Insecticides. Medical search

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.

The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.

A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.

A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.

A species of mosquito in the genus Anopheles and the principle vector of MALARIA in Africa.

An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB)

Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.

An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.

An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.

Flies of the species Musca domestica (family MUSCIDAE), which infest human habitations throughout the world and often act as carriers of pathogenic organisms.

Compounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are NITRATES.

Chemicals that, while not possessing inherent pesticidal activity, nonetheless promote or enhance the effectiveness of other pesticides when combined.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.

Articles of cloth, usually cotton or rayon and other synthetic or cotton-blend fabrics, used in households, hospitals, physicians' examining rooms, nursing homes, etc., for sheets, pillow cases, toweling, gowns, drapes, and the like.

A carbamate insecticide.

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

An insecticide synergist, especially for pyrethroids and ROTENONE.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.

Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination.

Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.

Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.

Compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds in which the phosphorus component is also bonded to one or more sulfur atoms. Many of these compounds function as CHOLINERGIC AGENTS and as INSECTICIDES.

Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.

The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms.

An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.

Lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester, nylon (polyamides), or other material impregnated with insecticide, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby offering protection against insect bite and insect-borne diseases.

A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.

Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.

A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.

A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61)

Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.

The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous plants, insects, or other animals. This includes control of plants that serve as habitats or food sources for animal pests.

The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.

A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.

Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.

A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Several species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.

An organochlorine insecticide that has been used as a pediculicide and a scabicide. It has been shown to cause cancer.

Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.

A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.

Bugs of the family CIMICIDAE, genus Cimex. They are flattened, oval, reddish insects which inhabit houses, wallpaper, furniture, and beds. C. lectularius, of temperate regions, is the common bedbug that attacks humans and is frequently a serious pest in houses, hotels, barracks, and other living quarters. Experiments have shown that bedbugs can transmit a variety of diseases, but they are not normal vectors under natural conditions. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p272)

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Use of naturally-occuring or genetically-engineered organisms to reduce or eliminate populations of pests.

Carbon-containing phosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have CARBON atoms bound to one or more OXYGEN atoms of the P(=O)(O)3 structure. Note that several specific classes of endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds such as NUCLEOTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and PHOSPHOPROTEINS are listed elsewhere.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)

Substances causing insects to turn away from them or reject them as food.

An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter ACETYLCHOLINE is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system.

Various salts of a quaternary ammonium oxime that reconstitute inactivated acetylcholinesterase, especially at the neuromuscular junction, and may cause neuromuscular blockade. They are used as antidotes to organophosphorus poisoning as chlorides, iodides, methanesulfonates (mesylates), or other salts.

An organothiophosphate insecticide.

Phenyl esters of carbamic acid or of N-substituted carbamic acids. Structures are similar to PHENYLUREA COMPOUNDS with a carbamate in place of the urea.

A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.

The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.

Carbon-containing thiophosphoric acid derivatives. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either SULFUR atom, or the OXYGEN atom of the SPO3 core structure.

Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.

An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.

Living facilities for humans.

Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS.

Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.

A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants.

A large order of insects characterized by having the mouth parts adapted to piercing or sucking. It is comprised of four suborders: HETEROPTERA, Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha.

The class Insecta, in the phylum ARTHROPODA, whose members are characterized by division into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. They are the dominant group of animals on earth; several hundred thousand different kinds having been described. Three orders, HEMIPTERA; DIPTERA; and SIPHONAPTERA; are of medical interest in that they cause disease in humans and animals. (From Borror et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p1)

A republic in central Africa, bordering the Bay of Biafra, CAMEROON is to the north and GABON to the south. Its capital is Malabo.

Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

The science, art or practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock.

An island in the Lesser Antilles, one of the Windward Islands. Its capital is Fort-de-France. It was discovered by Columbus in 1502 and from its settlement in 1635 by the French it passed into and out of Dutch and British hands. It was made a French overseas department in 1946. One account of the name tells of native women on the shore calling "Madinina" as Columbus approached the island. The meaning was never discovered but was entered on early charts as Martinique, influenced by the name of St. Martin. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p734 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p339)

Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989)

Free-standing or supported lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester or other material, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby protecting against INSECT BITES; INSECT STINGS, and insect-borne diseases.

A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Diseases in persons engaged in cultivating and tilling soil, growing plants, harvesting crops, raising livestock, or otherwise engaged in husbandry and farming. The diseases are not restricted to farmers in the sense of those who perform conventional farm chores: the heading applies also to those engaged in the individual activities named above, as in those only gathering harvest or in those only dusting crops.

The geographic area of the Mekong Valley in general or when the specific country or countries are not indicated. Usually includes Cambodia, Indochina, and Laos.

The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.

A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.

An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).

Insects of the suborder Heterocera of the order LEPIDOPTERA.

A mitosporic fungal genus. Teleomorphs are found in the family Clavicipitaceae and include Cordyceps bassiana. The species Beauveria bassiana is a common pathogen of ARTHROPODS and is used in PEST CONTROL.

A highly chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbon insecticide whose large number of chlorine atoms makes it resistant to degradation. It has been shown to be toxic to mammals and causes abnormal cellular changes in laboratory animals.

An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed)

The immature stage in the life cycle of those orders of insects characterized by gradual metamorphosis, in which the young resemble the imago in general form of body, including compound eyes and external wings; also the 8-legged stage of mites and ticks that follows the first moult.

An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.

Lice of the genus Pediculus, family Pediculidae. Pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and Pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse.

Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.

A plant species of the genus CHRYSANTHEMUM, family ASTERACEAE. The flowers contain PYRETHRINS, cinerolones, and chrysanthemines which are powerful contact insecticides. Most in the old Pyrethrum genus are reclassified to TANACETUM; some to other ASTERACEAE genera.

A large order of insects comprising the butterflies and moths.

A discipline or occupation concerned with the study of INSECTS, including the biology and the control of insects.

A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form.

BEETLES in the family Curculionidae and the largest family in the order COLEOPTERA. They have a markedly convex shape and many are considered pests.

Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.

A plant genus of the family MALVACEAE. It is the source of COTTON FIBER; COTTONSEED OIL, which is used for cooking, and GOSSYPOL. The economically important cotton crop is a major user of agricultural PESTICIDES.

A group of degraded TRITERPENES in which the four terminal carbons of the C17 side chain have been removed, and the remaining portion often forming C17 furans.

Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more of the hydrogens replaced by CHLORINE.

Amide derivatives of phosphoric acid such as compounds that include the phosphoric triamide (P(=O)(N)(N)(N)) structure.

A genus in the family Blattidae containing several species, the most common being P. americana, the American cockroach.

A republic in central Africa, east of NIGER, west of SUDAN and south of LIBYA. Its capital is N'Djamena.

A species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. It is used for the biological control of the Gypsy moth.

INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.

A family of the order DIPTERA with over 700 species. Important species that may be mechanical vectors of disease include Musca domesticus (HOUSEFLIES), Musca autumnalis (face fly), Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly), Haematobia irritans (horn fly) and Fannia spp.

A pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. This is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators.

Bites and stings inflicted by insects.

Infections with the protozoa of the phylum EUGLENOZOA.

Family of spider MITES, in the superfamily Tetranychoidea, suborder Trombidiformes.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.

A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.

Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.

A mitosporic fungal genus in the family Clavicipitaceae. It has teleomorphs in the family Nectriaceae. Metarhizium anisopliae is used in PESTICIDES.

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.

The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.

A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS).

The capability of producing eggs (OVA) from which young are hatched outside the body. While mostly referring to nonmammalian species, this does include MAMMALS of the order MONOTREMATA.

A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.

A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.

Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.

A family of insects in the order Dictyoptera (COCKROACHES), including genera Blattella, Parcoblatta, and Symploce.

Six-membered heterocycles containing an oxygen and a nitrogen.

A republic in western Africa, south and east of MALI and west of NIGER. Its capital is Ouagadougou. It was formerly called Upper Volta until 1984.

The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.

Organisms, biological agents, or biologically-derived agents used strategically for their positive or adverse effect on the physiology and/or reproductive health of other organisms.

A republic in southern Africa, south of TANZANIA, east of ZAMBIA and ZIMBABWE, bordered on the west by the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Maputo. It was formerly called Portuguese East Africa.

Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)

A piperidine botanical insecticide.

An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.

An overview of the evolution of overproduced esterases in the mosquito Culex pipiens. (1/3500)

Insecticide resistance genes have developed in a wide variety of insects in response to heavy chemical application. Few of these examples of adaptation in response to rapid environmental change have been studied both at the population level and at the gene level. One of these is the evolution of the overproduced esterases that are involved in resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the mosquito Culex pipiens. At the gene level, two genetic mechanisms are involved in esterase overproduction, namely gene amplification and gene regulation. At the population level, the co-occurrence of the same amplified allele in distinct geographic areas is best explained by the importance of passive transportation at the worldwide scale. The long-term monitoring of a population of mosquitoes in southern France has enabled a detailed study to be made of the evolution of resistance genes on a local scale, and has shown that a resistance gene with a lower cost has replaced a former resistance allele with a higher cost. (+info)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (2/3500)

The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV. (+info)

A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk of azinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination of alkylphosphates. (3/3500)

Azinphosmethyl (APM) is one of the most common insecticides used in fruit farming. The object of this paper is to develop a quick and practical test for assessing the risk for humans coming into contact with APM. It has been shown that the principal component of occupational and/or accidental exposure is through the skin (C. A. Franklin et al., 1981, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7, 715-731), but our approach is applicable to exposures via any route or a combination of routes. The method proposed in the present paper can accommodate a single-event exposure or repeated exposures over long periods. Urinary alkylphosphate (AP) metabolites are reliable bioindicators of the presence of APM in the body; they are easily accessible and can be used to estimate APM body burden. We developed a simple toxicokinetic model to link the time varying APM body burden to absorbed doses and to rates of elimination in the form of AP urinary metabolites. Using this model and data available in the literature, we are able to propose a "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) for APM body levels and for corresponding absorbed doses. We have established that after a single exposure, the safe limit corresponding to the NOAEL is reached at a cumulative 0.215 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated in urine in the first 24 hours following the beginning of exposure. For repeated daily exposures at steady state, the corresponding urinary AP metabolite level is equal to a cumulative 0.266 mumoles AP/kg bw eliminated per 24 hours. (+info)

Involvement of two plasmids in the degradation of carbaryl by Arthrobacter sp. strain RC100. (4/3500)

A bacterium capable of utilizing carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) as the sole carbon source was isolated from carbaryl-treated soil. This bacterium was characterized taxonomically as Arthrobacter and was designated strain RC100. RC100 hydrolyzes the N-methylcarbamate linkage to 1-naphthol, which was further metabolized via salicylate and gentisate. Strain RC100 harbored three plasmids (designated pRC1, pRC2, and pRC3). Mutants unable to degrade carbaryl arose at a high frequency after treating the culture with mitomycin C. All carbaryl-hydrolysis-deficient mutants (Cah-) lacked pRC1, and all 1-naphthol-utilization-deficient mutants (Nat-) lacked pRC2. The plasmid-free strain RC107 grew on gentisate as a carbon source. These two plasmids could be transferred to Cah- mutants or Nat- mutants by conjugation, resulting in the restoration of the Cah and Nah phenotypes. (+info)

Altered properties of neuronal sodium channels associated with genetic resistance to pyrethroids. (5/3500)

Genetic resistance to pyrethroid insecticides involves nervous system insensitivity linked to regulatory and structural genes of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. We examined the properties and relative density of sodium channels in central neurons of susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant (Pyr-R) insects that were homozygous for the amino acid substitution V421M in the I-S6 transmembrane segment. Pyr-R sodium channels show approximately 21-fold lower sensitivity to the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin and a approximately 2-fold increased sensitivity to the alpha-scorpion toxin LqhalphaIT. Pyr-R channels also exhibit altered gating properties, including a approximately 13 mV positive shift in voltage-dependent activation and approximately 7 mV positive shift in steady-state inactivation. Consistent with these changes in gating behavior, Pyr-R central neurons are less excitable, as evidenced by an approximately 11 mV elevation of action potential threshold. No differences in sodium channel density are evident. The altered properties of Pyr-R sodium channels provide a plausible molecular basis for nervous system insensitivity associated with pyrethroid resistance. (+info)

Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. (6/3500)

Estrogens, whether natural or synthetic, clearly influence reproductive development, senescence, and carcinogenesis. Pyrethroid insecticides are now the most widely used agents for indoor pest control, providing potential for human exposure. Using the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line, we studied the estrogenic potential of several synthetic pyrethroid compounds in vitro using pS2 mRNA levels as the end point. We tested sumithrin, fenvalerate, d-trans allethrin, and permethrin. Nanomolar concentrations of either sumithrin or fenvalerate were sufficient to increase pS2 expression slightly above basal levels. At micromolar concentrations, these two pyrethroid compounds induced pS2 expression to levels comparable to those elicited by 10 nM 17ss-estradiol (fivefold). The estrogenic activity of sumithrin was abolished with co-treatment with an antiestrogen (ICI 164,384), whereas estrogenic activity of fenvalerate was not significantly diminished with antiestrogen co-treatment. In addition, both sumithrin and fenvalerate were able to induce cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose-response fashion. Neither permethrin nor d-trans allethrin affected pS2 expression. Permethrin had a noticeable effect on cell proliferation at 100 microM, whereas d-trans allethrin slightly induced MCF-7 cell proliferation at 10 microM, but was toxic at higher concentrations. Overall, our studies imply that each pyrethroid compound is unique in its ability to influence several cellular pathways. These findings suggest that pyrethroids should be considered to be hormone disruptors, and their potential to affect endocrine function in humans and wildlife should be investigated. (+info)

Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos. (7/3500)

Experiments were conducted to survey and detect differences in plasma corticosterone concentrations and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in herring gull (Larus argentatus) embryos environmentally exposed to organochlorine contaminants in ovo. Unincubated fertile herring gull eggs were collected from an Atlantic coast control site and various Great Lakes sites in 1997 and artificially incubated in the laboratory. Liver and/or kidney tissues from approximately half of the late-stage embryos were analyzed for the activities of various intermediary metabolic enzymes known to be regulated, at least in part, by corticosteroids. Basal plasma corticosterone concentrations were determined for the remaining embryos. Yolk sacs were collected from each embryo and a subset was analyzed for organochlorine contaminants. Regression analysis of individual yolk sac organochlorine residue concentrations, or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs), with individual basal plasma corticosterone concentrations indicated statistically significant inverse relationships for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), non-ortho PCBs, and TEQs. Similarly, inverse relationships were observed for the activities of two intermediary metabolic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme) when regressed against PCDDs/PCDFs. Overall, these data suggest that current levels of organochlorine contamination may be affecting the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and associated intermediary metabolic pathways in environmentally exposed herring gull embryos in the Great Lakes. (+info)

Environmental contaminants and body fat distribution. (8/3500)

The effect of body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio (WHR) on plasma levels of organochlorines [i.e., 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE)] was investigated in a sample of black and white women drawn from a population-based study in North Carolina. Organochlorine levels were determined in plasma samples from 99 women selected on the basis of race (black versus white) and quartile of the WHR (1st versus 4th). Of a panel of 20 organochlorine compounds tested, only DDE was detectable in most study subjects. Measurements of height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were taken during an in-person interview. Information was elicited regarding dietary, residential, and breast-feeding histories. Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that black women had significantly higher plasma levels of DDE than white women. These levels were independent of BMI and WHR. BMI but not WHR was also found to be an independent predictor of DDE plasma level. These results suggest that black/white differences should be considered in studies that explore the relationship between environmental contaminants and various disease outcomes, such as breast cancer risk. In addition, BMI may affect circulating levels of contaminants and should also be considered a potentially important modifying factor for exposure to lipophilic substances. (+info)

There are several different types of malaria, including:

1. Plasmodium falciparum: This is the most severe form of malaria, and it can be fatal if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
2. Plasmodium vivax: This type of malaria is less severe than P. falciparum, but it can still cause serious complications if left untreated. It is found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
3. Plasmodium ovale: This type of malaria is similar to P. vivax, but it can cause more severe symptoms in some people. It is found primarily in West Africa.
4. Plasmodium malariae: This type of malaria is less common than the other three types, and it tends to cause milder symptoms. It is found primarily in parts of Africa and Asia.

The symptoms of malaria can vary depending on the type of parasite that is causing the infection, but they typically include:

1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Headache
4. Muscle and joint pain
5. Fatigue
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Diarrhea
8. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

If malaria is not treated promptly, it can lead to more severe complications, such as:

1. Seizures
2. Coma
3. Respiratory failure
4. Kidney failure
5. Liver failure
6. Anemia (low red blood cell count)

Malaria is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood smears or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Treatment for malaria typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine or artemisinin-based combination therapies. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications and provide supportive care.

Prevention is an important aspect of managing malaria, and this can include:

1. Using insecticide-treated bed nets
2. Wearing protective clothing and applying insect repellent when outdoors
3. Eliminating standing water around homes and communities to reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites
4. Using indoor residual spraying (IRS) or insecticide-treated wall lining to kill mosquitoes
5. Implementing malaria control measures in areas where malaria is common, such as distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)
6. Improving access to healthcare services, particularly in rural and remote areas
7. Providing education and awareness about malaria prevention and control
8. Encouraging the use of preventive medications, such as intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for pregnant women and children under the age of five.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical in preventing the progression of malaria and reducing the risk of complications and death. In areas where malaria is common, it is essential to have access to reliable diagnostic tools and effective antimalarial drugs.

The symptoms of organophosphate poisoning can vary depending on the severity of exposure and individual sensitivity, but may include:

1. Respiratory problems: Difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
2. Nervous system effects: Headache, dizziness, confusion, tremors, and muscle weakness
3. Eye irritation: Redness, itching, tearing, and blurred vision
4. Skin irritation: Redness, itching, and burns
5. Gastrointestinal effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
6. Cardiovascular effects: Rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmias
7. Neurological effects: Seizures, coma, and memory loss

Organophosphate poisoning can be caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of pesticides, or absorption through the skin. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluids and oxygen, as well as medications to counteract the effects of organophosphates on the nervous system. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the patient.

Prevention is key in avoiding organophosphate poisoning, which can be achieved by using protective clothing and equipment when handling pesticides, keeping products away from food and children, and following the recommended dosage and application instructions carefully. Regular testing of soil and water for organophosphate residues can also help prevent exposure.

In conclusion, organophosphate poisoning is a serious health hazard that can result from exposure to pesticides and insecticides. Prompt recognition of symptoms and proper treatment are essential in preventing long-term health effects and reducing the risk of fatalities. Prevention through safe handling practices and regular testing of soil and water for organophosphate residues can also help minimize the risks associated with these chemicals.

1. Pesticide poisoning: Agricultural workers who handle or apply pesticides may be at risk for poisoning, which can cause a range of symptoms including headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Prolonged exposure to pesticides has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
2. Lung disease: Agricultural workers who work with dusty crops or in confined spaces may be at risk for lung diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
3. Heat stress: Agricultural workers who work outdoors during hot weather may be at risk for heat stress, which can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and fatigue. In severe cases, heat stress can be fatal.
4. Noise-induced hearing loss: Agricultural workers who are exposed to loud noises, such as tractors or other machinery, may be at risk for noise-induced hearing loss.
5. Musculoskeletal disorders: Agricultural workers may be at risk for musculoskeletal disorders such as back pain, joint pain, and repetitive strain injuries due to the physical demands of their work.
6. Skin diseases: Agricultural workers who handle animals or are exposed to chemicals may be at risk for skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis or fungal infections.
7. Eye diseases: Agricultural workers who work with pesticides or other chemicals may be at risk for eye diseases such as conjunctivitis or cataracts.
8. Respiratory diseases: Agricultural workers who handle grain or other dusty materials may be at risk for respiratory diseases such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis or farmer's lung.
9. Infectious diseases: Agricultural workers may be at risk for infectious diseases such as Q fever, which is caused by a bacteria that can be found in the intestines of some animals.
10. Mental health disorders: The stress and isolation of agricultural work may contribute to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, or substance abuse.

It's important for agricultural workers to take precautions to protect their health and safety on the job, such as wearing personal protective equipment, following proper handling and application procedures for chemicals, and taking regular breaks to rest and stretch. Additionally, employers should provide a safe work environment and training on safe work practices to help prevent injuries and illnesses.

There are several types of poisoning, including:

1. Acute poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a large amount of a poisonous substance over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of a poisonous substance over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Occupational poisoning: This occurs when a worker is exposed to a poisonous substance in the course of their work. Examples include exposure to pesticides, lead, and mercury.
4. Environmental poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a poisonous substance in their environment, such as through contaminated water or soil.
5. Food poisoning: This occurs when a person eats food that has been contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as bacteria or viruses. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.

Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison and the severity of the exposure. Some common treatments include activated charcoal to absorb the poison, medications to counteract the effects of the poison, and supportive care such as fluids and oxygen. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding poisoning. This includes proper storage and disposal of household chemicals, using protective gear when working with hazardous substances, and avoiding exposure to known poisons such as certain plants and animals. Education and awareness are also important in preventing poisoning, such as understanding the symptoms of poisoning and seeking medical attention immediately if suspected.

Ectoparasitic Infestations can be caused by various factors such as poor hygiene, close contact with infected individuals, or exposure to areas where the parasites are present. They can be diagnosed through physical examination and medical tests, such as blood tests or skin scrapings.

Treatment for Ectoparasitic Infestations depends on the type of parasite and the severity of the infestation. Common treatments include insecticides, medicated shampoos, and topical creams or lotions. In some cases, oral medications may be prescribed to treat more severe infestations.

Prevention is key in avoiding Ectoparasitic Infestations. This includes practicing good hygiene, using protective clothing and gear when outdoors, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have known infestations. Regularly inspecting and cleaning living spaces can also help prevent the spread of these parasites.

In conclusion, Ectoparasitic Infestations are a common health issue that can cause a range of health problems. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the type of parasite and the severity of the infestation, while prevention involves practicing good hygiene and taking precautions to avoid close contact with individuals who have known infestations.

Insects such as mosquitoes, wasps, bees, and hornets are common culprits of bites and stings that cause minor to severe reactions in humans. These reactions may cause pain, redness, swelling, itching, and burning sensations at the site of the bite or sting.

Most insect bites and stings can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, hydrocortisone creams, or calamine lotion. Severe allergic reactions may require medical attention and epinephrine injections to prevent anaphylaxis.

1. Malaria: Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria, are members of the Euglenozoa class. These parasites are transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito and can cause fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms in humans.
2. Babesiosis: Babesia spp., which are also members of the Euglenozoa class, are parasites that can infect red blood cells in humans and animals, causing a disease known as babesiosis.
3. Eugleniasis: This is a rare condition caused by the parasite Euglena spp., which can infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals.
4. Crichtonsillosis: This is a condition caused by the parasite Crithidia spp., which can infect the respiratory tract of animals, particularly cattle and sheep.
5. Leucomyiasis: This is a rare condition caused by the parasite Leucomya spp., which can infect the liver and spleen of humans and animals.

These infections are typically treated with antiparasitic drugs, and the specific treatment depends on the species of Euglenozoa involved and the severity of the infection.

The symptoms of Chagas disease can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the location of the parasites in the body. In the acute phase, which typically lasts for weeks to months after infection, symptoms may include fever, fatigue, headache, joint pain, and swelling of the eyelids and neck. In some cases, the infection can spread to the heart and digestive system, leading to life-threatening complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and intestinal obstruction.

If left untreated, Chagas disease can enter a chronic phase, which can last for years or even decades. During this phase, symptoms may be less severe but can still include fatigue, joint pain, and cardiac problems. In some cases, the infection can reactivate during pregnancy or after exposure to stress, leading to relapses of acute symptoms.

Chagas disease is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic drugs, which can be effective in reducing the severity of symptoms and preventing complications. However, the disease can be difficult to diagnose and treat, particularly in remote areas where medical resources are limited.

Prevention is an important aspect of managing Chagas disease. This includes controlling the population of triatomine bugs through measures such as insecticide spraying and sealing homes, as well as educating people about the risks of the disease and how to avoid infection. In addition, blood banks in areas where Chagas disease is common screen donated blood for the parasite to prevent transmission through blood transfusions.

Overall, Chagas disease is a significant public health problem in Latin America and can have severe consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and improve outcomes for those infected with this disease.

Some common types of scalp dermatoses include:

1. Dandruff: A chronic condition characterized by flaky, white scales on the scalp.
2. Psoriasis: An autoimmune disorder that causes red, itchy patches on the scalp.
3. Eczema: A chronic skin condition characterized by dryness, itching, and inflammation.
4. Contact dermatitis: A skin reaction caused by exposure to an allergen or irritant, leading to redness, itching, and blisters.
5. Seborrheic dermatitis: A condition characterized by a yellowish, oily discharge on the scalp.
6. Pityriasis simplex: A condition characterized by small, scaling patches on the scalp.
7. Tinea capitis: A fungal infection of the scalp that can cause itching, redness, and scaling.
8. Cradle cap (infantile seborrheic dermatitis): A condition that affects newborn babies, causing yellowish, oily scales on the scalp.

Scalp dermatoses can be diagnosed through a physical examination of the scalp and may require further testing such as blood work or skin scrapings to rule out other conditions. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and can include medicated shampoos, topical creams or ointments, antifungal medications, and lifestyle changes such as reducing stress and using gentle hair care products.

In summary, scalp dermatoses are conditions that affect the skin on the scalp, and can cause a range of symptoms such as itching, redness, scaling, and inflammation. Common types of scalp dermatoses include dandruff, psoriasis, eczema, contact dermatitis, pityriasis simplex, tinea capitis, and cradle cap. Diagnosis is through physical examination and may require further testing, while treatment options vary depending on the specific condition.

... are a class of chemically-related broad-spectrum insecticides. The chemical structures of these ... Phenylpyrazole insecticides were developed in response to increasing pesticide resistance to other chemicals. Now, along with ... Phenylpyrazole insecticides function by blocking glutamate-activated chloride channels in insects. Mammals do not have this ... Media related to phenylpyrazole insecticides at Wikimedia Commons (Commons category link is on Wikidata, Pyrazoles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpyrazole_insecticides

"Hindustan Insecticides enters fertiliser business". "Hindustan Insecticides plant ordered to shut". Business Line. Retrieved 24 ... Hindustan Insecticides Limited (HIL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of ... Venu Gopal, P N (4 July 2015). "Hindustan Insecticides to resume work amidst pollution charges". Down to Earth. Retrieved 15 ... Since then its product range has expanded to include Insecticides, Herbicides, Weedecides, and Fungicides. HIL is the world's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Insecticides

Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to be a major factor behind ... Insecticides can be classified into two major groups: systemic insecticides, which have residual or long term activity; and ... Contact insecticides are toxic to insects upon direct contact. These can be inorganic insecticides, which are metals and ... Insecticides represent a major area of emphasis. Many of the major insecticides are inspired by biological analogues. Many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide

Anvil is an insecticide widely employed to combat West Nile fever, a mosquito-borne disease identified in approximately 10,000 ... All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Insecticide brands). ... "Estrogenic and antiprogestagenic activities of pyrethroid insecticides". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 251 (3): 855-9. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvil_(insecticide)

Vigilante is an insecticide used with both dairy and beef cattle to reduce the number of flies in an agricultural area. It is ... Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. Entomological Society of America. 1990. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante_(insecticide)

Raid is the brand name of a line of insecticide products produced by S. C. Johnson & Son, first launched in 1956. The initial ... Raid's main competitors in the insecticide market are Black Flag, Hot Shot, Mortein and Baygon (also sister brand). Insect ... Johnson brand of insecticides. In recent years, reports of the use of heavy duty bug sprays as an illicit drug have gained ... Insecticide brands, Reckitt brands, S. C. Johnson & Son brands, Products introduced in 1956, American brands). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(insecticide)

Insecticide is a chemical used to control insects Look up insecticide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Insecticide may refer ... a 2005 horror movie This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Insecticide. If an internal link led you ... to: Insecticide (video game), a 2008 story-driven action-adventure game by Crackpot Entertainment and published by Gamecock ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide_(disambiguation)

EPN is an insecticide of the phosphonothioate class. It is used against pests such as European corn borer, rice stem borer, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPN_(insecticide)

Black Flag is the oldest insecticide brand in the United States. Established in 1883, Black Flag makes a variety of products ... Insecticide brands, All stub articles, Brand name products stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(insecticide)

"Insecticide - Parts 1&2 Combined". YouTube. Retrieved 8 January 2016. Fletcher, JC. "DS Fanboy interview: Insecticide's Larry ... "Insecticide Release Information for DS". GameFAQs.com. 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2015-05-29. "Insecticide: Episode 1 Release ... Insecticide is a story-driven action-adventure game by Crackpot Entertainment and published by Gamecock Media Group for the ... Both Ahern and Levine currently own the rights to Insecticide. Prior to the game's troubled release, Crackpot stated that they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide_(video_game)

Insecticide Resistance Management from IRAC on YouTube (Biotechnology advocacy, Insecticides, Organizations established in 1984 ... The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 and works as a specialist technical group of the industry ... "Interactive MoA Classification". Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2021-04-01. Sparks, Thomas C.; ... IRAC strives to facilitate communication and education on insecticide and traits resistance as well as to promote the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide_Resistance_Action_Committee

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. ... The Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 set standards for chemical quality and provided consumers protection but did not address ... Synthetic organic insecticide usage increased from 100 million pounds in 1945 to over 300 million pounds by 1950. ... Table 2. Major U.S. Code Sections of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (codified generally as 7 U.S.C. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act

Insecticides. A spot-on insecticide kills the fleas on the pet. A fogger or spray insecticide containing an insect growth ... Flea adults, larvae, or eggs can be controlled with insecticides. Lufenuron is a veterinary preparation (known as Program) that ... A comparison of 3 insecticides (selamectin, fipronil, imidacloprid) showed that selamectin reduced larval cat fleas ≥93.5% ... earth can also be used as a home flea treatment in lieu of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory treatments or insecticides which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea_treatments

This is also the mode of action of the related insecticides, all of which can produce the dithiol corresponding to cleavage of ... 1998). "Insecticides". Chemistry and Mode of Action of Crop Protection Agents. pp. 46-73. doi:10.1039/9781847550422-00046. ISBN ... Researchers at Takeda in Japan investigated it as a possible insecticide. They subsequently developed a number of derivatives ... Casida, John E.; Durkin, Kathleen A. (2013). "Neuroactive Insecticides: Targets, Selectivity, Resistance, and Secondary Effects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereistoxin

As an insecticide, it can be sprayed onto clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them. Side effects include ... Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide. As a medication, it is used to treat scabies and lice. It is applied to the skin ... Permethrin is a chemical categorized in the pyrethroid insecticide group. The chemicals in the pyrethroid family are created to ... Permethrin is the most commonly used insecticide worldwide for the protection of wool from keratinophagous insects such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrin

It is marketed under the names Indoxacarb Technical Insecticide, Steward Insecticide and Avaunt Insecticide. It is also used as ... "Indoxacarb Insecticide Wipes Out Entire Cockroach Generations". June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. ... DuPont Steward insecticide - FAQs. Updated 20 January 2007. Retrieved 2012-11-11 Indoxacarb in the Pesticide Properties ... Indoxacarb is the active ingredient in a number of household insecticides, including cockroach and ant baits, and can remain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoxacarb

Sieburth, Scott McNeill; Manly, Charles J.; Gammon, Derek W. (1990). "Organosilane insecticides. Part I: biological and ... Silafluofen is a fluorinated organosilicon pyrethroid insecticide. Silafluofen is used agriculturally against soil-borne ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silafluofen

As an insecticide, it was introduced in 1898 used against the gypsy moth in Massachusetts. It represented a less soluble and ... Lead arsenate was used as an insecticide in deciduous fruit trees from 1892 until around 1947 in Washington. Peryea et al. ... Historical use of lead arsenate insecticides, resulting in soil contamination and implications for soil remediation. ... Metcalf Deceased, Robert L.; Horowitz, Abraham Rami (2014). "Insect Control, 2. Individual Insecticides". Ullmann's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_hydrogen_arsenate

... poisoning from insecticides; and disease. In the late 2000s, Christmas Island researchers tried to capture forest skinks for a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island_forest_skink

Arsenite of lime and arsenate of lead were used widely as insecticides until the discovery of DDT in 1942. The toxicity of ... For example, lead hydrogen arsenate was a common insecticide on fruit trees, but contact with the compound sometimes resulted ... These three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. The protonation steps between the arsenate and arsenic ... doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00180-6. Marlatt, C. L. (1897). Important Insecticides: Directions for Their Preparation and Use. U.S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic

The schemes follows from the Insecticides Act of 1968 and the Insecticides Rules of 1971. The labeling follows a general scheme ... Chemicals safe, says Rubber Board'. Central Insecticides Board. Insecticides Rules, 1971. (Articles with short description, ... as laid down in the Insecticides Rules, 1971, and contains information such as brand name, name of manufacturer, name of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity_label

Central Insecticides Board & Registration Committee. 'List of Insecticides'. Quinalphos in the Pesticide Properties DataBase ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinalphos

Feeds on insecticides. Female and male versions are practically identical. It was destroyed by Great's Great Slicer and he used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultraman:_Towards_the_Future_characters

Insecticides, PUF, 1959. Wood-boring insects and their part in deadwood degradation in Forest ecology, Gauthier-Villars, 1974. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Dajoz

Seo J, Lee YG, Kim SD, Cha CJ, Ahn JH, Hur HG (April 2005). "Biodegradation of the insecticide N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide by fungi ... When DEET is used in combination with insecticides for cockroaches it can strengthen the toxicity of carbamate, an ... insecticides, and bed nets". Journal of Vector Ecology. 34 (1): 50-61. doi:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2009.00007.x. PMID 20836805.[ ... Insecticides and Solvents. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/10628. ISBN 978-0-309-11389-2. Kitchen LW, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEET

Subgroup P03 is part of the anatomical group P Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents. National issues of the ATC ... ATC code P03 Ectoparasiticides, including scabicides, insecticides and repellents is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_P03

... is an insecticide spray used for controlling a wide range of insect pests in the garden. The spray works by blocking ... "WHITE OIL INSECTICIDE 20-Litre (Petroleum Oil)". Specialist Sales Pty Limited. Retrieved 3 May 2020. "Hortico White Oil". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_oil

... organophosphate insecticides (T60.0†); sarin and other nerve gases; tetraethyllead (T56.0†); aniline (T65.3†); acetone and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis

... than other insecticides. The availability of imidacloprid and its favorable toxicity package as compared to other insecticides ... Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide, belonging to the class of chloronicotinyl neonicotinoid insecticides. It works by ... From 1999 through at least 2018[update], imidacloprid was the most widely used insecticide in the world. Although it is now off ... Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid

"AIRCRAFT DISINFECTION INSECTICIDES" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 February 2016. Hardiman, M; Wilder-Smith, A ... Aircraft disinsection is the use of insecticide on international flights and in other closed spaces for insect and disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_disinsection

Organophosphorus Insecticides: Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites. Organophosphorus insecticides are chemicals used to kill many ... Insecticides/Pesticides. Chlordane and Heptachlor. Chlordane and heptachlor are pesticides that were used in agriculture in the ... Certain organophosphorus insecticides (e.g., malathion, naled) are also used for mosquito control in the United States. ... These chemicals account for a large share of all insecticides used in the United States, including those used on food crops. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/insecticides_pesticides.html

Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in this substance or it is absorbed through the skin. ... Insecticide is a chemical that kills bugs. Insecticide poisoning occurs when someone swallows or breathes in this substance or ... Stronger insecticides, which a farm or commercial greenhouse might use or someone might store in their garage, contain many ... Cannon RD, Ruha A-M. Insecticides, herbicides, and rodenticides. In: Adams JG, ed. Emergency Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002832.htm

St. Joseph Communications uses cookies for personalization, to customize its online advertisements, and for other purposes. Learn more or change your cookie preferences. By continuing to use our service, you agree to our use of cookies ...

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Science News was founded in 1921 as an independent, nonprofit source of accurate information on the latest news of science, medicine and technology. Today, our mission remains the same: to empower people to evaluate the news and the world around them. It is published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education (EIN 53-0196483).. ...

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Acute neurotoxic effects during the cholinergic phase of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning and delayed neurotoxic effects ... Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides. An intermediate syndrome N Engl J Med. 1987 Mar 26;316(13):761-3. doi: ... Acute neurotoxic effects during the cholinergic phase of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning and delayed neurotoxic effects ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3029588/?dopt=Abstract

People with higher exposures to common insecticides called pyrethroids had an increased risk of death in the years following ... Exposure to common insecticides associated with risk of death. At a Glance. *People with higher exposures to common ... Pyrethroid pesticides are the second-most commonly used class of insecticides in the world. In addition to use in agriculture, ... References: Association Between Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the ...

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/exposure-common-insecticides-associated-risk-death

... have accounted for a large share of all insecticides used in the United States. Although organophosphorus insecticides are ... Organophosphate Insecticides - Diakyl Phosphate Metabolites - Urine (OPD_E) Data File: OPD_E.xpt First Published: May 2012. ... Dialkyl phosphates may also occur in the environment as a result of degradation of organophosphorus insecticides, and therefore ... Organophosphorus insecticides, which are active against a broad spectrum of insects, ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2007-2008/OPD_E.htm

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/112864/browse?authority=Insecticides&type=mesh

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... insecticide resistance mosquitoes - Raising our voices to improve health around the world. ... William (Bill) Brogdon, insecticide resistance mosquitoes, mosquito, mosquito-borne disease, PMI. Tags Centers for Disease ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/global/category/insecticide-resistance-mosquitoes/

... ... 1951)‎. Committee on Programme: supply of insecticides: draft resolution submitted by the delegations of Brazil, India and Iran ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/101819

Insecticides Modified in GM Corn Polluting U.S. Waters. Posted by truther on August 7, 2012, filed in: Featured, Global Crises ... According to researchers, the insecticides modified into the corn are being detected in streams up to 500 meters away from corn ... This spring we reported on a study linking Bt insecticide to the death of human kidney cells. ...

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Dezone™ is a natural and reliable insecticide for crop protection and is a powerful complimentary active ingredient to any ... Argical™ Pro is a clay with strictly preventive insecticide action against crop pests. It is commonly used in fruit ... Dezone features Alternate, physical mode of action (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee GROUP UNM) Comparable efficacy to ... Our minerals for mechanical insecticide solutions We offer a selection of mechanical insecticide products made from ...

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The objective of this study is to examine the effects of exposure to prevalent insecticides on neurobehavioral outcomes in a ... This study offers a unique opportunity to examine the early effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to insecticides on ... We propose the following aims: AIM 1 To characterize the association of prenatal exposure to prevalent insecticides, as ... We will carefully examine the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to prevalent insecticides using multiple biological ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/cohorts/index.cfm/main/detail/search/true/ids/p4881

Insecticide dose-mortality probit curves of two laboratory B. tabaci strains (Lab-Q and Lab-B) to seven insecticides. (A) B/Q ... Insecticide dose-mortality probit curves of the four field B. tabaci adults to two selected insecticides (avermectin and ... Insecticide dose-mortality probit curves of the four field B. tabaci eggs to three selected insecticides (cyantraniliprole, ... Insecticide dose-mortality probit curves of the four field B. tabaci larvae to five selected insecticides (cyantraniliprole, ...

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-insect-science/volume-14/issue-261/ieu123/Sensitivity-of-Bemisia-tabaci-Hemiptera--Aleyrodidae-to-Several-New/10.1093/jisesa/ieu123.full

The growing threat of insecticide resistance has the potential to undermine the progress against malaria, effective IRM and IVM ... The growing threat of insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors of malaria has the potential to undermine the significant ... Given the limited range of insecticide classes available for malaria vector control the urgency to complement the current ... Read the full ZERO by 40 Insecticide Resistance Statement on ZEROby40.com , ...

https://www.ivcc.com/zeroby40andir/

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... complicated by vector resistance to insecticides. Driven by the continued fallout of pandemic-related programme disruptions, ... Only a few insecticides continue to work well, with almost all conventional insecticides no longer effective against local ... "We are continuously testing the efficacy of insecticides and we use the most appropriate insecticide in the most appropriate ... "This varies in geographical areas, so we have to be alert to the fact that because an insecticide works in one district, it may ...

https://www.afro.who.int/countries/ethiopia/news/malaria-deaths-fall-vector-resistance-insecticides-worrying-trend

The Impact of Antimalarials and Insecticide Resistance on Malaria Transmission in Uganda Related Resources. *Search and filter ... Home , Search Current & Recent Grants , The Impact of Antimalarials and Insecticide Resistance on Malaria Transmission in ... The Impact of Antimalarials and Insecticide Resistance on Malaria Transmission in Uganda ...

https://www.fic.nih.gov/Grants/Search/Pages/irsda-k01tw010868.aspx

Susceptibility of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Central Region of Chile Year. ( ...

https://irac-online.org/reference/susceptibility-frankliniella-occidentalis-thysanoptera-thripidae-insecticides-central-region-chile/

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... used the genetic editing tool to replace an insecticide-resistant gene in fruit flies with the normal insecticide-susceptible ... which is a target for a widely used class of insecticides. Resistance to these insecticides, often called the knockdown ... insecticide resistant) and replacing it with the preferred variant (e.g., insecticide susceptible). ... Insecticides play a central role in efforts to counter global impacts of mosquito-spread malaria and other diseases, which ...

https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2022/020519/genetic-strategy-reverses-insecticide-resistance

Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Insecticide Tolerance-Related Genes after Exposure to Insecticide in Sitobion ... AnimalsAphidsChlorpyrifosGene Expression ProfilingGenes, InsectInsecticide ResistanceInsecticidesNeonicotinoidsNitro Compounds ... TY - JOUR T1 - Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Insecticide Tolerance-Related Genes after Exposure to Insecticide ... Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Insecticide Tolerance-Related Genes after Exposure to Insecticide in Sitobion ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/31757092/Transcriptome_Analysis_and_Identification_of_Insecticide_Tolerance_Related_Genes_after_Exposure_to_Insecticide_in_Sitobion_avenae_

We investigated the relationship between cancer incidence and OC insecticide use among pesticide applicators enrolled in t … ... insecticides have been regulated as possible human carcinogens primarily on the basis of animal studies. However, the ... Occupational exposure to organochlorine insecticides and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study Mark P Purdue 1 , ... Occupational exposure to organochlorine insecticides and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study Mark P Purdue et al. ...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17096337

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Abstract Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides . (bvsalud.org)
The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan . (bvsalud.org)

These metabolites are not considered toxic, but indicate an exposure to organophosphate insecticides. (cdc.gov)
This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of some organophosphate insecticides and herbicides, including diazinon, glyphosate, malathion, parathion, and tetrachlorvinphos. (who.int)
Malathion is one of the oldest and most widely used organophosphate insecticides, and has a broad spectrum of applications in agriculture and public health, notably mosquito control. (who.int)
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is pleased to announce that the IARC Monographs volume on Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides is now available online. (who.int)

Several companies have developed long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) that maintain effective levels of insecticide for at least 3 years, even after repeated washing. (cdc.gov)
In Africa, where long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying are major weapons in the fight against malaria, many species of mosquitoes across the continent have developed insecticide resistance that reduces the efficacy of these key interventions. (ucsb.edu)

Once they enter the body, about 75% of the organophosphorus insecticides in use in the U.S. are converted to breakdown products called dialkyl phosphate metabolites. (cdc.gov)
Each of the six urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolites can be produced from the metabolism of more than one organophosphorus insecticide or may be present following ingestion of the specific DAP metabolite. (cdc.gov)
Therefore, the presence of one or more dialkyl phosphate metabolites without additional information cannot be linked to exposure to a specific organophosphorus insecticide. (cdc.gov)

Bier also notes that adaptions conferring insecticide resistance come with an evolutionary cost, making those insects less fit in a Darwinian sense. (ucsb.edu)

Acute neurotoxic effects during the cholinergic phase of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning and delayed neurotoxic effects appearing two to three weeks later are well recognized. (nih.gov)

People with higher exposures to common insecticides called pyrethroids had an increased risk of death in the years following the measurements. (nih.gov)
Only two insecticides classes are approved for use on ITNs (pyrroles and pyrethroids). (cdc.gov)

Pyrethroid pesticides are the second-most commonly used class of insecticides in the world. (nih.gov)
They focused on an insect protein known as the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) which is a target for a widely used class of insecticides. (ucsb.edu)

Ethiopia's malaria response, already disrupted by the impacts of COVID-19, is grappling with the multi-faceted challenges of an ongoing uptick in new cases, complicated by vector resistance to insecticides. (who.int)
Compounded by the emergence of vector resistance to insecticides, the statistics are a disappointment for the country, says Dr. Bekele Worku, WHO's national project officer (National Professional Officer-NPO) in Ethiopia. (who.int)
ABSTRACT Vector resistance to insecticides is becoming a major obstacle to malaria prevention measures. (who.int)

Exposure can also occur from hand-to-mouth contact with surfaces contaminated with the insecticides. (cdc.gov)
Farm workers, gardeners, florists, pesticide applicators, and manufacturers of these insecticides may have greater exposure than the general population. (cdc.gov)
A sudden exposure to large amounts of organophosphorus insecticides may lead to health problems such as nausea, vomiting, irregular or slow heartbeat, difficulty breathing or tightness in the chest, salivation, weakness, paralysis, and seizures. (cdc.gov)
Association Between Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the General US Adult Population. (nih.gov)
Dialkyl phosphates may also occur in the environment as a result of degradation of organophosphorus insecticides, and therefore, the presence in a person's urine may reflect exposure to the metabolite itself. (cdc.gov)
The objective of this study is to examine the effects of exposure to prevalent insecticides on neurobehavioral outcomes in a cohort of 399 children. (nih.gov)
Biological samples will be used to assess exposure to insecticides prenatally (maternal urine, infant meconium) and postnatally (child urine). (nih.gov)
Lifetime exposure-days to OC insecticides were calculated using additional data from a take-home questionnaire completed by 25,291 participants (44% of total). (nih.gov)
Michael J. Hiatt, Jessica Hua Dr., Vanessa Wuerthner, and Jason Hoverman Dr., "Interaction between Insecticide Exposure and Trematode Infection across Four Wood Frog Populations" (August 7, 2014). (purdue.edu)

Organophosphorus insecticides are chemicals used to kill many types of insects. (cdc.gov)
Organophosphorus insecticides, which are active against a broad spectrum of insects, have accounted for a large share of all insecticides used in the United States. (cdc.gov)
The insecticides that are used for treating bed nets kill mosquitoes, as well as other insects. (cdc.gov)
These insecticides have been shown to pose very low health risks to humans and other mammals, but are toxic to insects and kill them. (cdc.gov)
But in recent decades many insects have genetically adapted to become less sensitive to the potency of insecticides. (ucsb.edu)
In the new study, the researchers used this "allelic drive" strategy to restore genetic susceptibility to insecticides, similar to insects in the wild prior to their having developed resistance. (ucsb.edu)
Treating fields with insecticides leads to the emergence of resistant pests and reduces the diversity of beneficial insects. (ucsb.edu)
Household insecticides are the chemicals used to control the growth of mosquitoes and other crawling & flying insects to prevent the spread of vector-borne diseases. (strategymrc.com)
The convenience of using sprays and their ability to provide instant relief from insects are some of the factors responsible for the growth of the household insecticide market in this segment. (strategymrc.com)

We investigated the relationship between cancer incidence and OC insecticide use among pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort study of 57,311 licensed applicators in Iowa and North Carolina enrolled between 1993 and 1997. (nih.gov)

Allelic-drives can help restore insecticide susceptibility and balance natural levels of insect populations. (ucsb.edu)
A baseline survey was carried out in Khartoum city, Sudan, during September-November 2007, to map the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles arabiensis and to examine the correlation with insecticide usage in urban agriculture. (who.int)

Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a form of personal protection that has been shown to reduce malaria illness, severe disease, and death due to malaria in endemic regions. (cdc.gov)
However, bed nets treated with an insecticide are much more protective than untreated nets. (cdc.gov)
Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a major intervention for malaria control. (cdc.gov)
Nets were retreated by simply dipping them in a mixture of water and insecticide and allowing them to dry in a shady place. (cdc.gov)
To help manage resistance, some net products incorporate piperonyl butoxide (PBO) along with a pyrethroid insecticide, but there is not yet evidence that this significantly improves ITN effectiveness in areas with high levels of pyrethroid resistance, and WHO currently does not consider nets that incorporate PBO to be tools for managing pyrethroid resistance. (cdc.gov)
Free distribution of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) for households in malarious areas is currently underway in Ethiopia to prevent malaria. (who.int)
Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) have become an coverage, assuming one ITN per household) were freely important tool in the prevention of malaria (7). (who.int)

The insecticides also repel mosquitoes, reducing the number that enter the house and attempt to feed on people inside. (cdc.gov)

Only a few insecticides continue to work well, with almost all conventional insecticides no longer effective against local vectors. (who.int)
The growing threat of insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors of malaria has the potential to undermine the significant gains that have been made in the fight against the disease since the turn of the century. (ivcc.com)

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Southern Agricultural Insecticides, Inc. is a distributor of pesticides, fertilizers, potting soils, and horticultural supplies with locations in Florida and North Carolina. (southernag.com)

Certain organophosphorus insecticides (e.g., malathion, naled) are also used for mosquito control in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. (bvsalud.org)

This method involves the application of insecticides and repellents on locally-made clothing for protection against mosquito bites. (who.int)

Given the limited range of insecticide classes available for malaria vector control the urgency to complement the current products with different classes of chemistry, as well as novel interventions, is well-recognised. (ivcc.com)

Less common exposures include breathing in the insecticides or absorbing them through the skin. (cdc.gov)

We are continuously testing the efficacy of insecticides and we use the most appropriate insecticide in the most appropriate place, based on that efficacy," he explains. (who.int)

Although organophosphorus insecticides are still used for insect control on many food crops, most residential uses have been phased out in the United States as a result of implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. (cdc.gov)
We offer mechanical insecticides made from diatomaceous earth or clay that kill insect pests and mites, improving crop yield and keeping fruit and vegetables pest-free. (imerys.com)
We offer a selection of mechanical insecticide products made from diatomaceous earth or clay designed to provide a physical mode of action against insect pests and mites in crop production. (imerys.com)
The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees. (bvsalud.org)

Control of B. tabaci (and especially of Q) has been impaired by resistance to commonly used insecticides. (bioone.org)

To find new insecticides for B. tabaci management in China, we investigated the sensitivity of eggs, larvae, and adults of laboratory strains of B and Q (named Lab-B and Lab-Q) and field strains of Q to several insecticides. (bioone.org)
The eggs, larvae, and adults of B. tabaci Q were generally more resistant than those of B. tabaci B to the tested insecticides. (bioone.org)

Resistance to these insecticides, often called the knockdown resistance, or " kdr, " results from mutations in the vgsc gene that no longer permit the insecticide to bind to its VGSC protein target. (ucsb.edu)
Mortality rates and knockdown times were calculated for 8 insecticides on a total of 9820 specimens. (who.int)

India and China are among the two major consumers in the Asia Pacific region for household insecticides, due to the presence of a large and continuously growing population and higher per capita income level. (strategymrc.com)
Some of the key players in global Household Insecticides market are Dabur India Limited, BASF SE, HPM Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., S. C. Johnson & Son, Amplecta AB, Earth Chemicals co. (strategymrc.com)

The insecticide parathion has been largely banned or restricted throughout the world due to toxicity to wildlife and humans. (who.int)

These chemicals account for a large share of all insecticides used in the United States, including those used on food crops. (cdc.gov)
People are exposed to organophosphorus insecticides by eating foods treated with these chemicals. (cdc.gov)
Various insecticides contain these chemicals. (medlineplus.gov)

Argical™ Pro is a clay with strictly preventive insecticide action against crop pests. (imerys.com)

Insecticides : action and metabolism / R. D. O'Brien. (who.int)

Meanwhile, in the eastern part of the country, they have discovered the new Anopheles stephensi vector, which is proving resistant to almost all conventional insecticides used for indoor residual spraying in Ethiopia. (who.int)
A team including UC Santa Barbara researchers Craig Montell and Menglin Li , UC San Diego researchers Bhagyashree Kaduskar, Raja Kushwah and Professor Ethan Bier of UCSD's Tata Institute for Genetics and Society (TIGS) used the genetic editing tool to replace an insecticide-resistant gene in fruit flies with the normal insecticide-susceptible form. (ucsb.edu)
The new gene-drive includes an add-on that Bier and his colleagues previously engineered to bias the inheritance of simple genetic variants (also known as alleles) by also, at the same time, cutting an undesired genetic variant (e.g., insecticide resistant) and replacing it with the preferred variant (e.g., insecticide susceptible). (ucsb.edu)
The authors replaced a resistant kdr mutation with its normal natural counterpart that is susceptible to insecticides. (ucsb.edu)
Starting with a population consisting of 83% kdr (resistant) alleles and 17% normal alleles (insecticide susceptible), the allelic drive system inverted that proportion to 13% resistant and 87% wild-type in 10 generations. (ucsb.edu)
The grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, which is the dominant species of aphid in all wheat regions of China, is resistant to a variety of insecticides, including imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos. (unboundmedicine.com)

Some of the key factors influencing the market growth include growing mosquito and bedbugs population, rising concerns about vector-borne diseases and rise in government initiatives prompting the use of household insecticides. (strategymrc.com)

Pony XP Equine Insecticide Spray 32 oz. (pet-dog-cat-supply-store.com)
This non-oily insecticide/repellent may be applied with a trigger spray applicator, or as a wipe. (pet-dog-cat-supply-store.com)
Buy Pony XP Equine Insecticide Spray 32 oz. and add $91.17 more to your cart to qualify for free shipping. (pet-dog-cat-supply-store.com)

According to researchers, the insecticides modified into the corn are being detected in streams up to 500 meters away from corn farms, and quite possibly further. (pakalertpress.com)

Purified extracts (1μl each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides . (bvsalud.org)

Temprid FX offers a unique dual-action approach, combining two residual insecticides with great results. (bedbugsupply.com)
The results presented herein will facilitate molecular research investigating insecticide resistance in S. avenae, as well as in other wheat aphids. (unboundmedicine.com)

Their achievement, described in Nature Communications , could significantly reduce the amount of insecticides used. (ucsb.edu)

In 1988, the bacteria was placed in a fermentation broth, producing a compound that has since been formed into an insecticide with the added plus of being a biological pest control organism. (fifthseasongardening.com)

This spring we reported on a study linking Bt insecticide to the death of human kidney cells. (pakalertpress.com)
Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. (bvsalud.org)

Organochlorine (OC) insecticides have been regulated as possible human carcinogens primarily on the basis of animal studies. (nih.gov)

Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides. (nih.gov)

Stronger insecticides, which a farm or commercial greenhouse might use or someone might store in their garage, contain many dangerous substances. (medlineplus.gov)

Dezone™ is a natural and reliable insecticide for crop protection and is a powerful complimentary active ingredient to any integrated pest management program. (imerys.com)
The class action lawsuit was filed against LaCroix's parent company alleging cockroach insecticide and other artificial ingredients are used in the drink, which is advertised as "all natural," KYW-TV reported . (fox17online.com)

This proof-of-principle adds a new method to pest- and vector-control toolboxes since it could be used in combination with other strategies to improve insecticide-based or parasite-reducing measures to drive down the spread of malaria. (ucsb.edu)
S. avenae adult transcriptome was assembled and characterized first, after which samples treated with insecticides for different lengths of time were compared with control samples, which revealed 602267 differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs). (unboundmedicine.com)

Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (bvsalud.org)

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an insecticide used in agriculture. (cdc.gov)

Organisms33

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs67

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes7

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Health Care12

Geographicals12

An overview of the evolution of overproduced esterases in the mosquito Culex pipiens. (1/3500)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (2/3500)

A toxicokinetic model to assess the risk of azinphosmethyl exposure in humans through measures of urinary elimination of alkylphosphates. (3/3500)

Involvement of two plasmids in the degradation of carbaryl by Arthrobacter sp. strain RC100. (4/3500)

Altered properties of neuronal sodium channels associated with genetic resistance to pyrethroids. (5/3500)

Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. (6/3500)

Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos. (7/3500)

Environmental contaminants and body fat distribution. (8/3500)

Insecticides

Pyrethrins

Insect Control

DDT

Mosquito Control

Malathion

Anopheles

Anopheles gambiae

Dieldrin

Insect Vectors

Chlorpyrifos

Fenitrothion

Houseflies

Nitro Compounds

Pesticide Synergists

Culex

Bedding and Linens

Propoxur

Malaria

Piperonyl Butoxide

Diazinon

Pesticide Residues

Nitriles

Carbamates

Organothiophosphorus Compounds

Pesticides

Fumigation

Azinphosmethyl

Insecticide-Treated Bednets

Culicidae

Organophosphorus Compounds

Chlordan

Carbaryl

Endosulfan

Fenthion

Pest Control

Lethal Dose 50

Methomyl

Disease Vectors

Triatoma

Lindane

Organophosphate Poisoning

Aedes

Bedbugs

Larva

Pest Control, Biological

Organophosphates

Biological Assay

Carbofuran

Benin

Insect Repellents

Dichlorvos

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Pralidoxime Compounds

Temefos

Phenylcarbamates

Cholinesterases

Parathion

Methyl Parathion

Insect Proteins

Paraoxon

Organothiophosphates

Agrochemicals

Dimethoate

Housing

Esterases

Carboxylesterase

Semicarbazones

Metabolic Detoxication, Drug

Aphids

Hemiptera

Insects

Equatorial Guinea

Cockroaches

Agriculture

Martinique

Allethrin

Heptachlor

Mosquito Nets

Aldrin