Inosine
A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inosine Monophosphate
Inosine Pranobex
Inosine Triphosphate
Hypoxanthines
Hypoxanthine
Adenosine
Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase
Inosine Diphosphate
Guanosine
Nucleosides
RNA Editing
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
Ribonucleosides
Purines
Purine Nucleotides
Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists
Receptor, Adenosine A3
Mycophenolic Acid
An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)
Formycins
Pyrophosphatases
Thioinosine
Pentosyltransferases
Receptors, Adenosine A2
5'-Nucleotidase
Adenosine Monophosphate
Xanthine
A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Guanosine Monophosphate
Tubercidin
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate
Nucleoside Transport Proteins
Utilization of exogenous purine compounds in Bacillus cereus. Translocation of the ribose moiety of inosine. (1/679)
Intact cells of Bacillus cereus catalyze the breakdown of exogenous AMP to hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate through the successive action of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and inosine phosphorylase. Inosine hydrolase was not detectable, even in crude extracts. Inosine phosphorylase causes a "translocation" of the ribose moiety (as ribose 1-phosphate) inside the cell, while hypoxanthine remains external. Even though the equilibrium of the phosphorolytic reaction favors nucleoside synthesis, exogenous inosine (as well as adenosine and AMP) is almost quantitatively transformed into external hypoxanthine, since ribose 1-phosphate is readily metabolized inside the cell. Most likely, the translocated ribose 1-phosphate enters the sugar phosphate shunt, via its prior conversion into ribose 5-phosphate, thus supplying the energy required for the subsequent uptake of hypoxanthine in B. cereus. (+info)A new synthesis of 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cyclo-adenosine and -inosine: conformationally-fixed purine nucleosides (nucleosides and nucleotides. XVI). (2/679)
A versatile method for the synthesis of 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine, a conformationally-fixed "anti" type of adenosine, was presented. Irradiation of 2', 3'-O-isopropylidene-5'-deoxy-5'-phenylthioadenosine with 60W Hg vapor lamp afforded 2',3'-O-isopropylidene-5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine in high yield. The use of other 5'-alkylthio derivatives also gave the cycloadenosine, though the yields were rather poor. Deacetonation of the cyclocompound with 0.1N HCl gave 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine. The cycloinosine derivative was similarly prepared. The nmr, mass and CD spectra of 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine were given and discussed with the previously reported results. (+info)Nucleoside-3'-phosphotriesters as key intermediates for the oligoribonucleotide synthesis. III. An improved preparation of nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters, their 1H NMR characterization and new conditions for removal of 2-cyanoethyl group. (3/679)
An improved procedure for the transformation of 5'-O-monomethoxytrityl-2'-O-acetyl-3'-phosphates of uridine la, inosine ib and 6-N-benzoyladenosine lc into corresponding 3'/2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-cyanoethyl/-phosphates iiaic is reported. H NMR characterization of nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters is presented. New conditions i.e. anhydrous triethylamine-pyridine treatment have been found for the selective removal of 2-cyanoethyl group from nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters in the presence of neighbouring 2'-O-acetyl one. (+info)DNA contacts stimulate catalysis by a poxvirus topoisomerase. (4/679)
Eukaryotic type 1B topoisomerases act by forming covalent enzyme-DNA intermediates that transiently nick DNA and thereby release DNA supercoils. Here we present a study of the topoisomerase encoded by the pathogenic poxvirus molluscum contagiosum. Our studies of DNA sites favored for catalysis reveal a larger recognition site than the 5'-(T/C)CCTT-3' sequence previously identified for poxvirus topoisomerases. Separate assays of initial DNA binding and covalent complex formation revealed that different DNA sequences were important for each reaction step. The location of the protein-DNA contacts was mapped by analyzing mutant sites and inosine-substituted DNAs. Some of the bases flanking the 5'-(T/C)CCTT-3' sequence were selectively important for covalent complex formation but not initial DNA binding. Interactions important for catalysis were probed with 5'-bridging phosphorothiolates at the site of strand cleavage, which permitted covalent complex formation but prevented subsequent religation. Kinetic studies revealed that the flanking sequences that promoted recovery of covalent complexes increased initial cleavage instead of inhibiting resealing of the nicked intermediate. These data 1) indicate that previously unidentified DNA contacts can accelerate a step between initial binding and covalent complex formation and 2) help specify models for conformational changes promoting catalysis. (+info)RNA editing of the human serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor silences constitutive activity. (5/679)
RNA transcripts encoding the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor (5-HT2CR) undergo adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing events at up to five specific sites. Compared with rat brain, human brain samples expressed higher levels of RNA transcripts encoding the amino acids valine-serine-valine (5-HT2C-VSV) and valine-glycine-valine (5-HT2C-VGV) at positions 156, 158, and 160, respectively. Agonist stimulation of the nonedited human receptor (5-HT2C-INI) and the edited 5-HT2C-VSV and 5-HT2C-VGV receptor variants stably expressed in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated that serotonergic agonists were less potent at the edited receptors. Competition binding experiments revealed a guanine nucleotide-sensitive serotonin high affinity state only for the 5-HT2C-INI receptor; the loss of high affinity agonist binding to the edited receptor demonstrates that RNA editing generates unique 5-HT2CRs that couple less efficiently to G proteins. This reduced G protein coupling for the edited isoforms is primarily due to silencing of the constitutive activity of the nonedited 5-HT2CR. The distinctions in agonist potency and constitutive activity suggest that different edited 5-HT2CRs exhibit distinct responses to serotonergic ligands and further imply that RNA editing represents a novel mechanism for controlling physiological signaling at serotonergic synapses. (+info)Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, adenine nucleotides and nicotinamide nucleotides during germination. (6/679)
A considerable amount of evidence suggests that metabolism of germinants or metabolism stimulated by them is involved in triggering bacterial-spore germination. On the assumption that such a metabolic trigger might lead to relatively small biochemical changes in the first few minutes of germination, sensitive analytical techniques were used to detect any changes in spore components during the L-alanine-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium KM spores. These experiments showed that no changes in spore free amino acids or ATP occurred until 2-3 min after L-alanine addition. Spores contained almost no oxo acids (pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate), malate or reduced NAD. These compounds were again not detectable until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is suggested, therefore, that metabolism associated with these intermediates is not involved in the triggering of germination of this organism. (+info)Long RNA hairpins that contain inosine are present in Caenorhabditis elegans poly(A)+ RNA. (7/679)
Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) are RNA-editing enzymes that convert adenosine to inosine within double-stranded RNA. In the 12 years since the discovery of ADARs only a few natural substrates have been identified. These substrates were found by chance, when genomically encoded adenosines were identified as guanosines in cDNAs. To advance our understanding of the biological roles of ADARs, we developed a method for systematically identifying ADAR substrates. In our first application of the method, we identified five additional substrates in Caenorhabditis elegans. Four of those substrates are mRNAs edited in untranslated regions, and one is a noncoding RNA edited throughout its length. The edited regions are predicted to form long hairpin structures, and one of the RNAs encodes POP-1, a protein involved in cell fate decisions. (+info)Editing of messenger RNA precursors and of tRNAs by adenosine to inosine conversion. (8/679)
The double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminases ADAR1 and ADAR2 convert adenosine (A) residues to inosine (I) in messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNA). Their main physiological substrates are pre-mRNAs encoding subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors or serotonin receptors in the brain. ADAR1 and ADAR2 have similar sequence features, including double-stranded RNA binding domains (dsRBDs) and a deaminase domain. The tRNA-specific adenosine deaminases Tad1p and Tad2p/Tad3p modify A 37 in tRNA-Ala1 of eukaryotes and the first nucleotide of the anticodon (A 34) of several bacterial and eukaryotic tRNAs, respectively. Tad1p is related to ADAR1 and ADAR2 throughout its sequence but lacks dsRBDs. Tad1p could be the ancestor of ADAR1 and ADAR2. The deaminase domains of ADAR1, ADAR2 and Tad1p are very similar and resemble the active site domains of cytosine/cytidine deaminases. (+info)
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Monophosphate dehydrogenaseNucleosideAdeninePranobexMetabolismIMPDHAdministration of inosinePremium InosineNaturals InosineMetabolite inosineTriphosphate pyrophosphataseHumansConversion of adenosine to inosineProteinMoleculeSupplementationLevels of uric acidEffects of AdenosineTreatment with inosineTolerability of inosineRiboseUridinePrecursorXanthosineNucleotideUricTriphosphatase deficiencyDeamination of adenosineAbstractNeuroprotective propertiesUrateITPaseGuanosineAdenosine TriphosphateCapsulesAntiviralClinicalProgressionEnzymeMultiple sclerosisNucleosidesDosageInteractionsInducesExogenousSodium pyruvate
Monophosphate dehydrogenase18
- Inosine monophosphate is oxidised by the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, yielding xanthosine monophosphate, a key precursor in purine metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- Mycophenolate mofetil is an anti-metabolite, anti-proliferative drug that acts as an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
- It is used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases including granulomatosis with polyangiitis because the uptake of purine by actively dividing B cells can exceed 8 times that of normal body cells, and, therefore, this set of white cells (which cannot operate purine salvage pathways) is selectively targeted by the purine deficiency resulting from inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMD) inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
- Loss of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in the de novo pathway results in slow growth and virulence factor defects, while loss of the cognate phosphoribosyltransferase in the salvage pathway yielded no phenotypes. (rcsb.org)
- Here we explored the notion that intrinsic differences in cancer cell cycle velocity are important in the resistance toward inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by mycophenolic acid (MPA). (springer.com)
- Cellular nucleotide synthesis is biochemically complex, but requires various enzymes that can be targeted clinically, including inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which is a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo synthesis of guanine. (springer.com)
- Human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity is the result of the expression of two independent but closely related genes, termed IMPDH type I and type II. (umich.edu)
- Probing binding requirements of type I and type II isoforms of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase with adenine-modified nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analogues. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The use of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in the development of a new liquid homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technology. (thefreelibrary.com)
- The objective of the present study was the development of a quantitative liquid homogeneous immunoassay specific for theophylline based on the specific uncompetitive inhibition of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by mycophenolic acid (MPA). (thefreelibrary.com)
- Mutations in the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene (IMPDH1) cause the RP10 form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- AVN944 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IMPDH). (aacrjournals.org)
- In the present study we identify inosine-5' monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a key enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis, as a novel lipid body-associated protein. (garvan.org.au)
- 3. Sanquer S, Maison P, Tomkiewicz C, Macquin-Mavier I, Legendre C, Barouki R, Lang P. (2008) Expression of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type I and type II after mycophenolate mofetil treatment: a 2-year follow-up in kidney transplantation. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Nucleoside synthesis and metabolism: inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP) antibody storage GENTAUR recommends for long therm storage to freeze at -24 C. For short time storage up to 30 days we suggest fridge storage at 1 to 10 C. Prevent multiple freeze taw cycles of Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP). (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP) rabbit polyclonal These antibodies are very stable and can be stored up to 2 months at fridge temperature under 10C. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Do not freeze taw, rather use Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP) from the fridge if your use is less than 1 or 2 weeks. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Nucleoside11
- Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. (wikipedia.org)
- Adenine is converted to adenosine or inosine monophosphate (IMP), either of which, in turn, is converted into inosine (I), which pairs with adenine (A), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). Purine nucleoside phosphorylase intraconverts inosine and hypoxanthine. (wikipedia.org)
- Inosine is a nucleoside, one of the basic compounds comprising cells. (swansonvitamins.com)
- Inosine 5'-triphosphate (ITP) also functions as an alternative substrate for ATPases and GTPases and has been used to study activation and binding kinetics of nucleoside interaction with various ATPases and GTPases. (trilinkbiotech.com)
- Cytosolic NP (purine nucleoside phosphorylase) catalyzes the reversible reaction of inosine and orthophosphate to form hypoxanthine and D-ribose 1-phosphate. (reactome.org)
- Inosine is a nucleoside (a building block for DNA and RNA) found in muscle tissue. (n101nutrition.com)
- Inosine is not an amino acid but is classified as a nucleoside (a building block for DNA and RNA) found in muscle tissue and is one of the basic compounds comprising cells. (biovea.com)
- From Swanson Premium, Inosine is a fundamental nucleoside with a broad range of functions. (vitapassion.co.uk)
- cp wz table border top 1px solid ccc border left 1px solid ccc cp wz table td border right 1px solid ccc border bottom 1px solid ccc padding 5px 0px 0px 5px cp wz table th border right 1px solid ccc border bottom 1px solid ccc padding 5px 0px 0px 5px Molecular Weight 268 23 Inosine is a nucleoside. (pharmachemm.com)
- Inosine is a nucleoside involved in the formation of purines and a compound with possible roles in energy metabolism. (liquidoralsteroids.com)
- Inosine is not an amino acid but is classified as a nucleoside, one of the basic compounds comprising cells. (liquidoralsteroids.com)
Adenine10
- Inosine is a modified adenine. (getsatisfaction.com)
- In the liver, inosine may be catabolized by a series of reactions culminating in the production of uric acid and also may be metabolized to adenine- and guanine-containing nucleotides. (drugbank.ca)
- Inosine is ribosylhypoxanthine, the base being hypoxanthine, a derivative of ADENINE . (thefreedictionary.com)
- The sequence crystallises as a B-DNA helix with 10 Watson-Crick base-pairs (4 A.T. and 6 G.C) and 2 inosine.adenine (I.A) pairs. (rcsb.org)
- The present work shows that in the purine.purine base-pairs the adenine adopts syn orientation with respect to the furanose moiety while the inosine is in the trans (anti) orientation. (rcsb.org)
- Units of blood were divided into 5 aliquots and were stored at 4 C. in ACD without additive or supplemented with adenine, inosine, inosine adenine, or adenosine. (dtic.mil)
- ATP and DPG remained in the erythrocytes stored in ACD supplemented with inosine, inosine-adenine, or adenosine - con centration of ATP was highest with inosine adenine and of DPG was highest with adenosine. (dtic.mil)
- This resulted in the production of a mixture of acetic acid, formic acid, and ethanol from ribose, while the nucleobase (hypoxanthine and adenine in the case of fermentations with inosine and adenosine, respectively) was excreted into the medium stoichiometrically. (asm.org)
- The Effect of Methylene Blue and Progesterone Addition to Blood in the Presence of Adenine and Inosine on the Levels of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Adenosine Triphosphate. (dtic.mil)
- Of the combinations tried, the admixture of methylene blue, progesterone, adenine and inosine maintained 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate at high levels in citrate-phosphate-dextrose blood for a storage period of 6 weeks, about equal to those of the control values on the day of collection. (dtic.mil)
Pranobex12
- Inosine pranobex has no effect on viral particles itself. (wikipedia.org)
- In the UK, inosine pranobex is also indicated for mucocutaneous infections due to herpes simplex virus (type 1 and type 2) and for treatment of genital warts as adjunctive therapy to podophyllotoxin or carbon dioxide laser. (wikipedia.org)
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Metabolism9
- Knowledge of inosine metabolism has led to advances in immunotherapy in recent decades. (wikipedia.org)
- inosine monophosphate (IMP) a nucleotide produced by removal of the amine group from adenosine monophosphate in metabolism of purine nucleotides. (thefreedictionary.com)
- CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The cytoprotection elicited by adenosine and inosine in a model of renal ischaemia involved both interactions with cell surface adenosine receptors on renal tubular epithelial cells and intracellular metabolism and conversion of adenosine to ATP. (biomedsearch.com)
- Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism in human body, which is converted from the precursor metabolite inosine and finally excreted via route of urine and gastrointestinal tract. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Effects of uridine and inosine on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and activated lipolysis in adipose tissue. (aspetjournals.org)
- In a first series of experiments, the effects of uridine and inosine on glucose metabolism in rat diaphragm muscle incubated in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer were studied. (aspetjournals.org)
- This study investigated 1) the relationships between inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) activity, an enzyme involved in thiopurine metabolism, and the occurrence of ADRs in children with immunological disease on AZA therapy, 2) the relationship between ITPA activity and the inflammatory activity observed in children with IBD. (readbyqxmd.com)
- Inosine plays many supportive roles in the body, including releasing insulin, facilitating the use of carbohydrate by the heart, and, potentially, participating in oxygen metabolism and protein synthesis. (biovea.com)
- Inosine is associated with the development of purines, nonprotein nitrogen compounds that have important roles in energy metabolism. (liquidoralsteroids.com)
IMPDH2
- IMPDH (EC 1.1.1.205) (1) catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP). (thefreelibrary.com)
- Krzysztof W. Pankiewicz, Steven E. Patterson, Paul L. Black, Hiremagalur N. Jayaram, Dipesh Risal, Barry M. Goldstein, Lieven J. Stuyver and Raymond F. Schinazi, " Cofactor Mimics as Selective Inhibitors of NAD-dependent Inosine Monophospate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) - the Major Therapeutic Target", Current Medicinal Chemistry (2004) 11: 887. (eurekaselect.com)
Administration of inosine2
- In addition, on aspect of interventional study, there have been 4 randomized clinical trials of increasing serum uric acid via administration of inosine so far in multiple sclerosis, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Oral administration of inosine has the potential to prevent depressive disorder. (dailymedicaldiscoveries.com)
Premium Inosine2
- Premium Inosine can help increase the body's ability to carry oxygen without affecting uptake in the lungs, therefore you can work harder and stronger. (ultimatenutrition.com)
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Naturals Inosine1
- Anabol Naturals Inosine is in its simplest single, free form molecular state and can be readily absorbed by your body. (swansonvitamins.com)
Metabolite inosine2
- Adenosine and its own main metabolite inosine 860-79-7 supplier are ubiquitous nucleosides that may be released from ischemic or reperfused cells [2]. (acmbcb.org)
- We specifically investigated the course of the adenosine release, its concentrations and that of its metabolite inosine and were further interested, if and to what degree the adaptation to these standardized living conditions are linked to adenosine profiles and different physiologic states. (nature.com)
Triphosphate pyrophosphatase2
- Variants of the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase gene are associated with reduced relapse risk following treatment for HCV genotype 2/3. (gu.se)
- The present study evaluated the impact of variations in the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase) gene (ITPA) on treatment outcome in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2/3 infection receiving peginterferon-α2a and lower, conventional 800 mg daily dose of ribavirin. (gu.se)
Humans1
- citation needed] Subsequent studies in humans suggest that inosine supplementation has no effect on athletic performance. (wikipedia.org)
Conversion of adenosine to inosine2
- The conversion of adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) by RNA editing, at specific positions within RNAs, represents an increasingly common posttranscriptional modification for generating diversity and flexibility in eukaryotic gene expression. (asmscience.org)
- The posttranscriptional conversion of adenosine to inosine can be seen as an A-to-G discrepancy between the nucleotide sequences of genomic and complementary DNA (cDNA). (asmscience.org)
Protein2
- In cell culture studies, inosine has been found to inhibit the production, in immunostimulated macrophages and spleen cells, of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, interleukin (IL)-12, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1 alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. (drugbank.ca)
- The encoded protein is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of xanthine monophosphate (XMP) from inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP). (nih.gov)
Molecule2
- Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry demonstrated incorporation of five deuterium atoms in the inosine molecule (62.5% 2 H), three of which were contained in the ribose moiety and two in the hypoxanthine moiety. (springer.com)
- The inosine molecule includes ribose, a simple sugar recommended for cardiovascular health and energy. (vitapassion.co.uk)
Supplementation4
- Effect of inosine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance. (webmd.com)
- Effect of inosine supplementation on 3-mile treadmill run performance and VO2 peak. (webmd.com)
- It has been suggested that inosine supplementation might enhance exercise performance by increasing ATP supply but research studies have found no improvements. (thefreedictionary.com)
- One group received inosine supplementation, and the other did not. (dailymedicaldiscoveries.com)
Levels of uric acid1
- Multiple sclerosis (MS). Some research shows that having low uric acid levels increases the risk of developing MS. Research in adults with MS shows that taking inosine increases the levels of uric acid in the blood . (webmd.com)
Effects of Adenosine2
- Cytoprotective effects of adenosine and inosine in an in vitro model of acute tubular necrosis. (biomedsearch.com)
- The selective A(3) adenosine receptor antagonist MRS 1523 attenuated the protective effects of adenosine and inosine, while an A(3) adenosine receptor agonist provided a partial protective effect. (biomedsearch.com)
Treatment with inosine2
- As the usage of inosine for avoidance of reperfusion damage in the framework of cardiopulmonary bypass hasn't yet been looked into, the purpose of the present research was to check the hypothesis that treatment with inosine during reperfusion increases myocardial, and endothelial function within a medically relevant canine style of extracorporal flow. (acmbcb.org)
- Having established these positive results, researchers have now begun a multicenter Phase 2 trial ( NCT03168711 ), called SURE-ALS2, to further evaluate treatment with inosine over a 20-week period. (alsnewstoday.com)
Tolerability of inosine3
- The primary purpose of this study to determine whether raising low serum uric acid levels by daily oral administration of its precursor inosine has an effect on the cumulative number of newly active lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of inosine in patients diagnosed with relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- A purpose of the present study is to investigate the capability of serum uric acid elevation, safety, and tolerability of inosine 5'-monophosphate in patients with multiple system atrophy with multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, parallel assigned design. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- We aimed to investigate the UA elevating capability, safety, and tolerability of inosine 5'-monophosphate, a precursor of uric acid, in MSA patients with randomized, placebo controlled, and parallel assigned design. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Ribose3
- Based on these results, a pathway for inosine and adenosine catabolism in L. sakei CTC 494 was presented, whereby both nucleosides are directly converted into their nucleobase and ribose, the latter entering the heterolactate pathway. (asm.org)
- It has been found out, that inosine inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation [8]. (acmbcb.org)
- Inosine works with ribose in forming the building blocks of ATP, DNA and RNA. (biovea.com)
Uridine5
- Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Cheng J, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Hada T. Effect of inosine on the plasma concentration of uridine and purine bases. (webmd.com)
- In a second series of experiments, uridine (10(-4)-10(-5) M) and inosine (10(-4)-10(-7) M) inhibited the relase of glycerol from isolated rat epididymal adipose tissue in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer. (aspetjournals.org)
- Uridine and inosine in concentrations of 10(-4) M inhibited the epinephrine (10(-5) M)-, the norepinephrine (10(-5) M)- and the theophylline (10(-3) M)-stimulated lipolysis. (aspetjournals.org)
- Dibutyryl 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-stimulated lipolysis was further activated in the presence of 10(-4) M uridine or inosine. (aspetjournals.org)
- Dose-response curves studies suggested that inosine, but not uridine, has a common receptor site with epinephrine in adipose tissue. (aspetjournals.org)
Precursor2
- The purpose of this study is to determine whether raising low levels of the natural antioxidant uric acid by the administration of a precursor, inosine, has any therapeutic effect on the progression of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) and secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS). (clinicaltrials.gov)
- These findings warrant clinical trials testing urate, according to the authors, which can be conducted through the administration of urate's precursor compound, inosine. (alsnewstoday.com)
Xanthosine2
- Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth. (uniprot.org)
- Inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD + + H 2 O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH. (uniprot.org)
Nucleotide3
- A nucleotide found in muscle and other tissues that is formed by the deamination of AMP and on hydrolysis yields inosine. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The purine ribonucleoside in the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), from which the purine nucleotides adenosine monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate are derived. (healthboard.com)
- Metabolically, Inosine is an intermediate in a number of purine nucleotide pathways that affect the ability of the muscle to work efficiently. (biovea.com)
Uric4
- When people take inosine by mouth it is changed in the body to make a chemical called uric acid. (webmd.com)
- Taking inosine can cause high levels of a chemical called uric acid in the blood and urine. (webmd.com)
- Uric acid, the purine end-product of inosine catabolism, is excreted in the urine. (drugbank.ca)
- Hypoxanthine and inosine were present only with HD, whereas serum xanthine oxidase activity and uric acid levels were not different. (oup.com)
Triphosphatase deficiency1
- Substrate binding and implication of the inosine triphosphatase deficiency mutation P32T. (ebi.ac.uk)
Deamination of adenosine1
- One important type of RNA modification is RNA editing and the most common and well-studied type of RNA editing is the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine. (nih.gov)
Abstract2
- Graphical abstract The relative stability of intramolecular quadruplexes containing inosine substitutions is different in sodium and potassium. (soton.ac.uk)
- abstract = "The effects of the complexes of inosine (Ino) analogues of isoprinosine on the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), in plaque-forming cells assay (PFC), in mice spleen, and on the Fc-dependent SRBC phagocytosis in mice peritoneal macrophages were investigated. (elsevier.com)
Neuroprotective properties2
- Animal studies have suggested that inosine has neuroprotective properties. (wikipedia.org)
- Inosine has neuroprotective properties improving axonal wiring. (liquidoralsteroids.com)
Urate7
- The trial uses inosine to raise urate levels in those with levels lower than the population mean (6 mg/dL). (wikipedia.org)
- Inosine to increase serum and cerebrospinal fluid urate in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. (webmd.com)
- Treatment with a compound called inosine over 12 weeks increased the levels of the antioxidant urate, a neuroprotective agent, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), according to a pilot trial. (alsnewstoday.com)
- This has already been done in Parkinson's disease patients, with a Phase 2 trial ( NCT00833690 ) showing that inosine raised urate levels in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid (the liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord) with a good safety profile. (alsnewstoday.com)
- Aimed at studying the ability of inosine to elevate urate levels in ALS patients, the open-label, 12-week pilot study ( NCT02288091 ) enrolled 25 ALS patients at Massachusetts General Hospital . (alsnewstoday.com)
- Inosine appeared safe, well tolerated, and effective in raising serum urate levels in people with ALS," the scientists wrote. (alsnewstoday.com)
- These findings, together with epidemiological observations and preclinical data supporting a neuroprotective role of urate in ALS models, provide the rationale for larger clinical trials testing inosine as a potential disease‐modifying therapy for ALS. (alsnewstoday.com)
ITPase1
- The purine analogues tenofovir and abacavir are precursors of potential substrates for the enzyme Inosine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPase). (readbyqxmd.com)
Guanosine6
- therefore, when RNA is reverse transcribed, inosine is recognized as guanosine by the reverse transcriptase and a cytidine is incorporated into the complementary DNA (cDNA) strand. (nih.gov)
- As a result, the adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing events are recognized as adenosine to guanosine changes when comparing the sequences of the genomic DNA to the cDNA. (nih.gov)
- It catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of inosine-5"-monophosphate into xanthine-5"-monophosphate, which is then converted into guanosine-5"-monophosphate. (creativebiomart.net)
- Guanosine and inosine as natural geneprotectors for mice blood cells exposed to X-rays]. (semanticscholar.org)
- The radioprotective effects of guanosine and of inosine on bone marrow cells of mice exposed to acute X-rays (1.5 Gy) were studied by using the micronuclear test. (semanticscholar.org)
- The guanosine and inosine (riboxine) decrease the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and significantly recover erythropoiesis. (semanticscholar.org)
Adenosine Triphosphate2
- Inosine supports regeneration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (priceplow.com)
- The aim of this work was the development of a simple, novel and accurate method for the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its first five catabolites: adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hx), in fish tissue, based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). (readbyqxmd.com)
Capsules2
- And you can easily obtain inosine capsules online and try this yourself. (dailymedicaldiscoveries.com)
- For the first two weeks, patients took two daily 500 mg capsules of inosine - orally or through a feeding tube. (alsnewstoday.com)
Antiviral1
- also known as inosine acedoben dimepranol (INN) or methisoprinol) is an antiviral drug that is a combination of inosine and dimepranol acedoben (a salt of acetamidobenzoic acid and dimethylaminoisopropanol) in a ratio of 1 to 3. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical5
- Despite lack of clinical evidence that it improves muscle development, inosine remains an ingredient in some fitness supplements. (wikipedia.org)
- Associated inosine to interferon: results of a clinical trial in multiple sclerosis. (webmd.com)
- In terms of clinical implications, Inosine, which appears to have no apparent side effects in animals thus far, has potential as a novel nerve regeneration approach to treatment of stroke and other types of brain injuries. (rutgers.edu)
- Inosine is a nutritional supplement touted to improve athletic performance and a drug used in vitro as a red blood cell rejuvenator for a unit of red blood cells that will be used in a clinical setting. (drugbank.com)
- The Phase 2 SURE-ALS2 trial, now ongoing, "will serve as a helpful stepping stone in preparation for a future multicenter pivotal trial testing the effects of inosine on clinical outcomes," the investigators said. (alsnewstoday.com)
Progression1
- Currently, a phase II trial in Parkinson's disease demonstrated hopeful view in disease modifying strategy by modulating disease progression rate on the inosine administered group with a dose dependent manner. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Enzyme2
- Adenosine deamination is catalyzed by an enzyme called adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR), and results in the formation of inosine in a process called A-to-I RNA editing. (trilinkbiotech.com)
- Addgene: An adenosine-to-inosine tRNA-editing enzyme that can perform C-to-U deamination of DNA. (addgene.org)
Multiple sclerosis2
Nucleosides1
- The mechanism of antilipolytic action of these nucleosides is unknown, but one of the receptor sites for inosine might be adenylate cyclase. (aspetjournals.org)
Dosage3
- 13. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9, wherein adenosine and inosine are present at concentrations suitable for intravenous administration at an adenosine dosage rate of 50-70 μg/kg/min and an inosine dosage rate of 10-35 μg/kg/min. (freepatentsonline.com)
- 29. A unit dosage form containing about 7-30 ml of a pharmaceutical composition comprising adenosine and inosine in an adenosine:inosine weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:9, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, fluid. (freepatentsonline.com)
- There is no specialized dosage form for babies, but in some cases the pediatrician may prescribe drugs containing inosine. (verabradleycoupons.info)
Interactions2
Induces2
- It has been proposed for spinal cord injury and for administration after stroke, because observation suggests that inosine induces axonal rewiring. (wikipedia.org)
- The study shows that Inosine induces a great deal of rewiring in the brain after stroke. (rutgers.edu)
Exogenous2
- Exogenous inosine may contribute to the high-energy phosphate pool of cardiac muscle cells and favorably affect bioenergetics generally. (drugbank.ca)
- Although inosine has been used clinically to support the myocardium, no data are available on the fate of exogenous inosine in the human heart. (eur.nl)
Sodium pyruvate1
- It was probably due to administration of buffered phosphorus along with inosine and sodium pyruvate. (thefreedictionary.com)