Killer Cells, Natural: Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated: Cytolytic lymphocytes with the unique capacity of killing natural killer (NK)-resistant fresh tumor cells. They are INTERLEUKIN-2-activated NK cells that have no MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX restriction or need for antigen stimulation. LAK cells are used for ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY in cancer patients.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.Calbindin 2: A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.Receptors, Natural Killer Cell: Receptors that are specifically found on the surface of NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They play an important role in regulating the cellular component of INNATE IMMUNITY.6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials: Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Parvalbumins: Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. Their physiological function is possibly related to the contractile process.2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.Hippocampus: A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.Receptors, KIR: A family of receptors found on NK CELLS that have specificity for a variety of HLA ANTIGENS. KIR receptors contain up to three different extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains referred to as D0, D1, and D2 and play an important role in blocking NK cell activation against cells expressing the appropriate HLA antigens thus preventing cell lysis. Although they are often referred to as being inhibitory receptors, a subset of KIR receptors may also play an activating role in NK cells.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta: T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.Killer Factors, Yeast: Protein factors released from one species of YEAST that are selectively toxic to another species of yeast.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Interleukin-2: A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Receptors, Immunologic: Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.Pre-B Cell Receptors: Membrane proteins in precursor B-LYMPHOCYTES (pre-B Cells). They are composed of membrane-bound MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in complex with SURROGATE LIGHT CHAINS instead of conventional IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS. Only successful rearrangement of the VDJ segments, at the Ig heavy chain gene locus (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES), will generate mu heavy chains that can pair with surrogate light chains. Thus formation of the pre-B cell receptors is an important checkpoint in the development of mature B cells.Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells: Mononuclear leukocytes that have been expanded in CELL CULTURE and activated with CYTOKINES such as INTERLEUKIN-2 to produce large numbers of highly cytotoxic cells.Nerve Net: A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.Whale, Killer: The species Orcinus orca, in the family Delphinidae, characterized by its black and white coloration, and huge triangular dorsal fin. It is the largest member of the DOLPHINS and derives its name from the fact that it is a fearsome predator.Natural Killer T-Cells: A specialized subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES that exhibit features of INNATE IMMUNITY similar to that of NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They are reactive to glycolipids presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1D ANTIGEN.Antigens, CD3: Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell: IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C: A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that associates with members of NK CELL LECTIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY D to form heterodimeric receptors for HLA-E antigen.Patch-Clamp Techniques: An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D: A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that associates with a variety of members of NK CELL LECTIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY C to form heterodimeric receptors for HLA-E antigen.Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.Mice, Inbred C57BLAntigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte: Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.Lectins, C-Type: A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Models, Neurological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta: T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. The receptors appear to be preferentially located in epithelial sites and probably play a role in the recognition of bacterial antigens. The T-cell receptor gamma/delta chains are separate and not related to the gamma and delta chains which are subunits of CD3 (see ANTIGENS, CD3).Receptors, KIR2DL3: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTORS and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS.Receptors, KIR3DL1: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-B ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.HLA-C Antigens: Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K: An activating NK cell lectin-like receptor subfamily that regulates immune responses to INFECTION and NEOPLASMS. Members of this subfamily generally occur as homodimers.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Receptors, IgG: Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).Receptors, KIR2DL1: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL2 RECEPTOR and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Histocompatibility Antigens Class I: Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.Interleukin-15: Cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and shares biological activities with IL-2. IL-15 also can induce proliferation and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Clone Cells: A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like: Structurally-related receptors that are typically found on NATURAL KILLER CELLS. They are considered lectin-like proteins in that they share sequence homology with the carbohydrate binding domains of C-TYPE LECTINS. They differ from classical C-type lectins, however, in that they appear to lack CALCIUM-binding domains.Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Antigens, CD8: Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte: Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors.Perforin: A calcium-dependent pore-forming protein synthesized in cytolytic LYMPHOCYTES and sequestered in secretory granules. Upon immunological reaction between a cytolytic lymphocyte and a target cell, perforin is released at the plasma membrane and polymerizes into transmembrane tubules (forming pores) which lead to death of a target cell.Receptors, KIR2DL4: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-G antigen. It contains D0 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail.Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic: The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.Immunophenotyping: Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.Mice, Inbred BALB CNK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A: An inhibitory subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that interacts with CLASS I MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS and prevents the activation of NK CELLS.Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Granzymes: A family of serine endopeptidases found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of LEUKOCYTES such as CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. When secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells.CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Receptors, KIR2DL2: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-C ANTIGENS. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D1 and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail. It is similar in structure and function to the KIR2DL1 RECEPTORS and the KIR2DL3 RECEPTORS.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B: A subclass of NK cell lectin-like receptors that includes both inhibitory and stimulatory members.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Antigens, CD56: The 140 kDa isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta: DNA sequences encoding the beta chain of the T-cell receptor. The genomic organization of the TcR beta genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of Ig genes.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecule composed of the non-covalent association of the T-cell antigen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL) with the CD3 complex (ANTIGENS, CD3). This association is required for the surface expression and function of both components. The molecule consists of up to seven chains: either the alpha/beta or gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor, and four or five chains in the CD3 complex.Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Immunity, Cellular: Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the beta-chain of antigen receptors.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Antigens, Ly: A group of lymphocyte surface antigens located on mouse LYMPHOCYTES. Specific Ly antigens are useful markers for distinguishing subpopulations of lymphocytes.Models, Immunological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.Jurkat Cells: A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins: Proteins secreted from an organism which form membrane-spanning pores in target cells to destroy them. This is in contrast to PORINS and MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that function within the synthesizing organism and COMPLEMENT immune proteins. These pore forming cytotoxic proteins are a form of primitive cellular defense which are also found in human LYMPHOCYTES.Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3: A 30 kDa stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Complementarity Determining Regions: Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).Antigens, CD1d: A major histocompatibily complex class I-like protein that plays a unique role in the presentation of lipid ANTIGENS to NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS.K562 Cells: An ERYTHROLEUKEMIA cell line derived from a CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA patient in BLAST CRISIS.Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha: DNA sequences encoding the alpha chain of the T-cell receptor. The genomic organization of the TcR alpha genes is essentially the same in all species and is similar to the organization of Ig genes.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Galactosylceramides: Cerebrosides which contain as their polar head group a galactose moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in beta-galactosidase, is the cause of galactosylceramide lipidosis or globoid cell leukodystrophy.Immunological Synapses: The interfaces between T-CELLS and ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS. Supramolecular organization of proteins takes place at these synapses involving various types of immune cells. Immunological synapses can have several functions including LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; enhancing, balancing, or terminating signaling; or directing cytokine secretion.H-2 Antigens: The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: A protein tyrosine kinase that is required for T-CELL development and T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR function.Lymphocyte Count: The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Antigens, CD4: 55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.Antigens, CD1: Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.Immunotherapy, Adoptive: Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)Receptors, Interleukin-2: Receptors present on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTES that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-2 and play an important role in LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. They are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT, the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR BETA SUBUNIT, and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN.Cell SeparationAntigens, CD2: Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1: A 46-kD stimulatory receptor found on resting and activated NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It has specificity for VIRAL HEMAGGLUTININS that are expressed on infected cells.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Receptors, Fc: Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.Receptors, KIR3DS1: An activating KIR receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a short cytoplasmic tail.Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the gamma-chain of antigen receptors.Dendritic Cells: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Genes, T-Cell Receptor: DNA sequences, in cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage, that code for T-cell receptors. The TcR genes are formed by somatic rearrangement (see GENE REARRANGEMENT, T-LYMPHOCYTE and its children) of germline gene segments, and resemble Ig genes in their mechanisms of diversity generation and expression.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the alpha-chain of antigen receptors.Immunologic Surveillance: The theory that T-cells monitor cell surfaces and detect structural changes in the plasma membrane and/or surface antigens of virally or neoplastically transformed cells.Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck): This enzyme is a lymphoid-specific src family tyrosine kinase that is critical for T-cell development and activation. Lck is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of CD4, CD8 and the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor, and is thought to be involved in the earliest steps of TCR-mediated T-cell activation.Leukocytes, Mononuclear: Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1: An abundant lysosomal-associated membrane protein that has been found to shuttle between LYSOSOMES; ENDOSOMES; and the PLASMA MEMBRANE. In PLATELETS and T-LYMPHOCYTES it may play a role in the cellular degranulation process.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Receptors, KIR3DL2: A KIR receptor that has specificity for HLA-A3 ANTIGEN. It is an inhibitory receptor that contains D0, D1, and D2 extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail.Monocytes, Activated Killer: Monocytes made cytotoxic by IN VITRO incubation with CYTOKINES, especially INTERFERON-GAMMA. The cells are used for ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY in cancer patients.HLA Antigens: Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.Mycotoxins: Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.Histocompatibility Antigens: A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.Lymphoma, T-Cell: A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.Antigens, CD57: Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.Self Tolerance: The normal lack of the ability to produce an immunological response to autologous (self) antigens. A breakdown of self tolerance leads to autoimmune diseases. The ability to recognize the difference between self and non-self is the prime function of the immune system.HLA-B Antigens: Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.Antigens, Differentiation: Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor: Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the delta-chain of antigen receptors.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Histocompatibility Antigens Class II: Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.Antigen-Presenting Cells: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate: An immunolglobulin light chain-like protein composed of an IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION-like peptide (such as light chain like lambda5 peptide) and an IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGION-like peptide (such as Vpreb1 peptide). Surrogate light chains associate with MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in place of a conventional immunoglobulin light chains to form pre-B cell receptors.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Protein-Tyrosine Kinases: Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Antigens, CD45: High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.Receptors, Antigen: Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.Biological Products: Complex pharmaceutical substances, preparations, or matter derived from organisms usually obtained by biological methods or assay.Immunologic Memory: The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymesRNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Mice, SCID: Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.Antigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.Muromegalovirus: A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, causing infection involving several organs in mice and rats. Murid herpesvirus is the type species.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.B-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.Mice, Inbred CBAAdoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (SECRETORY VESICLES). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by EXOCYTOSIS.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory: CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.Mice, Mutant Strains: Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.Interleukin-18: A cytokine which resembles IL-1 structurally and IL-12 functionally. It enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK CELLS and CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES, and appears to play a role both as neuroimmunomodulator and in the induction of mucosal immunity.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Leukocyte Count: The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.Isoantigens: Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
KIR2DL4Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... and phosphotyrosine-independent inhibitory signaling by a killer cell Ig-like receptor cytoplasmic domain in human NK cells". J ... Selvakumar A, Steffens U, Dupont B (1997). "Polymorphism and domain variability of human killer cell inhibitory receptors". ... "Human diversity in killer cell inhibitory receptor genes". Immunity. 7 (6): 753-63. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80394-5. PMID ...
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... Fan QR, Long EO, Wiley DC (2000). "Cobalt-mediated dimerization of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor". J. Biol ... 1997). "Molecular basis of HLA-C recognition by p58 natural killer cell inhibitory receptors". J. Immunol. 159 (8): 3875-82. ... 2001). "Recognition of HLA-Cw4 but not HLA-Cw6 by the NK cell receptor killer cell Ig-like receptor two-domain short tail ...
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... "The natural killer cell receptor specific for HLA-A allotypes: a novel member of the p58/p70 family of inhibitory receptors ... 2000). "Diversity of the p70 killer cell inhibitory receptor (KIR3DL) family members in a single individual". Mol. Cells. 10 (1 ... of the activation-induced cell death inhibition mediated by a p70 inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptor in Jurkat T cells". J ...
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... "Structure of the inhibitory receptor for human natural killer cells resembles haematopoietic receptors". Nature. 389 (6646): 96 ... Fan QR, Long EO, Wiley DC (May 2001). "Crystal structure of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 ... Fan QR, Long EO, Wiley DC (2001). "Crystal structure of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 ...
Fan QR, Long EO, Wiley DC (May 2001). "Crystal structure of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 ... MHC Class I molecules, like HLA-C, are expressed in nearly all cells, and present small peptides to the immune system which ... "N-linked carbohydrate on human leukocyte antigen-C and recognition by natural killer cell inhibitory receptors". Hum. Immunol. ... "Kinetics of interaction of HLA-C ligands with natural killer cell inhibitory receptors". Immunity. 9 (3): 337-44. doi:10.1016/ ...
"NKG2A complexed with CD94 defines a novel inhibitory natural killer cell receptor". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 185 ( ... on the surface of natural killer cells interacts with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-E on target cells. Natural killer (NK) ... "Human natural killer cell receptors for HLA-class I molecules. Evidence that the Kp43 (CD94) molecule functions as receptor for ... of differentiation and a receptor that is involved in cell signaling and is expressed on the surface of natural killer cells in ...
... is a receptor for natural killer cells. There are 7 NKG2 types: A, B, C, D, E, F and H. NKG2D is an activating receptor on the ... NK cell surface. NKG2A dimerizes with CD94 to make an inhibitory receptor (CD94/NKG2). IPH2201 is a monoclonal antibody ...
2004). "Structure of the saccharide-binding domain of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor p75/AIRM1". Acta ... a novel member of the sialoadhesin family that functions as an inhibitory receptor in human natural killer cells". J. Exp. Med ... "Characterization of inhibitory signaling motifs of the natural killer cell receptor Siglec-7: attenuated recruitment of ... expressed by human natural killer cells and monocytes". J Biol Chem. 274 (48): 34089-95. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.48.34089. PMID ...
"Missing self-recognition of Ocil/Clr-b by inhibitory NKR-P1 natural killer cell receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy ... Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxicity and secrete cytokines after immune stimulation. Several ... "Genetically linked C-type lectin-related ligands for the NKRP1 family of natural killer cell receptors". Nature Immunology. 4 ( ... Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B, member 1, also known as NK1.1,KLRB1, NKR-P1A or CD161 (cluster of differentiation ...
2004). "Missing self-recognition of Ocil/Clr-b by inhibitory NKR-P1 natural killer cell receptors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. ... 2004). "The LLT1 receptor induces IFN-gamma production by human natural killer cells". Mol. Immunol. 40 (16): 1157-63. doi: ... This gene encodes a member of the natural killer cell receptor C-type lectin family. The encoded protein inhibits osteoclast ... 2003). "Genetically linked C-type lectin-related ligands for the NKRP1 family of natural killer cell receptors". Nat. Immunol. ...
... is also known as Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4 This gene encodes a cell surface receptor expressed on natural killer cells ( ... Watzl C, Stebbins CC, Long EO (2000). "NK cell inhibitory receptors prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of the activation receptor ... natural killer cell receptor 2B4". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 605554 "CD244 molecule, natural killer cell ... Kumaresan PR, Mathew PA (2000). "Structure of the human natural killer cell receptor 2B4 gene and identification of a novel ...
... are a class of natural killer cell receptor. Ly-49 proteins are a diverse set of C-type lectins that are expressed on NK cells ... Upon binding ligands, most Ly-49 receptors will deliver an inhibitory signal, preventing killing of the target cell. In the ... Ly-49 receptors or killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily A (KLRA), ... Hao L, Klein J, Nei M (February 2006). "Heterogeneous but conserved natural killer receptor gene complexes in four major orders ...
NK cells possess two types of surface receptors: activating receptors and inhibitory receptors, including killer-cell ... Natural killer cell activation is determined by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation. For example, if ... Natural Body Guards: How Your Killer Cells Get Motivated. Livescience.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-20. Natural Killer Cells at the ... which is a ligand for NK cell inhibitory receptor NKG2A) and HLA-G (which is a ligand for NK cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL4) ...
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... "Isotypic variation of novel immunoglobulin-like transcript/killer cell inhibitory receptor loci in the leukocyte receptor ... "Inhibition of natural killer cell activation signals by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (CD158)". Immunol Rev. 181: ... 2002). "Natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) locus profiles in African and South Asian populations". Genes ...
... natural killer cells, T and B cells) and the signalling properties of each receptor. All of the Fcγ receptors (FcγR) belong to ... Coggeshall KM (Jun 1998). "Inhibitory signaling by B cell Fc gamma RIIb". Current Opinion in Immunology. 10 (3): 306-12. doi: ... Trinchieri G, Valiante N (1993). "Receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG on natural killer cells". Natural Immunity. 12 (4-5): ... FcγRIII receptors on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells stimulate the NK cells to release cytotoxic molecules from their ...
Vivier, E; Anfossi N (2004). "Inhibitory NK-cell receptors on T cells. Witness of the past, actors of the future". Nat Rev ... Natural killer T cells should not be confused with natural killer cells. The term "NK T cells" was first used in mice to define ... Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer ... semi-invariant T-cell receptor and NK cell markers. NKT cells are a subset of T cells that coexpress an αβ T-cell receptor, but ...
... are receptors expressed on the plasmatic membrane of Natural Killer cells (NK cells). KARs work with inhibitory Killer-cell ... and Killer Inhibition Receptors (KIRs). Both type of receptors act together to activate or not activate the Natural Killer cell ... natural killer cells can discharge their function properly through two types of receptors: Killer Activation Receptor (KAR) ... Killer Activation Receptors) and the NK KIRs (meaning: Killer Inhibitory Receptors). Such receptors have a broad binding ...
2004). "KLRL1, a novel killer cell lectinlike receptor, inhibits natural killer cell cytotoxicity". Blood. 104 (9): 2858-66. ... 2007). "The novel AML stem cell associated antigen CLL-1 aids in discrimination between normal and leukemic stem cells". Blood ... 2004). "Identification and characterization of a novel human myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor (MICL) that is ... Members of this family share a common protein fold and have diverse functions, such as cell adhesion, cell-cell signalling, ...
Because natural killer cells target virally infected host cells and tumor cells, inhibitory KIR receptors are important in ... Natural killer cell cytolysis of target cells and cytokine production is controlled by a balance of inhibitory and activating ... KIR3DS1 NK cell receptors bind directly to the MHC class I molecules on the surface of target cells. Human killer cell ... Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of lymphocyte cell involved in the innate immune system's response to viral infection and ...
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... "The natural killer cell receptor specific for HLA-A allotypes: a novel member of the p58/p70 family of inhibitory receptors ... 2000). "Diversity of the p70 killer cell inhibitory receptor (KIR3DL) family members in a single individual". Mol. Cells. 10 (1 ... 1996). "Killer cell inhibitory receptors specific for HLA-C and HLA-B identified by direct binding and by functional transfer ...
Han Y., Zhang M., Li N., et al. KLRL1, a novel killer cell lectinlike receptor, inhibits natural killer cell cytotoxicity. ( ... The novel AML stem cell associated antigen CLL-1 aids in discrimination between normal and leukemic stem cells. (англ.) // ... Identification and characterization of a novel human myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor (MICL) that is ... Chen C. H., Floyd H., Olson N. E., et al. Dendritic-cell-associated C-type lectin 2 (DCAL-2) alters dendritic-cell maturation ...
... including NK cells, T cells, and B cells. Inhibitory receptors regulate the immune response to prevent lysis of cells ... on natural killer cells". J. Clin. Immunol. 23 (2): 141-5. doi:10.1023/A:1022580929226. PMID 12757266. Verbrugge A, de Ruiter T ... is differentially expressed during human B cell differentiation and inhibits B cell receptor-mediated signaling". Eur. J. ... "Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 functions as an inhibitory receptor on cytotoxic T cells". J. Immunol. 162 (10): 5800-4 ...
2005). "Ligands for natural killer cell-activating receptors are expressed upon the maturation of normal myelomonocytic cells ... 2003). "The human TREM gene cluster at 6p21.1 encodes both activating and inhibitory single IgV domain receptors and includes ... 2003). "Selective cross-talk among natural cytotoxicity receptors in human natural killer cells". Eur. J. Immunol. 33 (5): 1235 ... a triggering receptor involved in tumor cell lysis by activated human natural killer cells, is a novel member of the ...
"Probing the cis interactions of the inhibitory receptor Siglec-7 with alpha2,8-disialylated ligands on natural killer cells and ... Sialic acid is a key determinate of oligosaccharide structures involved in cell-cell communication, cell-substrate interaction ...
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based ... Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ... Levinson RD, Okada AA, Ashouri E, Keino H, Rajalingam R (February 2010). "Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene-cluster ...
Invariant natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis. Immunology Letters. March 2017 ... Immune inhibitory molecules LAG-3 and PD-1 synergistically regulate T-cell function to promote tumoral immune escape. Cancer ... Neonatal and adult recent thymic emigrants produce IL-8 and express complement receptors CR1 and CR2. JCI insight. 2017-08-17, ... Invariant and noninvariant natural killer T cells exert opposite regulatory functions on the immune response during murine ...
Crystal structure of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 complex. - PubMed - NCBIInhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptors down-regulate the cytotoxicity of NK cells upon recognition of specific class I ... Crystal structure of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 complex.. Fan QR1, Long EO, Wiley DC. ... We report here the crystal structure of the inhibitory human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 (KIR2DL1) bound to ... Many residues conserved in HLA-C and in KIR2DL receptors make different interactions in KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 and in a previously ...
Toxoplasma gondii Infection Regulates the Balance of Activating and Inhibitory Receptors on Decidual Natural Killer CellsThis result demonstrated that the increased NKG2D expression and imbalance between inhibitory receptors of dNK cells and HLA-G ... Levels of inhibitory receptors KIR2DL4 and ILT-2, their ligand HLA-G, and activating receptor NKG2D in human decidua, and NKG2A ... In this study, we used human dNK cells co-cultured with human extravillous cytotrophoblast (EVT) cells following YFP-Toxoplasma ... However, if Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection induced abnormal pregnancy was related to dNK cells changes is not clear. ...
Frontiers | Natural Killer Cell Immunomodulation: Targeting Activating, Inhibitory, and Co-stimulatory Receptor Signaling for...NK cells directly identify and lyse cancer cells. Nascent transformed cells elicit NK cell activation and are eliminated. ... NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors ... NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors ... NK cells directly identify and lyse cancer cells. Nascent transformed cells elicit NK cell activation and are eliminated. ...
Antiviral Treatment Alters the Frequency of Activating and Inhibitory Receptor-Expressing Natural Killer Cells in Chronic...... biological response modifiers and the family of cell adhesion-promoting molecules. ... Antiviral Treatment Alters the Frequency of Activating and Inhibitory Receptor-Expressing Natural Killer Cells in Chronic ... "Antiviral Treatment Alters the Frequency of Activating and Inhibitory Receptor-Expressing Natural Killer Cells in Chronic ...
Educated natural killer cells show dynamic movement of the activating receptor NKp46 and confinement of the inhibitory receptor...Receptor dynamics shape NK cell function. Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of innate lymphoid cells that target virally ... Educated natural killer cells show dynamic movement of the activating receptor NKp46 and confinement of the inhibitory receptor ... Educated natural killer cells show dynamic movement of the activating receptor NKp46 and confinement of the inhibitory receptor ... Educated natural killer cells show dynamic movement of the activating receptor NKp46 and confinement of the inhibitory receptor ...
Acquisition of External Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules by Natural Killer Cells Expressing Inhibitory Ly49...Inhibitory receptors alter natural killer cell interactions with target cells yet allow simultaneous killing of susceptible ... Murine natural killer (NK) cells express inhibitory Ly49 receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I ... T cells can use either T cell receptor or CD28 receptors to absorb and internalize cell surface molecules derived from antigen- ... Crystal structure of a lectin-like natural killer cell receptor bound to its MHC class I ligand. Nature. 402:623-631. ...
Killer Cells, Natural, Lectins, Lectins, C-Type, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Membrane Glycoproteins, NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor ... of HLA epitopes and killer inhibitory receptor expression to the functional alloreactive specificity of natural killer cells. ... of HLA epitopes and killer inhibitory receptor expression to the functional alloreactive specificity of natural killer cells, ... of HLA epitopes and killer inhibitory receptor expression to the functional alloreactive specificity of natural killer cells. ...
keywords = "Co-inhibitory signal, Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor, Invariant NKT cell",. author = "Shuming Chen and Ndhlovu ... Co-inhibitory roles for glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor in CD1d-dependent natural killer T cells. In: European Journal of ... Co-inhibitory roles for glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor in CD1d-dependent natural killer T cells. European Journal of ... Co-inhibitory roles for glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor in CD1d-dependent natural killer T cells. / Chen, Shuming; Ndhlovu ...
Evaluating expression patterns of multiple inhibitory and stimulatory receptors on natural killer cells using flow cytometry -...Leveraging the power of high-parameter cell sorting and single-cell multi-omics to profile intra-tumoral immune cells in a ... Evaluating expression patterns of multiple inhibitory and stimulatory receptors on natural killer cells using flow cytometry ... Evaluating expression patterns of multiple inhibitory and stimulatory receptors on natural killer cells using flow cytometry 9 ... Evaluating expression patterns of multiple inhibitory and stimulatory receptors on natural killer cells using flow cytometry. 9 ...
... inhibitory NKRs block cytolysis upon recognition of markers of healthy self cells. Most Lys49 receptors are inhibitory; some ... human myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor (MICL), mast cell-associated functional antigen (MAFA), killer cell lectin ... Natural killer cell receptor-like, C-type lectin-like domain (IPR033992). Short name: NKR-like_CTLD ... This entry represents a C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) of the type found in natural killer cell receptors (NKRs), including ...
Matched sizes of activating and inhibitory receptor/ligand pairs are required for optimal signal integration by human Natural...Burshtyn DN, Shin J, Stebbins C, Long EO (2000) Adhesion to target cells is. disrupted by the killer cell inhibitory receptor. ... Fan QR, Long EO, Wiley DC (2001) Crystal structure of the human natural. killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 ... Natural killer cell signaling pathways. Science. 306: 1517-1519.. 2. Lanier LL (2008) Up on the tightrope: natural killer cell ... role of natural killer cell receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 9: 568-580.. 6. Gleimer M, Parham P (2003) Stress management: MHC class ...
... class I ligands and play a key role in the regulation and activation of NK cells. The functional importance o... ... Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) interact with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ... Interaction of a dengue virus NS1-derived peptide with the inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1 on natural killer cells. *Townsley E ... Using depletion studies and KIR-transfected cell lines, we demonstrated further that the NS1 tetramer bound the inhibitory ...
... inhibit the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells by recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 to immunoreceptor ... Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) inhibit the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells by recruitment of ... Killer Cells, Natural / cytology, drug effects, physiology*. Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 / immunology, physiology ... Cell Adhesion / drug effects, physiology*. Cell Line. Dose-Response Relationship, Drug. Flow Cytometry. Gene Expression. HLA-C ...
Zinc bound to the killer cell-inhibitory receptor modulates the negative signal in human NK cells. J. Immunol. 1998. 161: 1299- ... Natural killer cell receptors in cattle: a bovine killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor multigene family contains members ... Natural killer cell receptors in cattle: a bovine killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor multigene family contains members ... Fan, Q. R., Long, E. O. and Wiley, D. C., Cobalt-mediated dimerization of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor. J ...
Table of Contents - November 06, 2018, 115 (45) | PNASNatural killer cells might adapt their inhibitory receptors for memory Megan A. Cooper ... Critical role for the Ly49 family of class I MHC receptors in adaptive natural killer cell responses *From the Cover ... Isolation and characterization of NY-ESO-1-specific T cell receptors restricted on various MHC molecules Michael T. Bethune, ... Mastocytosis-derived extracellular vesicles exhibit a mast cell signature, transfer KIT to stellate cells, and promote their ...
Defective expression and function of natural killer cell-triggering receptors in patients with acute myeloid leukemia | Blood...Indeed, NK cells express at the cell surface HLA-specific inhibitory receptors (including killer immunoglobulinlike receptors [ ... Murine NKG2d and CD94 are clustered within the natural killer complex and are expressed independently in natural killer cells. ... a novel triggering receptor involved in natural cytotoxicity mediated by human natural killer cells. J Exp Med. 1999;190:1505- ... Potential role of natural killer cells in controlling tumorigenesis by human T-cell leukemia viruses. J Virol. 1995;69:1328- ...
![Anti-KIR2DL1 + KIR2DL3 + KIR2DL4 + KIR2DS4 antibody [2H6] (ab26251)](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAA3NCSVQICAjb4U/gAAAAP1BMVEVuenpxfH10gIFjcXJpdXVodHRuenpueHpveXtoc3T////v8PBrd3iEjY3Q09NSY2XZ29v7+/u8wMCdo6RSY2S+t2czAAAACnRSTlOl////a2yprahm3N6WhQAAAGVJREFUGJV1j8cCwCAIQ1E6bMDR8f/fWq0eakcOHB4EAi2ObnILOdtpIrKmSK9qLFXAfjesqg2oFwAbsHKbACRktoYKOCBFjgkSq4UFvuyD8B/IluNuyb1+6cfZZ7A++uu5Ye40nqfSBUbHLeVnAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Anti-KIR2DL1 + KIR2DL3 + KIR2DL4 + KIR2DS4 antibody [2H6] (ab26251)KIRs are human natural killer (NK) cell receptors for MHC class I molecules. Most inhibit the activity of NK cells thus ... Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor 2DL3 antibody. *KKA3 antibody. *Natural killer cell inhibitory receptor antibody ... Two main families of receptors for HLA class I have been discovered on human NK cells: Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like ... The KIR receptors are an extremely diverse family of receptors. In addition to receptors for HLA, NK cells also express pattern ...
Webinars | BD Biosciences-SGEvaluating Expression Patterns of Multiple Inhibitory and Stimulatory Receptors on Natural Killer Cells. Speaker:. Mirko ... Cell Biology. Title. PDF/AV. Speaker(s). Date. Enabling a Deeper Understanding of What is on, in, and Made by the Cell. Robert ... Stem Cells. Title. PDF/AV. Speaker(s). Date. Simplifying Stem Cell Characterization and Analysis with A Personal Flow Cytometer ... Deciphering the Cell Surface Proteome of Stem Cells Using Antibody Libraries. Christian Carson. 04/2012. ...
NK cells possess two types of surface receptors: activating receptors and inhibitory receptors, including killer-cell ... Not to be confused with Natural killer T cell.. Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical ... Tumor cell surveillance[edit]. Natural killer cells often lack antigen-specific cell surface receptors, so are part of innate ... Natural killer cell activation is determined by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation. For example, if ...
NK cells use two groups of receptors, inhibitory and activating (6). Inhibitory NK receptors prevent NK activation upon ... Activating receptors and coreceptors involved in human natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19:197-223. ... Human Dendritic Cells Activate Resting Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Are Recognized via the NKp30 Receptor by Activated NK ... Human Dendritic Cells Activate Resting Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Are Recognized via the NKp30 Receptor by Activated NK ...
NK Receptor | SpringerLinkNatural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR); Natural killer cell group (NKG) Natural Killer (NK) cells are a major... ... Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR); Killer lectin-like receptors (KLR); ... Crystal structure of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 complex. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:452-60. ... Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR); Killer lectin-like receptors (KLR); Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR); Natural ...
KIR2DL3 Gene - GeneCards | KI2L3 Protein | KI2L3 AntibodyKiller Cell Immunoglobulin Like Receptor, Two Ig Domains And Long Cytoplasmic Tail 3, including: function, proteins, disorders ... Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets ... natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like inhibitory receptor for HLA-C antigens,2DL3,58kDa *KIR2DL3 ... Natural Killer Cell Receptors: Human Target Cell - NK Cell Ligand-Receptor Interactions. Natural Killer Cell Receptors: Human ...
Natural killer cell... This article or section may require restructuring to meet Wikipedias .Please discuss this issue on the ... Activating and inhibitory receptors Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve ... Natural Killer T cell. B cells: Plasma, Memory. Natural killer cells (Lymphokine-activated killer cell). ... Natural Killer cell activity is tightly regulated. Natural Killer cells must receive an activating signal, which can come in a ...
Insights into Seven and Single Transmembrane-Spanning Domain Receptors and Their Signaling Pathways in Human Natural Killer...Cell Movement. *IV. Natural Killer Cells Express Seven Transmembrane Chemokine Receptors. *V. Natural Killer Cells Express ... These receptors are either inhibitory or activating. Inhibitory receptors contain the immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory ... Single Transmembrane-Spanning Domain Receptors in Natural Killer Cells. *VII. Sojourn of Human Natural Killer Cells into ... Human natural killer (NK) cells are important cells of the innate immune system. These cells perform two prominent functions: ...
Expression of killer cell inhibitory receptors on human uterine natural killer cells. Eur J Immunol. 1997;27: 979-983. ... Severe herpesvirus infections in an adolescent without natural killer cells. N Engl J Med. 1989;320: 1731-1735. ... 2 It was suggested that such diversity of NK receptors enables the killing of infected cells by at least a subset of NK cells.3 ... The killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family recognizes class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and ...
CD94NKG2ALysisKIRsMoleculesInhibitionImmuneImmunologyCytotoxic activityActivating and inhibitory signalsLeukocyteSurface receptorsNKG2DTumorProteinsAntigensMoleculeCollectively termed natural cytotoxicity receptorsSignalsEffectorRecognizeSubsetsCytokinesOsteoclast inhibitory lectinNKp30GeneInhibitSubsetNKp46ExpressionPeripheral bloodCytoplasmicInteractionImmunityInteractionsGenesKIR3DL1RecognitionStimulatory and inhibitory receptorsTumorsLack inhibitory receptorsRegulationCytolyticLymphocytesLymphoidMurineStimulationNKp44Highly homologousKIR2DL3Ly49 ReceptorsCytotoxicity of NK cellsMyeloidMembraneLigand for the inhibitoryAntigen receptorsBindKIR2DL1Alleles
- In certain individuals, inhibition patterns are more complicated and may be due to the relative expression of the CD94/NKG2 receptors. (elsevier.com)
- Indeed, NK cells express at the cell surface HLA-specific inhibitory receptors (including killer immunoglobulinlike receptors [KIRs] and CD94/NKG2A heterodimers) that on recognition of the ligands on normal target cells down-regulate the NK-mediated cytolytic activity. (bloodjournal.org)
- Two main families of receptors for HLA class I have been discovered on human NK cells: Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and CD94/NKG2 heterodimers. (abcam.com)
- 1999. CD69 is a stimulatory receptor for natural killer cell and its cytotoxic effect is blocked by CD94 inhibitory receptor. (springer.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cell function is regulated by inhibitory receptors, such as the family of killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and the NKG2A/CD94 heterodimer. (gu.se)
- These receptors recognize cognate HLA class I molecules on potential target cells, and recent studies imply that an HLA-B dimorphism at position -21 in the gene segment encoding the leader peptide dictates whether NK cell regulation primarily relies on the KIRs or the NKG2A/CD94 receptor. (gu.se)
- Methods -Nine CD56 + /CD3 − NK cell lymphomas, 29 CD3 + /CD56 − T cell lymphomas with a cytotoxic phenotype, and 19 T cell lymphomas without a cytotoxic phenotype were stained for KIR using monoclonal antibodies specific for CD94, CD158a, and CD158b. (bmj.com)
- Double staining for CD56 and CD94 in normal lymphoid tissues revealed that KIR was predominantly expressed by CD56 + NK cells and sporadically on CD8 + T cells. (bmj.com)
- Moreover, enteropathy-type T cell lymphomas with a cytotoxic phenotype showed KIR expression (three cases expressing CD94 and one case expressing CD158a). (bmj.com)
- CD94 1A transcripts characterize lymphoblastic lymphoma/ leukemia of immature natural killer cell origin with distinct clinical features. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Some studies suggest that expression of NK cells triggering receptors, including CD94 , KIR (CD158a/h and CD158b/j), NKp46, and NKG2D, does not differ between CB and APB NK cells, while others reported that a higher percentage of CB NK cells express the inhibitory receptor complex of CD94 / NKG2A and CD158b/j (38), (39). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Examples of other C-type lectin-like receptors that occur as individual genes are CD94 , CD69 and AICL. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Cytotoxic markers (TIA-1, Granzyme B, and By55) and NK marker CD94 strongly stained neoplastic cells (Figure, c). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Células tumorais variantes utilizam-se de diferentes estratégias para evadirem-se do sistema imunológico, tais como a modificação da expressão das moléculas de HLA de classe I. A HLA-E é uma molécula não clássica do sistema HLA considerada ligante de receptores de células Natural Killers (NK) A interação do HLA-E com receptores inibitórios CD94/NKG2A inativa a potente função lítica das células NK favorecendo as células tumorais. (usp.br)
- The interaction of HLA-E with CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptons inactivates the potent Iytic function of NK cells favoring the tumor cells. (usp.br)
- HLA-E binding non-inhibitory peptides augment inhibition at CD94:NKG2A, while HLA-C binding non-inhibitory peptides antagonize inhibition at KIR2DL2/3, implying that KIRs are specialized to respond positively to changes in peptide repertoire. (gopubmed.org)
- In the present study we demonstrate that CD3+ T cells that bind tetramers of HLA-E and express its ligand, the NK-cell inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A, were significantly decreased in frequency in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) but not in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers. (www.gov.uk)
- There is increasing evidence that iNKRs like NKG2A expressed on T cells are importantly involved in the regulation of immune responses though no studies have addressed the potential role in the pathogenesis of IBD. (ovid.com)
- We analysed the expression of NKG2A on T cells in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model mouse and IBD patients. (ovid.com)
- Administration of anti-NKG2A Ab increased the number of inflammatory foci in DSS-induced colitis, suggesting the involvement of NKG2A+ T cells in this colitis model. (ovid.com)
- HLA-E is a non-classical MHC class Ib molecule that acts as the ligand for the NKG2A inhibitory receptor present on natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) cells. (imperial.ac.uk)
- The dominant immune signature of impaired elders consisted of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and T cells expressing inhibitory natural killer-related receptors (NKR) CD158a, CD158e, and NKG2A. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Elevated expression provides enhanced levels of an HLA-A-derived signal peptide that specifically binds and determines expression levels of HLA-E, the ligand for the inhibitory NKG2A natural killer (NK) cell receptor. (iavi.org)
- haplotypes that favor NKG2A-mediated NK cell licensing (i.e., education) exacerbate the deleterious effect of high on HIV control, consistent with NKG2A-mediated inhibition impairing NK cell clearance of HIV-infected targets. (iavi.org)
- Human NK cells express receptors (KIR) which inhibit lysis through binding to HLA class I on target cells. (elsevier.com)
- 12. Colonna M, Borsellino G, Falco M, Ferrara GB, Strominger JL (1993) HLA-C is the inhibitory ligand that determines dominant resistance to lysis by NK1- and NK2-specific natural killer cells. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Importantly, the leukemic blasts from these 2 patients were also resistant to lysis mediated by normal NCR bright allogeneic NK cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- Most inhibit the activity of NK cells thus preventing cell lysis. (abcam.com)
- Typically, immune cells detect major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presented on infected cell surfaces, triggering cytokine release, causing lysis or apoptosis . (wikipedia.org)
- Mature DCs are protected from activated NK lysis, but lysis takes place if the NK inhibitory signal is blocked by a human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A,B,C-specific antibody. (rupress.org)
- We suggest that DCs are able to control directly the expansion of NK cells and that the lysis of immature DCs can regulate the afferent limb of innate and adaptive immunity. (rupress.org)
- Receptor for KLRB1 that protects target cells against natural killer cell-mediated lysis (PubMed:20843815, PubMed:16339513). (genecards.org)
- The NK cell-mediated killing is controlled by inhibitory, costimulatory, and lysis receptors ( 2 ). (jimmunol.org)
- The main lysis receptors include the NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30 proteins ( 3 ). (jimmunol.org)
- It is believed that NK cells, in turn, evolved as an evolutionary response to this adaption, as the loss of the MHC would deprive these cells of the inhibitory effect of MHC and render these cells vulnerable to NK-cell mediated lysis. (wikidoc.org)
- Natural killer lysis receptor (NKLR)/NKLR-ligand matching as a novel approach for enhancing anti-tumor activity of allogeneic NK cells. (rndsystems.com)
- Thus, the triggering of NK cells in the process of tumor cell lysis may often depend on the concerted action of NCR and NKG2D. (nih.gov)
- and administration of therapeutic agents modulating the susceptibility fgjhd, IFN-g, GM-CSF, TNF-a, MIP-1a and MIP-1b compared of tumors to NK-cell lysis has been proposed recently. (slideshare.net)
- Activating receptors bind ligands on the target cell surface and trigger NK cell activation and target cell lysis. (genome.jp)
- However, freshly isolated neuroblasts were generally more resistant to NK-mediated lysis than conventional neuroblastoma cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
- Remarkably, susceptibility to lysis directly correlated with the surface expression, on neuroblasts, of poliovirus receptor [PVR (CD155)], a ligand for the DNAX accessory molecule-1 [DNAM-1 (CD226)] triggering receptor expressed by NK cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- Moreover, monoclonal antibody-mediated masking of either DNAM-1 (on NK cells) or PVR (on neuroblasts) resulted in strong inhibition of tumor cell lysis. (aacrjournals.org)
- The interaction of HLA molecules expressed on normal cells with HLA class I-specific NK receptors results in protection of these cells from NK-mediated lysis. (aacrjournals.org)
- Inhibitory receptors regulate the immune response to prevent lysis of cells recognized as self. (origene.com)
- By contrast, human NK cells express killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) * belonging to the Ig superfamily ( 2 ). (rupress.org)
- KIRs are human natural killer (NK) cell receptors for MHC class I molecules. (abcam.com)
- Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cells. (genecards.org)
- Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed on natural killer cells and some T-cell subsets and produce either activation or inhibitory signals upon binding with the appropriate human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ligand on target cells. (nature.com)
- These killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) were initially found on a subset of NK cells but subsequent studies revealed that in addition to NK cells, KIRs can also be detected on a subset of CD8 and, rarely, on CD4 positive lymphocytes. (bmj.com)
- Located on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells and a subset of T cells, inhibitory KIRs diminish NK cytolysis of target cells upon binding to their HLA class I ligands and activating KIRs are thought to stimulate NK destruction of target cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- In contrast, there was no clear evidence of risk associated with increasing numbers of inhibitory KIRs. (aacrjournals.org)
- Inhibitory KIRs interact with specific HLA class I molecules to impede NK cytolysis and protect "self" cells from spontaneous destruction, whereas activating receptors, presumably including the activating KIR, stimulate NK cell-directed destruction of target cells, including transformed tumor cells, virus-infected cells, and cells undergoing other types of "stress" ( 14 , 15 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- HLA-C w is a predominant ligand for inhibitory KIRs (specifically KIR2DL1 and KIR2DL2/3) and as the extracellular domains of the activating KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS2 have striking homology with their inhibitory counterparts, these receptors are likely to bind HLA-C w as well, albeit with lower affinity ( 16 - 18 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- KIRs contribute to the regulation of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (miltenyibiotec.com)
- According to the length of their cytoplasmic tail, KIRs can be further subdivided into inhibitory KIRs and activating KIRs (KIR2DS or KIR3DS). (miltenyibiotec.com)
- KIRs contribute to the regulation of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and possess high allelic polymorphism with either 2 or 3 Ig-like extracellular domains. (miltenyibiotec.com)
- Accumulating evidences indicate that killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their corresponding specific HLA-C ligands contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases via the modulation of natural killer (NK) cell and T cell functions. (springermedizin.de)
- Our findings indicate that with the genetic background of HLA-B27, variation at the KIRs and their corresponding specific HLA-C ligands may influence the ability of NK cells and T cells to recognize and lyse targets in immune responses, which thereby contributes to pathogenesis of AS. (springermedizin.de)
- Inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptors down-regulate the cytotoxicity of NK cells upon recognition of specific class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on target cells. (nih.gov)
- Although both receptors were generally restricted to membrane microdomains, NKp46 molecules spent less time in an individual microdomain and diffused faster on educated cells compared to hyporesponsive cells. (sciencemag.org)
- Conversely, Ly49A molecules were overall more constrained and diffused more slowly on educated cells. (sciencemag.org)
- Educated natural killer (NK) cells have inhibitory receptors specific for self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and kill cancer cells more efficiently than do NK cells that do not have such receptors (hyporesponsive NK cells). (sciencemag.org)
- however, individual NKp46 molecules resided in these domains for shorter periods and diffused faster on the surface of educated, compared to hyporesponsive, NK cells. (sciencemag.org)
- Murine natural killer (NK) cells express inhibitory Ly49 receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. (rupress.org)
- In addition, ligand acquisition did not abrogate the ability of Ly49A + NK cells to receive inhibitory signals from external H-2D d molecules. (rupress.org)
- The "missing self" hypothesis proposes that NK cells kill other cells because they fail to express a complete set of host MHC class I molecules ( 3 ). (rupress.org)
- In T cells, synapse formation appears to increase the density of relevant molecules in the target cell contact to ensure sufficient stimulation of the T cell receptor by the few relevant MHC/peptide complexes that are presented by the APCs ( 5 - 7 ). (rupress.org)
- An interesting consequence of the formation of the immunological synapse in T and B cells is that the effector cell acquire target cell membrane molecules and incorporate them in its own membrane ( 10 - 12 ). (rupress.org)
- In this study, we show that transferred Ly49A + NK cells rapidly acquired H-2D d molecules from H-2D d -expressing bystander cells in parallel with downregulation of cell surface Ly49A expression. (rupress.org)
- Our study reveals the separate contributions of HLA and KIR molecules to NK cell alloreactivity and provides a basis for consideration of the functional diversity of KIR genes in transplantation. (elsevier.com)
- 11. Ljunggren HG, Karre K (1990) In search of the 'missing self': MHC molecules and NK cell recognition. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Under physiologic conditions, target cells are protected from NK-mediated cytotoxicity because they express an adequate amount of HLA class I molecules. (bloodjournal.org)
- 4 Three of these molecules, NKp46, NKp30, and NKp44 (collectively termed natural cytotoxicity receptors [NCRs]), are selectively expressed by NK cells, and their engagement results in a strong enhancement of the NK-mediated cytolytic activity. (bloodjournal.org)
- Ly49 (homodimers), relatively ancient, C-type lectin family receptors, are of multigenic presence in mice, while humans have only one pseudogenic Ly49, the receptor for classical (polymorphic) MHC I molecules. (wikipedia.org)
- NK cells share much of the killing machinery with CTLs, except that NK cells are able to recognize targets that have downregulated their MHC class I molecules, the "missing self" mechanism ( 4 , 5 ). (rupress.org)
- MHC class I or MHC class I-related molecules can also act as activating NK ligands, engaging NKG2D or various killer activating receptors (KARs) that are highly homologous in sequence to the corresponding inhibitory NK receptors ( 15 ). (rupress.org)
- Finally, there are two molecules 2B4 and NKp80 that seem to act as activating coreceptors, enhancing the function of the above mentioned NK receptors ( 16 ). (rupress.org)
- As these are stress-molecules, released by cells upon viral infection, they serve to signal to the NK-cell the presence of viral pathogens. (bionity.com)
- Upon release in close proximity to a cell slated for killing, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which the granzymes and associated molecules can enter, inducing apoptosis . (bionity.com)
- These inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I alleles , which could explain why NK cells kill cells possessing low levels of MHC class I molecules. (bionity.com)
- MHC class I molecules consist of the main mechanism by which cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T-cells. (bionity.com)
- Inhibitory receptors contain the immune receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif, and activating receptors belong to either those that associate with adaptor molecules containing the immune receptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) or those that associate with adaptor molecules containing motifs other than ITAM. (aspetjournals.org)
- The killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family recognizes class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and inhibits natural killer (NK) activity. (bloodjournal.org)
- A common evolutionary adaption to this seen in both intracellular microbes and tumours is a chronic down-regulation of these MHC I molecules, rendering the cell impervious to T-cell mediated immunity. (wikidoc.org)
- heterodimers) - a C-type lectin family receptor, conserved in both rodents and primates and identifies non-classical (also non-polymorphic) MHC I molecules like HLA E . Though indirect, this is a way to survey the levels of classical (polymorphic) HLA molecules, however, because expression of HLA-E at the cell surface is dependent upon the presence of classical MHC class I leader peptides. (wikidoc.org)
- When these proteins and Proteases are released close to a cell intended for killing, perforin create pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which granzymes and associated molecules can enter, inducing apoptosis. (sooperarticles.com)
- Inhibitory NK cell receptors for MHC class I molecules not only have a critical role in controlling NK cell responses but also confer the functional competence of NK cells in response to activation signals. (els.net)
- A new class of molecules has been discovered recently that can modulate the cytotoxic activity of NK and T cells. (bmj.com)
- In addition, NLF CD56dim cells expressed lower levels of cytotoxicity-associated genes, perforin (PRF1) and granzyme B (GZMB), and increased levels of cytokines and cell signaling molecules, TRAIL, IFNGR2, and IL8, as compared to PB CD56dim cells. (deepdyve.com)
- Therefore, target cell surface molecules can be found on the surface of NK cells. (plos.org)
- Natural killer cells can discriminate between normal cells and cells that do not express adequate amounts of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. (nih.gov)
- Other triggering surface molecules including 2B4 and the novel NKp80 appear to function as coreceptors rather than as true receptors. (nih.gov)
- Background: A major group of murine inhibitory receptors on Natural Killer (NK) cells belong to the Ly49 receptor family and recognize MHC class I molecules. (diva-portal.org)
- Infected or transformed target cells frequently downmodulate MHC class I molecules and can thus avoid CD8(+) T cell attack, but may at the same time develop NK cell sensitivity, due to failure to express inhibitory ligands for Ly49 receptors. (diva-portal.org)
- Conclusion: Collectively, our findings suggest that in interactions between NK cells and normal untransformed cells, MHC class I molecules are in most cases expressed in excess compared to what is functionally needed to ensure self tolerance and to induce maximal Ly49 downmodulation. (diva-portal.org)
- Tumor cell variants use different strategies to evade the immune system such as modification of the expression of class I HLA molecules. (usp.br)
- Molecules currently under study include receptors of the immune system involved in autoimmune disorders (T cell receptors, co-receptors, MHC, cytokines), proteins involved in host-pathogen interactions and molecular mimicry (CMV and Toxoplasma surface antigens), proteins of nervous system (peptide hormone receptors, neural guidance proteins), and membrane proteins (chemokine receptors). (stanford.edu)
- By using 4A6 mAb, we demonstrate that Ocil/Clr-b is displayed at high levels on nearly all hematopoietic cells, with the exception of erythrocytes, in a pattern that is similar to that of class I MHC molecules. (jove.com)
- However Inhibitory receptors recognize MHC class I molecules (HLA) and inhibit killing by NK cells by overruling the actions of the activating receptors. (genome.jp)
- Human vascular endothelial cells process antigens and express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and costimulatory Dr. Y.-J. Lin's work was supported by China Medical University (grant CMU95-142), China Medical University Hospital (grant DMR-96-110), and the National Science Council, Taiwan (grant NSC94-2320-B-039-042). (docme.ru)
- On the other hand, NK cells can kill target cells in the absence of interaction between inhibitory receptors and HLA class I molecules. (aacrjournals.org)
- The signalling lymphocyte-activation molecules (SLAM) family of receptors encompasses a number of adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of leukocytes that play critical roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. (prolekare.cz)
- As a consequence, CMV has evolved diverse countermeasures to avoid recognition by T cells, allowing it to interfere with the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) and class II and costimulatory molecules, compromising antigen presentation - . (prolekare.cz)
- The signalling lymphocyte-activation molecules (SLAM) family of cell-surface receptors is a distinct structural subgroup of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily differentially expressed on hematopoietic cells and found to play pivotal roles in both innate and adaptive immunity - . (prolekare.cz)
- This therapeutic effect was associated with increased proliferation and function of tumor antigen-specific effector CD8 + T cells, inhibition of suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) and MDSC, upregulation of effector T-cell signaling molecules, and generation of T memory precursor cells. (aacrjournals.org)
- NKRs are variously associated with activation or inhibition of natural killer (NK) cells. (ebi.ac.uk)
- 2. Lanier LL (2008) Up on the tightrope: natural killer cell activation and inhibition. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) inhibit the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells by recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 to immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) sequences in the KIR cytoplasmic tail . (biomedsearch.com)
- Inhibition of adhesion to target cells was mediated by a chimeric KIR molecule carrying catalytically active SHP-1 in place of its cytoplasmic tail. (biomedsearch.com)
- This inhibition is crucial to the role played by NK cells. (bionity.com)
- The only so far reported ligand of KIR2DL4 is the non-classical HLA class 1 gene HLA-G, leading to the inhibition of the cytolytic NK cell function. (wikipedia.org)
- We therefore suggest that the influenza virus use a novel mechanism for the inhibition of NK cell activity. (jimmunol.org)
- We have recently demonstrated that the viral hemagglutinin (HA) 3 protein of influenza virus and the HA-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Sendai virus (SV) can interact with both the NKp44 and NKp46 receptors and that this interaction leads to increased killing that can overcome the class I MHC-mediated inhibition ( 4 , 5 ). (jimmunol.org)
- a) Activated NK cells are very abundant at implantatioin site (murine implantation site) and (b) balance between inhibition of cytotoxicity (action on KIR, inhibitory Killer Ig like receptors, or Killer Inhibiting receptors) or KAR (activating Killer Ig‐like receptors, or Killer Activating receptors). (els.net)
- 1998. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. (springer.com)
- Thus, gp49B1 is an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif-containing integral cell-surface protein that downregulates the high-affinity Fc receptor for IgE-mediated release of proinflammatory mediators from mast cells. (pnas.org)
- 2005) Inhibition of the NKp30 activating receptor by pp65 of human cytomegalovirus. (els.net)
- Several receptors present on NK cells have been identified, which are involved in either their activation or inhibition. (niscair.res.in)
- Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of inhibitory NK receptors recruit tyrosine or lipid phosphatases, which modulate the activation signals transmitted by receptors linked to the Syk and ZAP70 tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases. (nih.gov)
- In the early phases of cancer immune surveillance, NK cells directly identify and lyse cancer cells. (frontiersin.org)
- Here, we review tumor-NK cell interactions, discuss the mechanisms by which NK cells generate an antitumor immune response, and discuss NK cell-based therapeutic strategies targeting activating, inhibitory, and co-stimulatory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
- instead of targeting tumor cells, the goal of immunotherapy is to augment and expand the immune system's intrinsic antitumor response. (frontiersin.org)
- However, a class of important immune-modulators is conspicuously absent: agents that utilize the power of innate immune cells to eradicate tumors. (frontiersin.org)
- An important class of innate immune cells that play a critical role in mediating the antitumor immune response is the natural killer (NK) cell. (frontiersin.org)
- NK cells are now accepted to play an important role in both the adaptive and innate immune responses that govern infection, autoimmunity, and tumor immunosurveillance ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are essential for the control of infections and for tumor immunosurveillance ( 1 , 2 ). (sciencemag.org)
- Recently, much interest in immunology has focused on posttranscriptional membrane-related events occurring when immune effector cells meet their target cells. (rupress.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the innate immune system and are responsible for killing virally infected cells by secreting cytotoxic granules. (flowcytometry-news.com)
- Activated NK cells also secrete a variety of cytokines that regulate the function of other cells in the immune system. (flowcytometry-news.com)
- It has been suggested that receptor-ligand complexes segregate or co-localise within immune synapses according to their size, and this is important for receptor signaling. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Here, we set out to test the importance of receptor-ligand complex dimensions for immune surveillance of target cells by human Natural Killer (NK) cells. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Long, E. O., Regulation of immune responses through inhibitory receptors. (wiley.com)
- Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system . (wikipedia.org)
- The role NK cells play is analogous to that of cytotoxic T cells in the vertebrate adaptive immune response . (wikipedia.org)
- NK cells are unique, however, as they have the ability to recognize stressed cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC, allowing for a much faster immune reaction. (wikipedia.org)
- This role is especially important because harmful cells that are missing MHC I markers cannot be detected and destroyed by other immune cells, such as T lymphocyte cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The role of NK cells in both the innate and adaptive immune responses is becoming increasingly important in research using NK cell activity as a potential cancer therapy. (wikipedia.org)
- Dendritic cells (DCs) * are sentinels for the immune system. (rupress.org)
- Thus, the prior literature on the properties of NK cells primarily reflects NK activation in the wake of adaptive immune responses. (rupress.org)
- Natural Killer (NK) cells are a major component of the innate immune system, providing surveillance against infected or transformed cells without the requirement of prior host sensitization. (springer.com)
- Veillette A. Immune regulation by SLAM family receptors and SAP-related adaptors. (springer.com)
- Natural killer cells (or NK cells ) are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitute a major component of the innate immune system . (bionity.com)
- They serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response is generating antigen -specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection. (bionity.com)
- KIR proteins with the long cytoplasmic domain transduce inhibitory signals upon ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), while KIR proteins with the short cytoplasmic domain lack the ITIM motif and instead associate with the TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein to transduce activating signals. (genecards.org)
- Among its related pathways are Allograft rejection and Immune response Role of DAP12 receptors in NK cells . (genecards.org)
- Human natural killer (NK) cells are important cells of the innate immune system. (aspetjournals.org)
- We suggest that overexpression of an inhibitory NK receptor might lead to a novel immune deficiency associated with primary CMV infection. (bloodjournal.org)
- In this review, we introduce several representative examples of paired receptors, focusing on two major structural superfamilies, the immunoglobulin-like and the C-type lectin-like receptors, and explain how these receptors distinguish self and non-self ligands to maintain homeostasis in the immune system. (frontiersin.org)
- Paired receptors are related membrane proteins that are mainly expressed on immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
- They are located in small gene clusters on a chromosome, and are usually expressed on overlapping immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
- The immune system is considered to be tightly regulated by the balance between the activating and inhibitory signals through these paired receptors, and dysregulation of this balance often causes autoimmunity, allergy, and various infectious diseases. (frontiersin.org)
- They also influence the adaptive immune response by secreting immunoregulatory cytokines that stimulate T cells and dendritic cells ( 1 , 2 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Regulatory T cells mitigate the effects of allorecognition by maternal immune system in placental mammals. (els.net)
- In this study, we investigated the effect of taking bovine colostrum (vs phosphate-buffered saline) for 14 days on the behavior of the immune cells of mice. (springer.com)
- Thus dietary bovine colostrum renders immune cells less responsive to LPS stimulation. (springer.com)
- 2010. Bovine colostrum modulates immune activation cascades in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. (springer.com)
- It is a type cytotoxic lymphocyte that represents major part of innate immune system and is specialized to kill certain types of target cells, especially those that became infected with virus or have become cancerous. (sooperarticles.com)
- Natural killer cells are derived from Pluripotent Hematopoietic stem cells and are considered as important cells of the immune system. (sooperarticles.com)
- The first is to understand how to keep NK cells instead of loosing them, and second is to keep them around, as they have an important regulatory function to limit adaptive immune response. (sooperarticles.com)
- Absence of NK cells leads to unregulated adaptive immune system and in some cases it may leads to death. (sooperarticles.com)
- Background Interactions between host immune cells and gut microbiota are crucial for the integrity and function of the intestine. (bmj.com)
- How these interactions regulate immune cell responses in the intestine remains a major gap in the field. (bmj.com)
- Results SLAMF4 is a selective marker of intestinal immune cells of mice and humans. (bmj.com)
- Conclusions SLAMF4 is a marker of intestinal immune cells which contributes to the protection against enteric pathogens and whose expression is dependent on the presence of the gut microbiota. (bmj.com)
- This discovery provides a possible mechanism for answering the long-standing question of how the intertwining of the host and gut microbial biology regulates immune cell responses in the gut. (bmj.com)
- Signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) receptors have an important role in the development of immune responses. (bmj.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system and have the ability to both lyse target cells and provide an early source of immunoregulatory cytokines ( 21 , 25 ). (asm.org)
- To investigate the changes in the maternal immune system at term pregnancy, we studied the expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and the cytokine production of NK cells in term placenta decidua and peripheral blood. (hindawi.com)
- Depending on the type of signals provided by the tumor microenvironment, CD4 + CD161 + cells may regulate the immune response. (aacrjournals.org)
- Overall, NLF CD56dim cells are a unique cell population that likely play a role in orchestrating innate immune responses in the nasal cavity, which is distinct from their role as a non-antigen-restricted cytotoxic CD56dim lymphocytes in the PB. (deepdyve.com)
- Trogocytosis is a process in which membrane patches are exchanged between target and immune cells - . (plos.org)
- When an NK cell interacts with a target cell, an immune synapse, which is strong enough to allow the transfer of small membrane patches from one cell to its partner cell, is formed , . (plos.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cell immune responses are regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory signals transmitted by cell surface receptors. (nih.gov)
- Sometimes the transplanted cells from a donor can make an immune response against the body's normal cells. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in early defenses against both allogeneic (nonself) cells and autologous cells undergoing various forms of stress, such as infection with viruses, bacteria, or parasites or malignant transformation. (genome.jp)
- Atherosclerosis (AS) presents characteristic of a chronic inflammatory disease in which both adaptive and innate immune cells play roles. (biomedcentral.com)
- These conflicting results may be partially explained by the fact that beige mutation or Ly49A transgene also influences the functions of other immune cells [ 11 - 14 ], making it difficult to clearly define the role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- NK cells are a component of the innate immune system identified in animals as serving an essential role in antiviral immunity. (jci.org)
- These observations are a prerequisite for improved understanding of immune cell functions in the pig and other species. (springer.com)
- The leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) encodes a diverse array of immunoglobulin (Ig)-like genes crucially involved in innate and cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens and neoplasms. (springer.com)
- The generation of an efficient host-elicited immune response against CMV includes the induction of natural killer (NK) cells, antibody and T-cell mediated responses . (prolekare.cz)
- The persistence of HBV may be associated with viral suppression of NK cell as the representative of the innate immune system. (scirp.org)
- The expression of NK cell-associated receptors by clonally expanded CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection suggests that these receptors play a role in regulating CD8+ T cell-mediated antiviral immune responses and that a decrease of this cell subset results in an increased risk of inflammatory diseases such as HAM/TSP. (www.gov.uk)
- Tumors can use the PD-1 inhibitory pathway to silence the immune system ( 8 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- In ovarian tumors, myeloid cells are one of the major determinants of immune suppression. (aacrjournals.org)
- NK-like T cells and plasma cytokines, but not anti-viral serology, define immune fingerprints of resilience and mild disability in exceptional aging. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Cancer being a multifaceted disease, loss of genetic diversity can directly (via accumulation of oncogenic homozygous mutations) and indirectly (via increased susceptibility to oncogenic pathogens) impact abnormal cell emergence and escape of immune surveillance. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in immune defense and reproduction, yet remain the most poorly understood major lymphocyte population. (sciencemag.org)
- Immunology and Cell Biology 92: 237-244. (els.net)
- 2 Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, University of Messina and Cell Therapy Program Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy. (jci.org)
- Functional studies in the latter model showed that uptake of H-2D d by Ly49A + NK cells was accompanied by a partial inactivation of cytotoxic activity in the NK cell, as tested against H-2D d -negative target cells. (rupress.org)
- The NK cell cytotoxic activity is regulated by both inhibitory and activating NK receptors. (jimmunol.org)
- Natural Killer Cell includes two types of surface receptors (activating receptor and inhibitory receptor) to control their cytotoxic activity. (sooperarticles.com)
- these motifs downregulate natural killer cell and T-cell activation signals that lead to cytotoxic activity. (pnas.org)
- Our previous studies demonstrated that Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can directly interact with human NK cells and induce the proliferation, gamma interferon production, and cytotoxic activity of such cells without the need for accessory cells. (asm.org)
- Although first identified by their cytotoxic activity against tumor and virally infected cells, there is now increasing evidence that NK cells are important mediators of the innate resistance to a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including intracellular bacteria ( 18 , 23 ). (asm.org)
- It has been reported that the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cell is depressed during pregnancy and that the suppression of cytotoxicity is multifactorial and may include both cellular and humoral elements [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Inhibitory NK cell receptors (iNKRs) can down-regulate antigen-mediated T-cell effector functions, including cytotoxic activity and cytokine release. (www.gov.uk)
- NK cell activity is regulated by the cumulative effects of multiple activating and inhibitory signals that are transmitted through the receptors on the NK cell surface. (plos.org)
- We have previously genetically modified in vitro expanded NK cells to express DAP10 and the chimeric NKG2D receptor containing the CD3ζ signal domain, which altered the balance between the activating and inhibitory signals of NK cells and enhanced the cytotoxicity against NKG2D ligand-bearing tumors . (plos.org)
- Structural basis for recognition of the nonclassical MHC molecule HLA-G by the leukocyte Ig-like receptor B2 (LILRB2/LIR2/ILT4/CD85d). (springer.com)
- The KIR genes are polymorphic and highly homologous and they are found in a cluster on chromosome 19q13.4 within the 1 Mb leukocyte receptor complex (LRC). (genecards.org)
- The increased binding was general, because it was observed in both the killer cell Ig-like receptor 2 domain long tail 1 and leukocyte Ig-like receptor-1. (jimmunol.org)
- Three different types of inhibitory receptors inhibit NK cytotoxicity via interaction with class I MHC proteins ( 6 ), including the killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family ( 6 , 7 ), the C-type lectin family ( 7 ), and the Ig-like transcript/leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LIR) family ( 8 ). (jimmunol.org)
- In this study, we investigated the involvement of the killer cell Ig-like receptor 2 domain long tail 1 (KIR2DL1) and the leukocyte Ig-like receptor-1 (LIR1) in the recognition of influenza virus-infected cells. (jimmunol.org)
- Human leukocyte antigen-G, a ligand for the natural killer receptor KIR2DL4, is expressed by eutopic endometrium only in the menstrual phase. (rndsystems.com)
- The leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) encodes numerous immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors involved in innate immunity. (springer.com)
- These include the killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) and the leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILR) which can be polymorphic and vary greatly in number between species. (springer.com)
- Two known subgroups of LRC-encoded receptors are variably expanded in mammals: the killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) and the leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILR). (springer.com)
- The gene is a member of both the immunoglobulin superfamily and the leukocyte-associated inhibitory receptor family. (origene.com)
- The gene maps to a region of 19q13.4 called the leukocyte receptor cluster, which contains at least 29 genes encoding leukocyte-expressed receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily. (origene.com)
- To provide an unprecedented understanding of NK cell repertoire diversity, we used mass cytometry to simultaneously analyze 37 parameters, including 28 NK cell receptors, on peripheral blood NK cells from 5 sets of monozygotic twins and 12 unrelated donors of defined human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype. (sciencemag.org)
- The highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen () locus encodes cell surface proteins that are critical for immunity. (iavi.org)
- This antibody recognizes human leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR1). (genetex.com)
- Their cytolytic function is regulated by the expression of a series of surface receptors that either block or enhance the NK-mediated cytotoxicity. (bloodjournal.org)
- Cell surface receptors are responsible for regulating cellular function on the front line, the cell membrane. (frontiersin.org)
- The activity of NK cells is regulated by the delicate balance of signals from inhibitory and stimulatory cell surface receptors engaged upon interaction with their ligands. (els.net)
- Cell surface receptors containing an immunoglobin domain. (embl.de)
- NK cell activation is regulated by integrating signals from activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and inhibitory receptors, such as KIR2DL1. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Elongating the NKG2D ligand MICA reduced its ability to trigger NK cell activation. (warwick.ac.uk)
- 1999) Activation ofNKcells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress- inducible MICA. (warwick.ac.uk)
- Another surface receptor playing a role in the induction of NK-mediated cytotoxicity is represented by NKG2D, a receptor that, different from NCRs, is also expressed by virtually all T-cell receptor (TCR)γδ + and CD8 + TCRαβ + cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- 9-11 Its expression does not correlate with that of NCRs because similar levels of NKG2D are detected in both NCR bright and NCR dull NK cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- 4 It has been recently demonstrated that NKG2D plays a role in the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against certain target cells either by acting in concert with NCR (in NCR bright NK clones) or by representing the main receptor (in NCR dull NK cells). (bloodjournal.org)
- NKG2D-DAP10 triggers human NK cell-mediated killing via a Syk-independent regulatory pathway. (springer.com)
- Groh V, Wu J, Yee C, Spies T. Tumour-derived soluble MIC ligands impair expression of NKG2D and T-cell activation. (springer.com)
- Lopez-Soto A, Folgueras AR, Seto E, Gonzalez S. HDAC3 represses the expression of NKG2D ligands ULBPs in epithelial tumour cells: potential implications for the immunosurveillance of cancer. (springer.com)
- We developed a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (SSP)-based assay to genotype 194 UC patients and 216 control individuals for 14 KIR genes, the HLA-Cw ligand epitopes of the KIR2D receptors and a polymorphism of the lectin-like-activating receptor NKG2D. (nature.com)
- Within the IBD2 loci lies the lectin-like natural killer (NK) receptor gene NKG2D ( KLRK1 ) located at 12p13.2-p12.3. (nature.com)
- 7 NKG2D is expressed on NK cells, CD8 αβ T cells and γδ T cells. (nature.com)
- Barber A, Rynda A and Sentman CL (2009) Chimeric NKG2D expressing T cells eliminate immunosuppression and activate immunity within the ovarian tumor microenvironment. (els.net)
- Barber A, Meehan KR and Sentman CL (2011) Treatment of multiple myeloma with adoptively transferred chimeric NKG2D receptor‐expressing T cells. (els.net)
- 2008) Sustained NKG2D engagement induces cross‐tolerance of multiple distinct NK cell activation pathways. (els.net)
- El‐Gazzar A, Groh V and Spies T (2013) Immunobiology and conflicting roles of the human NKG2D lymphocyte receptor and its ligands in cancer. (els.net)
- 2011) The human NKG2D ligand ULBP2 can be expressed at the cell surface with or without a GPI anchor and both forms can activate NK cells. (els.net)
- These cells were stained with FITC anti-CD56 and Per-CP anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies, and the NCRs were stained with PE-conjugated anti-NKG2D, NKp46, NKp30, and NKp44 monoclonal antibodies. (hindawi.com)
- There were fewer cells positive for NKG2D, NKp46, and NKp30 among CD56+CD3- cells in deciduas than in peripheral blood, but the percentages of NKp44-positive cells in CD56+CD3- lymphocytes in deciduas tended to be higher. (hindawi.com)
- Marlin R reported on NCR manifestations, such as NKp46, NKp30, NKp44, and NKG2D of CD56+CD3- NK cells in the decidua during the first trimester of pregnancy [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Similarly, T cells captured NKG2D and NKp46 ligands on tumor cells through trogocytosis and promoted NK cell activity . (plos.org)
- Another triggering NK receptor is NKG2D. (nih.gov)
- Strict NKG2D-dependency can be appreciated using clones that, in spite of their NCR(dull) phenotype, efficiently lyse certain epithelial tumors or leukemic cell lines. (nih.gov)
- In contrast, the dominant signature of unimpaired elders consisted of IL-5, IL-12p70, and IL-13 with co-expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17, and T cells expressing stimulatory NKRs CD56, CD16, and NKG2D. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In cellular bioassays, T cell receptor (TCR)-independent ligation of either CD56 or NKG2D elicited activation of T cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- However, as tumors progress, cancerous cells develop immunosuppressive mechanisms that circumvent NK cell-mediated killing, allowing for tumor escape and proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
- Therapeutic intervention aims to reverse tumor-induced NK cell suppression and sustain NK cells' tumorlytic capacities. (frontiersin.org)
- First described in 1975, NK cells were initially identified as a distinct sub-population of lymphocytes by their capacity to spontaneously lyse tumor cells ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- In few cases, however, this failure appears to involve a mechanism of tumor escape based on down-regulation of ligands relevant for NCR-mediated target cell recognition. (bloodjournal.org)
- 6 Importantly, NCRs play a crucial role in NK-mediated recognition and killing of most target cells because monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated disruption of the NCR/ligand(s) interactions may abrogate the NK-mediated killing of tumor-transformed cells of autologous, allogeneic, or (in the case of NKp46) xenogeneic origin. (bloodjournal.org)
- NK cells provide rapid responses to virus-infected cells, acting at around 3 days after infection , and respond to tumor formation. (wikipedia.org)
- NK cells were first discovered by their cytotoxic potency against tumor cells (Kiessling et al. (springer.com)
- The B7 family member B7-H6 is a tumor cell ligand for the activating natural killer cell receptor NKp30 in human. (springer.com)
- Especially, in natural killer (NK) cells, which lack a gene arrangement system to recognize foreign antigens, the inhibitory receptors for MHCIs recognize and eliminate cells that fail to express MHCIs, due to viral infections or tumor formation. (frontiersin.org)
- Unlicensed NK cells are basically hyporesponsive, but seem to have important roles in tumor elimination and viral clearance. (frontiersin.org)
- Natural killer cells are able to kill tumor and virus-infected cells ( 1 ). (jimmunol.org)
- In the present study, we examined T cells expressing CD161 in the peripheral blood, the tumor tissue and in malignant effusions of patients with several types of malignancies. (aacrjournals.org)
- Expression of CD161 in CD4 + or CD8 + (lacking CD56) T cells isolated from peripheral blood ( n = 61), tumor specimens ( n = 8), and malignant effusions ( n = 37) of cancer patients was examined using four-color flow cytometry. (aacrjournals.org)
- Both types of NK receptors, namely killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors, have been detected on peripheral T lymphocytes ( 1 - 6 ), as well as on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma ( 7 - 9 ), renal cell carcinoma ( 10 , 11 ), and cervical carcinoma patients ( 12 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- In contrast, CD161 + T cells (mostly CD8 + ), not skewed to Va24 TCR, were found to accumulate in human liver and were able to exhibit strong cytotoxicity against various tumor cell lines ( 16 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Over one half of T cells (either CD4 or CD8), isolated from epithelial and lamina propria layers of duodenum and colon, express CD161 and are capable of producing IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, but not IL-4, upon activation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin ( 17 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- stimulates natural killer cell cytolysis and release of tumor necrosis factor. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cells have the ability to recognize and eliminate tumor cells, making them ideal candidates for tumor immunotherapy , . (plos.org)
- Gamma delta T-cell response to cellular stress signals expressed by tumor cells makes them promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- Because of their ability to recognize different stress signals provided by tumor cells, γδ T cells also hold an alternative promise in cancer therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
- Phosphoantigens are produced at high levels by tumor cells and have been successfully used to generate clinical scale quantities of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in vitro and to expand them in vivo in active vaccination-type trials. (aacrjournals.org)
- Despite increasing evidence of their role in tumor surveillance, Vδ2 neg γδ T cells have been largely neglected in cancer cell therapy because of the limited knowledge about the antigens they recognize, which have restricted their specific and large-scale expansion for clinical purposes. (aacrjournals.org)
- These aAPCs are based on K562 tumor cells genetically modified to express CD64, CD86, CD137L, and a membrane-bound form of IL15. (aacrjournals.org)
- Activation of γδ T cells purified from PBMCs or cord blood with aAPCs induces clinical-grade expansion of polyclonal γδ T-cell lines with broad specificity toward cancer cells, and capacity to reduce tumor biomass and increase survival in an ovarian cancer xenograft model. (aacrjournals.org)
- In this study, using the immunohistochemistry technique it was verified the expression of HLA-E in 122 biopsies of thyroid neoplams and 21 biopsies of goiter representing the nonneoplastic lesions Furthermore, the expression of HLA-E was correlated with the percentage of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment. (usp.br)
- Expression of Ocil/Clr-b on mouse tumor cell lines inhibits NK cell-mediated killing. (jove.com)
- The natural killer (NK) cell is a critical part of anti-tumor immunity. (medsci.org)
- Surgical resection is one of the primary treatments for solid tumors, but the dissemination of tumor cells into the blood and lymphatic systems inevitably occurs during surgery. (medsci.org)
- Whether the residual tumor cells lead to clinical deterioration depends on the balance between perioperative factors promoting cancer survival and growth and the host's anti-tumor defenses [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
- This is primarily due to difficulties in purifying tumor cells from surrounding normal tissues. (aacrjournals.org)
- Also, in the case of neuroblastoma, most available data were obtained by the assessment of NK-mediated killing of various tumor cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
- The tumor microenvironment mediates induction of the immunosuppressive programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway, and targeted interventions against this pathway can help restore antitumor immunity. (aacrjournals.org)
- To gain insight into these responses, we studied the interaction between PD-1 expressed on T cells and its ligands (PD-1:PD-L1, PD-1:PD-L2, and PD-L1:B7.1), expressed on other cells in the tumor microenvironment, using a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model of epithelial ovarian cancer (ID8). (aacrjournals.org)
- Exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) correlated with expression of PD-1 ligands by tumor cells and tumor-derived myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). (aacrjournals.org)
- When combined with GVAX or FVAX vaccination (consisting of irradiated ID8 cells expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor or FLT3 ligand) and costimulation by agonistic α-4-1BB or TLR 9 ligand, antibody-mediated blockade of PD-1 or PD-L1 triggered rejection of ID8 tumors in 75% of tumor-bearing mice. (aacrjournals.org)
- The phenomenon is also known from neurobiology, in which a similar transfer of proteins between cells has been shown to be part of an intercellular communication system, with functional consequences for the cells involved ( 13 ). (rupress.org)
- NCR (natural cytotoxicity receptors), a type of type 1 transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily, upon stimulation, mediate NK killing and release of IFNγ. (wikipedia.org)
- Located in the periphery in an immature form, DCs take up substrates from the surrounding environment such as proteins and dying cells. (rupress.org)
- The cells kill by releasing small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called perforin and granzyme that cause the target cell to die by apoptosis . (bionity.com)
- The receptors used by NK cells to extravasate into sites of injury belong to the seven transmembrane (7TM) family of receptors, which characteristically bind heterotrimeric G proteins. (aspetjournals.org)
- Confocal microscopy experiments showed increased binding of NK receptor-coated beads to infected cells expressing the appropriate class I MHC proteins. (jimmunol.org)
- In addition, specific cell-free bead aggregates covered with class I MHC proteins were observed only in infected cells. (jimmunol.org)
- NK cell cytotoxicity can be also inhibited in a class I MHC-independent manner, e.g., via the homotypic interactions of CEACAM1 proteins ( 9 , 10 ). (jimmunol.org)
- The KIR2DL1 recognizes HLA-C proteins containing lysine at position 80 ( 11 , 12 ), and the LIR1 receptor recognizes a broad spectrum of class I MHC proteins. (jimmunol.org)
- On human NK cells, the killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) family of receptors can both inhibit and activate the NK cell response through recognition of HLA class I proteins of the MHC ( 3 , 4 ). (jimmunol.org)
- These NK cells release proteins called perforins and granzyme, a cytoplasmic granule, which destroys the target cell by apoptosis. (sooperarticles.com)
- Natural Killer Cells are cytotoxic and contain small granules in their cytoplasm, which in turns contain special proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes. (sooperarticles.com)
- de Andrade LF, Smyth MJ and Martinet L (2014) DNAM‐1 control of natural killer cells functions through nectin and nectin‐like proteins. (els.net)
- By a refined FCCS model, calibrated by positive and negative control experiments on cells from the same lymphoid cell line, concentrations and diffusion coefficients of free and interacting proteins could be determined on a collection of cells. (diva-portal.org)
- 4 - 9 The expression of cytotoxic proteins has been demonstrated in nodal anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs), angiocentric (nasal and nasal-type) NK/T lymphomas, hepatosplenic γδ T cell lymphomas, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphomas, intestinal lymphoma nasal-type lymphomas, NK/T cell lymphomas in immunocompromised patients, mycosis fungoides (MF), and CD30 positive lymphoproliferative disorders arising in the skin. (bmj.com)
- The NKR-P1B/D ligand is osteoclast inhibitory lectin (Ocil), also known as Clr-b, a member of a previously cloned group of C-type lectin-related (Clr) proteins linked to the NKR-P1 receptors in the mouse NK gene complex (NKC). (jove.com)
- cytotoxic granules are released onto the surface of the bound target cell, and the effector proteins they contain penetrate the cell membrane and induce programmed cell death. (genome.jp)
- Out of 17 such LILR genes and fragments, six encode functional proteins, of which three are inhibitory and three are activating, while the majority of pseudogenes had the potential to encode activating receptors. (springer.com)
- Goldberg, A.L. Degradation of cell proteins and the generation of MHC class I-presented peptides. (eurekaselect.com)
- In variance with MHC antigens, red blood cells antigens can induce maternal antibodies which can cross the placenta, and destroy in utero fetal red blood cells. (els.net)
- Natural killer (NK) cells express inhibitory receptors for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens, preventing attack against healthy cells. (sciencemag.org)
- HLA-A, -B, -C w ) function in adaptive immunity by presenting specific foreign antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells which subsequently recognize and lyse infected cells ( 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Clone REA1006 recognizes the human CD158b1 (KIR2DL2), CD158b2 (KIR2DL3), and CD158j (KIR2DS2) antigens, members of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T cells. (miltenyibiotec.com)
- Molecular support for this hypothesis was obtained when Karlhofer and colleagues identified an inhibitory receptor on NK cells that bound an MHC class I molecule ( 4 ). (rupress.org)
- In this study, we investigated the functions of a well-known costimulatory molecule, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), on Ag-induced iNKT cell activation. (elsevier.com)
- Here, we have studied whether the initial step of adhesion molecule LFA-1-dependent adhesion to target cells was altered by the inhibitory signal. (biomedsearch.com)
- Structure of natural killer receptor 2B4 bound to CD48 reveals basis for heterophilic recognition in signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family. (springer.com)
- NK-cells, along with macrophages and several other cell types, express the FcR molecule, an activating biochemical receptor that binds the Fc portion of antibodies . (bionity.com)
- These receptors recognize MHC class l alleles that could explain the killing process of NK cells for low level of MHC class l molecule. (sooperarticles.com)
- HLA-E is a nonclassical HLA class I molecule considered ligand of receptors of the natural killer cells (NK). (usp.br)
- Another surface molecule that has been shown to participate in the induction phase of NK cell activation is DNAX accessory molecule-1 [DNAM-1 (CD226)], which is expressed by virtually all human NK cells, T cells, and monocytes. (aacrjournals.org)
- We have identified a murine CMV gene product (m154) that downregulates CD48, a SLAM family member that functions as a ligand of CD244, a molecule involved in the regulation of natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cell functions. (prolekare.cz)
- The cytolytic function of natural killer (NK) cells is induced by the engagement of a series of activating receptors and coreceptors some of which have recently been identified and collectively termed natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). (bloodjournal.org)
- The receptors that are responsible for NK cell activation during the process of natural cytotoxicity are collectively termed natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). (hindawi.com)
- They represent the first members of a novel emerging group of receptors collectively termed natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR). (nih.gov)
- In addition to signals through the invariant TCR upon stimulation with α-GalCer, costimulatory signals, such as signals through CD28 and OX40, are indispensable for full activation of iNKT cells. (elsevier.com)
- In addition, GITR signals in iNKT cells during only the Ag-priming phase was sufficient to inhibit the iNKT cell activation. (elsevier.com)
- These results demonstrate that receptor-ligand dimensions are important in NK cell recognition, and suggest that optimal integration of activating and inhibitory receptor signals requires the receptor-ligand complexes to have similar dimensions. (warwick.ac.uk)
- NK cell effector functions are governed by the balance of potentially opposing signals from a diverse array of both activating and inhibitory receptors on the cell surface that are not rearranged from germ-line receptor segments, unlike B and T cell receptors (BCRs, TCRs) on lymphocytes. (springer.com)
- Line of attack: NK cell specificity and integration of signals. (springer.com)
- Family members with long (L) cytoplasmic tails deliver inhibitory signals and those with short (S) cytoplasmic tails deliver activating signals. (rndsystems.com)
- Natural killer (NK) cell effector functions are regulated by integrated signals across the array of stimulatory and inhibitory receptors engaged upon interaction with target cell surface ligands. (els.net)
- Similarly, a large number of interacting ligands have been identified on the target cells that upon interaction transmit either activating or inhibitory signals. (niscair.res.in)
- CD4 + CD161 + cells play an immunoregulatory role through cytokine production, because upon receiving costimulatory signals via CD28, they exert suppressive activity on autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cell alloresponses. (aacrjournals.org)
- Further, expression of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) containing 41BB and CD3ζ signal domains on NK cells enhanced the activating signals originating from CD19 antigen engagement, leading to cytotoxicity specifically against B-cell leukemia . (plos.org)
- It is not yet clear which are the activation signals underpinning this large expansion of polyclonal γδ T cells in this process. (aacrjournals.org)
- NK cell activation and the triggering of effector functions is governed by a complex set of activating and inhibitory receptors. (frontiersin.org)
- This uptake is dependent on specific receptors on the effector cells and may lead to functional effects such as fratricide in T cells and increased antigen-presenting capability of B cells ( 10 , 11 ). (rupress.org)
- Human natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are potent effector cells involved in clearance of virus-infected cells and tumors. (bloodjournal.org)
- Regulation of these effector functions stems from a balance of signaling through activating and inhibitory receptors. (jimmunol.org)
- Although CD161 is considered a receptor of NK cells, it is also expressed on 25% of adult peripheral T cells, mostly of effector/memory phenotype ( 6 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Among the NK cell (and other effector cell) receptors, the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are by far the most polymorphic. (aacrjournals.org)
- The extent of MHC class I downregulation needed on normal cells to trigger NK cell effector functions is not known. (diva-portal.org)
- Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a special subset of αβ T cells with invariant TCR, which recognize α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) presented by CD1d. (elsevier.com)
- Activating NK receptors recognize diverse ligands. (rupress.org)
- On the other hand, NK cells recognize invading or transformed cells through another set of receptors that belong to the single transmembrane-spanning domain family. (aspetjournals.org)
- Paired receptors often recognize not only physiological ligands but also non-self ligands, such as viral and bacterial products, to fight infections. (frontiersin.org)
- When the activating and inhibitory receptors specifically recognize the same ligand, the inhibitory receptors usually have higher affinity (Table 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- NK cells can recognize and lyse pathogen-infected, tumorigenic, or allogeneic cells. (jimmunol.org)
- Consequently, multicellular hosts that have the genetic toolkit to recognize and control cancer causing infections and malignant cell proliferation will have a significant fitness advantage over those that lack such mechanisms. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Murine NK cells express inhibitory receptors of the Ly49 family, which consists of at least 13 members expressed on overlapping subsets of NK cells. (rupress.org)
- Synapse formation occurs for all lymphocyte subsets, including NK cells ( 6 - 10 ). (rupress.org)
- This data sheet describes a flow-cytometry based immunophenotyping assay to define the major subsets of human NK cells and to characterise the key stimulatory and inhibitory receptors. (flowcytometry-news.com)
- Thus, NK cells from some donors express a homogeneously high density of NCR (NCR bright ), whereas in other individuals 2 subsets of NK cells expressing either high (NCR bright ) or low (NCR dull ) receptor densities were detected. (bloodjournal.org)
- Most of these receptors are not unique to NK cells and can be present in other T cell subsets as well. (bionity.com)
- We now report that by ALIGN comparison of the amino acid sequence of gp49B1 with numerous receptors of the Ig superfamily, a newly recognized family has been established that includes gp49B1, the human myeloid cell Fc receptor for IgA, the bovine myeloid cell Fc receptor for IgG2, and the human killer cell inhibitory receptors expressed on natural killer cells and T lymphocyte subsets. (pnas.org)
- SLAMF4 is expressed in the intestinal mucosa by conventional and natural T lymphocyte subsets, B cells and professional APCs (Mφ and DCs), in addition to NK cells and innate lymphoid cell types. (bmj.com)
- During the last decade, attention has focused on the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors of natural killer (NK) cells on T-cell subsets. (aacrjournals.org)
- Zurück zum Zitat Miyauchi H, Osokawa H, Akaeda T, Hitoki I, Asada Y. T-cell subsets in toxic epidermal necrolysis. (springermedizin.de)
- Correlation of particular NKR(+) T cell subsets and IL-5 with unimpaired performance, and NKR-driven TCR-independent activation of T cells suggest novel immunopathway(s) that could be exploited to improve immunity in old age. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Altered natural killer cells subsets distribution in children with hepatitis C following vertical transmission. (semanticscholar.org)
- Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, and especially checkpoint inhibitors constitute valuable elements in the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. (frontiersin.org)
- However, CD56 dim NK cells can produce cytokines, specifically IFN-γ, after cell triggering via NKp46 of NKp30 activating receptors or after stimulation with combinations of IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The cytokines Interferon play a crucial role in NK-cell activation. (bionity.com)
- NK cells are activated in response to interferons or macrophage -derived cytokines. (bionity.com)
- Natural Killers cell's are activated in response interferons or macrophages derived cytokines. (sooperarticles.com)
- A small subset of T cells coexpressing CD161 and an invariant Va24JaQ T-cell receptor (TCR) α chain, paired predominantly with Vβ11, is defined as analogous to murine NK1.1 + T cells and possesses immunoregulatory features through production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. (aacrjournals.org)
- Secretion of the above cytokines and NK-cell method for expanding highly cytotoxic clinical-grade NK cells in vitro cytolytic function were IL-2 dose dependent. (slideshare.net)
- Compared to HC, AS patients had a significantly increased CD160 expression on peripheral NK cells and concomitantly decreased peripheral NK cell number, and increased CD160 expression was positively related to the levels of serum lipids and IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6 inflammation cytokines, which all are risk factors for atherogenesis, and inversely correlated with peripheral NK cell number. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, engagement of CD160 receptor on NK cells from AS patients triggers a significantly increased production of inflammation cytokines and subsequent NK cell apoptosis, and blockade of TNF-α prevented the increased apoptosis of NK cells from AS patients after CD160 engagement, indicating a critical role of TNF-α in mediating NK cell loss by CD160 engagement. (biomedcentral.com)
- During the acute stage of KD, activation of vascular endothelial cells and increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the occurrence of inflamed and injured vessels (15,16). (docme.ru)
- To maintain cell viability and enhance antiviral and antitumor effects, NK cells are frequently treated with cytokines. (stanford.edu)
- Here we performed an extensive assessment of the effects of cytokines on the phenotype and function of human NK cells.We used cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) to evaluate NK cell repertoire changes after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15 or a combination of IL- 12/IL-15/IL-18. (stanford.edu)
- CyTOF provides insights into the effects of cytokines on the phenotype and function of NK cells, which could inform future research efforts and approaches to NK cell immunotherapy. (stanford.edu)
- In addition, CMV alters the function of cytokines and their receptors, and interacts with complement factors. (prolekare.cz)
- Characterization of sugar binding by osteoclast inhibitory lectin. (ebi.ac.uk)
- The NK activating signal mainly involves the NKp30 natural cytotoxicity receptor, and not the NKp46 or NKp44 receptor. (rupress.org)
- However, both immature and mature DCs seem to use a NKp30 independent mechanism to act as potent stimulators for resting NK cells. (rupress.org)
- Other activating receptors are termed NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46, but their (non-MHC) ligands have not been identified so far ( 12 - 14 ). (rupress.org)
- In order to establish whether NKp44 could directly bind to BCG, whole BCG cells were stained with soluble forms of the three NCRs chimeric for the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc fragment (NKp30-Fc, NKp44-Fc, NKp46-Fc), followed by incubation with a phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated goat anti-human IgG antibody. (asm.org)
- NKp46 and NKp30 are expressed either in resting or in activating NK cells, while NKp44 is expressed only in activated NK cells. (hindawi.com)
- We show that killing of freshly isolated neuroblasts, similar to neuroblastoma cell lines, involves NKp46 and NKp30 (natural cytotoxicity receptors). (aacrjournals.org)
- Increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity and NKp30 expression protects against hepatitis C virus infection in high-risk individuals and inhibits replication in vitro. (semanticscholar.org)
- KIR2DL3 (Killer Cell Immunoglobulin Like Receptor, Two Ig Domains And Long Cytoplasmic Tail 3) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
- GO annotations related to this gene include receptor activity and antigen binding . (genecards.org)
- Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR2DL4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- This gene encodes a member of the natural killer cell receptor C-type lectin family. (genecards.org)
- The killer immunoglobulin-like receptor ( KIR ) gene family is located within the IBD6 linkage region at chromosome 19q13.4. (nature.com)
- Mouse mast cells express gp49B1, a cell-surface member of the Ig superfamily encoded by the gp49B gene. (pnas.org)
- Therefore, matched CD56+ cells from nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and PB of smokers and non-smokers were compared phenotypically, via flow cytometry, and functionally, via NK-cell specific gene expression. (deepdyve.com)
- In addition, recent studies of gene-deficient animals, in particular Syk and ZAP70 double-deficient mice, suggest that NK cells possess a robust and potentially redundant receptor system to ensure their development and function. (nih.gov)
- Although NK cells do not express classical antigen receptors of the immunoglobulin gene family, such as the antibodies produced by B cells or the T cell receptor expressed by T cells, they are equipped with various receptors whose engagement allows them to discriminate between target and nontarget cells. (genome.jp)
- Elsewhere in the LRC, between FCAR and GP6 , we identified a novel gene that encodes two Ig-like domains and a long inhibitory intracellular tail. (springer.com)
- Using porcine transcriptome data, both the novel inhibitory gene and the LILR were highly expressed in peripheral blood, while the single KIR gene, KIR2DL1 , was either very poorly expressed or not at all. (springer.com)
- The protein encoded by this gene is an inhibitory receptor found on peripheral mononuclear cells, including natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. (origene.com)
- Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene association with cryptorchidism. (gopubmed.org)
- Ancient Genetic Signatures of Orang Asli Revealed by Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms. (gopubmed.org)
- During this phase, gene rearrangement of the receptor chain occurs, and it is decided if they will gain alpha-beta (and need additional maturation steps) or gamma-delta receptors (that can leave thymus without further receptor selection). (brainscape.com)
- The generation of gene-deficient mice has shown that neither FcγRs nor FcεRII are indispensable for murine thymus-dependent T cell development, whereas normal development of thymus-independent peripheral T cells is dependent on the presence of the FcRγ chain. (begellhouse.com)
- Conversely, elongation of KIR2DL1 ligand HLA-C reduced its ability to inhibit NK cells. (warwick.ac.uk)
- A small fraction of KIR3DL1*004 folds correctly and leaves the endoplasmic reticulum to be expressed on the surface of primary NK and transfected NKL cells, in a form that can be triggered to inhibit NK cell activation and secretion of IFN-γ. (jimmunol.org)
- This inhibitory signal is lost when the target cells do not express MHC class I and perhaps also in cells infected with virus, which might inhibit MHC class I exprssion or alter its conformation. (genome.jp)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of innate lymphoid cells that target virally infected and malignant cells. (sciencemag.org)
- NK cells constitute the third major subset of lymphocytes and kill tumors and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
- NK Cells are not a subset of the T lymphocyte family. (wikipedia.org)
- 2 It was suggested that such diversity of NK receptors enables the killing of infected cells by at least a subset of NK cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- Moreover, uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are a distinct, specialised NK subset, endowed with immunoregulatory and angiogenic properties, necessary for local (spiral) arteries development. (els.net)
- The NKp44 induction involved mainly a particular NK cell subset expressing the CD56 marker at high density, CD56 bright . (asm.org)
- Conclusions -These results show that KIR expression is restricted to CD56 + /CD3 − true NK cell lymphomas originating from the nose, gut, and skin, as well as in a subset of extranodal T cell lymphomas originating from the small intestine, which possessed a cytotoxic phenotype. (bmj.com)
- So far, much attention has been given to the predominant subset of circulating γδ T cells, the Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which are strongly activated by nonpeptide phosphorylated metabolites of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway (called phosphoantigens). (aacrjournals.org)
- Besides Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, all the other γδ T cells (collectively called Vδ2 neg γδ T cells) populate many epithelial tissues where they represent an important component of intraepithelial lymphocytes, so likely the main subset of human γδ T cells in the whole body, and an important first-line defense against diverse host assaults. (aacrjournals.org)
- Here, we investigated 6 related patients with autosomal recessive growth retardation, adrenal insufficiency, and a selective NK cell deficiency characterized by a lack of the CD56dim NK subset. (jci.org)
- In addition, the specific loss of the NK CD56dim subset in patients was associated with a lower rate of NK CD56bright cell proliferation, and the maturation of NK CD56bright cells toward an NK CD56dim phenotype was tightly dependent on MCM4-dependent cell division. (jci.org)
- In the active phase of DSS-induced colitis mouse, the frequency of NKG2A+ T cells was significantly decreased in the peripheral blood and increased in the intestine, suggesting the mobilisation of this T cell subset to the sites of inflammation. (ovid.com)
- Our study demonstrates the frequency of NKG2A+ T cells is decreased in both PBMCs and LPMCs in UC patients, implicating this T cell subset as a potential therapeutic target for UC. (ovid.com)
- found that the activating receptor NKp46 and the inhibitory receptor Ly49A exhibited dynamic movements in the plasma membrane that differed between educated and hyporesponsive NK cells. (sciencemag.org)
- Interfering with receptor dynamics reduced signaling by NKp46, indicating that the dynamic movements of these receptors are likely important determinants of NK cell responsiveness. (sciencemag.org)
- We developed a refined version of the image mean square displacement (iMSD) method (called iMSD carpet analysis) and used it in combination with single-particle tracking to characterize the dynamics of the activating receptor NKp46 and the inhibitory receptor Ly49A on resting educated versus hyporesponsive murine NK cells. (sciencemag.org)
- The faster and more dynamic movement of NKp46 in educated NK cells may facilitate a swifter response to interactions with target cells. (sciencemag.org)
- The NKp46 cell surface marker constitutes, at the moment, another NK cell marker of preference being expressed in both humans, several strains of mice (including BALB/c mice ) and in three common monkey species. (wikipedia.org)
- NKp46 is the only NCR involved in human NK-mediated killing of murine target cells. (nih.gov)
- Human NK cells are phenotypically characterized by the expression of CD56 and the absence of CD3 and can be further subdivided into a CD56 bright population and a CD56 dim population. (frontiersin.org)
- Ligand acquisition sometimes reached 20% of the MHC class I expression on surrounding cells, involved transfer of the entire MHC class I protein to the NK cell, and was independent of whether or not the NK cell expressed the MHC class I ligand itself. (rupress.org)
- In those studies, we were able to show that mature transferred NK cells rapidly interacted with host cells and downregulated their expression of Ly49A in the presence of the H-2D d ligand. (rupress.org)
- We studied the effect of matching for HLA on the cytotoxicity of NK cells from individuals homozygous or heterozygous for relevant HLA class I epitopes and correlated this with KIR expression and genotype. (elsevier.com)
- The expression of key stimulatory and inhibitory receptors was first studied using two 12-color flow cytometry panels on the BD LSRFortessa™ analyser. (flowcytometry-news.com)
- Using stable expression of an HLA-C-specific KIR in the NK cell line YTS and a two-color flow cytometry assay for conjugate formation, we show that adhesion to a target cell expressing cognate HLA-C was disrupted by KIR engagement. (biomedsearch.com)
- Our study suggests that in most instances the inability of NK cells to kill autologous leukemic blasts is consequent to low NCR surface expression. (bloodjournal.org)
- 3-5 As recently demonstrated, this susceptibility is due to the expression by NK cells of different non-HLA-specific activating receptors that are involved in the induction of cytotoxicity. (bloodjournal.org)
- Expression of KIR2DL1 receptor was detected on all NK cells in the bulk culture, by the HP3E4 or the EB6 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ( Figure 1B ). (bloodjournal.org)
- Never before had we, or others, observed such an unusual expression of KIR2DL1 on the entire NK cell population. (bloodjournal.org)
- B) Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis for KIR2DL1 expression of bulk NK cultures derived from the patient (left) and a representative healthy donor (right) using the EB6 mAb. (bloodjournal.org)
- Importantly, the CMV developed many mechanisms to avoid attack by NK cells and by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), 5 including the down-regulation of HLA-A and -B to avoid CTL attack, while maintaining HLA-C expression to avoid NK attack. (bloodjournal.org)
- Thus, changes in the expression levels and in the affinity or avidity of those receptors will have a major effect on the killing of target cells. (jimmunol.org)
- Surprisingly, however, no change in the level of class I MHC protein expression was observed on the surface of the infected cells. (jimmunol.org)
- This unique relationship is partly due to the peculiar antigen expression in the placenta, culminating in humans with the sole expression of human leucocyte antigen C (HLA‐C) and monomorphic HLA‐G on invading cytotrophoblasts and also many immunoregulatory pathways, with special emphasis presently put on regulatory T cells. (els.net)
- Using the intrinsic intercellular variation of their expression levels for titration, it was found that the fraction of Ly49A receptors bound in cis increase with increasing amounts of MHC class I ligand. (diva-portal.org)
- To this end, we first investigated the surface expression of three NK cell-activating receptors belonging to the natural cytoxicity receptor (NCR) family on highly purified human NK cells upon in vitro direct stimulation with BCG. (asm.org)
- Genome‐wide expression profile of first trimester villous and extravillous human trophoblast cells. (currentprotocols.com)
- The relationships between NCRs and the intracellular cytokine expression of CD56+ NK cells in peripheral blood NK cells and the uterine endometrium have been analyzed [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Because lymphoma cells often have the same receptors as their non-neoplastic counterparts, this study investigated the expression of KIR on well defined groups of NK and T cell lymphomas, with and without a cytotoxic phenotype, from different sites of origin. (bmj.com)
- Results -KIR expression was seen in five of nine true NK cell lymphomas including three of four nasal, one of four cutaneous, and one of one intestinal lymphoma nasal type. (bmj.com)
- All nodal and extranodal non-intestinal T cell lymphomas with or without a cytotoxic phenotype lacked expression of KIR. (bmj.com)
- Phenotypic analysis revealed that CD4 + CD161 + cells are memory T cells, with low expression of activation markers. (aacrjournals.org)
- STAT3 expression by myeloid cells is detrimental for the T- cell-mediated control of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (ki.se)
- Our previous results revealed that the expression of killer inhibitory receptors on natural killer cells was decreased in eutopic endometrium in women with adenomyosis. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Our further investigation revealed that in vitro coculture of macrophages and endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) increase the expression of IL-6 mRNA in ESC, which might further enhance the proliferation of ESC and subsequently result in the formation of ectopic endometrial implants in adenomyosis. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- NLF and PB CD56+ cells had similar expression of CD56, but differentially expressed tissue residency (CD69 and CD103) and cytotoxicity (CD16) markers. (deepdyve.com)
- Anti-CD19 CAR expression was observed in expanded NK cells after these cells were co-cultured for one hour with freeze/thaw-treated donor cells expressing anti-CD19 CARs. (plos.org)
- Although not exactly reflecting the initial composition of γδ T cells, the repertoire of expanded T cells was polyclonal with expression of all functional Vδ and Vγ chains. (aacrjournals.org)
- There is a coordinated surface expression of the three NCRs, their surface density varying in different individuals and also in the NK cells isolated from a given individual. (nih.gov)
- Hemizygous expression (expression from only one allele) of MHC class I was sufficient to induce Ly49 receptor downmodulation on NK cells to a similar degree as homozygous expression, despite a strongly reduced cell surface level of MHC class I. Co-expression of weaker MHC class I ligands in the host did not have any further effect on the degree of Ly49 downmodulation. (diva-portal.org)
- We speculate that the reason for this is to maintain a safety margin for otherwise normal, autologous cells over a range of MHC class I expression levels, in order to ensure robustness in NK cell tolerance. (diva-portal.org)
- Correlate a mismatch in the expression of the natural killer cell inhibitory receptors CD158a and CD158b with engraftment and disease recurrence in patients treated with this regimen. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- In this study, we investigated the expression of CD160 on NK cells and assessed its pathological roles in NK loss during atherogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- CD160 expression on NK cells was measured in 49 AS patients and 41 healthy controls (HC) by flow cytometry, their inflammatory cytokine levels in sera were determined by ELSIA, and the effect of CD160 engagement on NK cells was evaluated by in vitro culture experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our results provide evidence that elevated CD160 expression on NK cells plays an important role in NK cell loss in atherosclerosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- The increased CD160 expression on NK cells might be used as an indicator for disease progression. (biomedcentral.com)
- We found a slight trend towards greater expression of KIR2DL2/2DL3/2DS2 (5% versus 28%, P = 0.03) at 14 days in patients who survived longer than 6 months from NK cell infusion (N = 4) when compared to those who died within 6 months of NK cell therapy (N=3). (gopubmed.org)
- In this study, we report that murine CMV drastically reduces the expression of several SLAM family receptors at the cell surface of infected macrophages, most likely as part of its immunoevasion mechanisms. (prolekare.cz)
- Likewise, the virus counteracts NK cell triggering, primarily by suppressing the expression of ligands for activating receptors while preserving engaged inhibitory receptors - . (prolekare.cz)
- In this study, we try to assess the association between expression of NK cells and its receptors and prognosis of patients with ACLF in advanced phase. (scirp.org)
- PBMC were detected for the frequency and expression of NK cell receptors by flow cytometric analysis. (scirp.org)
- Our results demonstrated that patients who died had lower expression of NK cells and inhibitory receptor KIR3DL1, higher levels of FASL. (scirp.org)
- During 12-week follow-up in those case alive, we found that NK cells increased, while expression of FASL decreased. (scirp.org)
- Furthermore, using quantitative immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we show increased HLA-E protein expression in endothelial cells of active MS lesions. (imperial.ac.uk)
- Genetics largely determined inhibitory receptor expression, whereas activation receptor expression was heavily environmentally influenced. (sciencemag.org)
- Therefore, NK cells may maintain self-tolerance through strictly regulated expression of inhibitory receptors while using adaptable expression patterns of activating and costimulatory receptors to respond to pathogens and tumors. (sciencemag.org)
- We will demonstrate that resting NK cells, isolated from human peripheral blood, are activated and expanded directly upon interaction with DCs. (rupress.org)
- Uterine natural killer cells are not endowed with the same properties as the ones found in peripheral blood. (els.net)
- Human NK cells represent approximately 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and are phenotypically defined as CD56 + and CD3 − cells. (asm.org)
- Mature NK cells, which are present in peripheral blood, make up almost all NK cells, and, in the decidua, there is a large amount of immature NK cells that are known as uterine NK cells [ 17 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
- 90% of peripheral blood monocytes and in vitro derived dendritic cells ( 13 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Nevertheless, Va24 + CD161 + cells represent only a minority (0.01-0.1%) among peripheral blood T cells ( 15 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- While many studies have examined the role of circulating peripheral blood (PB) CD56+ NK cells, little is known about the resident CD56+ cell population. (deepdyve.com)
- Determine the safety and antileukemia activity of haploidentical allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia in first remission. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Patients undergo haploidentical allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation on day 0. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- NKG2A+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) were analysed by flow cytometry. (ovid.com)
- T-cell receptor (TCR) V-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and spectratyping analysis revealed that the TCR repertoire in directly isolated HLA-E tetramer-positive cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was skewed in both HTLV-1-infected and healthy individuals. (www.gov.uk)
- The inhibitory receptors possess the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) within the cytoplasmic region. (frontiersin.org)
- In contrast, the activating receptors have short cytoplasmic regions and a positively charged residue (Arg or Lys) in the transmembrane domain to associate with an adaptor protein possessing the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). (frontiersin.org)
- Interaction of the TNF homologues BLyS and APRIL with the TNF receptor homologues BCMA and TACI. (biomedsearch.com)
- This phenotype correlated with a weak cytolytic activity against autologous leukemic cells that could not be reversed by the monoclonal antibody-mediated disruption of HLA class I/killer immunoglobulinlike receptor interaction. (bloodjournal.org)
- We will first describe a positive interaction whereby resting NK cells are efficiently expanded and activated by both mature and immature DCs. (rupress.org)
- Variable interaction between the Bw4 epitope of HLA-B and the polymorphic KIR3DL1/S1 system of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors diversifies the development, repertoire formation, and response of human NK cells. (jimmunol.org)
- There was no indication of any extensive intracellular interaction between unfolded KIR3DL1*004 and cognate Bw4 + HLA-B. A similarly limited interaction of Bw4 with KIR3DL1*002, when both were expressed by the same cell, was observed despite the efficient folding of KIR3DL1*002 and its abundance on the NK cell surface. (jimmunol.org)
- In this context, our results suggest the possibility that the effect of Bw4 + HLA-B and KIR3DL1*004 in slowing progression to AIDS is mediated by interaction of Bw4 + HLA-B with the small fraction of cell surface KIR3DL1*004. (jimmunol.org)
- MHC class I interaction with inhibitory KIR is also critical for NK cell education and development of the NK cell repertoire ( 5 , 6 ). (jimmunol.org)
- More understanding of the nature of interaction of NK cell receptors and their ligands as well as the regulation mechanisms should facilitate the development of effective therapy. (els.net)
- licensing, arming, rheostat or cis interaction education model) have been proposed to depict the mechanisms for NK cell recognition and adaption. (els.net)
- 2009) A Role forcis interaction between the inhibitory Ly49A receptor and MHC class I for natural killer cell education. (els.net)
- Dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) was used to directly demonstrate a so-called cis-interaction between a member of the inhibitory NK cell receptor family Ly49 (Ly49A), and its ligand, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, within the plasma membrane of the same cell. (diva-portal.org)
- For the Ly49A- MHC class I interaction it indicates that within a critical concentration range the local concentration level of MHC class I can provide a distinct regulation mechanism of the NK cell activity. (diva-portal.org)
- In particular I study the interaction between natural killer cells and HIV. (stanford.edu)
- Although the unaltered thymic development of T cells in FcR-deficient mice argues against a fundamental role of FcRs in this process, recent demonstration of FcR ligands of non-immunoglobulin nature in the thymus indicates that the interaction between FcRs and their ligands in the thymus might influence T cell development. (begellhouse.com)
- KIR3DL1 provides an inhibitory signal of NK cell lytic activity upon interaction with its specific ligand, HLA-Bw4. (miltenyibiotec.com)
- CD158b provides an inhibitory signal on NK cell lytic activity upon interaction with HLA C (e.g. alleles HLA-Cw1, HLA-Cw3, HLA-Cw7) in an antigen-independent manner. (miltenyibiotec.com)
- Vilches, C. and Parham, P., KIR: diverse, rapidly evolving receptors of innate and adaptive immunity. (wiley.com)
- In addition to the knowledge that natural killer cells are effectors of innate immunity , recent research has uncovered information on both activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors which play important functional roles, including self tolerance and the sustaining of NK cell activity. (wikipedia.org)
- Natural killer cells are important mediators of cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion in innate immunity. (jimmunol.org)
- Isolated splenocytes, which are pivotal cells of systemic immunity, were then stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. (springer.com)
- Although the function of natural killer receptors on T cells infiltrating tumors and their potential effect on antitumor immunity has been investigated, little is known about T cells expressing NKR-P1A (CD161) in cancer patients. (aacrjournals.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are necessary elements of innate immunity and through activating and inhibitory receptors, modulate NK cell activity ( 13 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical part of innate immunity, acting as the main defense against the spread of cancer [ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
- Many residues conserved in HLA-C and in KIR2DL receptors make different interactions in KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 and in a previously reported KIR2DL2-HLA-Cw3 complex. (nih.gov)
- We report that during interactions with cells in the environment, NK cells acquired MHC class I ligands from surrounding cells in a Ly49-specific fashion and displayed them at the cell surface. (rupress.org)
- 1 2 In the absence of these inhibitory interactions, target cells become susceptible to NK-mediated killing. (bloodjournal.org)
- The state of NK and DC activation required for these interactions, as well as the underlying NK activating receptor, are characterized in the present work. (rupress.org)
- My laboratory studies the structural and functional basis of receptor/ligand interactions in systems which are relevant to human health and disease. (stanford.edu)
- Our investigations are aimed at understanding the molecular recognition properties governing the interactions of receptors with their ligands, and the subsequent molecular events which couple ligand recognition to receptor activation. (stanford.edu)
- The KIR and the functionally equivalent, yet unrelated, killer-cell lectin-like receptors (KLR) mediate natural killer (NK) cell functions through their interactions with polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class I-like ligands. (springer.com)
- In the present study, we assessed the susceptibility of freshly isolated neuroblastoma cells to killing mediated by normal human natural killer (NK) cells and analyzed the receptor-ligand interactions that regulate this event. (aacrjournals.org)
- These novel genes were found in a diverse range of mammalian species, including a pseudogene in humans, and typically consist of a single long-tailed receptor and a variable number of short-tailed receptors. (springer.com)
- 2003 ). Humans possess 11 functional LILR genes that are expressed by a wide variety of lymphoid and myeloid cell types, including NK cells, and two LILR pseudogenes. (springer.com)
- KIR2DL2 (killer immunoglobulin-like receptor two-domain long 2) and KIR2DS2 (killer immunoglobulin-like receptor two-domain short 2) genes were less frequent in patients than in control individuals (corrected p values: 0.0110 and 0.0383, respectively). (gopubmed.org)
- Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin- Like Receptor Genes in Iranian Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. (gopubmed.org)
- Analysis in this study of KIR3DL1*004 membrane traffic in NK cells shows this allotype is largely misfolded but stably retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it binds to the chaperone calreticulin and does not induce the unfolded protein response. (jimmunol.org)
- Several positions of polymorphism modulate KIR3DL1 abundance at the cell surface, differences that do not necessarily correlate with the potency of allotype function. (jimmunol.org)
- Moreover, these NK cells strongly upregulated KIR2DL2/3/S2 and KIR3DL1, whereas KIR2DL1/S1 remained constant, indicating that this cell population arose from more immature NK cells instead of from activated mature ones. (gopubmed.org)
- High short-term mortality of ALCF was associated with NK cell, especially related to KIR3DL1 and FASL ( P NK = 0.036, P KIR3DL1 = 0.0265, P FasL = 0.0008). (scirp.org)
- There is compelling clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the recognition and eradication of tumors. (frontiersin.org)
- inhibitory NKRs block cytolysis upon recognition of markers of healthy self cells. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. (ebi.ac.uk)
- 8. Colonna M, Samaridis J (1995) Cloning of immunoglobulin-superfamily members associated with HLA-C and HLA-B recognition by human natural killer cells. (warwick.ac.uk)
- In addition to receptors for HLA, NK cells also express pattern recognition receptors e.g. (abcam.com)
- NK cell recognition. (springer.com)
- This mechanism probably involves the generation of class I MHC complexes in infected cells that cause increased recognition of NK receptors. (jimmunol.org)
- Deng L and Mariuzza RA (2006) Structural basis for recognition of MHC and MHC‐like ligands by natural killer cell receptors. (els.net)
- Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify the putative receptor(s) responsible for the recognition of BCG by human NK cells and potentially involved in the activation of NK cells. (asm.org)
- Altogether, the results obtained indicate, for the first time, that at least one member of the NCR family (NKp44) may be involved in the direct recognition of bacterial pathogens by human NK cells. (asm.org)
- 1 The development of monoclonal antibodies directed against components of cytotoxic granules, such as perforin, granzyme, and T cell intracytoplasmic antigen 1 (TIA-1), 2 , 3 has further detailed the immunophenotypical characteristics of T cell and NK cell lymphomas and led to the recognition of T cell and NK cell neoplasms with a cytotoxic phenotype. (bmj.com)
- This interest mainly concentrated on αβ T cells whose mode of antigen recognition, and thus of activation, has been fully resolved. (aacrjournals.org)
- Missing Self-recognition of Ocil/Clr-b by Inhibitory NKR-P1 Natural Killer Cell Receptors Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. (jove.com)
- NK cells are tightly regulated by stimulatory and inhibitory receptors that recognise cellular stress ligands and human leucocyte antigen class-I (HLA-1). (flowcytometry-news.com)
- Viruses and tumors often escape the CTL response, by downregulating MHC class I presentation, but a "back up" protective mechanism is provided by NK cells. (rupress.org)
- NK cells play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses . (bionity.com)
- They are self-activated and play an important role in elimination of tumors and virus-affected cells. (sooperarticles.com)
- The potential role of inhibitory NK receptor on T-cell function has been extensively examined, whereas the concept that NK receptors are involved in the dysfunction of T lymphocytes against cancer cells has been established as a novel escape mechanism of tumors from immunosurveillance. (aacrjournals.org)
- Natural killer (NK) cells have the capacity to target tumors and are ideal candidates for immunotherapy. (plos.org)
- Viral vectors have been used to genetically modify in vitro expanded NK cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which confer cytotoxicity against tumors. (plos.org)
- This novel strategy could be a potential valuable therapeutic approach for the treatment of B-cell tumors. (plos.org)
- A direct correlation exists between the surface density of NCR and the ability of NK cells to kill various tumors. (nih.gov)
- Cells that lack inhibitory receptors are hyporesponsive. (sciencemag.org)
- We previously developed an adoptive transfer model to study regulation of Ly49 receptors in vivo ( 14 ). (rupress.org)
- Raulet, D. H., Vance, R. E. and McMahon, C. W., Regulation of the natural killer cell receptor repertoire. (wiley.com)
- Therapeutic strategies targeting regulation of NK cell receptor and ligand system have shown great promise for treatment of cancer and viral infectious diseases. (els.net)
- NK cell activity during human cytomegalovirus infection is dominated by US2-11-mediated HLA class I down-regulation. (semanticscholar.org)
- Here, we analyzed the cytolytic function of NK cells obtained from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (bloodjournal.org)
- Surprisingly, although displaying NCR-mediated cytolytic activity, these NCR bright NK cells were unable to kill autologous leukemic blasts. (bloodjournal.org)
- 7 Thus, although NCR bright NK cell clones display strong cytolytic activity, those expressing low NCR surface density (NCR dull ) are poorly or even noncytolytic against most target cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- Within 1 wk the NK cells increase two- to fourfold in numbers, start secreting interferon (IFN)-γ, and acquire cytolytic activity against the classical NK target LCL721.221. (rupress.org)
- Given their strong cytolytic activity and the potential for auto-reactivity, Natural Killer cell activity is tightly regulated. (bionity.com)
- Aside from the Fc receptor, Natural Killer cells express a variety of receptors that serve to either activate or suppress their cytolytic activity. (bionity.com)
- These two functions are mainly managed or regulated by numerous activating and inhibitory receptor, including newly discovered receptors that selectively triggers the cytolytic activity in a MHC independent manner. (sooperarticles.com)
- Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress natural killer cell cytolytic activity. (rndsystems.com)
- NK cells (belonging to the group of innate lymphoid cells ) are defined as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and constitute the third kind of cells differentiated from the common lymphoid progenitor -generating B and T lymphocytes . (wikipedia.org)
- NK-cells are defined as large granular lymphocytes that do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or Pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptor but that usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD56 in humans, and NK1.1/NK1.2 in certain strains of mice. (bionity.com)
- Natural Killer Cells are also defined as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and comprise the third kind of cells other than B and T Lymphocytes. (sooperarticles.com)
- Only 14% of intestinal epithelium CD161 + T cells expressed CD56, in contrast to CD161 + hepatic T lymphocytes that coexpressed CD56 ( 18 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Human natural killer (NK)-cell receptors are expressed by NK cells and some T cells, primarily TCR+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (www.gov.uk)
- Blister fluid T lymphocytes during toxic epidermal necrolysis are functional cytotoxic cells which express human natural killer (NK) inhibitory receptors. (springermedizin.de)
- Mature DCs then prime naive T cells, selected from the recirculating T cell pool in secondary lymphoid organs, producing for example active antigen-specific MHC class I-restricted CTLs ( 1 - 3 ). (rupress.org)
- Thus, the presence of KIR on NK/T cell lymphomas seems to mimic the distribution of KIR found on NK and T cells in normal lymphoid tissue. (bmj.com)
- Jaspers, Ilona 2018-02-21 00:00:00 Natural killer (NK) cells are members of the innate lymphoid cells group 1 (ILC1s), which play a critical role in innate host defense against viruses and malignancies. (deepdyve.com)
- Murine OCIL in addition to inhibiting NK cell function inhibits osteoclast differentiation [ PMID: 15123656 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
- In the murine thymus, FcγRII and FcγRIII are expressed on early thymocyte precursors, which can differentiate in both T and NK cells. (begellhouse.com)
- Unexpectedly, engagement of GITR by agonistic mAb DTA-1 suppressed proliferation and cytokine production of iNKT cells upon α-GalCer stimulation. (elsevier.com)
- Consistent with these results, the GITR-deficient iNKT cells showed enhanced proliferation and increased cytokine production upon α-GalCer stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. (elsevier.com)
- Natural killer cell activation is determined by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
- Bovine colostrum significantly reduced NK cell and monocyte activities and lymphoproliferaltive responses to LPS stimulation. (springer.com)
- Proliferative capacity and cytokine production of purified CD4 + CD161 + CD56 − cells were studied after weak or strong stimulation, with or without costimulation, in the presence or absence of interleukin 2. (aacrjournals.org)
- Although ex vivo stimulation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from patients with cancer is often limited using phosphoantigens, Fisher and colleagues (2) also obtained high expansion rate of γδ T cells from children with neuroblastoma with this aAPC-based protocol. (aacrjournals.org)
- However, the triggering receptors responsible for positive NK cell stimulation remained elusive until recently. (nih.gov)
- These activating and inhibitory receptors are highly homologous, suggesting the possibility that one evolved from the other in response to selective pressure imposed by the pathogen. (sciencemag.org)
- This antibody recognises KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL4 and KIR2DS4, members of killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor family. (abcam.com)
- Diseases associated with KIR2DL3 include Trachoma and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation . (genecards.org)
- Quality control test: Transient overexpression cell lysate was tested with Anti-KIR2DL3 antibody by Western Blots. (novusbio.com)
- We also show that this phenomenon is not unique to Ly49A, but occurred for several other inhibitory Ly49 receptors. (rupress.org)
- Furthermore, a single MHC class I allele could downmodulate up to three Ly49 receptors on individual NK cells. (diva-portal.org)
- Only when NK cells simultaneously expressed several Ly49 receptors and hemizygous MHC class I levels, a putative threshold for Ly49 downmodulation was reached. (diva-portal.org)
- To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the increased cytotoxicity of NK cells following the acquisition of CARs via trogocytosis. (plos.org)
- In the early stage of acute HBV infection, the cytotoxicity of NK cells increases, IL-2 levels rise, both play the clearance of the virus. (scirp.org)
- In a first part of this study, we compared functions of NK cells in subjects carrying HLA-B -21Mor 21T using interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK cells and leukemic cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). (gu.se)
- PURPOSE: This phase II trial is studying how well a donor stem cell transplant works in treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia in remission. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The encoded protein has been identified as an anchor for tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, and may induce cell death in myeloid leukemias. (origene.com)
- Phase II Study of Haploidentical Natural Killer Cell Infusion for Treatment of Relapsed or Persistent Myeloid Malignancies Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. (gopubmed.org)
- Either disrupting the actin cytoskeleton or adding cholesterol to the cells prohibited activating signaling, suggesting that the dynamics of receptor movements within the cell membrane are critical for the proper activation of NK cells. (sciencemag.org)
- Coligation of mAb B23.1 bound to gp49B1 and IgE fixed to the high-affinity Fc receptor for IgE on the surface of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells inhibited exocytosis in a dose-related manner, as defined by the release of the secretory granule constituent beta-hexosaminidase, as well as the generation of the membrane-derived lipid mediator, leukotriene C4. (pnas.org)
- We report the cloning and characterization of a cognate ligand for the inhibitory mouse NK receptors (NKR)-P1B and NKR-P1D (CD161b/d). (jove.com)
- In contrast to NKT cells, NK cells do not express T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) or pan T marker CD3 or surface immunoglobulins (Ig) B cell receptors , but they usually express the surface markers CD16 (FcγRIII) and CD56 in humans, NK1.1 or NK1.2 in C57BL/6 mice . (wikipedia.org)
- T-cell therapy to treat cancer has been the focus of much interest in the past years and led to the recent success of chimeric antigen receptors-expressing T cells (reviewed in ref. 3 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- These receptors bind to various ligands on target cells, both endogenous and exogenous, and have an important role in regulating the NK-cell response. (bionity.com)
- Although most of the inhibitory receptors can bind to the endogenous ligands, it has been somewhat more difficult to identify the ligands of the activating receptors (Table 1 ), and their functions have not been determined. (frontiersin.org)
- Crystal structure of the human natural killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1-HLA-Cw4 complex. (nih.gov)
- We report here the crystal structure of the inhibitory human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 (KIR2DL1) bound to its class I MHC ligand, HLA-Cw4. (nih.gov)
- KIR2DL1 is expressed on all NK cells derived from the patient. (bloodjournal.org)
- The NK cells were incubated for one hour with or without anti-KIR2DL1 mAb HP3E4 or the anti-CD99 mAb 12E7 and then tested against the various targets as in panel A. Shown is a representative NK clone (C) and NK bulk cultures (D), both derived from the patient. (bloodjournal.org)
- This may be important in the response of NK cells to HLA-mismatched organ transplants since the ligands for KIR are supertypic epitopes shared between certain HLA alleles. (elsevier.com)
- Receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for HLA-C alleles (HLA-Cw1, HLA-Cw3 and HLA-Cw7). (genecards.org)
- Using high-resolution genotyping, we evaluated the variation of HLA class I alleles and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) alleles. (aacrjournals.org)