the Drosophila brain that establish a central feeding threshold which is ... DSOG1 neurons are GABAergic interneurons that do not respond to gustatory stimulation or satiety state ...
Differentiation of V2a interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells | PNAS
V2a interneuron protocol specifically increases V2a interneuron population. (A) Timeline contrasting the motor neuron and V2a ... Single-cell RNAseq of V2a interneuron cultures. (A) tSNE plot of V2a interneuron cultures indicating seven clusters. (B) CHX10 ... V2a interneuron protocol robustly increases hPSC neurogenesis. (A) Gene expression throughout V2a interneuron differentiation ... Long-Term Culture Increases the Maturation Profile of V2a Interneurons.. To examine the maturation of V2a interneurons, ...
EphA4 defines a class of excitatory locomotor-related interneurons | PNAS
EphA4 defines a class of excitatory locomotor-related interneurons Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from PNAS ... EphA4 defines a class of excitatory locomotor-related interneurons. Simon J. B. Butt, Line Lundfald, and Ole Kiehn ... In this study, we have performed whole-cell patch clamp on EphA4-positive interneurons in the flexor region (L2) of the ... We provide evidence that although EphA4 positive interneurons are not entirely a homogeneous population, most of them fire in a ...
Transplanted interneurons can help reduce fear in mice | EurekAlert! Science News
Scientists in China are reporting that by transplanting mouse embryonic interneurons into the brains of mice and combining that ... "We also need to determine the exact subtype of transplanted interneurons and the exact subregion in the amygdala that are ... "We found that although the transplanted interneurons did not alter the formation of fear memories, they reduced recovery and ... Scientists in China are reporting that by transplanting mouse embryonic interneurons into the brains of mice and combining that ...
Nonspiking and Spiking Local Interneurons in the Locust | SpringerLink
... nonspiking interneurons) (for reviews, see Roberts and Bush, 1981), the question of why such neurons should exist... ... Since the discovery of interneurons that normally do not produce action potentials ( ... Since the discovery of interneurons that normally do not produce action potentials (nonspiking interneurons) (for reviews, see ... Burrows, M. and Siegler, M. V. S., 1982, Spiking local interneurons mediate local reflexes, Science 217:650-652.PubMedCrossRef ...
Interneurons find their way to the striatum
... 11.06.2015. Researchers from the MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology (MRC ... MGE-derived interneurons are shown expressing EphB3 (red) and Nkx2-1 (green) migrating to the striatum. ... While most research studies have focused on the migration of interneurons to the cortex, very little is known about the ... Both cortical and striatal interneurons can be attracted by Nrg1 sources present in the cerebral cortex and the striatum. ...
Degenerating Interneurons in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) Mice [image] | EurekAlert! Science News
Interneurons Provide Circuit-Specific Depolarization and Hyperpolarization | Journal of Neuroscience
Fast depolarizing inhibition among interneurons has been recently shown to act as a synchronizing signal in interneurons (Vida ... Interneurons Provide Circuit-Specific Depolarization and Hyperpolarization. Jonas-Frederic Sauer, Michael Strüber, Marlene ... Interneurons Provide Circuit-Specific Depolarization and Hyperpolarization. Jonas-Frederic Sauer, Michael Strüber, Marlene ... Interneurons Provide Circuit-Specific Depolarization and Hyperpolarization Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to ...
Novel markers for OLM interneurons in the hippocampus
interneuron, OLM, somatostatin, hippocampus, Chrna2 National Category Neurosciences Identifiers. URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259200 ... In this thesis I present compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence that a subpopulation of OLM interneurons (defined by the ... 1. On the Mechanisms Behind Hippocampal Theta Oscillations: The role of OLMα2 interneurons. Open this publication in new window ... hippocampus, interneuron, optogenetics, theta oscillations, anxiety National Category Neurosciences Identifiers. urn:nbn:se:uu: ...
Hyperactivity is Associated with Decreased Numbers of Interneurons
... 14.05.2008. A new study published in Biological Psychiatry ... A decreased number of these same interneurons is "one of the most consistent findings in schizophrenia and psychotic disorders ... hyperactivity that is correlated with a lack of parvalbumin-positive and somatostatin-positive inhibitory interneurons in the ...
Multiphasic Modulation of Cholinergic Interneurons by Nigrostriatal Afferents | Journal of Neuroscience
... and by local interneurons. Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) provide the main source of acetylcholine (ACh) to the striatum ( ... 2007) Cholinergic interneurons control the excitatory input to the striatum. J Neurosci 27:391-400, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3709- ... 2010) Cholinergic interneurons control local circuit activity and cocaine conditioning. Science 330:1677-1681, doi:10.1126/ ... 2010) Distinct roles of GABAergic interneurons in the regulation of striatal output pathways. J Neurosci 30:2223-2234, doi: ...
JCI -
Neurovascular crosstalk between interneurons and capillaries is required for vision
Spinal Interneurons as Instigators of Excitotoxicity in ALS | ALZFORUM
The interneuron and motor neuron activity bursts occurred in unison, confirming to the authors that the interneurons were ... Could interneurons also be a valid target for ALS therapies? Jiang speculated that riluzole, the only approved drug for the ... The work moves up one rung on the ladder-from motor neurons to interneurons-but leaves open the question of what causes the ... In some animals in the later stages of disease, drugs were not even necessary to induce firing of interneurons and motor ...
GABAergic interneurons shape the functional maturation of the cortex
... Neuron. 2013 Feb 6;77(3):388-405. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron. ... During the course of development, GABAergic interneurons contribute to key aspects of the functional maturation of the cortex ... we provide an overview of the maturation of GABAergic neurotransmission and discuss the role of GABAergic interneurons in ...
Interneurons from Embryonic Development to Cell-Based Therapy | Science
Interneurons Reach Far and Wide. Interneurons in the brain have been garnering increasing attention. Southwell et al. (10.1126/ ... Cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population, and little is known about how distinct subtypes of interneurons function ... It is unknown how transplanted interneurons modify disease phenotypes. While transplanted interneurons likely exert therapeutic ... and even some sorts of chronic pain either involve interneurons or may respond to transplanted interneurons. ...
genetic control of inter-neuron signals
Neuropeptides in interneurons of the insect brain
... Cell Tissue Res. 2006 Oct;326(1):1-24. doi: 10.1007/s00441-006-0210-8. ... With a few notable exceptions, most of the neuropeptides have been demonstrated in brain interneurons of various types. The ... We describe the distribution of neuropeptides in brain interneurons of a few well-studied insect species. Emphasis has been ... placed upon interneurons innervating specific brain areas, such as the optic lobes, accessory medulla, antennal lobes, central ...
JCI -
GABA interneurons are the cellular trigger for ketamine's rapid antidepressant actions
These findings demonstrate that GluN2B-NMDARs on GABA interneurons are the initial cellular trigger for the rapid ... interneurons, as well as subtypes expressing somatostatin (Sst) or parvalbumin (Pvalb), but not glutamate principle neurons in ... Further analysis of GABA subtypes showed that cell-specific knockdown or deletion of GluN2B in Sst interneurons blocked or ...
Making interneurons with Magoh | Development
... but not in post-mitotic migrating interneurons) reduces cortical interneuron number in a dose-dependent manner. Magoh-depleted ... Mammalian interneurons are crucial for cortical function, and are formed by progenitors located in the ganglionic eminences. ... Now, Debra Silver and colleagues analyse the role of Magoh, an EJC component, in murine interneuron development. Magoh is ... One-third of all progenitor daughter cells also undergo apoptosis, and there is a bias towards interneurons at the expense of ...
Cortical NO interneurons: from embryogenesis to functions | Frontiers Research Topic
This Research Topic will cover the different aspects of cortical NO interneurons, from their diversity, embryonic origins to ... the identity and the roles of several subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons remain elusive. Presumably, because of their ... the functional importance of NO-producing GABAergic interneurons is particularly enigmatic. ... and physiology rely on a delicate interplay between glutamatergic excitatory neurons and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in a ...
INTERNEURON FILES FOR OFFERING | BioWorld
BioWorld Online is the news service of record for the biotechnology industry and is updated every business morning. BioWorld Online will keep you up to date on all of the industrys business, science and regulatory news -- mergers and collaborations, FDA hearings and results, breakthroughs in research and much more.
Using c-kit to genetically target cerebellar molecular layer interneurons in adult mice
Spike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons | Science
Synchrony detection in interneuron networks. The temporal precision of spike transmission that we describe here may allow ... Spike Transmission and Synchrony Detection in Networks of GABAergic Interneurons Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a ... Studies in intact animals as well as theoretical work suggest that inhibitory interneurons may coordinate neuronal activity in ... at hippocampal interneurons, the EPSPs time course is relatively insensitive to membrane depolarization (23). Thus, we compared ...
SynapticNeuronalSubtypesHippocampusHippocampal interneuronsParvalbumin interneuronsNeuronNeocortexDifferentiationInhibitionGABAergic InterneuronsGABACholinergicStriatalGlutamatergicCortexEmbryonicIntrinsicAxonsPopulationsAxonalProgenitorsNeocortical interneuronsSensory neuronsSpinal interneuronsLocal interneuronsDorsalPlasticityCommissuralSomatostatin-positiveExcitatory and inhibitoryMiceHuman pluripotent stemExpressing interneurons in mouseFunctionalCerebralAcetylcholineTransplantationMolecularMigrationDistinctMorphologyJournal of NeurosciePerisomatic-targeting inDendriticSynapseAdultNeurons and interneuronsPopulation of interneuronsExcitationCircuitsPyramidal neuronsInhibitory neuronsBrain
Synaptic19
- The motor and learning functions of the striatum are critically dependent on synaptic transmission from midbrain dopamine neurons and striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs). (jneurosci.org)
- 34 degrees C) were generated at multiple synaptic contacts established on the interneuron dendrites close to the soma. (nih.gov)
- One example of interneurons are inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex which selectively inhibit sections of the thalamus based on synaptic input both from other parts of the neocortex and from the thalamus itself. (wikidoc.org)
- An example of interneurons is inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex which selectively inhibit sections of the thalamus based on synaptic input both from other parts of the neocortex and from the thalamus itself. (statemaster.com)
- Bartos M, Vida I, Jonas P (2007) Synaptic mechanisms of synchronized gamma oscillations in inhibitory interneuron networks. (springer.com)
- Interneurons exhibit very diverse morphology, electrophysiology, molecular content and post synaptic targets (Cauli et al. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- [4,9,10] This suggests that halothane also may modulate the synaptic recruitment and the excitability of GABAergic interneurons. (asahq.org)
- [14] Thus understanding the effects of volatile anesthetics on synaptic responses and membrane properties of interneurons is important for the development of a comprehensive view of the central nervous system effects of this class of general anesthetics. (asahq.org)
- The main objective of the project was to characterize a population of inhibitory CR interneurons in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) and their synaptic connection with CMrgD primary afferent fibres. (gla.ac.uk)
- Transplanted interneurons also augment synaptic inhibition and alter recipient neural network synchrony, two physiological processes disrupted in various epilepsies. (cureepilepsy.org)
- Multicompartment models of crayfish nonspiking interneurons were developed in order to investigate how the synaptic input to interneurons could be converted into the synaptic output to motoneurons. (nii.ac.jp)
- Simulation of synaptic activities on the interneuron model revealed that the synaptic potential in the interneuron was smoothed during the electrotonic spread over the dendrite more effectively than in the motoneurons. (nii.ac.jp)
- It is concluded that the nonspiking interneurons function as an extended dendrites of motoneurons by gathering synaptic inputs from spatially wider range of presynaptic cells and processing them in such a way that the general excitability of motoneurons can be adjusted in a more delicate way through the continuous membrane potential change meicated by the interneuron. (nii.ac.jp)
- Further, upon disruption of the early Martinotti interneurons network, the synaptic maturation of thalamocortical inputs onto parvalbumin interneurons is arrested. (maxplanckflorida.org)
- These results suggest that Martinotti interneurons function as a pioneer population whose transient early synaptic connectivity is essential for the establishment of thalamic recruitment of feed-forward inhibition mediated by parvalbumin interneurons. (maxplanckflorida.org)
- By using the endogenous muscarinic receptor to detect the synaptic release of ACh in the striatum, this proposal will define the how muscarinic receptors in striatal output neurons encode firing patterns of cholinergic interneurons, identify the role of glutamate co-release in shaping muscarinic transmission, and identify how neuromodulatory striatonigral inputs regulate ACh output. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- The proposed studies are expected to be significant in that they have to potential to be the first examination of a muscarinic mediated synaptic event in the striatum driven the release of ACh from the firing of cholinergic interneurons. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
- Furthermore, developmental ketamine treatment resulted in an increased NMDA:AMPA ratio in evoked synaptic currents and larger amplitudes of spontaneous NMDAR currents, indicating a homeostatic upregulation of NMDARs in PV interneurons. (ovid.com)
- The T interneurons receive synaptic input from the Mauthner neuron, from unidentified axons in the mlf, and perhaps from trigeminal sensory fibers. (zfin.org)
Neuronal23
- An effective means of identifying coetaneous interneurons is neuronal birthdating. (wikipedia.org)
- The scientists reasoned that motor neurons could be receiving above-normal inputs from two possible sources: peripheral sensory neurons in the short-latency reflex pathway, or spinal interneurons that transmit signals from the neuronal network. (alzforum.org)
- After migrating from their origins across the developing brain, young interneurons reach the cortex and differentiate into various inhibitory neuronal cell types. (sciencemag.org)
- Neuronal processing and physiology rely on a delicate interplay between glutamatergic excitatory neurons and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons in a spatially, temporally and cell-type specific manner. (frontiersin.org)
- Although recent advances have significantly improved our knowledge of its neuronal types, the identity and the roles of several subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons remain elusive. (frontiersin.org)
- Studies in intact animals as well as theoretical work suggest that inhibitory interneurons may coordinate neuronal activity in cortical networks ( 6-11 ). (sciencemag.org)
- In summation, this thesis provides new insight into how regulating interneuron activity can be homeostatic for neuronal networks, and reveals potential implications for development and preservation of brain function. (hu-berlin.de)
- Relying on the neuronal capacitance, cell body size and arborization of dendrites and axons, the three types of interneurons correspond to three stages of development with non-innervated neurons and interneurons with GABA A and glutamatergic synapses being, respectively, the least and the most developed. (wiley.com)
- We investigated neuronal transmission from cercal sensory afferent neurons to ascending giant interneurons (GIs). (bioone.org)
- Pharmacological treatment with 500 μM acetylcholine (ACh) increased neuronal activities of ascending interneurons with cell bodies located in the TAG. (bioone.org)
- Taken together, we demonstrate MATH1 expression in a differentiating population of neuronal precursors in the dorsal neural tube that appear to give rise specifically to dorsal commissural interneurons. (biologists.org)
- Here we examined how the activity of the V0v interneurons - an important commissural neuronal class - varies with the locomotor speed in adult zebrafish. (elifesciences.org)
- The V0 interneurons, which originate from the p0 progenitor domain, represent a major commissural neuronal population controlling the left-right alternation of locomotor movements. (elifesciences.org)
- Our findings demonstrate that Evx1 is a postmitotic determinant of V0 interneuron identity and reveal a critical postmitotic phase for neuronal determination in the developing spinal cord. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Such processing depends on specific neuronal connectivity, and the reliable activation of inhibitory interneurons. (bl.uk)
- Therefore, interneuron classifications often differ and it is unclear which set of descriptors are the most relevant to determine a neuronal class and, more generally, how many classes of interneurons actually exist. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Inhibitory interneurons are instrumental in the synchronization of neuronal activity in the hippocampus [11,12] and may contribute to the generation of hippocampal high-frequency [13] and cortical 40-Hz oscillations implicated in cognitive function. (asahq.org)
- The information is interpreted by neuronal circuits involving excitatory and inhibitory interneurons that lie in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (gla.ac.uk)
- Together, our results demonstrate that chemogenetically induced neuronal activity increases the myelination of neocortical PV+ interneurons mediated at least in part by an elaboration of their axonal morphology. (eur.nl)
- New olfactory bulb granule cells (GCs) are GABAergic interneurons continuously arising from neuronal progenitors and integrating into preexisting bulbar circuits. (uzh.ch)
- Neuronal udvikling reguleres af en kompleks kombination af miljømæssige og genetiske faktorer. (jove.com)
- Funktionen af neuronal netværk er afhængig af eksistensen af en afbalanceret supplement af excitatoriske projektion neuroner og hæmmende interneuroner. (jove.com)
- Interneuron gap junctions enhance synchrony of γ oscillations (25-70 Hz) in isolated interneuron networks and also in networks containing both interneurons and principal cells, as shown in mice with a knockout of the neuronal (primarily interneuronal) connexin36. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Subtypes13
- Only a modest fraction of the genes identified as 'markers' of specific interneuron subtypes in any one species had this property in another species. (nature.com)
- The results demonstrated that the antidepressant actions of ketamine were blocked by GluN2B-NMDAR knockdown on GABA (Gad1) interneurons, as well as subtypes expressing somatostatin (Sst) or parvalbumin (Pvalb), but not glutamate principle neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). (jci.org)
- Further analysis of GABA subtypes showed that cell-specific knockdown or deletion of GluN2B in Sst interneurons blocked or occluded the antidepressant actions of ketamine and revealed sex-specific differences that are associated with excitatory postsynaptic currents on mPFC principle neurons. (jci.org)
- In cerebellar cortex, molecular layer GABAergic interneuron (MLGI) circuit comprises two subtypes: the Basket and the Stellate cells. (europa.eu)
- In addition, the observed heterogeneity suggests that distinct CRH interneuron subtypes may have specific functional roles in the both physiological and pathophysiological hippocampal processes. (springer.com)
- During the outgoing phase, we will use 2-photon calcium imaging together with fluorescent labeled interneurons and optogenetics technologies to dissect out, in the mouse V1, the specific role of two interneurons subtypes (parvalbumin- (PV+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+)) in the orientation tuning and the emergence of simple-like receptive fields in pyramidal cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
- GABAergic interneurons contribute most of the morphological, electrophysiological and molecular diversity of the cortex, yet interneuron subtypes are still not well defined. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- These different morphological and electrophysiological characteristics could make each of these three interneuron subtypes particularly suited for a different function within the cortical circuit. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Throughout life, neural stem cells (NSCs) in different domains of the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the adult rodent brain generate several subtypes of interneurons that regulate the function of the olfactory bulb (OB). (harvard.edu)
- Here, we report the generation of at least four previously unknown OB interneuron subtypes that are produced in finely patterned progenitor domains in the anterior ventral V-SVZ of both the neonatal and adult brain. (harvard.edu)
- Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes. (semanticscholar.org)
- Work from my laboratory over the past decade has sought to understand both how interneuron diversity is generated and how various interneuron subtypes become precisely embedded in the broad swath of circuits in which they are required. (maxplanckflorida.org)
- We have proposed a working model of how this is achieved that involves a initial step where "Cardinal" classes of interneurons are genetically specified into a relatively small number of subtypes, each of which represent interneurons that possess similar intrinsic properties, morphologies and propensities as to both the cell types (excitatory or inhibitory) and cellular compartments (dendritic, somal or axonal) that they innervate. (maxplanckflorida.org)
Hippocampus12
- We found that an interneuron type that was previously associated with the mouse hippocampus-the 'ivy cell', which has neurogliaform characteristics-has become abundant across the neocortex of humans, macaques and marmosets but not mice or ferrets. (nature.com)
- c) Staining by parvalbumin antibody show intact (arrowheads) and degenerating interneurons (arrows) in the hippocampus of aged FTLD mice. (eurekalert.org)
- In this thesis I present compelling in vitro and in vivo evidence that a subpopulation of OLM interneurons (defined by the Chrna2-cre line) distinctively enriched in the CA1 region of the ventral hippocampus is implicated in LTP function (paper I,II), information control (paper V) and the induction of theta activity that is under cholinergic control (paper IV). (diva-portal.org)
- I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76562245 Title: Potassium channels for high-frequency action potential generation in GABAergic interneurons of rat hippocampus Author: Cheng-Chang Lien Publisher: [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. (worldcat.org)
- Interneurons are the source and the target of the first synapses formed in the hippocampus and are thus in a position to modulate the development of the hippocampus in the foetal stage. (wiley.com)
- Transmission electron micrograph using immuno-gold labeling to show the location of PSD-95 in 3 glutamatergic synapses on an interneuron dendrite from the CA1 stratum radiatum of the hippocampus of an adult male rat (postnatal day 37). (cellimagelibrary.org)
- Focusing on CA1 strata pyramidale and radiatum of mouse hippocampus, CRH interneurons were found to exhibit a heterogeneous neurochemical phenotype with parvalbumin, cholecystokinin and calretinin co-expression observed to varying degrees. (springer.com)
- Examination of the progenitors of these glutamatergic interneurons allowed us to determine the sequential expression of transcription factors in these cells that are thought to be hallmarks of glutamatergic neurogenesis in the developing cerebral cortex and adult hippocampus. (uzh.ch)
- Our investigations in adult mice with acquired temporal lobe epilepsy examine whether transplants of a major inhibitory cell in the brain, the GABAergic interneuron, can suppress seizures by repairing dysfunctional neural circuits in the hippocampus. (cureepilepsy.org)
- 1 . Minneci F, Janahmadi M, Migliore M, Dragicevic N, Avossa D, Cherubini E (2007) Signaling properties of stratum oriens interneurons in the hippocampus of transgenic mice expressing EGFP in a subset of somatostatin-containing cells. (yale.edu)
- In the first portion of my talk, I will present lineage data indicating that specific lineages give rise to interneurons that population broad structures within the telencephalon and are both spatially dispersed and unrestricted by functional boundaries between areas as discrete as the cortex, the hippocampus and the striatum. (maxplanckflorida.org)
- Electrical coupling between pyramidal cell axons, and between interneuron dendrites, have both been described in the hippocampus. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Hippocampal interneurons5
- Fig. 3: Cortical LHX6 + LAMP5 + interneurons are much more numerous in primates and are molecularly similar to conserved hippocampal interneurons. (nature.com)
- The properties of excitatory synapses at FS cells ( 13 , 18 ), as well as their voltage-dependent conductances ( 19-21 ), suggest that these cells may be particularly sensitive to the timing of their inputs, as has been shown for hippocampal interneurons ( 22 , 23 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Understanding the mechanisms guiding interneuron development is a central aspect of the current research on cortical/hippocampal interneurons, which is highly relevant to brain function and pathology. (frontiersin.org)
- Rather our findings suggest that CRH is likely co-expressed in subpopulations of previously described hippocampal interneurons. (springer.com)
- Also - hippocampal interneurons can be identified by the presence of a hyperpolarization activated current (Ih) that can be measured with a hyperpolarizing I-V protocol. (scientistsolutions.com)
Parvalbumin interneurons1
- Parvalbumin interneurons in the dorsomedial striatum, but not in the dorsolateral striatum, receive afferent glutamatergic input from cingulate cortex. (broadinstitute.org)
Neuron21
- bodies, unmyelinated motor-neuron fibres, and interneurons connecting the two sides of the cord. (britannica.com)
- Even the simplest of neural behavior, the reflex arc , involves at least one interneuron that connects an afferent neuron to an efferent neuron. (everything2.com)
- Our knee-jerk reflex, more formally known as the patellar reflex , is an example of a reflex arc in which a single interneuron in the spinal cord links a sensory neuron to a motor neuron. (everything2.com)
- Interneurons main function is to provide a neural circuit, conducting flow of signals or information between a sensory neuron and or motor neuron[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
- Having eliminated one source of motor neuron excitotoxicity, the researchers turned to interneuron input. (alzforum.org)
- The interneuron and motor neuron activity bursts occurred in unison, confirming to the authors that the interneurons were stimulating the motor neurons. (alzforum.org)
- The mSOD1 spinal cord preparations were more likely to show this interneuron/motor neuron synchronized firing than non-transgenic tissue, and they had higher proportions of sub-bursts-multiple firings with one action potential starting before the previous has completed. (alzforum.org)
- Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse. (nih.gov)
- Glutamatergic transmission at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse was investigated by dual whole-cell patch-clamp recording in rat hippocampal slices combined with morphological analysis. (nih.gov)
- Simulations based on a compartmental model of the interneuron indicated that the rapid postsynaptic conductance change determines the shape and the somatodendritic integration of EPSPs, thus enabling interneurons to detect synchronous principal neuron activity. (nih.gov)
- An interneuron (also called relay neuron , association neuron or bipolar neuron ) is a term used to describe a neuron which has two different common meanings. (wikidoc.org)
- In the peripheral nervous system , an interneuron is a neuron that communicates only to other neurons. (wikidoc.org)
- Deficits in these different genes may converge to alter similar neuron cell types, as loss of PTEN or CASPR2 alters the numbers of specific types of interneurons in the cortex. (sfari.org)
- An interneuron (also called association neuron or bipolar neuron ) is a sensory neuron in neural pathways like the motor neurons their bodies cells are always located in the CNS . (statemaster.com)
- Spiking activity of other neuron types (i.e. pyramidal neurons, dendritic-targeting interneurons and interneuron-selective interneurons) had no significant effect on sharp wave incidence. (bl.uk)
- Interneuron as part of a three-neuron reflex arc in the spinal cord. (thefreedictionary.com)
- I want to be recording from the principal neurons and examining their responses to AMPA and NMDA agonists - how can I double check if the neuron I have patched is a pricipal neuron or interneuron? (scientistsolutions.com)
- Central nervous system, neuron: interneuron, pyramidal cell. (asahq.org)
- Nicotine is known to differentially regulate cortical interneuron and pyramidal neuron activities in the neocortex, while the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been well studied. (biomedcentral.com)
- Nicotine differentially affected subset of genes in Sst- and Thy1- neurons, which might contribute to the distinct effect of nicotine on interneuron and pyramidal neuron activities. (biomedcentral.com)
- Emerging evidence has shown that nicotine differentially regulates interneuron and pyramidal neuron activities. (biomedcentral.com)
Neocortex8
- Here we show that a class of interneurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) mediates disinhibitory control in multiple areas of neocortex and is recruited by reinforcement signals. (nih.gov)
- In the primate neocortex, dozens of genes showed spatial expression gradients among interneurons of the same type, which suggests that regional variation in cortical contexts shapes the RNA expression patterns of adult neocortical interneurons. (nature.com)
- In the neocortex (making up about 80% of the human brain), approximately 20-30% of neurons are interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Müller Smith and colleagues demonstrate that mice lacking the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) display profound, non-habituating hyperactivity that is correlated with a lack of parvalbumin-positive and somatostatin-positive inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex. (innovations-report.com)
- In contrast, SOM cell inactivation had minimal impact on sensory responses in a non-adapted neocortex, supporting the prediction that this class of interneurons is only recruited when the network is in an activated state. (mit.edu)
- Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the mouse neocortex are a highly heterogeneous population of neurons that originate from the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially up into the developing cortical plate. (semanticscholar.org)
- Layer specification of transplanted interneurons in developing mouse neocortex. (semanticscholar.org)
- The majority of Sip1 knockout interneurons fail to migrate to the neocortex and stall in the VT. (ugent.be)
Differentiation7
- Here, we report the directed differentiation of CHX10 + V2a interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). (pnas.org)
- In the recipient, transplanted interneurons follow cell-intrinsic programs that normally regulate their survival and differentiation in the embryo. (sciencemag.org)
- These cultures enriched in interneurons may allow the investigation of the migratory behavior of interneuron precursors and their differentiation in vitro , up to the formation of morphologically identifiable GABAergic synapses. (frontiersin.org)
- The differentiation and maturation of interneurons therefore involve sequential processes including migration, the outgrowth, and branching of axons and dendrites, and finally the formation of inhibitory synapses. (frontiersin.org)
- The molecular mechanisms of differentiation of the V0 interneurons display striking similarities between zebrafish and mice. (elifesciences.org)
- Conversely, misexpression of Evx1 represses En1, suggesting that Evx1 may suppress the V1 interneuron differentiation program. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- We found that Sip1 (Zfhx1b, Zeb2), a transcription factor enriched in migrating cortical interneurons, is required for their proper differentiation and correct guidance. (ugent.be)
Inhibition9
- This type of interneuron projects onto α-motoneurons, where it establishes inhibition by expressing its inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine. (wikipedia.org)
- In the cerebral cortex, excitation and inhibition are mediated by two cell types born in distinct areas of the embryo: excitatory projection neurons, which are generated in the developing cortex, and inhibitory interneurons, which are produced outside the cortex in the ventral forebrain. (sciencemag.org)
- GABA-ergic interneurons involved in transcallosal inhibition of the visual cortices in vivo in mice," Physiology & Behavior , vol. 151, Article ID 11000, pp. 502-508, 2015. (hindawi.com)
- The neurophysiological measure short-latency intracortical inhibition (SICI) is believed to be mediated by these inhibitory interneurons. (statemaster.com)
- Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons are a major source of striatal inhibition and are usually considered as a homogeneous population in the entire dorsal striatum. (broadinstitute.org)
- The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons are modulators of brain function essential to keep the balance between excitation and inhibition ( Gelman and MarÃn, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
- We integrated optogenetics, freely moving mammalian behavior, in vivo electrophysiology, and slice physiology to probe the cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens by direct excitation or inhibition. (ca.gov)
- Striatal fast spiking (FS) interneurons provide inhibition to each other as well as to medium spiny projection (SP) neurons. (diva-portal.org)
- GluR5 kainate receptor activation in interneurons increases tonic inhibition of pyramidal cells. (inserm.fr)
GABAergic Interneurons18
- Four GABAergic interneurons impose feeding restraint in Drosophila. (nih.gov)
- Here, we identify four GABAergic interneurons in the Drosophila brain that establish a central feeding threshold which is required to inhibit consumption. (nih.gov)
- During the course of development, GABAergic interneurons contribute to key aspects of the functional maturation of the cortex in different ways, from exerting a trophic role to pacing immature neural networks. (nih.gov)
- In this review, we provide an overview of the maturation of GABAergic neurotransmission and discuss the role of GABAergic interneurons in cortical wiring, plasticity, and network activity during pre- and postnatal development. (nih.gov)
- Presumably, because of their apparent paucity, their diversity, the highly labile nature of nitric oxide (NO) as well as its pleiotropic actions, the functional importance of NO-producing GABAergic interneurons is particularly enigmatic. (frontiersin.org)
- Fast-spiking (FS) cells are a prominent subtype of GABA-releasing (GABAergic) interneurons ( 12 ), exerting powerful inhibitory control of both excitatory and inhibitory cortical cells ( 13-17 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex," Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 557-568, 2008. (hindawi.com)
- New insights into the classification and nomenclature of cortical GABAergic interneurons," Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 202-216, 2013. (hindawi.com)
- Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons found in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. (statemaster.com)
- Most MGE-derived precursors develop into polarized GABAergic interneurons as determined by axonal, dendritic, and GABAergic markers. (frontiersin.org)
- GABAergic interneurons represent about 20% of cortical/hippocampal neurons. (frontiersin.org)
- However, we observed a striking reduction in GABAergic interneurons. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Among GABAergic interneurons, those expressing the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM) are particularly heterogeneous in their molecular, morphological and electrophysiological features (Sabo and Sceniak, 2006 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The adult mouse subependymal zone (SEZ) harbors neural stem cells that are thought to exclusively generate GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb. (uzh.ch)
- We are particularly interested in understanding the molecular underpinnings behind the fate determination of subclasses of GABAergic interneurons implicated in the neuropathology of autism and schizophrenia. (wisc.edu)
- GABAergic interneurons mainly originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of the embryonic ventral telencephalon (VT) and migrate tangentially to the cortex, guided by membrane-bound and secreted factors. (ugent.be)
- Following transplantation of stem cell-derived GABAergic interneurons into the dentate gyrus, we will use optogenetics to study whether the transplanted cells suppress spontaneous seizures and prevent axonal sprouting by making strong inhibitory synapses onto newborn hyperexcitable granule neurons. (cureepilepsy.org)
- The N -methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-hypofunction theory of schizophrenia suggests that schizophrenia is associated with a loss of NMDA receptors, specifically on corticolimbic parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic interneurons, leading to disinhibition of pyramidal cells and cortical desynchronization. (ovid.com)
GABA8
- Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons CCK-expressing interneurons VIP-expressing interneurons SOM-expressing interneurons Molecular layer (basket cells, stellate cells) Golgi cells Granule cells Lugaro cells Unipolar brush cells Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons Cholinergic interneurons Tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons Calretinin-expressing interneurons Nitric oxide synthase-expressing interneurons Interneurons in the CNS are primarily inhibitory, and use the neurotransmitter GABA or glycine. (wikipedia.org)
- Different neurotransmitters are released from different interneurons, but the two most common neurotransmitters are GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
- These findings demonstrate that GluN2B-NMDARs on GABA interneurons are the initial cellular trigger for the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and show sex-specific adaptive mechanisms to GluN2B modulation. (jci.org)
- CNS interneurons are typically inhibitory, and use the neurotransmitter GABA or glycine . (statemaster.com)
- Therefore, interneurons follow the same GABA-glutamate sequence of synapse formation but earlier than the principal cells. (wiley.com)
- Microscope images of SST+ interneurons from a control brain (left) and a mutant brain with the GABA receptor disabled (right). (psu.edu)
- Molecular identification of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 and cholecystokinin expressing cortical interneurons (CCK + VGluT3 + INTs) has prompted speculation of GABA/glutamate corelease from these cells for almost two decades despite a lack of direct evidence. (elifesciences.org)
- Vurdering af den relative bidrag af hver komponent er en kompliceret opgave, som er særligt vanskeligt med hensyn til udviklingen af γ-aminosmørsyre (GABA) erge kortikale interneuroner (CIs). (jove.com)
Cholinergic5
- Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) provide the main source of acetylcholine (ACh) to the striatum ( Bolam, 1984 ). (jneurosci.org)
- Cholinergic interneurons control local circuit activity and cocaine conditioning. (ca.gov)
- Home › About CIRM › Our Publications › Grantee publications › Cholinergic interneurons control local circuit activity and cocaine conditioning. (ca.gov)
- Furthermore, these neurons could be activated by cocaine, and silencing this drug-induced activity during cocaine exposure (despite the fact that the manipulation of the cholinergic interneurons was not aversive by itself) blocked cocaine conditioning in freely moving mammals. (ca.gov)
- Recent technical advances however, have brought this view into question suggesting that the two systems work rather in concert with the cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) driving dopamine release. (lu.se)
Striatal11
- We also found a notable subcortical innovation: an abundant striatal interneuron type in primates that had no molecularly homologous counterpart in mice or ferrets. (nature.com)
- These interneurons expressed a unique combination of genes that encode transcription factors, receptors and neuropeptides and constituted around 30% of striatal interneurons in marmosets and humans. (nature.com)
- Fig. 4: A primate striatal interneuron type not observed in mouse or ferret. (nature.com)
- These results, published in Journal of Neuroscience in collaboration with investigators from the Instituto de Neurociencias in Alicante (Spain), also reveal the molecule nature of the cues regulating the migration of striatal interneurons. (innovations-report.com)
- During development, the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), a transitory brain structure, produces several populations of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, including cortical and striatal interneurons. (innovations-report.com)
- Both cortical and striatal interneurons can be attracted by Nrg1 sources present in the cerebral cortex and the striatum. (innovations-report.com)
- Experiments carried out by the group of Prof. MarÃn demonstrated that striatal interneurons are repelled by the cerebral cortex through a mechanism that involves Eph/ephrins signalling. (innovations-report.com)
- This new study also showed that responsiveness of MGE-derived striatal interneurons to attractive and repulsive cues is at least in part controlled by the postmitotic activity of the transcription factor Nkx2-1. (innovations-report.com)
- MarÃn O. (2015) Molecular Mechanisims Controlling the Migration of Striatal Interneurons . (innovations-report.com)
- Striatal PV interneurons in medial and lateral regions differ significantly in their intrinsic excitability. (broadinstitute.org)
- Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate the importance of considering region specific parvalbumin interneuron populations when studying dorsal striatal function. (broadinstitute.org)
Glutamatergic4
- Excitatory interneurons that relay signals from the brain to neural networks throughout the spinal cord, including glutamatergic V2a interneurons that coordinate respiration and locomotion, are lost after SCI. (pnas.org)
- Its activity is controlled by glutamatergic afferents from cortex and thalamus, by dopaminergic inputs from the ventral midbrain, and by local interneurons. (jneurosci.org)
- Staining your slice for GABAergic markers or glutamatergic markers after you have done your recording will help you identify interneurons from CA1 neurons. (scientistsolutions.com)
- However, the presumed changes in glutamatergic inputs onto PV interneurons have not been tested directly. (ovid.com)
Cortex13
- The interneurons that make up the brain's cerebral cortex alone include pyramidal , spiny stellate , chandelier ,and basket neurons , and perhaps hundreds of other kinds. (everything2.com)
- While most research studies have focused on the migration of interneurons to the cortex, very little is known about the mechanisms through which interneurons colonise the striatum. (innovations-report.com)
- These results reveal parallel mechanisms of target chemoattraction and off-target chemorepulsion for the migration of interneurons to the cortex and striatum. (innovations-report.com)
- Precursors of inhibitory interneurons transplanted from the medial ganglionic eminence of the ventral embryonic forebrain into the juvenile or adult rodent cortex migrate from the graft site and become dispersed throughout the recipient tissue (shown as small red dots in the transplanted hemisphere in a cross section of the rodent brain, upper left). (sciencemag.org)
- We also found that PV interneurons in the dorsomedial region, but not in the dorsolateral striatum region, receive short-latency excitatory inputs from cingulate cortex. (broadinstitute.org)
- I sought to examine the expression of CP-AMPARs at synapses onto the two major classes of inhibitory interneuron in layer 5 of the mouse visual cortex, Basket cells (BCs) and Martinotti cells (MCs). (bl.uk)
- Addgene: A MicroRNA-Based Gene-Targeting Tool for Virally Labeling Interneurons in the Rodent Cortex. (addgene.org)
- Subgroups of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in layers 2/3 of the visual cortex. (semanticscholar.org)
- Here, we used cell-type-specific Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) in adult mice to activate a sparse population of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) PV+ interneurons. (eur.nl)
- We use mouse genetics, forebrain slice and dissociated culture techniques, as well as mouse and human pluripotent stem cells in cell culture and transplantation experiments to study the fate determination of interneurons of the cerebral cortex. (wisc.edu)
- Her præsenterer vi en protokol, designet til at bruge kemo genetiske værktøjer til at manipulere aktiviteten af kortikale interneuron forfædre transplanteres i cortex af tidlige postnatale mus. (jove.com)
- Interneuron forfædre isoleret fra embryonale ganglioniske to er i stand til at overleve, sprede og integrere sig i værtsnetværket ved transplantation i cortex 7 , 8 . (jove.com)
- Here we used BAC transgenic mice expressing a tau-sapphire green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the transcriptional control of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) genomic sequence to characterize morphological and electrophysiological properties of NPY-GFP interneurons of the mouse juvenile primary somatosensory cortex. (inserm.fr)
Embryonic4
- Laclef, C. & Métin, C. Conserved rules in embryonic development of cortical interneurons. (nature.com)
- Scientists in China are reporting that by transplanting mouse embryonic interneurons into the brains of mice and combining that procedure with training to lessen fear, they can help to reduce the fear response. (eurekalert.org)
- This Research Topic will cover the different aspects of cortical NO interneurons, from their diversity, embryonic origins to their functions in the cortical circuit and physiology. (frontiersin.org)
- The majority of cortical interneurons arise from a transient embryonic structure known as the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), but how the remarkable diversity is specified in this region is not known. (semanticscholar.org)
Intrinsic5
- During locomotion, the sum of convergent inputs from the central pattern generator (CPG), sensory feedback, descending commands and other intrinsic properties turned on by different neuromodulators give rise to the activity of the interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
- We found that PV interneurons located at the dorsomedial striatum region have increased intrinsic excitability compared to PV interneurons in dorsolateral region. (broadinstitute.org)
- 75) These findings together indicate cooperation between intrinsic and extrinsic factors when terminating interneuron motility. (thefreedictionary.com)
- However, it remains unknown whether the myelination of PV+ interneurons is also modulated by intrinsic activity. (eur.nl)
- Finally, the morphological defects observed in NPY-GFP interneurons appeared to be associated with alterations of their electrophysiological intrinsic properties. (inserm.fr)
Axons7
- Many interneurons have short axons distributed locally, but some have axons that extend for several spinal segments. (britannica.com)
- need quotation to verify] Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. (wikipedia.org)
- Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of the brain with those in other regions. (wikipedia.org)
- V3 neurons are excitatory commissural interneurons that extend caudally projecting primary axons. (wikipedia.org)
- The V1 neurons are inhibitory interneurons with axons that project ipsilaterally and rostrally. (wikipedia.org)
- In Evx1 mutant embryos, the majority of V0 interneurons fail to extend commissural axons. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- PCA and cluster analysis of morphological variables revealed three groups of cells: one comprised of Martinotti cells, and two other groups of interneurons with short asymmetric axons targeting layers 2/3 and bending medially. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Populations10
- Although several interneuron populations are known to target other interneurons to varying degrees, little is known about interneurons specializing in disinhibition and their in vivo function. (nih.gov)
- A potential avenue of research is to identify genetic markers specific to interneuron populations that will assist further exploration of the role of these cells in the network. (pnas.org)
- Therefore, the segregation of these two populations of interneurons must depend on repulsive signals that prevent the colonization of regions outside their final target. (innovations-report.com)
- Interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) form two non-overlapping populations. (mit.edu)
- Dichotomous parvalbumin interneuron populations in dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum. (broadinstitute.org)
- There are two electrophysiological dichotomous populations of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons located in the dorsal striatum. (broadinstitute.org)
- In the present study, we recorded PV interneurons in dorsal striatum slices from wild-type male mice and suggest the existence of two electrophysiological dichotomous populations. (broadinstitute.org)
- Several neurochemical markers are largely restricted to excitatory interneuron populations, but we have limited knowledge about the size of these populations or their overlap. (nii.ac.jp)
- The neurotensin, PPTB and GRP-EGFP populations showed very limited overlap, and we estimate that between them they account for ∼40% of the excitatory interneurons in laminae I-II. (nii.ac.jp)
- SST which is expressed by ∼60% of excitatory interneurons in this region, was found in each of these populations, as well as in cells that did not express any of the other peptides. (nii.ac.jp)
Axonal5
- Instead, they adopt an En1-like ipsilateral axonal projection and ectopically express En1, indicating that V0 interneurons are transfated to a V1 identity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Interneurons were distinguished using laser scanning two-photon microscopy to characterize their defining patterns of axonal arborisation, and voltage recording to determine their characteristic firing properties. (bl.uk)
- Using single-cell axonal reconstructions, we found that DREADD-stimulated PV+ interneurons exhibited a nearly two-fold increase in total length of myelination, predominantly mediated by a parallel increase of axonal arborization and number of internodes. (eur.nl)
- We observed that 91% of the reconstructed NPY-GFP interneurons had developed an atypical axonal swelling from which emerge numerous ramifications. (inserm.fr)
- Altogether, these results demonstrate that NPY-GFP interneurons developed dystrophic axonal swellings and severe morphological and electrophysiological defects that could be due to the overexpression of tau-coupled reporter constructs. (inserm.fr)
Progenitors6
- Mammalian interneurons are crucial for cortical function, and are formed by progenitors located in the ganglionic eminences. (biologists.org)
- Magoh is highly expressed in the ganglionic eminences during interneuron neurogenesis, and conditional Magoh depletion in interneuron progenitors (but not in post-mitotic migrating interneurons) reduces cortical interneuron number in a dose-dependent manner. (biologists.org)
- One-third of all progenitor daughter cells also undergo apoptosis, and there is a bias towards interneurons at the expense of new progenitors in the surviving daughters. (biologists.org)
- But while deletion of p53 in Magoh haploinsufficient progenitors completely rescues cortical interneuron number, it does not in Magoh homozygous progenitors, which still show delayed mitosis. (biologists.org)
- Analysis of cell-type-specific markers showed a specific loss of V2 interneurons in the brain and spinal cord, likely arising from mis-specification of neural progenitors. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Progenitors of these novel interneurons are responsive to sonic hedgehog (SHH) and are organized into microdomains that correlate with the expression domains of the Nkx6.2 and Zic family of transcription factors. (harvard.edu)
Neocortical interneurons2
- Classification of neocortical interneurons is a crucial step in understanding cortical circuits as each subtype of interneuron likely has a different function. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Alberto Bacci's team aims at gaining more detailed information on the properties of neocortical interneurons, using a combination of electrophysiological, cellular, biochemical and morphological techniques. (institut-vision.org)
Sensory neurons5
- neurons are recognized: sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. (britannica.com)
- Sensory neurons, activated by either mechanical or chemical stimulation of the innermost surface of the gut, transmit information to interneurons located within the Auerbach and the Meissner plexi, and the interneurons relay the information to motor neurons. (britannica.com)
- They receive input only from neurons, either sensory neurons or other interneurons, and they output only to other neurons, which may be other interneurons, sensory neurons, or motor neurons . (everything2.com)
- Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons, relay neurons, association neurons, connector neurons, intermediate neurons or local circuit neurons) are neurons that connect two brain regions, i.e. not direct motor neurons or sensory neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- A spinal interneuron, found in the spinal cord, relays signals between (afferent) sensory neurons, and (efferent) motor neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Spinal interneurons8
- Different classes of spinal interneurons are involved in the process of sensory-motor integration. (wikipedia.org)
- The grey column of the spinal cord appears to have groups of small neurons, often referred to as spinal interneurons, that are neither primary sensory cells nor motor neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- The versatile properties of these spinal interneurons cover a wide range of activities. (wikipedia.org)
- In particular, the cell bodies of the spinal interneurons are found in the grey matter of the spinal cord, which also contains the motor neurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Research on cat's spinal cord has shown that at the spinal cord level sensory afferents and descending motor pathways converge onto common spinal interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois, report that the gung-ho motor neurons may be responding to excess input from spinal interneurons, upstream middle managers that induce motor neurons to fire. (alzforum.org)
- In motor control, the general view is still that spinal interneurons mainly contribute to reflexes and automatic movements. (diva-portal.org)
- The question raised here is whether spinal interneurons can mediate the cortical command for independent finger movements, like a precision grip between the thumb and index finger in the macaque monkey, or if this function depends exclusively on a direct corticomotoneuronal pathway. (diva-portal.org)
Local interneurons1
- citation needed] Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
Dorsal7
- In the mouse's dorsal alar plate, six progenitor domains give rise to dI1-dI6 neurons and two classes of dorsal interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
- The early differentiating MATH1-expressing cells in the dorsal neural tube co-express TAG-1, DCC-1 and LH2, markers of dorsal commissural interneurons. (biologists.org)
- Expression of the MATH1/lacZ transgene persists in differentiated dorsal commissural interneurons. (biologists.org)
- To achieve this several transgenic mouse lines that labelled inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn were used including lines in which Nociceptin and RorB transgenes were either expressed under the control of the regulatory elements of the Nociceptin gene or knocked into the RorB locus, respectively. (gla.ac.uk)
- eGFP mice it was found that 93% of the cells that expressed eGFP were positive for Pax2 thus showed that these animals labelled inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn. (gla.ac.uk)
- eGFP mice, this project was then continued with a knock-in mouse line, RorBeGFP mouse that also labelled inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn. (gla.ac.uk)
- This showed that CR represent another neurochemically distinct group of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn. (gla.ac.uk)
Plasticity2
- Further studies indicated that the transplanted immature interneurons reactivated a juvenile-like plasticity in the mature amygdala. (eurekalert.org)
- Thus we begin with a normative approach, deriving a plasticity rule that regulates the activity of interneurons to minimise network-wide deviations from that set-point. (hu-berlin.de)
Commissural5
- In addition, 18 types of commissural interneurons have been identified on the basis of morphology and location. (wikipedia.org)
- While the locomotor rhythm is generated by ipsilateral excitatory interneurons, less is known about the commissural excitatory interneurons. (elifesciences.org)
- Thus we uncover, in an adult vertebrate, a novel organizational principle for a key class of commissural interneurons and their recruitment pattern as a function of locomotor speed. (elifesciences.org)
- In this study, we show that Evx1 V0 interneurons are locally projecting intersegmental commissural neurons. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- pax2 .1 was expressed in CoPA commissural neurons and CiA interneurons at 26 hpf. (xenbase.org)
Somatostatin-positive1
- To quantitatively identify classes of interneurons, 59 GFP-positive interneurons from a somatostatin-positive mouse line were characterized by whole-cell recordings and anatomical reconstructions. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Excitatory and inhibitory1
- The sensory information that is transmitted to the spinal cord is modulated by a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
Mice7
- By combining optogenetic activation with single-cell recordings, we examined the functional role of VIP interneurons in awake mice, and investigated the underlying circuit mechanisms in vitro in auditory and medial prefrontal cortices. (nih.gov)
- Homologous interneuron types-which were readily identified by their RNA-expression patterns-varied in abundance and RNA expression among ferrets, mice and primates, but varied less among primates. (nature.com)
- To determine the contribution that transplanting immature interneurons into the amygdala--a brain structure known to be involved in processing of fear and other emotions--could have on fear extinction training, they inserted medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells taken from embryos into the amygdala regions of mature mice. (eurekalert.org)
- In newborn mice, a pattern of recruitment of the V0 interneurons has been proposed based on results from genetic ablations of the inhibitory (V0d) or the excitatory (V0v) interneurons. (elifesciences.org)
- When the V2a interneurons were injected into the spinal cord of the mice, the new cells integrated with the existing cells. (alexanderlaw.com)
- In this study, RNA-sequencing was performed in acutely isolated cortical somatostatin (Sst)- positive interneurons and pyramidal neurons (Thy1) from mice treated with systemic nicotine for 14 days. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, we acutely isolated cortical somatostatin (Sst) labeled interneurons and thymus cell antigen 1 (Thy1) labeled pyramidal neurons in mice treated with saline and systemic nicotine for 14 days, and the transcriptome profiling was compared in Sst- and Thy1-neuons with or without nicotine. (biomedcentral.com)
Human pluripotent stem1
- This study describes the generation of V2a interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells, using developmentally relevant morphogenic signaling pathways. (pnas.org)
Expressing interneurons in mouse1
- Diversity and overlap of parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons in mouse presubiculum," Frontiers in Neural Circuits , vol. 9, article 20, 2015. (hindawi.com)
Functional4
- Thus, transplantation of V2a interneurons after SCI could provide a novel therapy to restore functional connections between the brain and spared downstream neurons. (pnas.org)
- The culture enriched in interneurons described here represents a useful experimental system to examine in a relatively easy and fast way the morpho-functional properties of these cells under physiological or pathological conditions, providing a powerful tool to complement the studies in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
- Recordings from both pyramidal neurons and interneurons in foetuses (E18-20) revealed that the majority of interneurons (65%) had functional synapses whereas nearly 90% of pyramidal neurons were quiescent. (wiley.com)
- Transplanted immature interneurons have been found to disperse in the recipient's functional brain tissue, where they develop elaborate structural morphologies, express histochemical markers of mature interneurons, and form functional inhibitory synapses onto recipient neurons. (cureepilepsy.org)
Cerebral4
- Los investigadores descubrieron que este diálogo celular controla el incremento de la corteza cerebral y que su debilitación lleva una malformación cortical se asoció previamente a autismo en ratones. (news-medical.net)
- La corteza cerebral contiene interneurons excitadores e inhibitorios. (news-medical.net)
- Interneurons nace en regiones distantes de la corteza cerebral y emigra a lo largo de los corredores tangenciales por el desplazamiento o saltos relativos a la danza. (news-medical.net)
- Esta heterogeneidad del movimiento regula el flujo de los interneurons que alcanzan la corteza cerebral que se convierte, limitando el número de células que entablen diálogo con las células madres que generan las neuronas excitadoras. (news-medical.net)
Acetylcholine2
- However, excitatory interneurons using glutamate in the CNS also exist, as do interneurons releasing neuromodulators like acetylcholine. (wikipedia.org)
- Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that often activates interneurons by binding to a receptor on the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Transplantation7
- Unexpectedly, we observed that the erasure of fear memory is facilitated only by transplanted immature interneurons--two weeks after transplantation," he adds. (eurekalert.org)
- The embryologic programs that guide interneuron migration, survival, and circuit integration are also executed by these young neurons after their transplantation into the juvenile and adult nervous systems. (sciencemag.org)
- Rubenstein and his team aim to use a cell transplantation method to investigate in vivo autonomous functions of PTEN and CASPR2 in developing cortical interneurons. (sfari.org)
- The transplantation of inhibitory cortical interneurons represents a novel neurobiological method for modifying recipient neural circuits in a physiologically corrective manner. (cureepilepsy.org)
- In rodent models of epilepsy, interneuron transplantation corrects recipient seizure phenotypes and associated behavioral abnormalities. (cureepilepsy.org)
- As such, interneuron transplantation may represent a novel neurobiological approach to the surgical treatment of human epilepsy. (cureepilepsy.org)
- Here, the authors describe the preclinical basis for applying interneuron transplantation to human epilepsy, discuss its potential clinical applications, and consider the translational hurdles to its development as a surgical therapy. (cureepilepsy.org)
Molecular6
- One can use this assay to study the effect of mutations on the structure, molecular properties and function of cortical interneurons. (sfari.org)
- In neuroscience, stellate cells are inhibitory interneurons found within the molecular layer of the cerebellum. (statemaster.com)
- Los investigadores del laboratorio para la regla molecular de Neurogenesis dentro del GIGA investigan (universidad de Liège), dirigido por el Dr. Laurent NGUYEN, han determinado el papel fisiológico de la migración relativa a la danza de interneurons. (news-medical.net)
- To address this issue it is planned to perform paired recordings between interneurons of the molecular layers of the cerebellum. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- In addition, to facilitate the classification of interneurons, a standardized nomenclature for morphological, physiological and molecular features was agreed upon by the Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group (Ascoli et al. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- While nAChRs enhance AMPA receptor mediated current and firing rate in interneurons [ 14 , 15 ], they cause a sustained reduction of NMDA receptor mediated currents in pyramidal neurons [ 16 ], suggesting an involvement of different molecular mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Migration3
- Nrgl is a family of extracellular growth factors that requires the expression of the ErbB receptor on the interneuron cell surface during migration. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Studiet af CI udvikling er udfordrende, fordi CIs er genereret i forbigående embryonale strukturer, der er svære at få adgang til, og de følger en lang tangentielle migration, før de når pallium og udvikle deres modne anatomiske og fysiologiske ejendomme 3 . (jove.com)
- This second step we believe occurs post-migration when interneurons have attained their final position within the brain and is characterized by local cues including activity and trophic signals impinging on immature neurons to determine their appropriate and precise afferent and efferent connectivity within given brain regions. (maxplanckflorida.org)
Distinct5
- It is the fantastically complex network of interneurons and their specialization into morphologically distinct areas within the brain and other parts of the central nervous system, such as the cerebrum , the thalamus , the cerebellum , the brainstem and various nerve plexuses around the body that allow for truly complex and intelligent behavior . (everything2.com)
- In the interest of biological plausibility we also provide two approximations, both of which make each interneuron responsive to the excitatory population it inhibits, and show that all three variants exhibit comparable though distinct homeostatic capabilities. (hu-berlin.de)
- Together, these findings indicate that CRH-expressing interneurons do not segregate into any single distinct subtype of interneuron using conventional criteria. (springer.com)
- Physiologically distinct temporal cohorts of cortical interneurons arise from telencephalic Olig2-expressing precursors. (semanticscholar.org)
- The rhythmically active heart interneuron HN(5) in the medicinal leech exhibits two distinct activity states, which have been associated with different coordination states of the two hearts. (biologists.org)
Morphology1
- The number, location and morphology of intersegmental descending interneurons, which connect pro- and mesothoracic ganglia with the matathoracic ganglion in the cockroach Periplaneta americana , were investigated herein using a retrograde nickel chloride tracing through one of the connectives that link meso- and metathoracic ganglia. (springer.com)
Journal of Neuroscie2
- Cell type-specific inhibitory inputs to dendritic and somatic compartments of parvalbumin-expressing neocortical interneuron," The Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 544-555, 2013. (hindawi.com)
- Genetic fate mapping reveals that the caudal ganglionic eminence produces a large and diverse population of superficial cortical interneurons," The Journal of Neuroscience , vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1582-1594, 2010. (hindawi.com)
Perisomatic-targeting in2
- Thirdly, single perisomatic-targeting interneurons were activated. (bl.uk)
- In conclusion, these results suggest a new role for perisomatic-targeting interneurons in controlling the local initiation of sharp waves by selectively suppressing and subsequently enhancing recruitment of a subpopulation of pyramidal neurons. (bl.uk)
Dendritic2
- Morphological analyses of NPY-GFP interneurons also indicated that their somata were smaller, their entire dendritic tree was thickened and presented a restricted spatial distribution in comparison with WT NPY interneurons. (inserm.fr)
- interneuron dendritic gap junctions exert a modulatory effect. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Synapse1
- Transfer of graded potentials at the photoreceptor-interneuron synapse. (rupress.org)
Adult1
- Therefore, we have obtained tight-seal, whole-cell recordings from visually identified interneurons in adult mouse hippocampal slices. (asahq.org)
Neurons and interneurons1
- The present study also demonstrates that perindopril is effective against MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigral neurons and interneurons. (unboundmedicine.com)
Population of interneurons2
- Here, we aimed to characterize a population of interneurons that express the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) within existing interneuronal categories through the use of combined electrophysiological and immunocytochemical approaches. (springer.com)
- I will then focus on a particular early born population of interneurons, the Layer 5/6 Martinotti neurons that are generated at E10.5. (maxplanckflorida.org)
Excitation1
- Moreover, a subset of these interneurons provide direct excitation to ipsilateral motor neurons as determined by spike-triggered averaging of the local ventral root DC trace. (pnas.org)
Circuits2
- Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). (wikipedia.org)
- Additional experiments are required to determine how these transplanted immature interneurons rejuvenate the mature circuits. (eurekalert.org)
Pyramidal neurons3
- As interneurons are generated before pyramidal cells, we have tested the hypothesis that the GABAergic interneuronal network is operative before glutamate pyramidal neurons and provides the initial patterns of activity. (wiley.com)
- Meanwhile, the altered transcripts associated with mitochondrial activity were found between interneurons and pyramidal neurons after chronic nicotine. (biomedcentral.com)
- Electrical stimulation of excitatory afferents generates kainate receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and action potentials in identified interneurons that project to the dendrites and somata of pyramidal neurons. (inserm.fr)
Inhibitory neurons1
- The class V1 neurons give rise to two local circuit inhibitory neurons known as Renshaw cells and Ia inhibitory interneurons. (wikipedia.org)
Brain11
- Interneurons make up all of the brain and most of the spinal cord , and number close to a hundred billion by some estimates. (everything2.com)
- Here we use single-nucleus RNA sequencing to profile RNA expression in 188,776 individual interneurons across homologous brain regions from three primates (human, macaque and marmoset), a rodent (mouse) and a weasel (ferret). (nature.com)
- The interaction between interneurons allow the brain to perform complex functions such as learning, and decision-making. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers from the MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology (MRC CDN) at King´s College London, led by Prof. Oscar MarÃn, have identified the mechanisms guiding interneurons to the striatum, a major brain centre involved in the coordination of body movement and motivation. (innovations-report.com)
- With a few notable exceptions, most of the neuropeptides have been demonstrated in brain interneurons of various types. (nih.gov)
- We describe the distribution of neuropeptides in brain interneurons of a few well-studied insect species. (nih.gov)
- Emphasis has been placed upon interneurons innervating specific brain areas, such as the optic lobes, accessory medulla, antennal lobes, central body, and mushroom bodies. (nih.gov)
- Inhibitory interneurons play a key role in both computation and homeostasis within the brain. (hu-berlin.de)
- According to the PNS definition, the neurons of the central nervous system , including the brain, are all interneurons. (wikidoc.org)
- A human brain contains about 100 billion interneurons. (wikidoc.org)
- Inhibitory interneurons display a remarkable degree of heterogeneity and play an integral role in shaping the flow of information through all brain areas. (maxplanckflorida.org)