Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.
The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.
A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.
An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.
An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.
Flies of the species Musca domestica (family MUSCIDAE), which infest human habitations throughout the world and often act as carriers of pathogenic organisms.
Compounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are NITRATES.
Chemicals that, while not possessing inherent pesticidal activity, nonetheless promote or enhance the effectiveness of other pesticides when combined.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.
Articles of cloth, usually cotton or rayon and other synthetic or cotton-blend fabrics, used in households, hospitals, physicians' examining rooms, nursing homes, etc., for sheets, pillow cases, toweling, gowns, drapes, and the like.
A carbamate insecticide.
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and ROTENONE.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.
Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.
Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms.
An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
Lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester, nylon (polyamides), or other material impregnated with insecticide, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby offering protection against insect bite and insect-borne diseases.
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.
A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61)
Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.
The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous plants, insects, or other animals. This includes control of plants that serve as habitats or food sources for animal pests.
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Several species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer.
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
Bugs of the family CIMICIDAE, genus Cimex. They are flattened, oval, reddish insects which inhabit houses, wallpaper, furniture, and beds. C. lectularius, of temperate regions, is the common bedbug that attacks humans and is frequently a serious pest in houses, hotels, barracks, and other living quarters. Experiments have shown that bedbugs can transmit a variety of diseases, but they are not normal vectors under natural conditions. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p272)
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.
Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.
A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)
Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food.
An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.
Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.
Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.
An organothiophosphate insecticide.
Phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of N-substituted carbamic acids. Structures are similar to PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS with a carbamate in place of the urea.
Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and other choline esters, playing crucial roles in the termination of impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses and neuro-muscular junctions, and in the metabolism of certain drugs and toxic substances.
A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.
The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.
Proteins found in any species of insect.
An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.
Carbon-containing thiophosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either SULFUR atom, or the OXYGEN atom of the SPO3 core structure.
Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.
An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.
Living facilities for humans.
Esterases are hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds, converting esters into alcohols and acids, playing crucial roles in various biological processes including metabolism and detoxification.
Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS.
"Semicarbazones are compounds formed when semicarbazide reacts with an aldehyde or ketone, creating a bond that includes a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, which can be useful in the identification and analysis of carbonyl groups in organic chemistry and medicinal research."
Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.
A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.
A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.
The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)
A republic in central Africa, bordering the Bay of Biafra, CAMEROON is to the north and GABON to the south. Its capital is Malabo.
Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.
The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.
An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling "Madinina" as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)
Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)
Free-standing or supported lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester or other material, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby protecting against INSECT BITES; INSECT STINGS, and insect-borne diseases.
A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.
The geographic area of the Mekong Valley in general or when the specific country or countries are not indicated. Usually includes Cambodia, Indochina, and Laos.
The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.
A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order LEPIDOPTERA.
A mitosporic fungal genus. Teleomorphs are found in the family Clavicipitaceae and include Cordyceps bassiana. The species Beauveria bassiana is a common pathogen of ARTHROPODS and is used in PEST CONTROL.
A highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. It has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals.
An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed)
The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.
An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.
Lice of the genus Pediculus, family Pediculidae. Pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and Pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse.
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.
A plant species of the genus CHRYSANTHEMUM, family ASTERACEAE. The flowers contain PYRETHRINS, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. Most in the old Pyrethrum genus are reclassified to TANACETUM; some to other ASTERACEAE genera.
A large order of insects comprising the butterflies and moths.
A discipline or occupation concerned with the study of INSECTS, including the biology and the control of insects.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Argentina" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. Argentina is actually the second largest country in South America, and is known for its rich cultural history, diverse landscapes, and significant contributions to fields such as science, arts, and sports. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form.
BEETLES in the family Curculionidae and the largest family in the order COLEOPTERA. They have a markedly convex shape and many are considered pests.
Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.
A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. It is the source of COTTON FIBER; COTTONSEED OIL, which is used for cooking, and GOSSYPOL. The economically important cotton crop is a major user of agricultural PESTICIDES.
A group of degraded TRITERPENES in which the four terminal carbons of the C17 side chain have been removed, and the remaining portion often forming C17 furans.
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.
Amide derivatives of phosphoric acid such as compounds that include the phosphoric triamide (P(=O)(N)(N)(N)) structure.
A genus in the family Blattidae containing several species, the most common being P. americana, the American cockroach.
A republic in central Africa, east of NIGER, west of SUDAN and south of LIBYA. Its capital is N'Djamena.
A species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. It is used for the biological control of the Gypsy moth.
INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.
A family of the order DIPTERA with over 700 species. Important species that may be mechanical vectors of disease include Musca domesticus (HOUSEFLIES), Musca autumnalis (face fly), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), Haematobia irritans (horn fly) and Fannia spp.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; it is the name of a country located in South Asia, known for its diverse landscapes and rich biodiversity.
A pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. This is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators.
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
Infections with the protozoa of the phylum EUGLENOZOA.
Family of spider MITES, in the superfamily Tetranychoidea, suborder Trombidiformes.
Toluidines are a group of organic compounds consisting of various derivatives of toluene with an amine group (-NH2) attached to the benzene ring, which have been used in chemical synthesis and historical medical research but are not currently utilized as therapeutic agents due to their carcinogenic properties.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.
A mitosporic fungal genus in the family Clavicipitaceae. It has teleomorphs in the family Nectriaceae. Metarhizium anisopliae is used in PESTICIDES.
Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.
An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bolivia" is not a medical term that has a definition in the field of medicine. It is actually the name of a country, specifically the Plurinational State of Bolivia, located in South America. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS).
The capability of producing eggs (OVA) from which young are hatched outside the body. While mostly referring to nonmammalian species, this does include MAMMALS of the order MONOTREMATA.
A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.
A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.
Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.
A family of insects in the order Dictyoptera (COCKROACHES), including genera Blattella, Parcoblatta, and Symploce.
Six-membered heterocycles containing an oxygen and a nitrogen.
A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984.
Scalp dermatoses refer to various inflammatory skin conditions affecting the scalp, including seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and tinea capitis, often characterized by symptoms such as redness, scaling, itching, and hair loss.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Organisms, biological agents, or biologically-derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms.
A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.
Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
A piperidine botanical insecticide.
An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.

An overview of the evolution of overproduced esterases in the mosquito Culex pipiens. (1/3500)

Insecticide resistance genes have developed in a wide variety of insects in response to heavy chemical application. Few of these examples of adaptation in response to rapid environmental change have been studied both at the population level and at the gene level. One of these is the evolution of the overproduced esterases that are involved in resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens. At the gene level, two genetic mechanisms are involved in esterase overproduction, namely gene amplification and gene regulation. At the population level, the co-occurrence of the same amplified allele in distinct geographic areas is best explained by the importance of passive transportation at the worldwide scale. The long-term monitoring of a population of mosquitoes in southern France has enabled a detailed study to be made of the evolution of resistance genes on a local scale, and has shown that a resistance gene with a lower cost has replaced a former resistance allele with a higher cost.  (+info)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (2/3500)

The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV.  (+info)

A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk of azinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination of alkylphosphates. (3/3500)

Azinphosmethyl (APM) is one of the most common insecticides used in fruit farming. The object of this paper is to develop a quick and practical test for assessing the risk for humans coming into contact with APM. It has been shown that the principal component of occupational and/or accidental exposure is through the skin (C. A. Franklin et al., 1981, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7, 715-731), but our approach is applicable to exposures via any route or a combination of routes. The method proposed in the present paper can accommodate a single-event exposure or repeated exposures over long periods. Urinary alkylphosphate (AP) metabolites are reliable bioindicators of the presence of APM in the body; they are easily accessible and can be used to estimate APM body burden. We developed a simple toxicokinetic model to link the time varying APM body burden to absorbed doses and to rates of elimination in the form of AP urinary metabolites. Using this model and data available in the literature, we are able to propose a "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for APM body levels and for corresponding absorbed doses. We have established that after a single exposure, the safe limit corresponding to the NOAEL is reached at a cumulative 0.215 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated in urine in the first 24 hours following the beginning of exposure. For repeated daily exposures at steady state, the corresponding urinary AP metabolite level is equal to a cumulative 0.266 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated per 24 hours.  (+info)

Involvement of two plasmids in the degradation of carbaryl by Arthrobacter sp. strain RC100. (4/3500)

A bacterium capable of utilizing carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) as the sole carbon source was isolated from carbaryl-treated soil. This bacterium was characterized taxonomically as Arthrobacter and was designated strain RC100. RC100 hydrolyzes the N-methylcarbamate linkage to 1-naphthol, which was further metabolized via salicylate and gentisate. Strain RC100 harbored three plasmids (designated pRC1, pRC2, and pRC3). Mutants unable to degrade carbaryl arose at a high frequency after treating the culture with mitomycin C. All carbaryl-hydrolysis-deficient mutants (Cah-) lacked pRC1, and all 1-naphthol-utilization-deficient mutants (Nat-) lacked pRC2. The plasmid-free strain RC107 grew on gentisate as a carbon source. These two plasmids could be transferred to Cah- mutants or Nat- mutants by conjugation, resulting in the restoration of the Cah and Nah phenotypes.  (+info)

Altered properties of neuronal sodium channels associated with genetic resistance to pyrethroids. (5/3500)

Genetic resistance to pyrethroid insecticides involves nervous system insensitivity linked to regulatory and structural genes of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. We examined the properties and relative density of sodium channels in central neurons of susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant (Pyr-R) insects that were homozygous for the amino acid substitution V421M in the I-S6 transmembrane segment. Pyr-R sodium channels show approximately 21-fold lower sensitivity to the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin and a approximately 2-fold increased sensitivity to the alpha-scorpion toxin LqhalphaIT. Pyr-R channels also exhibit altered gating properties, including a approximately 13 mV positive shift in voltage-dependent activation and approximately 7 mV positive shift in steady-state inactivation. Consistent with these changes in gating behavior, Pyr-R central neurons are less excitable, as evidenced by an approximately 11 mV elevation of action potential threshold. No differences in sodium channel density are evident. The altered properties of Pyr-R sodium channels provide a plausible molecular basis for nervous system insensitivity associated with pyrethroid resistance.  (+info)

Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. (6/3500)

Estrogens, whether natural or synthetic, clearly influence reproductive development, senescence, and carcinogenesis. Pyrethroid insecticides are now the most widely used agents for indoor pest control, providing potential for human exposure. Using the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line, we studied the estrogenic potential of several synthetic pyrethroid compounds in vitro using pS2 mRNA levels as the end point. We tested sumithrin, fenvalerate, d-trans allethrin, and permethrin. Nanomolar concentrations of either sumithrin or fenvalerate were sufficient to increase pS2 expression slightly above basal levels. At micromolar concentrations, these two pyrethroid compounds induced pS2 expression to levels comparable to those elicited by 10 nM 17ss-estradiol (fivefold). The estrogenic activity of sumithrin was abolished with co-treatment with an antiestrogen (ICI 164,384), whereas estrogenic activity of fenvalerate was not significantly diminished with antiestrogen co-treatment. In addition, both sumithrin and fenvalerate were able to induce cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose-response fashion. Neither permethrin nor d-trans allethrin affected pS2 expression. Permethrin had a noticeable effect on cell proliferation at 100 microM, whereas d-trans allethrin slightly induced MCF-7 cell proliferation at 10 microM, but was toxic at higher concentrations. Overall, our studies imply that each pyrethroid compound is unique in its ability to influence several cellular pathways. These findings suggest that pyrethroids should be considered to be hormone disruptors, and their potential to affect endocrine function in humans and wildlife should be investigated.  (+info)

Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos. (7/3500)

Experiments were conducted to survey and detect differences in plasma corticosterone concentrations and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in herring gull (Larus argentatus) embryos environmentally exposed to organochlorine contaminants in ovo. Unincubated fertile herring gull eggs were collected from an Atlantic coast control site and various Great Lakes sites in 1997 and artificially incubated in the laboratory. Liver and/or kidney tissues from approximately half of the late-stage embryos were analyzed for the activities of various intermediary metabolic enzymes known to be regulated, at least in part, by corticosteroids. Basal plasma corticosterone concentrations were determined for the remaining embryos. Yolk sacs were collected from each embryo and a subset was analyzed for organochlorine contaminants. Regression analysis of individual yolk sac organochlorine residue concentrations, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs), with individual basal plasma corticosterone concentrations indicated statistically significant inverse relationships for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), non-ortho PCBs, and TEQs. Similarly, inverse relationships were observed for the activities of two intermediary metabolic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme) when regressed against PCDDs/PCDFs. Overall, these data suggest that current levels of organochlorine contamination may be affecting the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and associated intermediary metabolic pathways in environmentally exposed herring gull embryos in the Great Lakes.  (+info)

Environmental contaminants and body fat distribution. (8/3500)

The effect of body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio (WHR) on plasma levels of organochlorines [i.e., 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE)] was investigated in a sample of black and white women drawn from a population-based study in North Carolina. Organochlorine levels were determined in plasma samples from 99 women selected on the basis of race (black versus white) and quartile of the WHR (1st versus 4th). Of a panel of 20 organochlorine compounds tested, only DDE was detectable in most study subjects. Measurements of height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were taken during an in-person interview. Information was elicited regarding dietary, residential, and breast-feeding histories. Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that black women had significantly higher plasma levels of DDE than white women. These levels were independent of BMI and WHR. BMI but not WHR was also found to be an independent predictor of DDE plasma level. These results suggest that black/white differences should be considered in studies that explore the relationship between environmental contaminants and various disease outcomes, such as breast cancer risk. In addition, BMI may affect circulating levels of contaminants and should also be considered a potentially important modifying factor for exposure to lipophilic substances.  (+info)

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Pyrethrins are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Chrysanthemum coccineum. They have been used for centuries as insecticides due to their ability to disrupt the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Pyrethrins are composed of six esters, pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II, which have different insecticidal properties but share a similar mode of action. They are commonly used in household insect sprays, pet shampoos, and agricultural applications to control a wide range of pests. However, pyrethrins can be toxic to fish and some beneficial insects, so they must be used with caution.

'Insect control' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it generally refers to the methods and practices used to manage or reduce the population of insects that can be harmful or disruptive to human health, food supply, or property. This can include various strategies such as chemical pesticides, biological control agents, habitat modification, and other integrated pest management techniques.

In medical terms, 'vector control' is a more relevant concept, which refers to the specific practices used to reduce or prevent the transmission of infectious diseases by insects and other arthropods that act as disease vectors (such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas). Vector control measures may include the use of insecticides, larvicides, biological control agents, environmental management, personal protection methods, and other integrated vector management strategies.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century to control agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.

DDT was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. Its use as an insecticide became widespread during World War II, when it was used to control typhus and malaria-carrying lice and mosquitoes among troops. After the war, DDT was widely adopted for agricultural and public health purposes.

However, concerns about the environmental and human health effects of DDT led to its ban or severe restriction in many countries starting in the 1970s. The United States banned the use of DDT for most purposes in 1972, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) prohibited its production and use globally in 2004, except in cases where there is a risk of vector-borne diseases.

DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. It is also highly persistent in the environment, with a half-life of up to 15 years in soil and up to 30 years in water. This means that DDT can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water.

In summary, DDT is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century but has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its environmental and health effects. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption.

'Mosquito Control' is not a medical term per se, but it is a public health concept that refers to the systematic reduction or elimination of mosquito populations through various methods to prevent or minimize the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. This multidisciplinary field involves entomologists, ecologists, engineers, and public health professionals working together to manage mosquito habitats, apply insecticides, and educate communities about personal protection measures. By controlling mosquito populations, we can significantly reduce the risk of contracting vector-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, among others.

Malathion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for the control of various insect pests. It works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the insect.

In a medical context, malathion is also used as a topical treatment for head lice infestations. It is available in various forms, such as shampoos, lotions, and sprays, and works by killing the lice and their eggs on contact. However, it is important to follow the instructions carefully when using malathion products to avoid excessive exposure and potential health risks.

'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.

There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.

Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

'Anopheles gambiae' is a species of mosquito that is a major vector for the transmission of malaria. The female Anopheles gambiae mosquito bites primarily during the nighttime hours and preferentially feeds on human blood, which allows it to transmit the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. This species is widely distributed throughout much of Africa and is responsible for transmitting a significant proportion of the world's malaria cases.

The Anopheles gambiae complex actually consists of several closely related species or forms, which can be difficult to distinguish based on morphological characteristics alone. However, advances in molecular techniques have allowed for more accurate identification and differentiation of these species. Understanding the biology and behavior of Anopheles gambiae is crucial for developing effective strategies to control malaria transmission.

Dieldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Dieldrin has high toxicity to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause a range of harmful health effects, such as seizures, damage to the nervous system, and liver and kidney damage. Dieldrin was banned for most uses in the United States in 1974 due to its persistence in the environment and potential to accumulate in the food chain. It is now classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) and is regulated under international treaties.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

Chlorpyrifos is a type of pesticide that belongs to the class of organophosphates. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and causes toxic effects in insects. Chlorpyrifos is used to control a wide variety of pests, including insects that infest crops, homes, and gardens. It is also used to protect wood from termites and other wood-boring insects.

Chlorpyrifos can be harmful to humans if it is ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Exposure to chlorpyrifos can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and muscle twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and even death. Chlorpyrifos has been linked to developmental problems in children, including reduced IQ and attention deficit disorder. As a result, the use of chlorpyrifos in residential settings has been restricted in many countries.

Fenitrothion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is used to control a wide variety of insects. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in nervous system dysfunction in insects.

Fenitrothion is used to control pests in agricultural settings, as well as in public health programs to combat vectors of diseases such as mosquitoes and lice. However, it can also have toxic effects on non-target organisms, including humans, and has been linked to a variety of health problems, including neurological damage and cancer. As a result, its use is regulated in many countries, and there are restrictions on the amount that can be applied and the circumstances under which it can be used.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Houseflies" are not a medical condition or term. Houseflies (Musca domestica) are a species of fly that are commonly found in human habitats. They are often considered nuisance pests because they can contaminate food and spread diseases. However, they do have an important role in the ecosystem as decomposers. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to try to help with those!

Nitro compounds, also known as nitro derivatives or nitro aromatics, are organic compounds that contain the nitro group (-NO2) bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. They are named as such because they contain a nitrogen atom in a -3 oxidation state and are typically prepared by the nitration of aromatic compounds using nitric acid or a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.

Nitro compounds have significant importance in organic chemistry due to their versatile reactivity, which allows for various chemical transformations. They can serve as useful intermediates in the synthesis of other chemical products, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, and explosives. However, some nitro compounds can also be hazardous, with potential health effects such as skin and respiratory irritation, and they may pose environmental concerns due to their persistence and potential toxicity.

It is important to handle nitro compounds with care, following appropriate safety guidelines and regulations, to minimize risks associated with their use.

A pesticide synergist is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used in the field of toxicology and pest management. A pesticide synergist refers to a chemical compound that, when combined with a primary pesticide, enhances its toxicity or efficacy against pests.

Synergists do not have insecticidal properties on their own but can increase the potency of other chemicals. They work by inhibiting the detoxification enzymes in the target pest, which would otherwise help the pest metabolize and eliminate the primary pesticide. As a result, the pesticide remains active for a longer duration, leading to improved pest control.

It is essential to note that while synergists can enhance the effectiveness of pesticides, they may also increase the risk of adverse health effects in non-target organisms, including humans, due to the heightened toxicity. Therefore, their use should be carefully evaluated and regulated to minimize potential risks.

'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.

'Bedding and linens' is a term that refers to the items used to cover, clean, and maintain beds and other furniture in medical and residential settings. These items include:

1. Sheets: These are flat pieces of cloth that are placed on top of the mattress and beneath the blankets or comforters. They come in various sizes (twin, full, queen, king) to fit different mattress sizes.
2. Blankets/Comforters: These are thicker, often quilted or filled, pieces of fabric that provide warmth and comfort to the user.
3. Pillows and pillowcases: Pillows are used to support the head and neck during sleep, while pillowcases are the removable covers that protect the pillows from dirt, sweat, and stains.
4. Mattress pads/protectors: These are additional layers placed between the mattress and the sheets to provide extra protection against spills, stains, or allergens.
5. Bed skirts: These are decorative pieces of fabric that cover the space between the box spring and the floor, hiding any storage area or providing a more finished look to the bed.
6. Towels and washcloths: While not directly related to the bed, these linens are often included in the 'bedding and linens' category as they share similar cleaning and maintenance requirements.

In medical settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, strict infection control protocols are followed for handling, washing, and storing bedding and linens to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide that acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. It is used to control a wide variety of pests, including cockroaches, ants, fleas, and ticks. Propoxur works by disrupting the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. It can be found in various forms such as powders, granules, and liquids for use in residential and commercial settings. However, it is important to note that propoxur can also have toxic effects on non-target organisms, including humans, and its use is regulated by environmental and health agencies worldwide.

Malaria is not a medical definition itself, but it is a disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Here's a simple definition:

Malaria: A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, characterized by cycles of fever, chills, and anemia. It can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. The five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.

Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) is not a medication or a therapeutic agent, so it doesn't have a typical "medical definition" as such. However, it is a chemical compound with a specific use in the medical field, particularly in relation to pest control and public health.

Piperonyl Butoxide is an organic compound that is commonly used as a synergist in pesticides. A synergist is a substance that enhances the effectiveness of a primary active ingredient. In the case of PBO, it is often combined with pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticides to increase their potency and duration of action.

PBO works by inhibiting certain enzymes in insects that would otherwise help them metabolize and detoxify the insecticide. This allows the insecticide to remain active for a longer period, thereby increasing its efficacy.

It's important to note that while PBO is used in pest control, it is not directly toxic to humans or other mammals in the concentrations typically used. However, exposure should still be minimized as much as possible due to potential respiratory and skin irritation, and long-term health effects are not fully understood.

Diazinon is a type of organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and respiratory failure, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diazinon is used to control a wide range of insect pests in agriculture, horticulture, and residential settings. However, it is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and its use is regulated by environmental and public health agencies around the world. Exposure to diazinon can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause acute and chronic health effects depending on the level and duration of exposure.

In the medical field, diazinon poisoning is treated with atropine, which blocks the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, and oximes, which reactivate acetylcholinesterase. Supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid replacement, may also be necessary in severe cases.

Pesticide residues refer to the remaining pesticide chemicals, including their metabolites and degradation products, that are present in or on food commodities or environmental samples after a pesticide application has ended. These residues can result from agricultural use, such as spraying crops to control pests, or from non-agricultural uses, like treating buildings for termite control.

Regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits (MRLs) to ensure that the levels of pesticide residues in food and feed are below those that may pose a risk to human health. Monitoring programs are in place to check compliance with these MRLs, and enforcement actions can be taken if violations occur.

It's important to note that not all pesticide residues are harmful, as some pesticides degrade into harmless compounds over time or leave behind residues below levels of concern for human health. However, long-term exposure to even low levels of certain pesticide residues may still pose a risk and should be avoided when possible.

Nitriles, in a medical context, refer to a class of organic compounds that contain a cyano group (-CN) bonded to a carbon atom. They are widely used in the chemical industry and can be found in various materials, including certain plastics and rubber products.

In some cases, nitriles can pose health risks if ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. Short-term exposure to high levels of nitriles can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to more severe health effects, such as damage to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys.

However, it's worth noting that the medical use of nitriles is not very common. Some nitrile gloves are used in healthcare settings due to their resistance to many chemicals and because they can provide a better barrier against infectious materials compared to latex or vinyl gloves. But beyond this application, nitriles themselves are not typically used as medications or therapeutic agents.

Carbamates are a group of organic compounds that contain the carbamate functional group, which is a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a nitrogen atom (> N-C=O). In the context of pharmaceuticals and agriculture, carbamates are a class of drugs and pesticides that have carbamate as their core structure.

Carbamate insecticides work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses of the nervous system. When this enzyme is inhibited, acetylcholine accumulates in the synaptic cleft, leading to overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately causing paralysis and death in insects.

Carbamate drugs are used for a variety of medical indications, including as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and psychotropic medications. They work by modulating various neurotransmitter systems in the brain, such as GABA, glutamate, and dopamine. Carbamates can also be used as anti- parasitic agents, such as ivermectin, which is effective against a range of parasites including nematodes, arthropods, and some protozoa.

It's important to note that carbamate pesticides can be toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it's essential to follow all safety guidelines when handling or using these products.

Organothiophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical compounds that contain carbon (organo-) and thiophosphorus bonds. Thiophosphorus refers to a phosphorus atom bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. These compounds have various applications, including use as plasticizers, flame retardants, insecticides (such as malathion and parathion), and nerve agents (such as sarin and VX). They can be synthesized through the reaction of organolithium or Grignard reagents with thiophosphoryl chloride. The general structure of these compounds is R-P(=S)Y, where R is an organic group, P is phosphorus, and Y is a group that determines the properties and reactivity of the compound.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

Fumigation is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and environmental medicine. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), fumigation is defined as "the treatment of a building or commodity by introducing a gaseous pesticide (fumigant) in sufficient concentration to kill all stages of pests present."

Fumigation is used to control pests, such as insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause harm to human health, property, or the environment. It is commonly used in agriculture to protect stored commodities from pests during transportation and storage. In addition, fumigation may be used in public health to disinfect buildings, equipment, and other items that have been infested with pests, such as bed bugs, cockroaches, or termites.

Fumigants are toxic gases that can cause harm to humans and animals if not handled properly. Therefore, fumigation should only be carried out by trained professionals who follow strict safety protocols to protect people, pets, and the environment from exposure.

Azinphosmethyl is a type of organophosphate insecticide that is used to control various pests in agriculture. Its chemical formula is C6H12NO6PS. It works by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous system. This leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which can result in a variety of symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure.

Azinphosmethyl is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, and it can pose significant risks to human health if not handled properly. Exposure to this chemical can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and it can cause a range of adverse health effects, including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and respiratory problems. Long-term exposure has been linked to more serious health issues such as neurological damage and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

Due to its high toxicity and potential risks to human health, the use of azinphosmethyl is regulated by various governmental agencies around the world. In the United States, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified azinphosmethyl as a restricted-use pesticide, which means that it can only be applied by certified applicators who have received special training in its safe use.

Insecticide-Treated Bednets (ITNs) are bed nets that have been specially treated with insecticides to repel, incapacitate, and kill mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of ITNs as a crucial strategy in preventing malaria transmission, especially in areas where the disease is endemic.

The insecticide used in ITNs is typically a pyrethroid, which is safe for humans but highly toxic to mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito lands on the net to bite a person, it comes into contact with the insecticide and dies before it can transmit the malaria parasite.

ITNs are often distributed through mass campaigns or targeted interventions in communities most at risk of malaria transmission. They have been shown to be highly effective in reducing the incidence of malaria and saving lives, particularly among young children and pregnant women who are most vulnerable to the disease.

'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.

Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Chlordane is a man-made chlorinated hydrocarbon compound that was widely used as a pesticide, particularly for termite control, from the 1940s until it was banned in the United States in 1988 due to its toxicity and persistence in the environment. It is a colorless or light brown liquid with a mild, aromatic odor.

Chlordane is an extremely toxic compound to insects and has been shown to have negative effects on human health as well. Exposure to chlordane can cause a range of adverse health effects, including neurological damage, liver toxicity, and an increased risk of cancer. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Chlordane is highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, posing a particular risk to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water. It can also volatilize from soil and water into the air, where it can be transported long distances and contribute to air pollution. As a result, chlordane continues to pose a significant environmental and health hazard, even though its use has been banned for several decades.

Carbaryl is a carbamate pesticide that is used to control a wide variety of insects, including fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes. It works by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called cholinesterase, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system in insects. This leads to paralysis and death of the pests. Carbaryl is also used in some veterinary products to treat parasitic infestations. It can be found in various forms, such as powders, granules, and solutions, and can be applied to plants, animals, and indoor/outdoor surfaces. However, it can be harmful to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is important to follow the label instructions carefully when using carbaryl products.

Endosulfan is a synthetic, broad-spectrum insecticide that was widely used in agriculture for controlling a variety of pests. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organochlorines, which are characterized by having a chlorinated aromatic ring. Endosulfan exists in two stereoisomeric forms, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, and is often used as a mixture of these two forms.

Endosulfan has been linked to several health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is also considered to be highly toxic to aquatic life and birds. Due to its persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation, endosulfan has been banned or restricted in many countries around the world.

The medical definition of Endosulfan can be described as a synthetic organochlorine insecticide that is highly toxic and has been linked to various health problems, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and reproductive toxicity. It is no longer approved for use in many countries due to its environmental persistence and potential health risks.

Fenthion is a type of pesticide called an organophosphate insecticide. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and ultimately results in nervous system dysfunction in insects. Fenthion can be used to control a variety of pests, including flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. However, it is also toxic to non-target organisms, including humans, and has been linked to various health effects such as neurological damage and cancer. As a result, the use of fenthion has been restricted or banned in many countries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pest control" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Pest control refers to the regulation or management of species considered to be pests, which can include insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause damage to crops, transmit diseases, or otherwise negatively impact human activities.

In a medical context, you might be looking for information on "pesticide exposure" or "insect-borne diseases." Pesticide exposure refers to the contact with pesticides, which are substances used to control pests. These exposures can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact and may lead to a variety of health effects depending on the type and amount of pesticide involved. Insect-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans through the bite of infected insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks, or fleas. Examples include malaria, Lyme disease, and Zika virus infection.

Medical Definition:

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) is a standard measurement in toxicology that refers to the estimated amount or dose of a substance, which if ingested, injected, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin by either human or animal, would cause death in 50% of the test population. It is expressed as the mass of a substance per unit of body weight (mg/kg, μg/kg, etc.). LD50 values are often used to compare the toxicity of different substances and help determine safe dosage levels.

Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide that acts as a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerve synapses. This results in an accumulation of acetylcholine, leading to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and disruption of normal nervous system function. Methomyl is used to control a wide range of pests in various crops, but its use is restricted due to its high toxicity to non-target organisms, including humans. It can be absorbed through the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract and can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, weakness, and difficulty breathing in cases of acute exposure. Chronic exposure to methomyl has been linked to neurological effects, including memory loss and decreased cognitive function.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

Triatoma is a genus of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as "kissing bugs" or "conenose bugs." These insects are called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans around the mouth and face. They are found primarily in the Americas, ranging from the southern United States to Argentina.

Triatoma species are of medical importance because they can transmit a parasitic infection called Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) to humans through their feces. The parasite that causes Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is found in the bug's feces and can enter the human body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.

Chagas disease can cause serious health problems, including heart damage and digestive system complications, if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to take precautions to prevent Triatoma bites and seek medical attention promptly if bitten by one of these insects.

Lindane is defined in medical terms as an agricultural and pharmaceutical compound that contains thegamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH). It has been used as a topical treatment for scabies and lice infestations, although its use is now limited due to concerns about toxicity and environmental persistence. Lindane works by disrupting the nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. However, it can also have similar effects on mammals, including humans, at high doses or with prolonged exposure. Therefore, its use is restricted and alternatives are recommended for the treatment of scabies and lice.

Organophosphate (OP) poisoning refers to the toxic effects that occur after exposure to organophosphate compounds, which are commonly used as pesticides, nerve agents, and plasticizers. These substances work by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the nervous system. As a result, excessive accumulation of acetylcholine leads to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a wide range of symptoms.

The severity and type of symptoms depend on the dose, duration, and route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption). The primary manifestations of organophosphate poisoning are:

1. Muscarinic effects: Excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system results in symptoms such as narrowed pupils (miosis), increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, bronchorrhea (excessive respiratory secretions), diarrhea, bradycardia (decreased heart rate), and hypotension.
2. Nicotinic effects: Overstimulation of nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction leads to muscle fasciculations, weakness, and paralysis. This can also cause tachycardia (increased heart rate) and hypertension.
3. Central nervous system effects: OP poisoning may result in headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and respiratory depression.

Treatment for organophosphate poisoning includes decontamination, supportive care, and administration of antidotes such as atropine (to block muscarinic effects) and pralidoxime (to reactivate acetylcholinesterase). Delayed treatment can lead to long-term neurological damage or even death.

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

Bedbugs are small, wingless insects that belong to the family Cimicidae. The scientific name for the most common species of bedbug is Cimex lectularius. Adult bedbugs are oval-shaped, flat, and reddish-brown in color, while nymphs (immature bedbugs) are smaller, lighter in color, and translucent.

Bedbugs feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals, usually at night when their hosts are asleep. They are attracted to body heat and carbon dioxide exhaled by their hosts. Bedbug bites can cause itchy red welts or bumps on the skin, but they are not known to transmit any diseases.

Bedbugs can be found in a variety of places where people sleep or rest for extended periods, including homes, hotels, hostels, and college dormitories. They can hide in cracks and crevices in furniture, walls, floors, and bedding, making them difficult to detect and eliminate.

To prevent bedbug infestations, it is recommended to inspect second-hand furniture carefully before bringing it into your home, use protective encasements on mattresses and box springs, and avoid storing items under beds or near walls. If you suspect a bedbug infestation, contact a pest management professional for assistance.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

Biological pest control, also known as biocontrol, is a method of managing or eliminating pests such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases using natural enemies or other organisms. These biological control agents include predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors that regulate pest populations and reduce the need for chemical pesticides. Biological pest control is a key component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs and has minimal impact on the environment compared to traditional pest control methods.

Organophosphates are a group of chemicals that include insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases. They work by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapse between nerves. This leads to an overaccumulation of acetylcholine, causing overstimulation of the nervous system and resulting in a wide range of symptoms such as muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, confusion, and potentially death due to respiratory failure. Organophosphates are highly toxic and their use is regulated due to the risks they pose to human health and the environment.

A biological assay is a method used in biology and biochemistry to measure the concentration or potency of a substance (like a drug, hormone, or enzyme) by observing its effect on living cells or tissues. This type of assay can be performed using various techniques such as:

1. Cell-based assays: These involve measuring changes in cell behavior, growth, or viability after exposure to the substance being tested. Examples include proliferation assays, apoptosis assays, and cytotoxicity assays.
2. Protein-based assays: These focus on measuring the interaction between the substance and specific proteins, such as enzymes or receptors. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and pull-down assays.
3. Genetic-based assays: These involve analyzing the effects of the substance on gene expression, DNA structure, or protein synthesis. Examples include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, reporter gene assays, and northern blotting.

Biological assays are essential tools in research, drug development, and diagnostic applications to understand biological processes and evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy or toxicity of various substances.

Carbofuran is a highly toxic systemic pesticide that belongs to the carbamate family. It is used primarily to control insects in soil before planting and on crops after emergence. Carbofuran works by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and results in overstimulation of the nervous system in insects, ultimately causing their death.

In humans, exposure to carbofuran can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, dizziness, visual disturbances, and muscle twitching. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and even death. Carbofuran is classified as a Category I toxic pesticide by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States, indicating that it is highly hazardous.

Due to its high toxicity and potential for environmental harm, carbofuran has been banned or restricted in many countries around the world. In the United States, the use of carbofuran on food crops was phased out in 2009, and its registration for most uses was canceled in 2010. However, it is still used in some parts of the world for non-food crop applications.

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Benin." Benin is a country located in West Africa, and its name is used in medical literature to describe conditions or issues related to that country, such as diseases prevalent there. However, without additional context, it's difficult to provide a specific medical definition for 'Benin.'

Insect repellents are substances that are applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to deter insects from landing or crawling on that surface. They work by masking the scents that attract insects or by repelling them with unpleasant odors. Insect repellents can be chemical-based, such as those containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), picaridin, or IR3535, or they can be natural, such as those containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or citronella. These substances work by interfering with the insect's ability to detect human scent, making it less likely that they will come into contact with the person using the repellent. Insect repellents are an important tool in preventing insect-borne diseases such as Lyme disease, West Nile virus, and Zika virus.

Dichlorvos is a type of organophosphate insecticide that is used to control a wide variety of pests in agricultural, residential, and industrial settings. Its chemical formula is (2,2-dichlorovinyl) dimethyl phosphate. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic clefts of nerve cells, causing overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the pest.

Dichlorvos is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans. Exposure to this chemical can cause a range of symptoms, including headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death. It is classified as a Category I acute toxicant by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is listed as a hazardous substance under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

Due to its high toxicity and potential for environmental persistence, dichlorvos is subject to strict regulations in many countries. It is banned or restricted for use in several jurisdictions, including the European Union, Canada, and some states in the United States. Where it is still allowed, it is typically used only under specific conditions and with appropriate safety measures in place.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the action of cholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the body. By inhibiting this enzyme, the levels of acetylcholine in the brain increase, which can help to improve symptoms of cognitive decline and memory loss associated with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.

Cholinesterase inhibitors are also used to treat other medical conditions, including myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness, and glaucoma, a condition that affects the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss. Some examples of cholinesterase inhibitors include donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon).

It's important to note that while cholinesterase inhibitors can help to improve symptoms in some people with dementia, they do not cure the underlying condition or stop its progression. Side effects of these drugs may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased salivation. In rare cases, they may also cause seizures, fainting, or cardiac arrhythmias.

Pralidoxime compounds are a type of antidote used to treat poisoning from organophosphate nerve agents and pesticides. These compounds work by reactivating the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is inhibited by organophosphates. This helps to restore the normal functioning of the nervous system and can save lives in cases of severe poisoning.

Pralidoxime is often used in combination with atropine, another antidote that blocks the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Together, these compounds can help to manage the symptoms of organophosphate poisoning and prevent long-term neurological damage.

It is important to note that pralidoxime must be administered as soon as possible after exposure to organophosphates, as its effectiveness decreases over time. This makes rapid diagnosis and treatment crucial in cases of suspected nerve agent or pesticide poisoning.

Temefos is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. However, Temefos is an insecticide that belongs to the organophosphate group. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and resulting in toxic effects on the nervous system.

Temefos is used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. It is also known as Abate, and it is commonly used in vector control programs to combat mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.

However, the use of Temefos is regulated due to its potential toxicity to non-target organisms, including humans. Therefore, it is essential to follow safety guidelines when handling this chemical to minimize exposure and potential health risks.

Phenylcarbamates are a group of organic compounds that contain a phenyl group (a functional group consisting of a six-carbon ring, with the formula -C6H5) bonded to a carbamate group (-NHCOO-). Carbamates are compounds that contain a carbonyl (>C=O) group bonded to a nitrogen atom that is also bonded to two organic substituents.

In the medical field, phenylcarbamates have been used as drugs for various purposes. For example, some phenylcarbamates have been used as anticonvulsants, while others have been investigated for their potential as anti-cancer agents. However, it is important to note that many phenylcarbamates also have toxic properties and must be used with caution.

One well-known example of a phenylcarbamate is phenytoin, an anticonvulsant medication used to treat seizures. Phenytoin works by slowing down the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain, which can help prevent or reduce the severity of seizures.

It's worth noting that while phenylcarbamates have been studied for their potential therapeutic uses, they are not a widely used class of drugs and further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential side effects.

Cholinesterases are a group of enzymes that play an essential role in the nervous system by regulating the transmission of nerve impulses. They work by breaking down a type of chemical messenger called acetylcholine, which is released by nerves to transmit signals to other nerves or muscles.

There are two main types of cholinesterases: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). AChE is found primarily in the nervous system, where it rapidly breaks down acetylcholine to terminate nerve impulses. BChE, on the other hand, is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver and plasma, and plays a less specific role in breaking down various substances, including some drugs and toxins.

Inhibition of cholinesterases can lead to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, which can result in excessive stimulation of nerve impulses and muscle contractions. This effect is exploited by certain medications used to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease, and glaucoma, but can also be caused by exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, such as organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents.

Parathion is not a medical term, but a chemical one. It refers to a type of organophosphate insecticide that is highly toxic and can be absorbed through the skin or ingested. Parathion works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an overstimulation of the nervous system and can cause symptoms such as muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure, and death. Although parathion is not used in medical treatments, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of its potential health effects, particularly in cases of accidental or intentional exposure.

Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It functions by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing nervous system excitation and ultimately damage or death in insects. However, it can also have toxic effects on mammals, including humans, if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It is classified as a highly hazardous pesticide by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its use is restricted or banned in many countries due to its high toxicity and environmental persistence.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insect Proteins" is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide some information about insect protein from a nutritional and food science perspective.

Insect proteins refer to the proteins that are obtained from insects. Insects are a rich source of protein, and their protein content varies by species. For example, mealworms and crickets have been found to contain approximately 47-63% and 60-72% protein by dry weight, respectively.

In recent years, insect proteins have gained attention as a potential sustainable source of nutrition due to their high protein content, low environmental impact, and the ability to convert feed into protein more efficiently compared to traditional livestock. Insect proteins can be used in various applications such as food and feed additives, nutritional supplements, and even cosmetics.

However, it's important to note that the use of insect proteins in human food is not widely accepted in many Western countries due to cultural and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, research and development efforts continue to explore the potential benefits and applications of insect proteins in the global food system.

Paraoxon is the active metabolite of the organophosphate insecticide parathion. It functions as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which means it prevents the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing a variety of symptoms such as muscle weakness, increased salivation, sweating, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting, and potentially fatal respiratory failure.

Paraoxon is also used in research and diagnostic settings to measure acetylcholinesterase activity. It can be used to determine the degree of inhibition of this enzyme by various chemicals or toxins, including other organophosphate compounds.

Organothiophosphates are a class of organophosphorus compounds that contain a phosphorus atom bonded to one or more organic groups and one or more sulfur atoms. These compounds have various uses, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, and insecticides. The most well-known member of this group is the insecticide parathion. Organothiophosphates are also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals.

It's important to note that some organothiophosphates have been associated with health risks, including neurotoxicity and potential developmental effects. Therefore, their use is regulated by various government agencies around the world.

Agrochemicals are a broad range of chemical products used in agriculture to enhance crop production and protect plants from pests. They include fertilizers, which provide nutrients to plants, and pesticides, which include herbicides (weed killers), insecticides (insect killers), fungicides (fungus killers), and other substances used to control pests. Agrochemicals are used to improve crop yield, quality, and resistance to environmental stressors, but their use can also have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not managed properly.

Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide (a chemical that kills mites). Its chemical formula is C5H12NO3PS. It works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system in both insects and mammals, including humans. This leads to an overstimulation of the nervous system, causing a variety of symptoms such as muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions, and eventually respiratory failure and death in severe cases.

Dimethoate is used to control a wide range of pests, including aphids, thrips, leafminers, and spider mites, on various crops such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, and ornamental plants. However, due to its toxicity to non-target organisms, including humans, it is important to use it with caution and follow all safety guidelines when handling and applying this chemical. It is also subject to regulations regarding its use and disposal in many countries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "housing" is not a term that has a medical definition. In a general sense, housing refers to a place where someone lives, such as a house or apartment. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them.

Esterases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in esters, producing alcohols and carboxylic acids. They are widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms and play important roles in various biological processes, such as metabolism, digestion, and detoxification.

Esterases can be classified into several types based on their substrate specificity, including carboxylesterases, cholinesterases, lipases, and phosphatases. These enzymes have different structures and mechanisms of action but all share the ability to hydrolyze esters.

Carboxylesterases are the most abundant and diverse group of esterases, with a wide range of substrate specificity. They play important roles in the metabolism of drugs, xenobiotics, and lipids. Cholinesterases, on the other hand, specifically hydrolyze choline esters, such as acetylcholine, which is an important neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Lipases are a type of esterase that preferentially hydrolyzes triglycerides and plays a crucial role in fat digestion and metabolism. Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from various molecules, including esters, and have important functions in signal transduction and other cellular processes.

Esterases can also be used in industrial applications, such as in the production of biodiesel, detergents, and food additives. They are often produced by microbial fermentation or extracted from plants and animals. The use of esterases in biotechnology is an active area of research, with potential applications in biofuel production, bioremediation, and medical diagnostics.

Carboxylesterase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in carboxylic acid esters, producing alcohol and carboxylate products. These enzymes are widely distributed in various tissues, including the liver, intestines, and plasma. They play important roles in detoxification, metabolism, and the breakdown of xenobiotics (foreign substances) in the body.

Carboxylesterases can also catalyze the reverse reaction, forming esters from alcohols and carboxylates, which is known as transesterification or esterification. This activity has applications in industrial processes and biotechnology.

There are several families of carboxylesterases, with different substrate specificities, kinetic properties, and tissue distributions. These enzymes have been studied for their potential use in therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery systems.

Semicarbazones are chemical compounds that result from the reaction between a carbonyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O) and semicarbazide. Semicarbazide is a compound with the formula NH2-NH-CO-NH2.

In organic chemistry, the formation of semicarbazones is one method used to protect carbonyl groups during chemical synthesis. These compounds are also important in analytical chemistry as they can be used to identify and quantify aldehydes and ketones.

It's worth noting that while semicarbazones have significant uses in chemistry, they don't have a specific medical definition. However, certain semicarbazone derivatives have been explored for their potential medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor activities. But these applications are still largely in the research phase and haven't yet resulted in widely used medical treatments or diagnoses.

Metabolic detoxification, in the context of drugs, refers to the series of biochemical processes that the body undergoes to transform drugs or other xenobiotics into water-soluble compounds so they can be excreted. This process typically involves two phases:

1. Phase I Detoxification: In this phase, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce functional groups into the drug molecule, making it more polar and reactive. This can result in the formation of metabolites that are less active than the parent compound or, in some cases, more toxic.

2. Phase II Detoxification: In this phase, enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and sulfotransferases conjugate these polar and reactive metabolites with endogenous molecules like glutathione, glucuronic acid, or sulfate. This further increases the water solubility of the compound, allowing it to be excreted by the kidneys or bile.

It's important to note that while these processes are essential for eliminating drugs and other harmful substances from the body, they can also produce reactive metabolites that may cause damage to cells and tissues if not properly regulated. Therefore, maintaining a balance in the activity of these detoxification enzymes is crucial for overall health and well-being.

Aphids, also known as plant lice, are small sap-sucking insects that belong to the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. They are soft-bodied and pear-shaped, with most species measuring less than 1/8 inch (3 millimeters) long.

Aphids feed on a wide variety of plants by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the plant's vascular system to extract phloem sap. This feeding can cause stunted growth, yellowing, curling, or distortion of leaves and flowers, and may even lead to the death of the plant in severe infestations.

Aphids reproduce rapidly and can produce several generations per year. Many species give birth to live young (nymphs) rather than laying eggs, which allows them to increase their population numbers quickly. Aphids also have a complex life cycle that may involve sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (reproduction without fertilization), and winged or wingless forms.

Aphids are an important pest in agriculture and horticulture, causing significant damage to crops and ornamental plants. They can also transmit plant viruses and produce honeydew, a sticky substance that attracts ants and supports the growth of sooty mold fungi.

Controlling aphids may involve cultural practices such as pruning, watering, and removing weeds; biological control using natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, and parasitic wasps; or chemical control using insecticides.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemiptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order in the classification of living things, also known as "true bugs." This group includes species such as cicadas, aphids, and bedbugs. If you have a medical term in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition.

I apologize for any confusion, but "insects" are not a medical term. Insects are small air-breathing arthropods that have a segmented body with six legs and usually have wings. They make up the largest group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species.

If you're looking for information about a specific medical condition or topic, please provide more details so I can offer a relevant response.

Equatorial Guinea is a country located in Central Africa, straddling the equator. It is not a medical term but a geographical and political designation. The country is composed of two main parts: Río Muni, which is the mainland and makes up about 10% of the country's total area, and Bioko, a tropical island in the Bight of Bonny, along with several smaller islands including Annobón, Corisco, and Elobey.

The capital city, Malabo, is located on Bioko Island. The official languages are Spanish and French, with Portuguese also recognized as an official language due to its membership in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).

Equatorial Guinea has a population of approximately 1.4 million people and is one of the smallest countries in Africa by land area. It gained independence from Spain in 1968, and since then, it has faced numerous challenges related to political instability, human rights abuses, and socio-economic development.

In terms of medical aspects, Equatorial Guinea faces various health issues, such as high infant mortality rates, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. The country also struggles with providing adequate healthcare services to its population due to limited resources, infrastructure, and healthcare personnel.

Cockroaches are not a medical condition or disease. They are a type of insect that can be found in many parts of the world. Some species of cockroaches are known to carry diseases and allergens, which can cause health problems for some people. Cockroach allergens can trigger asthma symptoms, especially in children. Additionally, cockroaches can contaminate food and surfaces with bacteria and other germs, which can lead to illnesses such as salmonellosis and gastroenteritis.

If you have a problem with cockroaches in your home or workplace, it is important to take steps to eliminate them to reduce the risk of health problems. This may include cleaning up food and water sources, sealing entry points, and using pesticides or hiring a professional pest control service.

I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Martinique" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of an island located in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, which is a part of France. Therefore, it does not have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Allethrin is a synthetic insecticide that belongs to the class of chemicals called pyrethroids. It is derived from the natural pyrethrins, which are extracted from chrysanthemum flowers. Allethrin acts on the nervous system of insects, causing paralysis and death. It is used to control a wide variety of insect pests in both indoor and outdoor settings, including mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches. However, it can also be toxic to non-target organisms, including fish and beneficial insects, and may cause skin and eye irritation in humans. Therefore, it should be used with caution and according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Heptachlor is a synthetic, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and residential pest control. It is a colorless to white crystalline solid with a mild chemical odor. Heptachlor is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans. It can cause damage to the liver and nervous system, and long-term exposure has been linked to cancer in animals.

Heptachlor was banned for most uses in the United States in 1978 due to its persistence in the environment and potential health risks. However, it can still be found in some older pesticide formulations and in contaminated soil, water, and air. Heptachlor is highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, posing a risk to wildlife and human health.

A mosquito net is not so much a medical definition but rather a description of a device used to prevent insect bites, particularly from mosquitoes. However, I can provide you with a general description and the role it plays in medical and public health contexts:

Mosquito nets are specially designed nets that are draped over beds or other sleeping areas to create a protective barrier against mosquitoes and other insects. They are often made of lightweight, breathable material such as polyester or cotton. In many cases, they are treated with insecticides to enhance their ability to repel or kill insects that come into contact with the netting.

In medical and public health contexts, mosquito nets are frequently used in areas where mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika virus are prevalent. By creating a barrier between people and mosquitoes, mosquito nets can help prevent the transmission of these diseases, particularly during sleeping hours when people are most vulnerable to mosquito bites.

Mosquito nets can be used by themselves or in combination with other mosquito-borne disease prevention strategies such as insect repellents, long-sleeved clothing, and indoor residual spraying of insecticides. They are a simple, cost-effective intervention that has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in many settings.

Aldrin is a chemical compound with the formula C12H15ClN2. It is an organochlorine insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. Aldrin is a gray, crystalline solid that is almost insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Aldrin is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that can accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms and pose a risk to human health and the environment. It has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its toxicity and environmental persistence.

In humans, exposure to aldrin can cause a range of health effects, including headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, tremors, and convulsions. Long-term exposure has been linked to damage to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys, as well as an increased risk of cancer.

It's important to note that Aldrin is not a medical term, but a chemical one. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition in terms of a condition or disease, but rather as a chemical compound with certain properties and uses, as well as potential health risks.

"Agricultural Workers' Diseases" is a term used to describe a variety of health conditions and illnesses that are associated with agricultural work. These can include both acute and chronic conditions, and can be caused by a range of factors including exposure to chemicals, dusts, allergens, physical injuries, and biological agents such as bacteria and viruses.

Some common examples of Agricultural Workers' Diseases include:

1. Pesticide poisoning: This can occur when agricultural workers are exposed to high levels of pesticides or other chemicals used in farming. Symptoms can range from mild skin irritation to severe neurological damage, depending on the type and amount of chemical exposure.
2. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers can be exposed to a variety of dusts and allergens that can cause respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and farmer's lung. These conditions are often caused by prolonged exposure to moldy hay, grain dust, or other organic materials.
3. Musculoskeletal injuries: Agricultural workers are at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries due to the physical demands of their job. This can include back pain, repetitive strain injuries, and sprains and strains from lifting heavy objects.
4. Zoonotic diseases: Agricultural workers who come into contact with animals are at risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, which are illnesses that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Examples include Q fever, brucellosis, and leptospirosis.
5. Heat-related illnesses: Agricultural workers who work outside in hot weather are at risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Prevention of Agricultural Workers' Diseases involves a combination of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and training to help workers understand the risks associated with their job and how to minimize exposure to hazards.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mekong Valley" is not a term used in medical definitions. The Mekong Valley refers to the geographical region through which the Mekong River flows, including parts of China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Genes in insects refer to the hereditary units of DNA that are passed down from parents to offspring and contain the instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of an organism. These genetic materials are located within the chromosomes in the nucleus of insect cells. They play a crucial role in determining various traits such as physical characteristics, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases.

Insect genes, like those of other organisms, consist of exons (coding regions) that contain information for protein synthesis and introns (non-coding regions) that are removed during the process of gene expression. The expression of insect genes is regulated by various factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, and silencers, which bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress gene transcription.

Understanding the genetic makeup of insects has important implications for various fields, including agriculture, public health, and evolutionary biology. For example, genes associated with insect pests' resistance to pesticides can be identified and targeted to develop more effective control strategies. Similarly, genes involved in disease transmission by insect vectors such as mosquitoes can be studied to develop novel interventions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Poisoning is defined medically as the harmful, sometimes fatal, effect produced by a substance when it is introduced into or absorbed by living tissue. This can occur through various routes such as ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption through the skin. The severity of poisoning depends on the type and amount of toxin involved, the route of exposure, and the individual's age, health status, and susceptibility. Symptoms can range from mild irritation to serious conditions affecting multiple organs, and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, seizures, or unconsciousness. Immediate medical attention is required in cases of poisoning to prevent severe health consequences or death.

Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.

Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Moths" are not a medical term, but rather they are a group of insects closely related to butterflies. They belong to the order Lepidoptera and are characterized by their scales covering their wings and body. If you have any questions about moths or if you meant to ask something else, please let me know!

'Beauveria' is a genus of fungi that belongs to the family Cordycipitaceae. These fungi are known for their ability to parasitize various insects and arthropods, and they have been studied for their potential as biocontrol agents. The most well-known species in this genus is Beauveria bassiana, which has been used to control a variety of pest insects in agriculture and forestry.

Beauveria fungi produce a range of bioactive compounds that can have toxic effects on insects and other organisms. When an infected insect comes into contact with the spores of Beauveria, the spores germinate and penetrate the insect's cuticle, eventually killing the host. The fungus then grows inside the insect's body, producing more spores that can infect other hosts.

In addition to their use as biocontrol agents, Beauveria fungi have also been studied for their potential medicinal properties. Some research has suggested that certain species of Beauveria may have antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects, although more research is needed to confirm these findings and to understand the mechanisms behind them.

Chlordecone is a synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural purposes, particularly in banana plantations. It has been banned in many countries due to its persistence in the environment and its potential negative effects on human health.

Chlordecone is classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Exposure to this chemical can occur through contaminated food, water, or air, and it has been linked to various health problems, including neurological effects, endocrine disruption, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

In the medical field, chlordecone exposure is often evaluated in patients who have been exposed to this chemical through environmental contamination or occupational exposure. Medical professionals may use various tests, such as blood or urine tests, to measure the levels of chlordecone in a patient's body and assess any potential health risks.

Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It is used to control a wide variety of pests, including flies, ticks, and mites in agriculture, livestock production, and public health. Trichlorfon works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and results in paralysis and death of the pest. It is important to note that trichlorfon can also have harmful effects on non-target organisms, including humans, and its use is regulated by various governmental agencies to minimize potential risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nymph" does not have a medical definition. In general, nymph is a term used in mythology to refer to a minor nature deity typically represented as an attractive maiden or beautiful young woman who animates nature and is often associated with various natural phenomena.

If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information.

Diflubenzuron is an insect growth regulator that belongs to the benzoylphenyl urea class. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of chitin, a crucial component of the exoskeleton of insects, which results in the prevention of their normal molting and growth. Diflubenzuron is used primarily for pest control in agriculture, forestry, and vector management (such as controlling mosquito populations). It's important to note that this compound is not typically used in human medicine.

"Pediculus" is the medical term for a type of small, wingless parasitic insect that can be found in human hair and on the body. There are two main species that affect humans:

1. Pediculus humanus capitis - also known as the head louse, it primarily lives on the scalp and is responsible for causing head lice infestations.
2. Pediculus humanus corporis - also known as the body louse, it typically lives in clothing and on the body, particularly in seams and folds of clothing, and can cause body lice infestations.

Both species of Pediculus feed on human blood and can cause itching and skin irritation. They are primarily spread through close personal contact and sharing of items such as hats, combs, and clothing.

Ectoparasitic infestations refer to the invasion and multiplication of parasites, such as lice, fleas, ticks, or mites, on the outer surface of a host organism, typically causing irritation, itching, and other skin disorders. These parasites survive by feeding on the host's blood, skin cells, or other bodily substances, leading to various health issues if left untreated.

Ectoparasitic infestations can occur in humans as well as animals and may require medical intervention for proper diagnosis and treatment. Common symptoms include redness, rash, inflammation, and secondary bacterial or viral infections due to excessive scratching. Preventive measures such as personal hygiene, regular inspections, and avoiding contact with infested individuals or environments can help reduce the risk of ectoparasitic infestations.

Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium is a specific species of chrysanthemum flower that is native to Asia. It is also known as the "Pyrethrum daisy" or "Dalmatian chrysanthemum." This plant is most well-known for its production of pyrethrin, a natural insecticide. The dried flowers of this species contain high concentrations of pyrethrins, which are potent neurotoxins to insects but considered low in toxicity to mammals and birds.

The medical definition of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium is related to its use as a traditional herbal medicine in some cultures. The flowers are used to make teas and tinctures, which have been used to treat various conditions such as fever, headache, respiratory infections, and skin diseases. However, it's important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited, and more research is needed before any definitive medical claims can be made.

It's also worth noting that Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium extracts and pyrethrins are used in some commercial insecticides and pesticides. These products are used to control a wide variety of pests, including mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, and agricultural pests. Pyrethrin-based insecticides are considered to be relatively safe for use around humans and animals, but they can be toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, so they must be used with caution in or near bodies of water.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lepidoptera" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic order that includes moths and butterflies, which are insects known for their distinctive wing scales. This term is used in the field of biology, not medicine.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their behavior, classification, and evolution. It is a branch of zoology that deals with the systematic study of insects and their relationship with humans, animals, and the environment. Entomologists may specialize in various areas such as medical entomology, agricultural entomology, or forensic entomology, among others. Medical entomology focuses on the study of insects that can transmit diseases to humans and animals, while agricultural entomology deals with insects that affect crops and livestock. Forensic entomology involves using insects found in crime scenes to help determine the time of death or other relevant information for legal investigations.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Argentina" is a country in South America and not a medical term or concept. The term "argyria" may be what you're looking for, which is a rare condition resulting from the accumulation of silver compounds in the body, causing the skin to turn blue-gray. However, Argentina and argyria are two distinct terms with different meanings.

Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic drug that is used to treat a variety of infections caused by parasites such as roundworms, threadworms, and lice. It works by paralyzing and killing the parasites, thereby eliminating the infection. Ivermectin is available in various forms, including tablets, creams, and solutions for topical use, as well as injections for veterinary use.

Ivermectin has been shown to be effective against a wide range of parasitic infections, including onchocerciasis (river blindness), strongyloidiasis, scabies, and lice infestations. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as COVID-19, although its effectiveness for this use has not been proven.

Ivermectin is generally considered safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects in some people, including skin rashes, nausea, and diarrhea. It should be used with caution in pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "weevils" are not a medical term. They are small beetles, typically characterized by their elongated snouts. Some species are known to infest and damage crops such as grains, causing agricultural harm. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to help!

Methoprene is an insect growth regulator (IGR) that disrupts the developmental process in insects, preventing them from reaching maturity and reproducing. It works by mimicking the natural hormones found in insects, specifically juvenile hormone, which regulates their molting and metamorphosis. By interfering with this process, methoprene causes immature insects to continue molting without ever becoming adults, or it prevents larvae from transforming into pupae or adults.

Methoprene is commonly used in pest control applications, including public health, agriculture, and household settings, to control a wide range of insect pests, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, ants, cockroaches, and stored product pests. It has low toxicity to non-target organisms, including mammals, making it a relatively safe option for use in sensitive environments. However, like any pesticide, methoprene should be used responsibly and according to label instructions to minimize potential risks to human health and the environment.

"Gossypium" is the scientific name for the cotton plant. It belongs to the Malvaceae family and is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The cotton plant produces soft, fluffy fibers that are used to make a wide variety of textiles, including clothing, bedding, and other household items.

The medical community may use the term "Gossypium" in certain contexts, such as when discussing allergic reactions or sensitivities to cotton products. However, it is more commonly used in botany and agriculture than in medical terminology.

Limonin is not a medical term, but a chemical compound found in various plants, including citrus fruits. It is a type of limonoid, which is a class of naturally occurring compounds that are known for their bitter taste and potential health benefits. Specifically, limonin is found in the seeds and membranes of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits.

Limonin has been studied for its potential medicinal properties, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential health benefits in humans. It's important to note that while limonin may have potential health benefits, it should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or advice from a healthcare professional.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:

1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.

Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phosphoramides" is not a commonly used medical term or a specific medical condition. It is a chemical term that refers to a class of compounds containing a phosphorus atom bonded to one or more nitrogen atoms through amide linkages. These compounds have various uses in chemistry and biochemistry, including as potential therapeutic agents or research tools.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

"Periplaneta" is a genus name that refers to a group of large, winged insects commonly known as cockroaches. The two most common species in this genus are the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and the German cockroach (Periplaneta germantica). These insects are typically found in warm, humid environments and can often be seen scurrying across floors or walls in homes, restaurants, and other buildings. They are known to carry diseases and can cause allergies and asthma attacks in some people.

I apologize, but "Chad" is not a medical term or condition. It is a given name and also a slang term that has been used in popular culture to refer to an attractive man or a stereotypical fraternity member in some English-speaking countries. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I would be happy to help answer those for you.

'Bacillus thuringiensis' (Bt) is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium that produces crystalline parasporal proteins during sporulation. These proteins are insecticidal and have the ability to kill certain insects when ingested. Different strains of Bt produce different types of insecticidal proteins, allowing them to target specific insect pests.

Bt is widely used in organic farming and integrated pest management programs as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. It can be applied as a spray or incorporated into the genetic material of crops through biotechnology, producing transgenic plants known as Bt crops. These crops express the insecticidal proteins and protect themselves from specific pests, reducing the need for external applications of Bt formulations.

Bt is considered safe for humans, animals, and non-target organisms when used properly, as the parasporal proteins are not toxic to them. However, misuse or overreliance on Bt can lead to resistance development in target pests, reducing its effectiveness.

"Beetles" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to insects belonging to the order Coleoptera, which is one of the largest orders in the class Insecta. Beetles are characterized by their hardened forewings, known as elytra, which protect their hind wings and body when not in use for flying.

There are many different species of beetles found all over the world, and some can have an impact on human health. For example, certain types of beetles, such as bed bugs and carpet beetles, can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Other beetles, like the Colorado potato beetle, can damage crops and lead to economic losses for farmers. However, it is important to note that most beetles are not harmful to humans and play an essential role in ecosystems as decomposers and pollinators.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Muscidae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic family of flies, also known as houseflies or muscoid flies. The Muscidae family includes over 4,000 species, some of which can be found in various environments, including human dwellings and agricultural settings. Some members of this family are considered pests due to their habits of feeding on decaying organic matter, transmitting diseases, or contaminating food sources.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term or concept. Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes ranging from rainforests and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Acaricides are a type of pesticide that are specifically used to kill acarines, which are mites and ticks. These agents work by targeting the nervous system of the acarines, leading to paralysis and eventually death. Acaricides are commonly used in agricultural settings to protect crops from mite infestations, and in medical and veterinary settings to control ticks and mites that can transmit diseases to humans and animals. It is important to use acaricides according to the manufacturer's instructions and to take appropriate safety precautions to minimize exposure to non-target organisms, including humans.

Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.

Euglenozoa is a group of unicellular organisms that includes both free-living and parasitic species. Two major parasitic groups within Euglenozoa are the kinetoplastids, which include organisms such as Trypanosoma and Leishmania, and the diplonemids.

Trypanosoma infections can cause diseases such as African sleeping sickness (also known as human African trypanosomiasis) and Chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis), while Leishmania infections can cause various forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. These diseases are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected insect vectors, such as tsetse flies (in the case of African sleeping sickness) or sandflies (in the case of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease).

Diplonemid infections in humans have not been well-studied, and it is currently unclear whether these organisms are capable of causing disease in humans. However, diplonemids have been found to infect a wide range of marine and freshwater organisms, including fish, crustaceans, and other protists.

In general, euglenozoan infections can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific organism involved and the location of the infection within the body. Symptoms may include fever, swelling, skin lesions, anemia, and damage to various organs. Treatment for these infections typically involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as pentamidine, suramin, or benznidazole, although the specific treatment approach will depend on the organism involved and the severity of the infection.

Tetranychidae is a family of mites, also known as spider mites. These are small arachnids that are characterized by the presence of four pairs of legs in their adult stage. They are often found on the undersides of leaves and can feed on plant material, causing damage to crops and ornamental plants. Some species of Tetranychidae are significant agricultural pests.

The term "Tetranychidae" is not typically used in a medical context, as these mites do not pose a direct threat to human health. However, they can cause allergic reactions in some people and may indirectly affect human health by damaging food crops.

Toluidines are a group of organic compounds that consist of a benzene ring with two methyl groups and an amine group. They are derivatives of toluene, hence the name. There are three isomers of toluidines, depending on the position of the amino group: ortho-toluidine, meta-toluidine, and para-toluidine.

In a medical context, toluidines may be used as chemical reagents for diagnostic tests or in research. For example, they have been used in histology to stain tissues for microscopic examination. However, exposure to toluidines has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, so appropriate safety precautions should be taken when handling these chemicals.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

DEET is a common abbreviation for N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, which is a widely used active ingredient in insect repellents. It works by blocking the ability of insects to sense the presence of humans, making it difficult for them to land and bite. DEET can provide long-lasting protection against a variety of insects, including mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods.

DEET is available in various forms, such as lotions, sprays, and wipes, and its concentration can range from 5% to 100%. Higher concentrations provide longer protection but may also increase the risk of skin irritation and other adverse effects. It is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions when using DEET-containing products and avoid applying them to broken or damaged skin, eyes, mouth, and mucous membranes.

DEET has been extensively studied for its safety and efficacy, and it is considered safe for use by people of all ages, including pregnant and breastfeeding women. However, it should be used with caution in young children due to their higher surface area-to-mass ratio and the potential for accidental ingestion or eye contact. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using DEET products with a concentration of no more than 30% on children over two months of age.

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan *Trypanosoma cruzi*. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of triatomine bugs (also called "kissing bugs"), which defecate on the skin of people while they are sleeping. The disease can also be spread through contaminated food or drink, during blood transfusions, from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth, and through organ transplantation.

The acute phase of Chagas disease can cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, rash, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. However, many people do not experience any symptoms during the acute phase. After several weeks or months, most people enter the chronic phase of the disease, which can last for decades or even a lifetime. During this phase, many people do not have any symptoms, but about 20-30% of infected individuals will develop serious cardiac or digestive complications, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or difficulty swallowing.

Chagas disease is primarily found in Latin America, where it is estimated that around 6-7 million people are infected with the parasite. However, due to increased travel and migration, cases of Chagas disease have been reported in other parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia. There is no vaccine for Chagas disease, but medications are available to treat the infection during the acute phase and to manage symptoms during the chronic phase.

"Metarhizium" is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in soil and on insects. Some species of Metarhizium are entomopathogenic, meaning they can cause diseases in insects and are being studied as potential biological control agents for pest insects. There is no direct medical relevance or definition associated with the term "Metarhizium."

Herbicides are a type of pesticide used to control or kill unwanted plants, also known as weeds. They work by interfering with the growth processes of the plant, such as inhibiting photosynthesis, disrupting cell division, or preventing the plant from producing certain essential proteins.

Herbicides can be classified based on their mode of action, chemical composition, and the timing of their application. Some herbicides are selective, meaning they target specific types of weeds while leaving crops unharmed, while others are non-selective and will kill any plant they come into contact with.

It's important to use herbicides responsibly and according to the manufacturer's instructions, as they can have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not used properly.

Amphipoda is an order of crustaceans characterized by a laterally compressed body and a distinctive jointed swimming leg, making them well-adapted for swimming in open water. They are commonly known as "sand fleas" or "beach fleas," although they are not actually fleas. Amphipods can be found in various aquatic habitats, including marine, freshwater, and brackish environments. Some species live on the seafloor, while others are planktonic or associate with other organisms. They vary greatly in size, ranging from less than a millimeter to over 30 centimeters in length.

The medical definition of 'Amphipoda' is not typically used since amphipods do not have direct relevance to human health or medicine. However, they can serve as bioindicators of environmental quality and may be involved in the transmission of certain diseases between aquatic organisms.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tanzania" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bolivia" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Plurinational State of Bolivia. If you have any questions related to geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try and help with those. However, for medical advice or information, it's always best to consult a qualified healthcare professional.

"Phlebotomus" is a genus of sandflies, which are small flies that are known to transmit various diseases such as leishmaniasis. These flies are typically found in warm and humid regions around the world, particularly in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The females of this genus feed on the blood of mammals, including humans, for egg production. It is important to note that not all species of Phlebotomus are vectors of disease, but those that are can cause significant public health concerns in affected areas.

Oviparity is a form of reproduction in which an animal lays eggs with externally developing embryos. The eggs are usually equipped with a protective shell and all the nutrients necessary for the development of the embryo, which allows the female to lay and abandon them, without any further care. This method of reproduction is common in many species of fish, reptiles, insects, and birds.

In oviparous animals, the fertilization of the egg may occur either internally or externally. In internal fertilization, the male deposits sperm directly into the female's reproductive tract, which then travel to the ova and fertilize them. The fertilized eggs are subsequently laid by the female. In external fertilization, the male and female release their gametes (sperm and eggs) into the surrounding environment, where fertilization takes place.

Oviparity is distinct from viviparity, a reproductive strategy in which the embryo develops inside the mother's body and receives nutrients through a placenta. In viviparous animals, such as mammals (excluding monotremes), the young are born live instead of hatching from eggs.

Coumaphos is an antiparasitic agent, specifically a type of chemical called an organophosphate. It works by inhibiting the action of certain enzymes in insects and other parasites, which leads to their death. Coumaphos is used as a topical treatment for lice and scabies infestations in humans, and it is also used in veterinary medicine to control internal and external parasites in livestock and pets.

It's important to note that coumaphos is highly toxic and can cause serious health effects if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used only as directed by a healthcare professional.

Cimicidae is an family of small, wingless insects known as "bed bugs." These parasitic pests feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals. They are typically active at night and can be difficult to detect due to their small size and ability to hide in tight spaces. Infestations of bed bugs can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and psychological distress. It is important to seek professional help for the detection and elimination of bed bugs if an infestation is suspected.

Endrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide that was widely used in the past for agricultural and household pest control. It is an off-white crystalline powder with a mild chemical odor, and it is highly toxic to both animals and humans. Endrin works by disrupting the nervous system, causing symptoms such as seizures, tremors, and respiratory failure.

Endrin is no longer registered for use in many countries due to its high toxicity and persistence in the environment. It can accumulate in the food chain, posing a risk to wildlife and human health. Exposure to endrin can occur through contaminated food, water, or air, and it can cause acute and chronic health effects, including neurological damage, liver and kidney toxicity, and reproductive problems.

In medical terms, endrin is classified as a neurotoxin and a chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide. It is important to note that exposure to endrin should be avoided, and any suspected cases of poisoning should be reported to a healthcare professional immediately.

I'm not aware of any medical condition or term that is specifically associated with or referred to as "Cameroon." Cameroon is a country located in Central Africa, known for its rich biodiversity and cultural diversity. If you have more context about why you are looking for a medical definition of "Cameroon," I may be able to provide a more helpful response.

Aldicarb is a carbamate pesticide that acts as a systemic insecticide, nematicide, and acaricide. It is used to control a wide variety of pests in crops such as potatoes, corn, and soybeans. Aldicarb works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which leads to an accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing paralysis and death in insects. However, it is highly toxic to both insects and mammals, including humans, and can cause serious health effects such as nausea, dizziness, and even death if ingested or absorbed through the skin. Therefore, its use is heavily regulated and restricted in many countries.

Drug resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance, is the ability of a microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand the effects of a drug that was originally designed to inhibit or kill it. This occurs when the microorganism undergoes genetic changes that allow it to survive in the presence of the drug. As a result, the drug becomes less effective or even completely ineffective at treating infections caused by these resistant organisms.

Drug resistance can develop through various mechanisms, including mutations in the genes responsible for producing the target protein of the drug, alteration of the drug's target site, modification or destruction of the drug by enzymes produced by the microorganism, and active efflux of the drug from the cell.

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms pose significant challenges in medical treatment, as they can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents, as well as poor infection control practices, contribute to the development and dissemination of drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, it is crucial to promote prudent use of antimicrobials, enhance surveillance and monitoring of resistance patterns, invest in research and development of new antimicrobial agents, and strengthen infection prevention and control measures.

The Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzyme system is a group of enzymes found primarily in the liver, but also in other organs such as the intestines, lungs, and skin. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism and biotransformation of various substances, including drugs, environmental toxins, and endogenous compounds like hormones and fatty acids.

The name "Cytochrome P-450" refers to the unique property of these enzymes to bind to carbon monoxide (CO) and form a complex that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm, which can be detected spectrophotometrically.

The CYP450 enzyme system is involved in Phase I metabolism of xenobiotics, where it catalyzes oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation, dealkylation, and epoxidation. These reactions introduce functional groups into the substrate molecule, which can then undergo further modifications by other enzymes during Phase II metabolism.

There are several families and subfamilies of CYP450 enzymes, each with distinct substrate specificities and functions. Some of the most important CYP450 enzymes include:

1. CYP3A4: This is the most abundant CYP450 enzyme in the human liver and is involved in the metabolism of approximately 50% of all drugs. It also metabolizes various endogenous compounds like steroids, bile acids, and vitamin D.
2. CYP2D6: This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of many psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers. It also metabolizes some endogenous compounds like dopamine and serotonin.
3. CYP2C9: This enzyme plays a significant role in the metabolism of warfarin, phenytoin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. CYP2C19: This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel.
5. CYP2E1: This enzyme metabolizes various xenobiotics like alcohol, acetaminophen, and carbon tetrachloride, as well as some endogenous compounds like fatty acids and prostaglandins.

Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 enzymes can significantly affect drug metabolism and response, leading to interindividual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. Understanding the role of CYP450 enzymes in drug metabolism is crucial for optimizing pharmacotherapy and minimizing adverse effects.

Blattellidae is a family of small to medium-sized insects commonly known as cockroaches or wood cockroaches. They are closely related to the larger Blaberidae family, which includes many of the tropical cockroaches. Blattellidae species are found worldwide and include some of the most common and widespread cockroaches, such as the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and the brown-banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa).

These insects are generally small, with adults ranging in size from about 1/2 to 3/4 inch (1.2 to 1.9 centimeters) in length. They have a flattened body and long, slender antennae. The wings of Blattellidae species are well-developed, but they are not strong flyers. Instead, they tend to scuttle quickly away when disturbed.

Blattellidae cockroaches are omnivorous, feeding on a wide variety of plant and animal materials. They can be found in a range of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban environments. Some species are adapted to living in close association with humans and can be found in homes, restaurants, and other buildings.

Like all cockroaches, Blattellidae species have the potential to carry and transmit diseases, as well as cause allergic reactions in some people. It is important to take steps to prevent and control infestations of these pests in order to maintain a healthy living environment.

Oxazines are heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, one oxygen atom, and four carbon atoms. The structure of oxazine is similar to benzene, but with one methine group (=CH−) replaced by a nitrogen atom and another methine group replaced by an oxygen atom.

Oxazines have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry as they are used in the synthesis of various drugs, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer agents. However, oxazines themselves do not have a specific medical definition, as they refer to a class of chemical compounds rather than a medical condition or treatment.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Burkina Faso" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in West Africa. The name "Burkina Faso" translates to "Land of Incorruptible People" in Mossi and Dioula, two languages spoken in the region. The country was known as Upper Volta when it gained independence from France in 1960. It was renamed Burkina Faso in 1984 by then-President Thomas Sankara, who aimed to promote a sense of national identity and unity among the diverse population.

Burkina Faso is a landlocked country with a population of around 21 million people (as of 2021). It shares borders with six countries: Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The capital city is Ouagadougou.

The primary languages spoken in Burkina Faso are French (the official language), Mooré, Dioula, Fula, and Gourmanchéma. The country has a diverse cultural heritage with numerous ethnic groups, including the Mossi, Fulani, Bobo, Gurunsi, Senufo, and Lobi.

Burkina Faso faces various challenges, such as poverty, food insecurity, limited access to education, and health issues like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical diseases. The country also struggles with political instability and security threats from extremist groups operating in the Sahel region.

Scalp dermatoses refer to various skin conditions that affect the scalp. These can include inflammatory conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff, cradle cap), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and lichen planus; infectious processes like bacterial folliculitis, tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp), and viral infections; as well as autoimmune conditions such as alopecia areata. Symptoms can range from mild scaling and itching to severe redness, pain, and hair loss. The specific diagnosis and treatment of scalp dermatoses depend on the underlying cause.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Biological control agents, also known as biological pest control agents or biocontrol agents, refer to organisms or biological substances that are used to manage or suppress pests and their populations. These biological control agents can be other insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, or viruses that naturally prey upon, parasitize, or infect the target pest species.

The use of biological control agents is a key component of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, as they offer an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. By using natural enemies of pests, biological control can help maintain ecological balance and reduce the negative impacts of pests on agriculture, forestry, and human health.

It is important to note that the introduction of biological control agents must be carefully planned and regulated to avoid unintended consequences, such as the accidental introduction of non-target species or the development of resistance in the target pest population.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mozambique" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Africa, known officially as the Republic of Mozambique. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Agricultural crops refer to plants that are grown and harvested for the purpose of human or animal consumption, fiber production, or other uses such as biofuels. These crops can include grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and legumes, among others. They are typically cultivated using various farming practices, including traditional row cropping, companion planting, permaculture, and organic farming methods. The choice of crop and farming method depends on factors such as the local climate, soil conditions, and market demand. Proper management of agricultural crops is essential for ensuring food security, promoting sustainable agriculture, and protecting the environment.

Anabasine is a type of toxic alkaloid that can be found in certain plants, including the leaves of the tobacco plant Nicotiana glauca (also known as tree tobacco). It has a similar structure to nicotine and can have similar physiological effects, such as stimulating the nervous system and increasing heart rate. However, anabasine is generally considered to be more toxic than nicotine.

Anabasine can also be produced synthetically in a laboratory. It has been used in research as a tool for studying the mechanisms of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are important targets for drugs that affect the nervous system.

In terms of medical definitions, anabasine is not a term that is commonly used in clinical medicine. It is more likely to be encountered in the context of research or toxicology.

Phosmet is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide, which means it is used to kill insects and mites. It works by inhibiting the action of an enzyme called cholinesterase, leading to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and ultimately causing nervous system failure in the pest.

Phosmet has a wide range of uses, including controlling pests on fruits, vegetables, nuts, and ornamental plants, as well as on animals such as dogs and livestock. It can be applied as a spray, dust, or fog, and it is absorbed through the skin and respiratory system of both the target pests and any individuals who come into contact with it.

Like other organophosphate pesticides, phosmet can have harmful effects on human health if not used properly. It can cause acute symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and muscle weakness, and in severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, convulsions, and death. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurological damage, including memory loss and decreased cognitive function.

It is important to follow all safety precautions when using phosmet or any other pesticide, including wearing protective clothing, washing contaminated skin and clothing, and avoiding re-entry into treated areas until the recommended safety interval has passed.

... are a class of chemically-related broad-spectrum insecticides. The chemical structures of these ... Phenylpyrazole insecticides were developed in response to increasing pesticide resistance to other chemicals. Now, along with ... Phenylpyrazole insecticides function by blocking glutamate-activated chloride channels in insects. Mammals do not have this ... Media related to phenylpyrazole insecticides at Wikimedia Commons (Commons category link is on Wikidata, Pyrazoles, ...
"Hindustan Insecticides enters fertiliser business". 7 March 2016. "Hindustan Insecticides plant ordered to shut". Business Line ... Hindustan Insecticides Limited (HIL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of ... Venu Gopal, P N (4 July 2015). "Hindustan Insecticides to resume work amidst pollution charges". Down to Earth. Retrieved 15 ... Since then its product range has expanded to include Insecticides, Herbicides, Weedecides, and Fungicides. HIL is the world's ...
The industry-sponsored Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) advises on the use of insecticides in crop protection and ... This is a list of insecticides. These are chemical compounds which have been registered as insecticides. The names on the list ... "A to Z List of Insecticides". University of Hertfordshire. 2023-08-08. Retrieved 2023-08-15. "The IRAC Mode of Action ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Insecticides, Lists of chemical compounds, ...
Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to be a major factor behind ... Insecticides can be classified into two major groups: systemic insecticides, which have residual or long-term activity; and ... Contact insecticides are toxic to insects upon direct contact. These can be inorganic insecticides, which are metals and ... Insecticides represent a major area of emphasis. Many of the major insecticides are inspired by biological analogues. Many ...
Anvil is an insecticide widely employed to combat West Nile fever, a mosquito-borne disease identified in approximately 10,000 ... "Estrogenic and antiprogestagenic activities of pyrethroid insecticides". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 251 (3): 855-9. doi: ...
Vigilante is an insecticide used with both dairy and beef cattle to reduce the number of flies in an agricultural area. It is ... Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. Entomological Society of America. 1990. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Insecticide brands, Insect control). ...
Raid is the brand name of a line of insecticide products produced by S. C. Johnson & Son, first launched in 1956. The initial ... Raid's main competitors in the insecticide market are Black Flag, Hot Shot, Mortein and Baygon (also sister brand). Insect ... Johnson brand of insecticides. In recent years, reports of the use of heavy duty bug sprays as an illicit drug have gained ... Insecticide brands, Reckitt brands, S. C. Johnson & Son brands, Products introduced in 1956, American brands). ...
Insecticide is a chemical used to control insects Look up insecticide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Insecticide may refer ... a 2005 horror movie This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Insecticide. If an internal link led you ... to: Insecticide (video game), a 2008 story-driven action-adventure game by Crackpot Entertainment and published by Gamecock ...
EPN is an insecticide of the phosphonothioate class. It is used against pests such as European corn borer, rice stem borer, ...
Black Flag is the oldest insecticide brand in the United States. Established in 1883, Black Flag makes a variety of products ... Insecticide brands, All stub articles, Brand name products stubs). ...
"Insecticide - Parts 1&2 Combined". YouTube. Retrieved 8 January 2016. Fletcher, JC. "DS Fanboy interview: Insecticide's Larry ... "Insecticide Release Information for DS". GameFAQs.com. 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2015-05-29. "Insecticide: Episode 1 Release ... Insecticide is a story-driven action-adventure game by Crackpot Entertainment and published by Gamecock Media Group for the ... Both Ahern and Levine currently own the rights to Insecticide. Prior to the game's troubled release, Crackpot stated that they ...
Insecticide Resistance Management from IRAC on YouTube (Biotechnology advocacy, Insecticides, Organizations established in 1984 ... The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 and works as a specialist technical group of the industry ... "Interactive MoA Classification". Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2021-04-01. Sparks, Thomas C.; ... IRAC strives to facilitate communication and education on insecticide and traits resistance as well as to promote the ...
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. ... The Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 set standards for chemical quality and provided consumers protection but did not address ... Synthetic organic insecticide usage increased from 100 million pounds in 1945 to over 300 million pounds by 1950. ... Table 2. Major U.S. Code Sections of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (codified generally as 7 U.S.C. ...
Insecticide resistance in the bed bug: a factor in the pest's sudden resurgence? J. Med. Ent. Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 175 - 178 ... Unlike typical insecticides, exposure to the fungus does not kill instantly, but kills bugs within five days of exposure. Some ... Insecticide Resistance in the Bed Bug: A Factor in the Pest's Sudden Resurgence? Alvaro Romero, Michael F. Potter, Daniel A. ... In 2008 a study was conducted on bed bug resistance to a variety of both old and new insecticides, with the following results, ...
Insecticides. A spot-on insecticide kills the fleas on the pet. A fogger or spray insecticide containing an insect growth ... Flea adults, larvae, or eggs can be controlled with insecticides. Lufenuron is a veterinary preparation (known as Program) that ... A comparison of 3 insecticides (selamectin, fipronil, imidacloprid) showed that selamectin reduced larval cat fleas ≥93.5% ... earth can also be used as a home flea treatment in lieu of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory treatments or insecticides which ...
This is also the mode of action of the related insecticides, all of which can produce the dithiol corresponding to cleavage of ... 1998). "Insecticides". Chemistry and Mode of Action of Crop Protection Agents. pp. 46-73. doi:10.1039/9781847550422-00046. ISBN ... Researchers at Takeda in Japan investigated it as a possible insecticide. They subsequently developed a number of derivatives ... Casida, John E.; Durkin, Kathleen A. (2013). "Neuroactive Insecticides: Targets, Selectivity, Resistance, and Secondary Effects ...
As an insecticide, it can be sprayed onto outer clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them. Side effects ... Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide. As a medication, it is used to treat scabies and lice. It is applied to the skin ... Permethrin is a chemical categorized in the pyrethroid insecticide group. The chemicals in the pyrethroid family are created to ... Contrary to the most common mechanism of insecticide resistance evolution - selection for preexisting, low-frequency alleles - ...
It is marketed under the names Indoxacarb Technical Insecticide, Steward Insecticide and Avaunt Insecticide. It is also used as ... In 2021, the European Union chose not to renew Indoxacarb for use as an insecticide. The United Kingdom still allows use of the ... "Indoxacarb Insecticide Wipes Out Entire Cockroach Generations". June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. ... DuPont Steward insecticide - FAQs. Updated 20 January 2007.[dead link] Retrieved 2012-11-11 Indoxacarb in the Pesticide ...
Sieburth, Scott McNeill; Manly, Charles J.; Gammon, Derek W. (1990). "Organosilane insecticides. Part I: biological and ... Silafluofen is a fluorinated organosilicon pyrethroid insecticide. Silafluofen is used agriculturally against soil-borne ...
As an insecticide, it was introduced in 1898 used against the gypsy moth in Massachusetts. It represented a less soluble and ... Lead arsenate was used as an insecticide in deciduous fruit trees from 1892 until around 1947 in Washington. Peryea et al. ... Historical use of lead arsenate insecticides, resulting in soil contamination and implications for soil remediation. ... Metcalf Deceased, Robert L.; Horowitz, Abraham Rami (2014). "Insect Control, 2. Individual Insecticides". Ullmann's ...
... poisoning from insecticides; and disease. In the late 2000s, Christmas Island researchers tried to capture forest skinks for a ...
Arsenite of lime and arsenate of lead were used widely as insecticides until the discovery of DDT in 1942. The toxicity of ... For example, lead hydrogen arsenate was a common insecticide on fruit trees, but contact with the compound sometimes resulted ... These three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. The protonation steps between the arsenate and arsenic ... doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00180-6. Marlatt, C. L. (1897). Important Insecticides: Directions for Their Preparation and Use. U.S ...
The schemes follows from the Insecticides Act of 1968 and the Insecticides Rules of 1971. The labeling follows a general scheme ... Chemicals safe, says Rubber Board'. Central Insecticides Board. Insecticides Rules, 1971. (Articles with short description, ... as laid down in the Insecticides Rules, 1971, and contains information such as brand name, name of manufacturer, name of the ...
Central Insecticides Board & Registration Committee. 'List of Insecticides'. Quinalphos in the Pesticide Properties DataBase ( ...
Feeds on insecticides. Female and male versions are practically identical. It was destroyed by Great's Great Slicer and he used ...
Insecticides, PUF, 1959. Wood-boring insects and their part in deadwood degradation in Forest ecology, Gauthier-Villars, 1974. ...
Seo J, Lee YG, Kim SD, Cha CJ, Ahn JH, Hur HG (April 2005). "Biodegradation of the insecticide N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide by fungi ... When DEET is used in combination with insecticides for cockroaches it can strengthen the toxicity of carbamate, an ... Plumlee, Konnie H. (2004-01-01), Plumlee, Konnie H. (ed.), "Chapter 21 - Insecticides and Molluscicides", Clinical Veterinary ... Beautyberry Citronella oil DDT, another insecticide used for disease vector control Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) ...
Subgroup P03 is part of the anatomical group P Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents. National issues of the ATC ... ATC code P03 Ectoparasiticides, including scabicides, insecticides and repellents is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical ...
... organophosphate insecticides (T60.0); sarin and other nerve gases; tetraethyllead (T56.0); aniline (T65.3); acetone and other ...
... than other insecticides. The availability of imidacloprid and its favorable toxicity package as compared to other insecticides ... Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide, belonging to the class of chloronicotinyl neonicotinoid insecticides. It works by ... From 1999 through at least 2018[update], imidacloprid was the most widely used insecticide in the world. Although it is now off ... Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central ...
Phenylpyrazole insecticides are a class of chemically-related broad-spectrum insecticides. The chemical structures of these ... Phenylpyrazole insecticides were developed in response to increasing pesticide resistance to other chemicals. Now, along with ... Phenylpyrazole insecticides function by blocking glutamate-activated chloride channels in insects. Mammals do not have this ... Media related to phenylpyrazole insecticides at Wikimedia Commons (Commons category link is on Wikidata, Pyrazoles, ...
Insecticides Insecticides are natural or synthetic chemicals used to manage insects pests; they are important for disease ... An example is insecticides based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (or B.t.). There are also insecticides based on ... An example is insecticides based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (or B.t ). There are also insecticides based on ... Insecticides. Introduction. An insecticide is a substance used by humans to gain some advantage in the struggle with various ...
Table of laboratory methods panels for Insecticides (Pyrethroids). Chemical. Specimen Type. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid. CAS No. 3739 ... Urinary Concentrations of Insecticide and Herbicide Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Rural Ghana: A Pilot Study. Wylie BJ, ... Urinary biomarkers of exposure to insecticides, herbicides, and one insect repellent among pregnant women in Puerto Rico. Lewis ... chlorpyrifos metabolite concentrations in Northern California families and their relationship to indoor residential insecticide ...
Neonicotinoid insecticides cause rapid weight loss and travel delays in migrating songbirds Peer-Reviewed Publication American ... Neonicotinoid insecticides cause rapid weight loss and travel delays in migrating songbirds. American Association for the ... However, while the controversial neurotoxic insecticide is advertised to pose a low risk to vertebrates, a growing body of ... Life sciences/Biochemistry/Pharmacology/Bioactive compounds/Pesticides/Insecticides * /Social sciences/Psychological science/ ...
chinch bug insecticides. Title (Click to Sort). Fact Sheet Number Tags Chinch Bugs in Turfgrass HYG-2503 hairy chinch bug, ... common chinch bug, chinch bugs in turf grass, chinch bug turf damage, controlling chinch bugs, chinch bug insecticides ...
Insecticide is a film noir action adventure game set in a decaying world run by bugs. ... Insecticide Official Movie 2. Find out some of the plot details in this movie for Insecticide. ... Insecticide Official Trailer 1. Take a look at the first footage of Insecticide in this trailer. ... Insecticide Interview 1. Check out the info on the upcoming game Insecticide in this movie. ...
... was 1497 Kilograms. Discover more data with NationMaster! ... Romania - Benzoylurea insecticides Sales Kilograms - 2016 to 2019. Since 2016, Romania Benzoylurea insecticides Sales jumped by ... How does Romania rank in Benzoylurea insecticides Sales?. #. 10 Countries. Kilograms. Last. YoY. 5‑years CAGR. ... In 2019, the country was ranked number 4 among other countries in Benzoylurea insecticides Sales with 1,497 Kilograms. Romania ...
Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in an insecticide or it is absorbed through the skin. ... Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in an insecticide or it is absorbed through the skin. ... Insecticide is any chemical that kills bugs. Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in an insecticide ... Stronger insecticides, which a farm or commercial greenhouse might use or someone might store in their garage, contain many ...
Catch The Buzz, Health, Insecticides, News, Science. August 12, 2020. Chicago to Spray Insecticides for Mosquitos Press Release ... First, Corn & soy insecticides similar to nicotine found widespread in Midwest rivers - USGS news Insecticides similar to ... First, Corn & soy insecticides similar to nicotine found widespread in Midwest rivers - USGS news Insecticides… ... Catch The Buzz, Foreign, Health, Insecticides, Life, Science. July 21, 2014. New Zealand Says No To A Neonicotinoid The New ...
When it comes to 3M Insecticides and Repellents, you can count on Grainger. Supplies and solutions for every industry, plus ... Insecticides and Repellents. 1 product. Insecticides and bug repellents kill or repel crawling or flying insects. Wasp and ...
... *Selected Metallic Ions Identified in Waste ... Interaction Profile for Mixtures of Insecticides: Pyrethroids, Organophosphorus Compounds, and Carbamates. Atlanta, GA: U.S. ...
Insecticides  ,  Forestry Suppliers, Inc. ...
Seed treatment insecticides, including neonicotinoids and novel insecticides like sulfoxaflor, display detrimental effects on ... Neonicotinoid insecticides disrupt visual motion detection in the locust, resulting in impaired escape behaviors, but it had ... Neonicotinoid insecticides disrupt visual motion detection in the locust, resulting in impaired escape behaviours, but it had ... We propose that exposure to cholinergic insecticides disrupts the honeybees ability to accurately encode wide-field visual ...
Home insecticides is dependent on weather conditions in the country and therefore subject to seasonal demand. The summer of ... Product coverage: Electric Insecticides, Insecticide Baits, Insecticide Coils, Other Home Insecticides, Spray/Aerosol ... Product coverage: Electric Insecticides, Insecticide Baits, Insecticide Coils, Other Home Insecticides, Spray/Aerosol ... Home Insecticides in Uzbekistan February 2023. List Of Contents And Tables HOME INSECTICIDES IN UZBEKISTAN KEY DATA FINDINGS ...
Use our comparison chart of Johnnys insecticides and molluscicides to determine safe, preferred methods for eliminating pest ...
... was 2 Metric Tons. Discover more data with ... How does United Kingdom rank in Agricultural Use of Pyrethroids Insecticides for Seed Treatment?. #. 7 Countries. Metric Tons. ... Since 2014, United Kingdom Agricultural Use of Pyrethroids Insecticides for Seed Treatment was down by 16.4% year on year. With ... United Kingdom - Agricultural Use of Pyrethroids Insecticides for Seed Treatment Metric Tons - 1998 to 2019 ...
Genetically modified sweet corn can reduce insecticide use. Date:. October 7, 2013. Source:. Entomological Society of America. ... "Genetically modified sweet corn can reduce insecticide use." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2013. /. 10. / ... "Our data suggest that using Bt sweet corn will dramatically reduce the use of traditional insecticides," the authors wrote. " ... "The use of Bt vegetables could significantly reduce the use of conventional insecticides and, in turn, reduce occupational and ...
Interactions between ALS-herbicides and organophosphate insecticides (May, 2000). This is a copyrighted image. All rights ... Corn injury from ALS-herbicide and insecticide interaction. Roundup drift injury on corn (closeup). Roundup drift injury on ...
Insecticides for Corn Earworm Control & Prevention for Sale - Farm & Garden Supplies at Grow Organic ...
New crystal form of imidacloprid insecticide. Pictured is a new crystal form of imidacloprid -- one of the worlds most widely ... Learn more in the NSF Research News story Crystallized forms of common insecticide more effective. (Date image taken: Oct. 2020 ... used insecticides and strongly implicated in the decline of bee colonies -- developed by chemists in an effort to sharply ...
Bt crops have considerably less impact on non-target insects than do conventional insecticides. Also, insecticides affect ... The most influential factor was the insecticide applied. Collectively, insecticides such as pyrethroids, organophosphates, ... Non-Target Insects Probably Affected More by Insecticides than by Bt Crops. By Laura McGinnis. November 24, 2008. Non-target ... ARS Home » News & Events » News Articles » Research News » 2008 » Non-Target Insects Probably Affected More by Insecticides ...
... have accounted for a large share of all insecticides used in the United States. Although organophosphorus insecticides are ... Organophosphate Insecticides - Diakyl Phosphate Metabolites - Urine (OPD_E) Data File: OPD_E.xpt First Published: May 2012. ... Dialkyl phosphates may also occur in the environment as a result of degradation of organophosphorus insecticides, and therefore ... Organophosphorus insecticides, which are active against a broad spectrum of insects, ...
fall, Insecticides, summer, Wheat, winter Preparing for Wheat Harvest Wheat growers who plan to store their crop should take ... Insecticides, Soybean, spring, summer Win the Battle Against Bugs in Your Beans Protect against yield-robbing insect damage by ... fall, Fungicides, Herbicides, Insecticides, Spring, summer, Wheat, winter DONT LET EARLY PESTS & DISEASE TRIM YOUR WHEAT YIELD ... Insecticides, Soybean, spring, summer Sweep away mid-season soybean scouting stresses Yield-robbing insects may lurk below your ...
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Dr Richard Wilkins looks at the role of protease inhibitors as an alternative to insecticide resistance. ... Without enhanced proteolysis, their ability to detoxify or tolerate the insecticide may be impaired. This property can be ... Protease inhibitors are well known, and much used in medical treatments, and could find application as insecticide synergists ... Research to date supports the roles that intracellular proteases play in insecticide resistance and the novel applications in ...
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  • Since 2014, United Kingdom Agricultural Use of Pyrethroids Insecticides for Seed Treatment was down by 16.4% year on year. (nationmaster.com)
  • With 1.63 Metric Tons in 2019, the country was ranked number 5 comparing other countries in Agricultural Use of Pyrethroids Insecticides for Seed Treatment. (nationmaster.com)
  • Collectively, insecticides such as pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and neonicotinoids had larger negative impacts on non-target insects than did the Bt crops. (usda.gov)
  • Only two insecticides classes are approved for use on ITNs (pyrroles and pyrethroids). (cdc.gov)
  • Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals whose structures mimic the natural insecticide pyrethrin. (ufl.edu)
  • Avoid Tank Mixing Insecticides with Fungicides. (beeculture.com)
  • Sulfoxaflor is present in seed treatment mixtures that also include neonicotinoid insecticides and fungicides (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • Be sure you're not allowing early-season weeds, insects and diseases to erode yield potential by scouting thoroughly and applying the right combination of fungicides and insecticides. (southernstates.com)
  • The pyrethroid insecticides are widely used compounds, typically esters of chrysanthemic acid having a high degree of lipophilicity (fat solubility). (umn.edu)
  • The enhanced pyrethroid chemistry of Mustang® Maxx insecticide works on contact with residual control, effectively controlling more than 100 insect pests on more than 200 crops, including corn, soybeans, alfalfa, peanuts, cotton, rice and pasture. (southernstates.com)
  • To help manage resistance, some net products incorporate piperonyl butoxide (PBO) along with a pyrethroid insecticide, but there is not yet evidence that this significantly improves ITN effectiveness in areas with high levels of pyrethroid resistance, and WHO currently does not consider nets that incorporate PBO to be tools for managing pyrethroid resistance. (cdc.gov)
  • Pyrethroid, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides all adversely affect the nervous system. (ufl.edu)
  • This newly discovered resistance mechanism could provide us with an important target for both the monitoring of insecticide resistance and the development of novel compounds able to block pyrethroid resistance and prevent the spread of malaria," Hilary Ransom, senior author of the work, says. (bgr.com)
  • Driven by innovative launches and the convenience trend, electric insecticides is set to remain the fastest growing area on the landscape, the only product to achieve a stable retail volume and retail value growth. (euromonitor.com)
  • Retail volume growth of electric insecticides is set to be moderately stronger compared to the review period, being driven by the latest innovations and new, more convenient formats, as well as a rise in eco-friendlier products, aligning with consumers growing need towards sustainability. (euromonitor.com)
  • For the year 2013, home insecticides registered value sales of RM426 million, of which RM254 million came from spray/aerosol insecticides, RM102 million from insecticide coils, RM47 million from electric insecticides, RM23 million from other home insecticides and lastly from insecticide baits. (clickpress.com)
  • The figure for each category is as follows: electric insecticides 7% growth, insecticides baits 1% decline, insecticide coils 2% decline, spray/aerosol insecticides 2% growth and other home insecticides 1% decline. (clickpress.com)
  • Phenylpyrazole insecticides function by blocking glutamate-activated chloride channels in insects. (wikipedia.org)
  • An insecticide is a substance used by humans to gain some advantage in the struggle with various insects that are considered pests. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Insecticides and bug repellents kill or repel crawling or flying insects. (grainger.com)
  • New studies show that non-target insects are probably affected more by conventional insecticides than by modified crops, such as corn, that have added genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis . (usda.gov)
  • Non-target insects are probably affected more by conventional insecticides than by crops that contain genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), according to the findings of a study by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists and cooperators. (usda.gov)
  • They first compared the abundance of these insects in Bt crops and non-Bt crops without any insecticides. (usda.gov)
  • Bt crops have considerably less impact on non-target insects than do conventional insecticides. (usda.gov)
  • Organophosphorus insecticides, which are active against a broad spectrum of insects, have accounted for a large share of all insecticides used in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • The rapid application of molecular biology methods - especially transcriptomics - has revealed changeshat occur when insects are exposed to insecticides or become adapted to survive in such stressful environments. (soci.org)
  • Evidence has come from these enzyme assays and also from transcriptomic and proteomic analyses comparing resistant and susceptible strains and insects exposed, or not, to insecticides. (soci.org)
  • This biological insecticide works against target insects in multiple ways: It's toxic when ingested, it degrades insect exoskeletons, and it interferes with the molting process. (arbico-organics.com)
  • The insecticides that are used for treating bed nets kill mosquitoes, as well as other insects. (cdc.gov)
  • These insecticides have been shown to pose very low health risks to humans and other mammals, but are toxic to insects and kill them. (cdc.gov)
  • Most people know that insecticides kill insects. (ufl.edu)
  • This fact sheet is intended to explain what insecticides do in insects to cause toxicity and death (Table 1). (ufl.edu)
  • Most insecticides affect one of five biological systems in insects. (ufl.edu)
  • These insecticides have a unique ability to knock down insects quickly. (ufl.edu)
  • Mosquitoes, of course, are the biggest culprit, and a new study suggests that the insects have developed a scary way to defend themselves against insecticides commonly used to fight them and the disease they carry. (bgr.com)
  • Yes, mosquitos have found a way to resist a popular insecticide, but now that the scientists know how the insects did it, they can specifically target that resistance and hopefully wage a much more effective war against the spread of malaria. (bgr.com)
  • Although organophosphorus insecticides are still used for insect control on many food crops, most residential uses have been phased out in the United States as a result of implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. (cdc.gov)
  • About 75% of registered organophosphorus insecticides are metabolized in the body to measurable dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites. (cdc.gov)
  • Dialkyl phosphates may also occur in the environment as a result of degradation of organophosphorus insecticides, and therefore, the presence in a person's urine may reflect exposure to the metabolite itself. (cdc.gov)
  • Specifically, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides bind to an enzyme found in the synapse called acetylcholinesterase. (ufl.edu)
  • Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides bind to and prevent the enzyme from working. (ufl.edu)
  • Songbirds exposed to imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, exhibit anorexic behavior, reduced body weight and delays in their migratory itinerary, according to a new study. (eurekalert.org)
  • Here, we show that sublethal exposure to two commonly used insecticides, imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid) and sulfoxaflor, results in impaired optomotor behavior in the honeybee. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pictured is a new crystal form of imidacloprid -- one of the world's most widely used insecticides and strongly implicated in the decline of bee colonies -- developed by chemists in an effort to sharply reduce its environmental impact. (nsf.gov)
  • Imidacloprid belongs to the chloronicotinyl chemical class of insecticides. (ufl.edu)
  • Community-based intervention household and in households where they found new and with insecticide-treated materials, such as distribution of past VL cases to collect sociodemographic characteristics long-lasting insecticide-treated bed-nets or mass bed-net of the surveyed community and VL-related knowledge impregnation programs with slow-release insecticide tab- and practice. (cdc.gov)
  • Several companies have developed long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) that maintain effective levels of insecticide for at least 3 years, even after repeated washing. (cdc.gov)
  • Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a form of personal protection that has been shown to reduce malaria illness, severe disease, and death due to malaria in endemic regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a major intervention for malaria control. (cdc.gov)
  • Data are derived from nationally-representative household surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS) (The number of individuals who slept under insecticide-treated mosquito nets the night prior to the survey / Number of individuals who spent the previous night in surveyed households) x 100. (who.int)
  • Below are symptoms of insecticide poisoning in different parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the symptoms of insecticide poisoning? (msdmanuals.com)
  • The insecticides also repel mosquitoes, reducing the number that enter the house and attempt to feed on people inside. (cdc.gov)
  • The protein, the researchers discovered, is resistant to insecticide, allowing mosquitoes to land on treated bed nets and live on to spread the disease they are carrying. (bgr.com)
  • This method involves the application of insecticides and repellents on locally-made clothing for protection against mosquito bites. (who.int)
  • Each of the six urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites can be produced from the metabolism of more than one organophosphorus insecticide or may be present following ingestion of the specific DAP metabolite. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the presence of one or more dialkyl phosphate metabolites without additional information cannot be linked to exposure to a specific organophosphorus insecticide. (cdc.gov)
  • The study's approach "means we can measure the effects of insecticides before any effects on the spider population as a whole are detected," says Chris Buddle, "and in this case, it's raising some red flags. (futurity.org)
  • But the effects of insecticides on personality types remains poorly described. (futurity.org)
  • Environmental effects of insecticides on non-target organisms in tropical and subtropical developing countries / compiled by J. W. M. Logan and P. Schofield. (who.int)
  • Farmers spray insecticides on the plants to get rid of these same pests, and it was thought that it had little significant effect on the spiders' behaviors. (futurity.org)
  • Nerve agents are chemical warfare agents that have the same mechanism of action as OP organophosphate pesticides insecticides. (cdc.gov)
  • 2."Recurring residential pest management services" is defined as a general insect control service with a contract that specifies multiple, recurrent inspections and insecticide applications at a residential site. (pestweb.com)
  • Entrust SC Naturalyte Insect Control contains the naturally occurring soil bacterium, spinosad, in a much higher percentage (22.5%) than comparable spinosad insecticides. (arbico-organics.com)
  • Until June 30, 2022 FMC True Champions can access major savings on Scion insecticide. (pestweb.com)
  • Phenylpyrazole insecticides are a class of chemically-related broad-spectrum insecticides. (wikipedia.org)
  • It can be applied at planting or pre- or post-emergence and is a proven, broad-spectrum insecticide delivering higher yields. (southernstates.com)
  • For a new study, researchers looked at changes in the behavior of individual bronze jumping spiders both before and after exposure to Phosmet, a widely used broad-spectrum insecticide. (futurity.org)
  • The abundance and effects of almost all insect pests can be managed through the judicious use of insecticides. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Biological insecticides are formulations of microbes that are pathogenic to specific pests, and consequently have a relatively narrow spectrum of activity in ecosystems. (encyclopedia.com)
  • As with many pest, weed, and disease organisms, insect pests present continuing problems in agriculture, and their management with insecticides can give rise to resistant strains which are increasingly difficult to control. (soci.org)
  • These safer insecticides work by covering these pests and suffocating them to death, rather than killing them on contact. (nparks.gov.sg)
  • Exposure to insecticide affected the spiders' ability to leap on prey and their interest in exploring new territory, both of which are crucial to their survival and to their role in keeping down pests. (futurity.org)
  • Both insecticides provide quick knockdown and residual control of many insect and mite pests. (landscapemanagement.net)
  • These bifenthrin-based insecticides provide effective and economical control of many turf, ornamental and perimeter pests including termites. (landscapemanagement.net)
  • Our data suggest that using Bt sweet corn will dramatically reduce the use of traditional insecticides," the authors wrote. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Most traditional insecticides fit into this category. (ufl.edu)
  • Today of course, insecticide use is much more prevalent. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Prophylactic use of seed treatment insecticides is prevalent, despite growing evidence of negative effects on pollinators ( 1 ) and birds ( 2 ), and putatively negligible benefits to farmers ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inorganic insecticides are used much less than in the past, having been widely replaced by synthetic organics. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Chlorinated hydrocarbons (or organochlorines) are synthetic insecticides, including DDT (dichlorodiphe-nyltrichloroethane) and its relatives DDD (dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane) and methoxychlor, lindane, and cyclodienes such as chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, and dieldrin. (encyclopedia.com)
  • More minor groups of synthetic organic insecticides include the formamidines (e.g., amitraz, formeta-nate) and dinitrophenols (e.g., binapacryl, dinocap). (encyclopedia.com)
  • This chapter focuses on the chemistry and mode of action of insecticides, and the term "insecticide" will encompass both organic natural products and synthetic compounds. (umn.edu)
  • Discussion of synthetic insecticides will emphasize the major classes of commercial materials. (umn.edu)
  • Pycana Insecticide/Miticide Pycana is a OMRI Listed Insecticide/Miticide combination product containing pyrethrins and canola oil. (hummert.com)
  • Lambda-cyhalothrin, malathion, carbosulfan and chlorpyrifos can be used to control red flour beetle in storage and other insecticides can control them moderately. (scialert.net)
  • In the first study, we estimated relative exposure intensity based on the results of measurements taken during the application of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (n = 88) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos (n = 17). (cdc.gov)
  • We propose that exposure to cholinergic insecticides disrupts the honeybee's ability to accurately encode wide-field visual motion, resulting in impaired optomotor behaviors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Insecticide resistance in Amsterdam Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) II Malathion resistance in Eastern Australia. (scialert.net)
  • This is an impressive result for a mechanical insecticide, considering that the mosquitos in this study were susceptible to micro-encapsulated Pirimiphos-methyl. (imerys.com)
  • Phenylpyrazole insecticides were developed in response to increasing pesticide resistance to other chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The purpose of this document is to notify registrants, pesticide regulatory officials and the Canadian public of Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency's (PMRA) decision to initiate a re-evaluation, under section 16 of the Pest Control Products Act (PCPA), of the nitro-guanidine neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin and thiamethoxam, and their associated products registered in Canada. (canada.ca)
  • An insecticide (pesticide) is a substance used to kill bugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Examples of insecticides include Paris green (a mixture of copper compounds), lead arsenate, and calcium arsenate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The length of the sections on each class of insecticide varies, depending on the number of commercial compounds within a group and the amount of available information on mode of action. (umn.edu)
  • Discussion of insecticide mode of action will focus on interactions with protein targets and the resulting expression of toxicity in the insect. (umn.edu)
  • Although most insecticides have multiple biological effects, toxicity is usually attributed to a single major effect. (ufl.edu)
  • Two new insecticides have been introduced late in the 1990s that also cause toxicity by affecting the nervous system. (ufl.edu)
  • Nine insecticides were used in a toxicity test on adult red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). (scialert.net)
  • The chemical structures of these insecticides are characterized by a central pyrazole ring with a phenyl group attached to one of the nitrogen atoms of the pyrazole. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insecticide is any chemical that kills bugs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In 2019, the country was ranked number 4 among other countries in Benzoylurea insecticides Sales with 1,497 Kilograms. (nationmaster.com)
  • The authors found that for pest management of the corn earworm, Bt sweet corn consistently performed better than its non-Bt counterparts, even those that were sprayed with conventional insecticides. (sciencedaily.com)
  • One of the most spectacular examples occurred in New York plots in 2010: the Bt sweet corn had 99 to 100 percent marketable ears without any sprays and, even with eight conventional insecticide sprays, the non-Bt corn had only 18 percent marketable ears. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The use of Bt vegetables could significantly reduce the use of conventional insecticides and, in turn, reduce occupational and environmental risks that arise from intensive insecticide use," Shelton said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • An advantage of protease inhibitors, over conventional insecticide synergists, may be their application for any type of resistance mechanism. (soci.org)
  • The Egyptians used unspecified chemicals to combat fleas in their homes about 3,500 years ago, and arsenic has been used as an insecticide in China for at least 2,900 years. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Almost all insecticides are chemicals. (encyclopedia.com)
  • However, most modern insecticides are organic chemicals that have been synthesized by chemists. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Insecticides are an extremely diverse group of chemicals, plus additional formulations based on living microorganisms. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Various insecticides contain these chemicals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have found a completely new insecticide resistance mechanism that we think is contributing to the lower than expected efficacy of bed nets," Dr. Victoria Ingham, first author of the study, explains. (bgr.com)
  • The protein, which is based in the legs, comes into direct contact with the insecticide as the insect lands on the net, making it an excellent potential target for future additives to nets to overcome this potent resistance mechanism. (bgr.com)
  • The New Zealand Environmental Protection Agency has refused an application to import Ortus, an insecticide containing thiamethoxam, because of its threat to bees. (beeculture.com)
  • Seed treatment insecticides, including neonicotinoids and novel insecticides like sulfoxaflor, display detrimental effects on wild and managed bees, even when present at sublethal quantities. (frontiersin.org)
  • Neonicotinoid insecticides have been linked with myriad behavioural abnormalities in managed and wild bees, including impaired navigation and foraging ( 7 - 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Two large-scale field experiments have shown mixed effects of certain insecticides on honey bees and wild bees. (sciencemediacentre.co.nz)
  • More commonly, ecological damage may be caused by the use of insecticides, sometimes resulting in the deaths of large numbers of wildlife. (encyclopedia.com)
  • During the 1990s, more than 300 insecticides were available, in hundreds of different formulations and commercial products (which may involve similar formulations manufactured by different companies). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Can protease inhibition offset insecticide resistance? (soci.org)
  • However, bed nets treated with an insecticide are much more protective than untreated nets. (cdc.gov)
  • The researchers suggest that this discovery may explain why bed nets treated with insecticide aren't as effective as they should be. (bgr.com)
  • The costs of developing a new insecticide and testing it for its usefulness, toxicology, and environmental effects are huge, equivalent to tens of millions of dollars. (encyclopedia.com)
  • At the end of the chapter are a list of the references used in assembling this information, along with some related internet resources on the chemistry and toxicology of insecticides. (umn.edu)
  • Insecticide is a film noir action adventure game set in a decaying world run by bugs. (gamespot.com)
  • In addition, demand will slow due to the ongoing scrutiny by health and wellness enthusiasts regarding the health hazards and environmental impacts associated with the use of home insecticides. (euromonitor.com)
  • By delivering the next generation of nature inspired green insecticides, Solasta Bio will create profound environmental and societal impact. (scotsman.com)
  • Abstract Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides . (bvsalud.org)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Insecticides. (who.int)
  • Euromonitor International's Home Insecticides in Uzbekistan market report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the market at a national level. (bharatbook.com)
  • Understand the latest market trends and future growth opportunities for the Home Insecticides industry in North Macedonia with research from Euromonitor International's team of in-country analysts - experts by industry and geographic specialisation. (euromonitor.com)
  • 2005 ). As an effective alternative to the use of sulfluramid, a metallic insecticide complex with lower ecological impact was developed (Bonomo et al. (springer.com)