Inosine: A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed)Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.Inosine NucleotidesInosine Pranobex: An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly.Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.Hypoxanthines: Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism.Hypoxanthine: A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway.Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between a purine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free purine plus ribose-5-phosphate. EC 2.4.2.1.Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.Guanosine: A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Nucleosides: Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Purine Nucleosides: Purines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PURINE NUCLEOTIDES.RNA Editing: A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).Ribonucleosides: Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADENINE and GUANINE, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism.Purine Nucleotides: Purines attached to a RIBOSE and a phosphate that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists: Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A3 RECEPTORS.Receptor, Adenosine A3: A subtype of ADENOSINE RECEPTOR that is found expressed in a variety of locations including the BRAIN and endocrine tissues. The receptor is generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN which causes down regulation of CYCLIC AMP.Adenine NucleotidesMycophenolic Acid: An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.Pyrophosphatases: A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)Pentosyltransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another.Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit ADENOSINE DEAMINASE activity.Receptors, Adenosine A2: A subclass of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS that are generally considered to be coupled to the GS, STIMULATORY G-PROTEIN which causes up regulation of CYCLIC AMP.5'-Nucleotidase: A glycoprotein enzyme present in various organs and in many cells. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a 5'-ribonucleotide to a ribonucleoside and orthophosphate in the presence of water. It is cation-dependent and exists in a membrane-bound and soluble form. EC 3.1.3.5.Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.Xanthines: Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.Xanthine: A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed)Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.Nucleoside Transport Proteins: Proteins involved in the transport of NUCLEOSIDES across cellular membranes.Ribosemonophosphates: Ribose substituted in the 1-, 3-, or 5-position by a phosphoric acid moiety.Equilibrative-Nucleoside Transporter 2: A subtype of equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins that is insensitive to inhibition by 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine.Dictionaries, ChemicalAgrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.Dictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as Topic: Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.Biopharmaceutics: The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its dosage form as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of its action.Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.Databases, Protein: Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.User-Computer Interface: The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.Nucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Utilization of exogenous purine compounds in Bacillus cereus. Translocation of the ribose moiety of inosine. (1/679)
Intact cells of Bacillus cereus catalyze the breakdown of exogenous AMP to hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate through the successive action of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase, and inosine phosphorylase. Inosine hydrolase was not detectable, even in crude extracts. Inosine phosphorylase causes a "translocation" of the ribose moiety (as ribose 1-phosphate) inside the cell, while hypoxanthine remains external. Even though the equilibrium of the phosphorolytic reaction favors nucleoside synthesis, exogenous inosine (as well as adenosine and AMP) is almost quantitatively transformed into external hypoxanthine, since ribose 1-phosphate is readily metabolized inside the cell. Most likely, the translocated ribose 1-phosphate enters the sugar phosphate shunt, via its prior conversion into ribose 5-phosphate, thus supplying the energy required for the subsequent uptake of hypoxanthine in B. cereus. (+info)A new synthesis of 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cyclo-adenosine and -inosine: conformationally-fixed purine nucleosides (nucleosides and nucleotides. XVI). (2/679)
A versatile method for the synthesis of 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine, a conformationally-fixed "anti" type of adenosine, was presented. Irradiation of 2', 3'-O-isopropylidene-5'-deoxy-5'-phenylthioadenosine with 60W Hg vapor lamp afforded 2',3'-O-isopropylidene-5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine in high yield. The use of other 5'-alkylthio derivatives also gave the cycloadenosine, though the yields were rather poor. Deacetonation of the cyclocompound with 0.1N HCl gave 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine. The cycloinosine derivative was similarly prepared. The nmr, mass and CD spectra of 5'-deoxy-8,5'-cycloadenosine were given and discussed with the previously reported results. (+info)Nucleoside-3'-phosphotriesters as key intermediates for the oligoribonucleotide synthesis. III. An improved preparation of nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters, their 1H NMR characterization and new conditions for removal of 2-cyanoethyl group. (3/679)
An improved procedure for the transformation of 5'-O-monomethoxytrityl-2'-O-acetyl-3'-phosphates of uridine la, inosine ib and 6-N-benzoyladenosine lc into corresponding 3'/2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-cyanoethyl/-phosphates iiaic is reported. H NMR characterization of nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters is presented. New conditions i.e. anhydrous triethylamine-pyridine treatment have been found for the selective removal of 2-cyanoethyl group from nucleoside 3'-phosphotriesters in the presence of neighbouring 2'-O-acetyl one. (+info)DNA contacts stimulate catalysis by a poxvirus topoisomerase. (4/679)
Eukaryotic type 1B topoisomerases act by forming covalent enzyme-DNA intermediates that transiently nick DNA and thereby release DNA supercoils. Here we present a study of the topoisomerase encoded by the pathogenic poxvirus molluscum contagiosum. Our studies of DNA sites favored for catalysis reveal a larger recognition site than the 5'-(T/C)CCTT-3' sequence previously identified for poxvirus topoisomerases. Separate assays of initial DNA binding and covalent complex formation revealed that different DNA sequences were important for each reaction step. The location of the protein-DNA contacts was mapped by analyzing mutant sites and inosine-substituted DNAs. Some of the bases flanking the 5'-(T/C)CCTT-3' sequence were selectively important for covalent complex formation but not initial DNA binding. Interactions important for catalysis were probed with 5'-bridging phosphorothiolates at the site of strand cleavage, which permitted covalent complex formation but prevented subsequent religation. Kinetic studies revealed that the flanking sequences that promoted recovery of covalent complexes increased initial cleavage instead of inhibiting resealing of the nicked intermediate. These data 1) indicate that previously unidentified DNA contacts can accelerate a step between initial binding and covalent complex formation and 2) help specify models for conformational changes promoting catalysis. (+info)RNA editing of the human serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor silences constitutive activity. (5/679)
RNA transcripts encoding the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor (5-HT2CR) undergo adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing events at up to five specific sites. Compared with rat brain, human brain samples expressed higher levels of RNA transcripts encoding the amino acids valine-serine-valine (5-HT2C-VSV) and valine-glycine-valine (5-HT2C-VGV) at positions 156, 158, and 160, respectively. Agonist stimulation of the nonedited human receptor (5-HT2C-INI) and the edited 5-HT2C-VSV and 5-HT2C-VGV receptor variants stably expressed in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated that serotonergic agonists were less potent at the edited receptors. Competition binding experiments revealed a guanine nucleotide-sensitive serotonin high affinity state only for the 5-HT2C-INI receptor; the loss of high affinity agonist binding to the edited receptor demonstrates that RNA editing generates unique 5-HT2CRs that couple less efficiently to G proteins. This reduced G protein coupling for the edited isoforms is primarily due to silencing of the constitutive activity of the nonedited 5-HT2CR. The distinctions in agonist potency and constitutive activity suggest that different edited 5-HT2CRs exhibit distinct responses to serotonergic ligands and further imply that RNA editing represents a novel mechanism for controlling physiological signaling at serotonergic synapses. (+info)Metabolism and the triggering of germination of Bacillus megaterium. Concentrations of amino acids, organic acids, adenine nucleotides and nicotinamide nucleotides during germination. (6/679)
A considerable amount of evidence suggests that metabolism of germinants or metabolism stimulated by them is involved in triggering bacterial-spore germination. On the assumption that such a metabolic trigger might lead to relatively small biochemical changes in the first few minutes of germination, sensitive analytical techniques were used to detect any changes in spore components during the L-alanine-triggered germination of Bacillus megaterium KM spores. These experiments showed that no changes in spore free amino acids or ATP occurred until 2-3 min after L-alanine addition. Spores contained almost no oxo acids (pyruvate, alpha-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate), malate or reduced NAD. These compounds were again not detectable until 2-3 min after addition of germinants. It is suggested, therefore, that metabolism associated with these intermediates is not involved in the triggering of germination of this organism. (+info)Long RNA hairpins that contain inosine are present in Caenorhabditis elegans poly(A)+ RNA. (7/679)
Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) are RNA-editing enzymes that convert adenosine to inosine within double-stranded RNA. In the 12 years since the discovery of ADARs only a few natural substrates have been identified. These substrates were found by chance, when genomically encoded adenosines were identified as guanosines in cDNAs. To advance our understanding of the biological roles of ADARs, we developed a method for systematically identifying ADAR substrates. In our first application of the method, we identified five additional substrates in Caenorhabditis elegans. Four of those substrates are mRNAs edited in untranslated regions, and one is a noncoding RNA edited throughout its length. The edited regions are predicted to form long hairpin structures, and one of the RNAs encodes POP-1, a protein involved in cell fate decisions. (+info)Editing of messenger RNA precursors and of tRNAs by adenosine to inosine conversion. (8/679)
The double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminases ADAR1 and ADAR2 convert adenosine (A) residues to inosine (I) in messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNA). Their main physiological substrates are pre-mRNAs encoding subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors or serotonin receptors in the brain. ADAR1 and ADAR2 have similar sequence features, including double-stranded RNA binding domains (dsRBDs) and a deaminase domain. The tRNA-specific adenosine deaminases Tad1p and Tad2p/Tad3p modify A 37 in tRNA-Ala1 of eukaryotes and the first nucleotide of the anticodon (A 34) of several bacterial and eukaryotic tRNAs, respectively. Tad1p is related to ADAR1 and ADAR2 throughout its sequence but lacks dsRBDs. Tad1p could be the ancestor of ADAR1 and ADAR2. The deaminase domains of ADAR1, ADAR2 and Tad1p are very similar and resemble the active site domains of cytosine/cytidine deaminases. (+info)
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Adenosine triphosphateGuanosineNaturalsInhibitorPlays many supportive rolesRiboseNucleotideRolesAmino acidChemicalWorkBloodContentBodyBasicNormalEffectMonophosphate dehydrogenaseNucleosidePranobexMetabolismIMPDHTreatment with inosineAdministration of inosineSource NaturalsMetabolite inosineTriphosphate pyrophosphatasePrecursorMoleculeSupplementationLevels of uric acidPlacebo or inosineEffects of AdenosineTolerability of inosineUridineGeneUricPremium InosineNaturals InosineTriphosphatase deficiencyDeamination of adenosineNeuroprotectiveParkinson'sClinicalMultiple sclerosisUrate levelsRibonucleosideAbstractITPaseOrallyAntiviralEnzymeNucleosidesSerumExogenousSodium pyruvateAdenosine monophosphateXanthineAnti-inflammatoryCatabolism
Adenosine triphosphate1
- Inosine supports regeneration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (priceplow.com)
Guanosine1
- RNA editing is a regulatory mechanism in which nucleotides are altered posttranscriptionally and most frequently involves conversion of adenosine to inosine, which is recognized as a guanosine during translation. (aacrjournals.org)
Naturals1
- Anabol Naturals Inosine is in its simplest single, free form molecular state and can be readily absorbed by your body. (swansonvitamins.com)
Inhibitor1
- Chen and colleagues performed RNA sequencing analysis to identify molecular changes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples that might contribute to disease progression, and they detected elevated adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing of antizyme inhibitor 1 ( AZIN1 ) in HCC samples compared with adjacent normal tissues. (aacrjournals.org)
Plays many supportive roles1
- Inosine plays many supportive roles in the body, including releasing insulin, facilitating the use of carbohydrate by the heart, and, potentially, participating in oxygen metabolism and protein synthesis. (biovea.com)
Ribose1
- Inosine works with ribose in forming the building blocks of ATP, DNA and RNA. (biovea.com)
Nucleotide1
- Metabolically, Inosine is an intermediate in a number of purine nucleotide pathways that affect the ability of the muscle to work efficiently. (biovea.com)
Roles1
Amino acid1
- Inosine is not an amino acid but is classified as a nucleoside (a building block for DNA and RNA) found in muscle tissue and is one of the basic compounds comprising cells. (biovea.com)
Chemical1
- Chemical Database: Inosine 5\'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate), mixt. (environmentalchemistry.com)
Work1
- Inosine appears to work by making ATP last longer. (priceplow.com)
Blood1
- Inosine is a naturally occurring compound in the body that supports normal cardiovascular function and blood flow. (priceplow.com)
Content1
- Devous, MD & Lewandowski, ED 1985, ' Inosine preserves ATP content during ischemia and enhances functional recovery during reperfusion ', Federation Proceedings , vol. 44, no. 3. (elsevier.com)
Body2
- Inosine provides a safe and effective way to enable the body to utilize oxygen more efficiently. (priceplow.com)
- When maximum stimulation is reached Inosine is converted into nutrients used by the body. (biovea.com)
Basic2
- Inosine is a nucleoside, one of the basic compounds comprising cells. (swansonvitamins.com)
- Polyinosinic acid has been known to adopt the four-stranded helical structure but its basic unit, inosine tetrad (I tetrad), has not been determined at the atomic level. (umn.edu)
Normal1
Effect2
- However, the diminishing effect on survival with thymidine and inosine doses above 0.5 mg/hr indicated loss of the antitumor effect of methotrexate. (uu.nl)
- It is concluded that co-administration of inosine and/or thymidine allows the use of methotrexate doses otherwise not tolerated, though with loss of anti-tumor effect. (uu.nl)
Monophosphate dehydrogenase20
- Inosine monophosphate is oxidised by the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, yielding xanthosine monophosphate, a key precursor in purine metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- Mycophenolate mofetil is an anti-metabolite, anti-proliferative drug that acts as an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
- It is used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases including granulomatosis with polyangiitis because the uptake of purine by actively dividing B cells can exceed 8 times that of normal body cells, and, therefore, this set of white cells (which cannot operate purine salvage pathways) is selectively targeted by the purine deficiency resulting from inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMD) inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
- Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase Inosine pranobex Nucleobase McNaughton L, Dalton B, Tarr J (1999). (wikipedia.org)
- This parasite relies on inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) to obtain guanine nucleotides, and inhibition of this enzyme blocks parasite proliferation. (rcsb.org)
- Here we explored the notion that intrinsic differences in cancer cell cycle velocity are important in the resistance toward inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by mycophenolic acid (MPA). (springer.com)
- Cellular nucleotide synthesis is biochemically complex, but requires various enzymes that can be targeted clinically, including inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which is a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo synthesis of guanine. (springer.com)
- Human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity is the result of the expression of two independent but closely related genes, termed IMPDH type I and type II. (umich.edu)
- Probing binding requirements of type I and type II isoforms of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase with adenine-modified nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide analogues. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The use of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in the development of a new liquid homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technology. (thefreelibrary.com)
- The objective of the present study was the development of a quantitative liquid homogeneous immunoassay specific for theophylline based on the specific uncompetitive inhibition of inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by mycophenolic acid (MPA). (thefreelibrary.com)
- Mutations in the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene (IMPDH1) cause the RP10 form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- AVN944 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IMPDH). (aacrjournals.org)
- In the present study we identify inosine-5' monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a key enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis, as a novel lipid body-associated protein. (garvan.org.au)
- 3. Sanquer S, Maison P, Tomkiewicz C, Macquin-Mavier I, Legendre C, Barouki R, Lang P. (2008) Expression of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase type I and type II after mycophenolate mofetil treatment: a 2-year follow-up in kidney transplantation. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Nucleoside synthesis and metabolism: inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP) antibody storage GENTAUR recommends for long therm storage to freeze at -24 C. For short time storage up to 30 days we suggest fridge storage at 1 to 10 C. Prevent multiple freeze taw cycles of Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP). (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP) rabbit polyclonal These antibodies are very stable and can be stored up to 2 months at fridge temperature under 10C. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Do not freeze taw, rather use Polyclonal Rabbit Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 Antibody (HRP) from the fridge if your use is less than 1 or 2 weeks. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Seetharama Rao, KP & Narayana, K 2005, ' In vivo chromosome damaging effects of an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor: Ribavirin in mice ', Indian Journal of Pharmacology , vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 90-95. (elsevier.com)
Nucleoside6
- Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. (wikipedia.org)
- Inosine is a nucleoside, one of the basic compounds comprising cells. (swansonvitamins.com)
- Inosine 5'-triphosphate (ITP) also functions as an alternative substrate for ATPases and GTPases and has been used to study activation and binding kinetics of nucleoside interaction with various ATPases and GTPases. (trilinkbiotech.com)
- Inosine is not an amino acid but is classified as a nucleoside (a building block for DNA and RNA) found in muscle tissue and is one of the basic compounds comprising cells. (biovea.com)
- cp wz table border top 1px solid ccc border left 1px solid ccc cp wz table td border right 1px solid ccc border bottom 1px solid ccc padding 5px 0px 0px 5px cp wz table th border right 1px solid ccc border bottom 1px solid ccc padding 5px 0px 0px 5px Molecular Weight 268 23 Inosine is a nucleoside. (pharmachemm.com)
- New from Swanson Premium, Inosine is a fundamental nucleoside with a broad range of functions. (swansonaustralia.com)
Pranobex12
- Inosine pranobex has no effect on viral particles itself. (wikipedia.org)
- In the UK, inosine pranobex is also indicated for mucocutaneous infections due to herpes simplex virus (type 1 and type 2) and for treatment of genital warts as adjunctive therapy to podophyllin or carbon dioxide laser. (wikipedia.org)
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Metabolism10
- Knowledge of inosine metabolism has led to advances in immunotherapy in recent decades. (wikipedia.org)
- inosine monophosphate (IMP) a nucleotide produced by removal of the amine group from adenosine monophosphate in metabolism of purine nucleotides. (thefreedictionary.com)
- CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The cytoprotection elicited by adenosine and inosine in a model of renal ischaemia involved both interactions with cell surface adenosine receptors on renal tubular epithelial cells and intracellular metabolism and conversion of adenosine to ATP. (biomedsearch.com)
- Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism in human body, which is converted from the precursor metabolite inosine and finally excreted via route of urine and gastrointestinal tract. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Effects of uridine and inosine on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and activated lipolysis in adipose tissue. (aspetjournals.org)
- In a first series of experiments, the effects of uridine and inosine on glucose metabolism in rat diaphragm muscle incubated in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer were studied. (aspetjournals.org)
- This study investigated 1) the relationships between inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) activity, an enzyme involved in thiopurine metabolism, and the occurrence of ADRs in children with immunological disease on AZA therapy, 2) the relationship between ITPA activity and the inflammatory activity observed in children with IBD. (readbyqxmd.com)
- Inosine plays many supportive roles in the body, including releasing insulin, facilitating the use of carbohydrate by the heart, and, potentially, participating in oxygen metabolism and protein synthesis. (biovea.com)
- It shows that not only can inosine replenish ATP (as shown in the previous studies I posted) but it can inhibit excessive glycolysis, lower lactate, and dramatically improve oxidative metabolism - effects which are key driver of cell differentiation and protectors against diseases like cancer. (raypeatforum.com)
- As a result of this increase mitochondrial biogenesis, inosine inhbited glycolysis and lactate production and dramatically increase oxidative metabolism. (raypeatforum.com)
IMPDH2
- IMPDH (EC 1.1.1.205) (1) catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP). (thefreelibrary.com)
- Krzysztof W. Pankiewicz, Steven E. Patterson, Paul L. Black, Hiremagalur N. Jayaram, Dipesh Risal, Barry M. Goldstein, Lieven J. Stuyver and Raymond F. Schinazi, " Cofactor Mimics as Selective Inhibitors of NAD-dependent Inosine Monophospate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) - the Major Therapeutic Target", Current Medicinal Chemistry (2004) 11: 887. (eurekaselect.com)
Treatment with inosine4
- As the usage of inosine for avoidance of reperfusion damage in the framework of cardiopulmonary bypass hasn't yet been looked into, the purpose of the present research was to check the hypothesis that treatment with inosine during reperfusion increases myocardial, and endothelial function within a medically relevant canine style of extracorporal flow. (acmbcb.org)
- Having established these positive results, researchers have now begun a multicenter Phase 2 trial ( NCT03168711 ), called SURE-ALS2, to further evaluate treatment with inosine over a 20-week period. (alsnewstoday.com)
- As shown in Table 1, the treatment with inosine induced an increase in the amount of mitochondrial protein and the mitochondrial genome copy number, which are biochemical markers of mitochondrial content, and therefore, reflect an increased number of mitochondria in the more differentiated intestinal cells (Djouadi et al. (raypeatforum.com)
- We observed a 40% decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity in intestinal cells following treatment with inosine (Table 1). (raypeatforum.com)
Administration of inosine3
- In 2003, a study was initiated at the University of Pennsylvania MS Center to determine whether raising the levels of uric acid by the administration of inosine would slow the progression of MS. The study was completed in 2006 but the results were not reported to NIH. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, on aspect of interventional study, there have been 4 randomized clinical trials of increasing serum uric acid via administration of inosine so far in multiple sclerosis, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Oral administration of inosine has the potential to prevent depressive disorder. (dailymedicaldiscoveries.com)
Source Naturals1
- Inosine is part of the Athletic Series of Source Naturals. (evitamins.com)
Metabolite inosine2
- Adenosine and its own main metabolite inosine 860-79-7 supplier are ubiquitous nucleosides that may be released from ischemic or reperfused cells . (acmbcb.org)
- We specifically investigated the course of the adenosine release, its concentrations and that of its metabolite inosine and were further interested, if and to what degree the adaptation to these standardized living conditions are linked to adenosine profiles and different physiologic states. (nature.com)
Triphosphate pyrophosphatase2
- Variants of the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase gene are associated with reduced relapse risk following treatment for HCV genotype 2/3. (gu.se)
- The present study evaluated the impact of variations in the inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase) gene (ITPA) on treatment outcome in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2/3 infection receiving peginterferon-α2a and lower, conventional 800 mg daily dose of ribavirin. (gu.se)
Precursor5
- The purpose of this study is to determine whether raising low levels of the natural antioxidant uric acid by the administration of a precursor, inosine, has any therapeutic effect on the progression of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) and secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS). (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The primary purpose of this study to determine whether raising low serum uric acid levels by daily oral administration of its precursor inosine has an effect on the cumulative number of newly active lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate the safety and tolerability of inosine in patients diagnosed with relapsing remitting and secondary progressive MS. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- We aimed to investigate the UA elevating capability, safety, and tolerability of inosine 5'-monophosphate, a precursor of uric acid, in MSA patients with randomized, placebo controlled, and parallel assigned design. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- These findings warrant clinical trials testing urate, according to the authors, which can be conducted through the administration of urate's precursor compound, inosine. (alsnewstoday.com)
- Inosine, an orally bioavailable precursor of urate, was investigated in a phase 2 study, the Safety of Urate Elevation in Parkinson's Disease (SURE-PD) trial. (grantome.com)
Molecule2
- Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry demonstrated incorporation of five deuterium atoms in the inosine molecule (62.5% 2 H), three of which were contained in the ribose moiety and two in the hypoxanthine moiety. (springer.com)
- The inosine molecule includes ribose, a simple sugar recommended for cardiovascular health and energy. (swansonaustralia.com)
Supplementation4
- Effect of inosine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance. (webmd.com)
- Effect of inosine supplementation on 3-mile treadmill run performance and VO2 peak. (webmd.com)
- It has been suggested that inosine supplementation might enhance exercise performance by increasing ATP supply but research studies have found no improvements. (thefreedictionary.com)
- One group received inosine supplementation, and the other did not. (dailymedicaldiscoveries.com)
Levels of uric acid1
- Multiple sclerosis (MS). Some research shows that having low uric acid levels increases the risk of developing MS. Research in adults with MS shows that taking inosine increases the levels of uric acid in the blood . (webmd.com)
Placebo or inosine2
- All participants are randomized to study drugs, either tablet of placebo or inosine 5'-monophosphate, in 1 to 1 ratio and then undergo scheduled titration. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Methods: A placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized trial of inosine will enroll 270 subjects with early PD, lower serum urate and DAT deficiency by neuroimaging and will randomize them 1:1 to treatment with placebo or inosine dosed to elevate urate for 2 years with a 3-month wash-out. (grantome.com)
Effects of Adenosine2
- Cytoprotective effects of adenosine and inosine in an in vitro model of acute tubular necrosis. (biomedsearch.com)
- The selective A(3) adenosine receptor antagonist MRS 1523 attenuated the protective effects of adenosine and inosine, while an A(3) adenosine receptor agonist provided a partial protective effect. (biomedsearch.com)
Tolerability of inosine1
- A purpose of the present study is to investigate the capability of serum uric acid elevation, safety, and tolerability of inosine 5'-monophosphate in patients with multiple system atrophy with multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, parallel assigned design. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Uridine5
- Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Cheng J, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Hada T. Effect of inosine on the plasma concentration of uridine and purine bases. (webmd.com)
- In a second series of experiments, uridine (10(-4)-10(-5) M) and inosine (10(-4)-10(-7) M) inhibited the relase of glycerol from isolated rat epididymal adipose tissue in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer. (aspetjournals.org)
- Uridine and inosine in concentrations of 10(-4) M inhibited the epinephrine (10(-5) M)-, the norepinephrine (10(-5) M)- and the theophylline (10(-3) M)-stimulated lipolysis. (aspetjournals.org)
- Dibutyryl 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-stimulated lipolysis was further activated in the presence of 10(-4) M uridine or inosine. (aspetjournals.org)
- Dose-response curves studies suggested that inosine, but not uridine, has a common receptor site with epinephrine in adipose tissue. (aspetjournals.org)
Gene1
- 1994). In accordance to this, inosine-treatment induced gene expression of TFAM, which is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a participant in mitochondrial genome replication. (raypeatforum.com)
Uric5
- After ingestion, inosine produces uric acid that is suggested to be a natural antioxidant and a peroxynitrite scavenger with potential benefits to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Peroxynitrite has been correlated with axon degeneration . (wikipedia.org)
- When people take inosine by mouth it is changed in the body to make a chemical called uric acid. (webmd.com)
- Taking inosine can cause high levels of a chemical called uric acid in the blood and urine. (webmd.com)
- Uric acid, the purine end-product of inosine catabolism, is excreted in the urine. (drugbank.ca)
- Hypoxanthine and inosine were present only with HD, whereas serum xanthine oxidase activity and uric acid levels were not different. (oup.com)
Premium Inosine2
- Premium Inosine can help increase the body's ability to carry oxygen without affecting uptake in the lungs, therefore you can work harder and stronger. (ultimatenutrition.com)
- Our Premium Inosine capsules guarantee the highest potency and are of the highest quality. (ultimatenutrition.com)
Naturals Inosine1
- Anabol Naturals Inosine is in its simplest single, free form molecular state and can be readily absorbed by your body. (swansonvitamins.com)
Triphosphatase deficiency1
- Substrate binding and implication of the inosine triphosphatase deficiency mutation P32T. (ebi.ac.uk)
Deamination of adenosine1
- One important type of RNA modification is RNA editing and the most common and well-studied type of RNA editing is the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine. (nih.gov)
Neuroprotective4
- It has been shown that inosine has neuroprotective properties. (wikipedia.org)
- Inosine may have neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. (drugbank.ca)
- Treatment with a compound called inosine over 12 weeks increased the levels of the antioxidant urate, a neuroprotective agent, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), according to a pilot trial. (alsnewstoday.com)
- These findings, together with epidemiological observations and preclinical data supporting a neuroprotective role of urate in ALS models, provide the rationale for larger clinical trials testing inosine as a potential disease‐modifying therapy for ALS. (alsnewstoday.com)
Parkinson's2
- This has already been done in Parkinson's disease patients, with a Phase 2 trial ( NCT00833690 ) showing that inosine raised urate levels in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid (the liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord) with a good safety profile. (alsnewstoday.com)
- Inosine has been used in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, and has been shown to help regenerate nerve fibers in previous research. (bobbyschindler.com)
Clinical5
- Despite lack of clinical evidence that it improves muscle development, inosine remains an ingredient in some fitness supplements. (wikipedia.org)
- Associated inosine to interferon: results of a clinical trial in multiple sclerosis. (webmd.com)
- Inosine to increase serum and cerebrospinal fluid urate in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. (webmd.com)
- In terms of clinical implications, Inosine, which appears to have no apparent side effects in animals thus far, has potential as a novel nerve regeneration approach to treatment of stroke and other types of brain injuries. (rutgers.edu)
- The Phase 2 SURE-ALS2 trial, now ongoing, "will serve as a helpful stepping stone in preparation for a future multicenter pivotal trial testing the effects of inosine on clinical outcomes," the investigators said. (alsnewstoday.com)
Multiple sclerosis2
- Boosting endogenous neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: The association of inosine and interferon beta in relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (ASIIMS) trial. (webmd.com)
- The treatment of multiple sclerosis with inosine. (webmd.com)
Urate levels3
- The trial uses inosine to raise urate levels in those with levels lower than the population mean (6 mg/dL). (wikipedia.org)
- Aimed at studying the ability of inosine to elevate urate levels in ALS patients, the open-label, 12-week pilot study ( NCT02288091 ) enrolled 25 ALS patients at Massachusetts General Hospital . (alsnewstoday.com)
- Inosine appeared safe, well tolerated, and effective in raising serum urate levels in people with ALS," the scientists wrote. (alsnewstoday.com)
Ribonucleoside1
- The purine ribonucleoside in the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), from which the purine nucleotides adenosine monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate are derived. (healthboard.com)
Abstract2
- Graphical abstract The relative stability of intramolecular quadruplexes containing inosine substitutions is different in sodium and potassium. (soton.ac.uk)
- abstract = "The effects of the complexes of inosine (Ino) analogues of isoprinosine on the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), in plaque-forming cells assay (PFC), in mice spleen, and on the Fc-dependent SRBC phagocytosis in mice peritoneal macrophages were investigated. (elsevier.com)
ITPase1
- The purine analogues tenofovir and abacavir are precursors of potential substrates for the enzyme Inosine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPase). (readbyqxmd.com)
Orally1
- For the first two weeks, patients took two daily 500 mg capsules of inosine - orally or through a feeding tube. (alsnewstoday.com)
Antiviral1
- also known as inosine acedoben dimepranol (INN) or methisoprinol) an antiviral drug that is a combination of inosine and dimepranol acedoben (a salt of acetamidobenzoic acid and dimethylaminoisopropanol) in a ratio of 1 to 3. (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme2
- Adenosine deamination is catalyzed by an enzyme called adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR), and results in the formation of inosine in a process called A-to-I RNA editing. (trilinkbiotech.com)
- Addgene: An adenosine-to-inosine tRNA-editing enzyme that can perform C-to-U deamination of DNA. (addgene.org)
Nucleosides1
- The mechanism of antilipolytic action of these nucleosides is unknown, but one of the receptor sites for inosine might be adenylate cyclase. (aspetjournals.org)
Serum1
- It demonstrated that inosine can safely produce well-tolerated elevations of serum and CSF urate for months or years in early PD. (grantome.com)
Exogenous2
- Exogenous inosine may contribute to the high-energy phosphate pool of cardiac muscle cells and favorably affect bioenergetics generally. (drugbank.ca)
- Although inosine has been used clinically to support the myocardium, no data are available on the fate of exogenous inosine in the human heart. (eur.nl)
Sodium pyruvate1
- It was probably due to administration of buffered phosphorus along with inosine and sodium pyruvate. (thefreedictionary.com)
Adenosine monophosphate1
- The aim of this work was the development of a simple, novel and accurate method for the determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its first five catabolites: adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hx), in fish tissue, based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). (readbyqxmd.com)
Xanthine1
- Before infusion, the arterio-venous difference of inosine, hypoxanthine and xanthine across the heart was nil. (eur.nl)
Anti-inflammatory5
- There is some preliminary evidence that inosine may have some neurorestorative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and cardioprotective effects. (drugbank.ca)
- These actions might account for the possible immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-ischemic actions of inosine. (drugbank.ca)
- Objective Inosine, a break-down item of adenosine offers been recently proven to exert inodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties. (acmbcb.org)
- However, some previous and recent functions recommended that inosine may exert inotropic, vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory results [5- (acmbcb.org)
- The positive anti-inflammatory effects of inosine seem to be quite lasting. (dailymedicaldiscoveries.com)
Catabolism1
- A detailed kinetic analysis of inosine and adenosine catabolism in the presence of arginine by L. sakei CTC 494, a fermented-meat starter culture, was performed. (asm.org)