Influenza vaccines. Medical search

Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

Species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS B that cause HUMAN INFLUENZA and other diseases primarily in humans. Antigenic variation is less extensive than in type A viruses (INFLUENZA A VIRUS) and consequently there is no basis for distinct subtypes or variants. Epidemics are less likely than with INFLUENZA A VIRUS and there have been no pandemics. Previously only found in humans, Influenza B virus has been isolated from seals which may constitute the animal reservoir from which humans are exposed.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.

Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.

Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.

Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

Protection conferred on a host by inoculation with one strain or component of a microorganism that prevents infection when later challenged with a similar strain. Most commonly the microorganism is a virus.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 9 and neuraminidase 2. The H9N2 subtype usually infects domestic birds (POULTRY) but there have been some human infections reported.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 2 and neuraminidase 2. The H2N2 subtype was responsible for the Asian flu pandemic of 1957.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 8. The H3N8 subtype has frequently been found in horses.

Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

Vaccines using VIROSOMES as the antigen delivery system that stimulates the desired immune response.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.

The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.

Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

Viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. Such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus.

Spread and adoption of inventions and techniques from one geographic area to another, from one discipline to another, or from one sector of the economy to another. For example, improvements in medical equipment may be transferred from industrial countries to developing countries, advances arising from aerospace engineering may be applied to equipment for persons with disabilities, and innovations in science arising from government research are made available to private enterprise.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

The application of scientific knowledge or technology to pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry. It includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture, preparation, compounding, dispensing, packaging, and storing of drugs and other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures, and in the treatment of patients.

Administration of a vaccine to large populations in order to elicit IMMUNITY.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 9. This avian origin virus was first identified in humans in 2013.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific conditions to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population. It is also the study of disease rates in a specific cohort such as in a geographic area or population subgroup to estimate trends in a larger population. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.

Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting RODENTS and/or RABBITS and as a laboratory animal. It is in the subfamily Mustelinae, family MUSTELIDAE.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 7 and neuraminidase 7. The H7N7 subtype produced an epidemic in 2003 which was highly pathogenic among domestic birds (POULTRY). Some infections in humans were reported.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.

Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.

An epithelial cell line derived from a kidney of a normal adult female dog.

A genus of the family ORTHOMYXOVIRUS causing HUMAN INFLUENZA and other diseases primarily in humans. In contrast to INFLUENZAVIRUS A, no distinct antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HEMAGGLUTININS) and NEURAMINIDASE are recognized.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 2. The H5N2 subtype has been found to be highly pathogenic in chickens.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines using supra-molecular structures composed of multiple copies of recombinantly expressed viral structural proteins. They are often antigentically indistinguishable from the virus from which they were derived.

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

A suspension of formalin-inactivated poliovirus grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture and used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS.

Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

A genus in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE causing influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. It contains many strains as well as antigenic subtypes of the integral membrane proteins hemagglutinin (HEMAGGLUTININS) and NEURAMINIDASE. The type species is INFLUENZA A VIRUS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.

Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.

The relationship between an elicited ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE and the dose of the vaccine administered.

Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)

Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.

Surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale.

A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 2. It is endemic in both human and pig populations.

A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.

Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (1/3234)

A water-soluble fraction (WSA) of the cell wall can substitute for mycobacterial cells in Freund complete adjuvant. However, when WSA is administered in saline instead of in a water-in-oil emulsion, its adjuvant activity is very weak, and under certain experimental conditions it can even inhibit the humoral immune response. The data reported in the present study show that after treatment by phthalic or succinic anhydride the adjuvant activity of WSA was markedly changed, since high levels of circulating antibodies were produced when these derivatives were administered with an antigen in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the antigenic determinants of WSA were modified and acylated WSA had no tuberculin-like activity. (+info)

Immunoglobulin-specific radioimmunoprecipitation assays for quantitation of nasal secretory antibodies to hemagglutinin of type A influenza viruses. (2/3234)

Radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were developed to selectively quantitate class-specific antibodies to purified hemagglutinins (HA) of type A influenza virus in nasal secretions. Rabbit anti-human secretory piece of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and rabbit anti-human IgG were used as second antibodies. A third antibody, goat anti-rabbit IgG, was incorporated into the system to separate immune complexes formed between iodinated HA, nasal wash test specimen, and second antibody. The utilization of this reagent avoided the need for large quantities of IgA and IgG antibody-negative carrier secretions. Nasal was specimens obtained from 14 adults immunized with an inactivated type A influenza virus vaccine were evaluated by RIP and viral neutralization assays. Significant homologous postvaccination secretory IgA and IgG antibody levels were demonstrable in 13 (93%) of individuals by RIP, whereas only 5 (36%) exhibited rises by viral neutralization tests. Moreover, the geometric mean IgA and IgG antibody levels were at least 20- and 37-fold greater than the neutralizing antibody titer. The pattern of heterologous immunoglobulin-specific antibody responses tended to be similar to those observed with the homologous HA subunit. (+info)

Potential advantages of DNA immunization for influenza epidemic and pandemic planning. (3/3234)

Immunization with purified DNA is a powerful technique for inducing immune responses. The concept of DNA immunization involves insertion of the gene encoding the antigen of choice into a bacterial plasmid and injection of the plasmid into the host where the antigen is expressed and where it induces humoral and cellular immunity. The most effective routes and methods for DNA immunization are bombardment with particles coated with DNA ("gene gun" technique), followed by the intramuscular and intradermal routes. DNA immunization technology has the potential to induce immunity to all antigens that can be completely encoded in DNA, which therefore include all protein, but not carbohydrate, antigens. DNA immunization results in presentation of antigens to the host's immune system in a natural form, like that achieved with live-attenuated vaccines. The DNA immunization strategy has the potential to rapidly provide a new vaccine in the face of an emerging influenza pandemic. (+info)

Mucosal immunity to influenza without IgA: an IgA knockout mouse model. (4/3234)

IgA knockout mice (IgA-/-) were generated by gene targeting and were used to determine the role of IgA in protection against mucosal infection by influenza and the value of immunization for preferential induction of secretory IgA. Aerosol challenge of naive IgA-/- mice and their wild-type IgA+/+ littermates with sublethal and lethal doses of influenza virus resulted in similar levels of pulmonary virus infection and mortality. Intranasal and i.p. immunization with influenza vaccine plus cholera toxin/cholera toxin B induced significant mucosal and serum influenza hemagglutinin-specific IgA Abs in IgA+/+ (but not IgA-/-) mice as well as IgG and IgM Abs in both IgA-/- and IgA+/+ mice; both exhibited similar levels of pulmonary and nasal virus replication and mortality following a lethal influenza virus challenge. Monoclonal anti-hemagglutinin IgG1, IgG2a, IgM, and polymeric IgA Abs were equally effective in preventing influenza virus infection in IgA-/- mice. These results indicate that IgA is not required for prevention of influenza virus infection and disease. Indeed, while mucosal immunization for selective induction of IgA against influenza may constitute a useful approach for control of influenza and other respiratory viral infections, strategies that stimulate other Igs in addition may be more desirable. (+info)

Influenza vaccination among the elderly in Italy. (5/3234)

This article surveys the attitudes and perceptions of a random sample of the elderly population in three regions of Italy on the use and efficacy of influenza vaccine. The data were collected by direct interviews using a standard questionnaire. The results show that vaccination coverage against influenza is inadequate (26-48.6%). The major reasons for nonvaccination were lack of faith in the vaccine and disbelief that influenza is a dangerous illness. These data emphasize the need for a systematic education programme targeted at the elderly and the provision of influenza vaccination, with the increased cooperation of general practitioners. (+info)

Protection of mice against a lethal influenza virus challenge after immunization with yeast-derived secreted influenza virus hemagglutinin. (6/3234)

The A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2-subtype) hemagglutinin (HA) gene was engineered for expression in Pichia pastoris as a soluble secreted molecule. The HA cDNA lacking the C-terminal transmembrane anchor-coding sequence was fused to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-mating factor secretion signal and placed under control of the methanol-inducible P. pastoris alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Growth of transformants on methanol-containing medium resulted in the secretion of recombinant non-cleaved soluble hemagglutinin (HA0s). Remarkably, the pH of the induction medium had an important effect on the expression level, the highest level being obtained at pH 8.0. The gel filtration profile and the reactivity against a panel of different HA-conformation specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that HA0s was monomeric. Analysis of the N-linked glycans revealed a typical P. pastoris type of glycosylation, consisting of glycans with 10-12 glycosyl residues. Mice immunized with purified soluble hemagglutinin (HA0s) showed complete protection against a challenge with 10 LD50 of mouse-adapted homologous virus (X47), whereas all control mice succumbed. Heterologous challenge with X31 virus [A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2-subtype)], resulted in significantly higher survival rates in the immunized group compared with the control group. These results, together with the safety, reliability and economic potential of P. pastoris, as well as the flexibility and fast adaptation of the expression system may allow development of an effective recombinant influenza vaccine. (+info)

Measuring the effects of reminders for outpatient influenza immunizations at the point of clinical opportunity. (7/3234)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of computer-based reminders about influenza vaccination on the behavior of individual clinicians at each clinical opportunity. DESIGN: The authors conducted a prospective study of clinicians' influenza vaccination behavior over four years. Approximately one half of the clinicians in an internal medicine clinic used a computer-based patient record system (CPR users) that generated computer-based reminders. The other clinicians used traditional paper records (PR users). MEASUREMENTS: Each nonacute visit by a patient eligible for an influenza vaccination was considered an opportunity for intervention. Patients who had contraindications for vaccination were excluded. Compliance with the guideline was defined as documentation that a clinician ordered the vaccine, counseled the patient about the vaccine, offered the vaccine to a patient who declined it, or verified that the patient had received the vaccine elsewhere. The authors calculated the proportion of opportunities on which each clinician documented action in the CPR and PR user groups. RESULTS: The CPR and PR user groups had different baseline compliance rates (40.1 and 27.9 per cent, respectively; P<0.05). Both rates remained stable during a two-year baseline period (P = 0.34 and P = 0.47, respectively). The compliance rates in the CPR user group increased 78 per cent from baseline (P<0.001), whereas the rates for the PR user group did not change significantly (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who used a CPR with reminders had higher rates of documentation of compliance with influenza-vaccination guidelines than did those who used a paper record. Measurements of individual clinician behavior at the point of each clinical opportunity can provide precise evaluation of interventions that are designed to improve compliance with guidelines. (+info)

Detection of intracellular antigen-specific cytokines in human T cell populations. (8/3234)

Determination of antigen-specific cytokine responses of T lymphocytes after vaccination is made difficult by the low frequency of responder cells. In order to detect these responses, the profile of intracellular cytokines was analyzed using flow cytometry after antigenic expansion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with antigens for 5 days, further expanded with interleukin (IL)-2, and then restimulated on day 10. Cytokine production was detected by intracellular staining with monoclonal antibodies after saponin-based permeabilization. Influenza expansion resulted in specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production of 6%-20%, with less IL-4 production (0%-2%). Tetanus toxoid resulted in even greater production. IL-4 and IFN-gamma were produced mainly by memory cells of the CD45RO+ phenotype. IFN-gamma production was contributed by both CD4 and CD8 populations. These methods were then applied to a clinical trial of a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine. Antigen-specific increases in IFN-gamma were measured, which corresponded to antibody production, lymphoproliferation, and skin testing. (+info)

1906), Influenza vaccine. Instructions to medical officers of health. (1919) Interpreters of Nature. Essays. (1927) Lord ... 1930) Memorandum on prevention of influenza. (1919) On the History of the Decline and Final Extinction of Leprosy as an endemic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Newman_(doctor)

"Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Supply for the U.S. 2016-2017 Influenza Season , Seasonal Influenza (Flu) , CDC". www.cdc.gov. ... Autism cases in vaccine court: Sugarman SD (2007). "Cases in vaccine court-legal battles over vaccines and autism". N Engl J ... other vaccines may contain a trace of thiomersal from steps in manufacture.. The multi-dose versions of the influenza vaccines ... Unlike other vaccine preservatives used at the time, thiomersal does not reduce the potency of the vaccines that it protects. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomersal

"The virosome concept for influenza vaccines". Vaccine. 23: S26-38. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.026. PMID 16026906. http://ec. ... A virosome is a drug or vaccine delivery mechanism consisting of unilamellar phospholipid membrane (either a mono- or bi-layer ... As a drug or vaccine delivery mechanism they are biologically compatible with many host organisms and are also biodegradable. ... The unique properties of virosomes partially relate to the presence of biologically active influenza HA in their membrane. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virosome

Influenza (flu) is more severe in the elderly than in younger age groups, but influenza vaccines lack effectiveness in this ... Kim, T. H. (2014). "Seasonal influenza and vaccine herd effect". Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research. 3 (2): 128-32. doi ... Vaccines against STIs that are targeted at one sex result in significant declines in STIs in both sexes if vaccine uptake in ... Vaccines are usually imperfect however, so the effectiveness, E, of a vaccine must be accounted for: V c = 1 − 1 R 0 E . {\ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity

Clar, Christine; Oseni, Zainab; Flowers, Nadine; Keshtkar-Jahromi, Maryam; Rees, Karen (2015-05-05). "Influenza vaccines for ... Influenza may make heart attacks and strokes more likely and therefore influenza vaccination may decrease the chance of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

... adjuvanted influenza vaccine". Vaccine. 21 (9-10): 946-9. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00545-5. PMID 12547607. Isconova's homepage ... "A single dose of an ISCOM influenza vaccine induces long-lasting protective immunity against homologous challenge infection but ... "Immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines against phocid herpesvirus type 1". Vaccine. 21 (19-20): 2433-40. ... The complex displays immune stimulating properties and is thus mainly used as a vaccine adjuvant in order to induce a stronger ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCOM

... or in vaccine mismatch. Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenzavirus A, influenza B and influenza ... doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039. PMC 3074182 . PMID 19230160. Superflu: Antigenic shift in Influenza. ... Bouvier, Nicole M.; Palese, Peter (September 2008). "The biology of influenza viruses". Vaccine. 26 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): D49-53. ... Treanor, John (2004-01-15). "Influenza vaccine--outmaneuvering antigenic shift and drift". New England Journal of Medicine. 350 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_shift

He has said that the studies claiming large reductions in mortality rates as a result of the influenza vaccine are "rubbish", ... He has worked on Cochrane reviews examining the effectiveness of oseltamivir and the influenza vaccine. In 2009 Jefferson was ... His views about the effectiveness of influenza vaccines and his outspokenness about them are also controversial; at a 2007 ... Reviews led by Jefferson have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to show that influenza vaccines reduce mortality or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jefferson_(epidemiologist)

World Health Organization (2012). "Vaccines Against Influenza". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 47.. *^ Halbreich U, Karkun S ( ... women should also fulfill any missing vaccinations as soon as possible including the tetanus vaccine and influenza vaccine.[72] ... are less prone to infections such as Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneunoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_health

Influenza vaccine is recommended annually for all children. PCV does not appear to decrease the risk of otitis media when given ... Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in early infancy, decreases the risk of acute otitis media in healthy infants. PCV is ... A number of measures decrease the risk of otitis media including pneumococcal and influenza vaccination, breastfeeding, and ... Acute otitis media Acute otitis media, myringitis bullosa Myringitis bullosa in influenza Chronic otitis media (otitis media ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otitis_media

"Safety and immunogenicity of an influenza vaccine A/H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1194/2004) when coadministered with a heat-labile ... "Dose sparing with intradermal injection of influenza vaccine". N Engl J Med. 351 (22): 2295-301. doi:10.1056/nejmoa043540. ... Vaccine. 25 (18): 3684-91. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.043. PMID 17313998. Glenn, GM; Villar, CP; Flyer, DC; Bourgeois, AL; ... The company was the first to develop the concept of transcutaneous immunization, delivery of vaccines to the skin using a patch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOMAI

Cates, CJ; Rowe, BH (Feb 28, 2013). "Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma". The Cochrane Database of ... It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations affects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by ... "Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization - report of the extraordinary meeting on the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

The inactivated influenza vaccine should be received annually. The pneumococcal vaccine should be administered twice for people ... "Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ... "Influenza vaccination coverage among health care personnel - United States, 2013-14 influenza season". MMWR. Morbidity and ... Lastly, the live-attenuated zoster vaccine should be administered once after the age 60, but is not recommended in people on a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis

Smith JW, Fletcher WB, Peters M, Westwood M, Perkins FJ (1975). "Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4". J Hyg (Lond ... Adjuvant 65 was tested in influenza vaccines in the 1970s, but was never released commercially. Adjuvants can enhance the ... Such aluminium salts are common adjuvants in vaccines sold in the United States and have been used in vaccines for more than 70 ... researchers found that the higher incidence correlated with the use of AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (Pandemrix). Those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvant

1957 - National guidelines for influenza vaccine were developed. 1958 - A CDC team traveled overseas, for the first time, to ... 1963 - CDC tested the newly developed jet injector vaccine for smallpox. 1964 - The first Surgeon General's report linking ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_timeline

"Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccines with Modified NS1 Proteins". Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza. Current Topics in ... His contributions to his field have included the generation and evaluation of influenza virus vectors as potential vaccine ... "Vaccination of Pigs against Swine Influenza Viruses by Using an NS1-Truncated Modified Live-Virus Vaccine". Journal of Virology ... "Hemagglutinin-Pseudotyped Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Influenza Viruses for the Detection of Influenza Virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_García-Sastre

The World Health Organisation Influenza Centre in North Melbourne was attempting to develop a vaccine for swine flu, by growing ... Collignon P, Doshi P, Del Mar C, Jefferson T (2015). "Safety and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines in children". Clin ... In 2009, H1N1 Influenza 2009 (Human Swine Influenza) was the underlying cause of 77 deaths in Australia. The ABS implemented ... "Health Emergency-H1N1 Influenza 09 (Human Swine Influenza)Outbreaks". Healthemergency.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_in_Australia

Collignon P, Doshi P, Del Mar C, Jefferson T (2015). "Safety and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines in children". Clin ... and the safety and efficacy of some drugs and vaccines. In June 2010 he was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Collignon

5 December - Ness, Lewis, selected for influenza vaccine trials. 10 December - Caithness Education Committee rejects a plan to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_in_Scotland

"FLUAD™ Flu Vaccine With Adjuvant- Seasonal Influenza (Flu) - CDC". cdc.gov. Retrieved 20 March 2017. "MENJUGATE 10 micrograms ... including the first influenza vaccine manufactured using mammalian cell culture rather than the traditional fertilized chicken ... the meningococcal C vaccine used to help curb deadly outbreaks in Canada and the UK, a tetravalent meningococcal vaccine ... and played a central role in the early development of several novel vaccines subsequently approved in the US and/or Europe, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_F._Scharschmidt

Haque A, Hober D, Kasper LH (October 2007). "Confronting Potential Influenza A (H5N1) Pandemic with Better Vaccines". Emerging ... A Critical Role for OX40 in T Cell-mediated Immunopathology during Lung Viral Infection Cytokine Storm and the Influenza ... Aug 2007). "Increased Survival after Gemfibrozil Treatment of Severe Mouse Influenza". Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 51 (8): ... avian influenza, smallpox, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Cytokine storm may also be induced by certain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_storm

"Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1: CD002733. doi: ... Annual influenza vaccinations in those with COPD reduce exacerbations, hospitalizations and death. Pneumococcal vaccination may ... The non-typable Haemophilus influenzae vaccine (NTHi) when taken by mouth does not appear to reduce exacerbations in people ... Stopping smoking decreases the risk of death by 18%. Other recommendations include influenza vaccination once a year, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

Most inactivated vaccines, like influenza, are given by IM injection. Some medications are formulated for IM injection, like ... "Administer the Vaccine(s)". www.cdc.gov. 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2017-11-15. Taylor, C. R., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., Lynn, P. ( ... "Pinkbook , Vaccine Administration , Epidemiology of VPDs , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2017-10-30. "What Is a ... Certain vaccines including MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Varicella (Chikenpox), Zoster (Shingles) are given subcutaneously. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_(medicine)

... in the preparation of vaccines such as those for influenza). Egg white makes up around two-thirds of a chicken egg by weight. ... "Safe administration of influenza vaccine to patients with egg allergy". The Journal of Pediatrics. 133 (5): 624-8. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_white

Due to the H5N1 pandemic threat, research into using cell culture for influenza vaccines is being funded by the United States ... "NIAID Taps Chiron to Develop Vaccine Against H9N2 Avian Influenza". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( ... The injectable polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques ... This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture

"Live attenuated influenza virus vaccines by computer-aided rational design". Nat. Biotechnol. 28: 723-727. doi:10.1038/nbt.1636 ... This strategy allows for the generation of new vaccines in a very short time. Recently, Wimmer's lab has elucidated the key ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckard_Wimmer

It is also used as an excipient in some European and Canadian influenza vaccines. Influenza vaccines contain 25 μg of ... Pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) Influenza Vaccine Quick Reference Guide Winnipeg Regional Health Authority 2009 http://www.accessdata.fda ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysorbate_80

A New Influenza Vaccine-Associated Adverse Event?". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (6): 705-13. doi:10.1086/367667. PMID ... and upper respiratory symptoms following influenza immunization. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 24 hours after vaccination and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculo-respiratory_syndrome

"Influenza vaccine: the challenge of antigenic drift". Vaccine. 25 (39-40): 6852-62. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.027. PMID ... In influenza viruses[edit]. In the influenza virus, the two relevant antigens are the surface proteins, hemagglutinin and ... "Vaccine. 26 (Suppl 4): D49-53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039. PMC 3074182 . PMID 19230160.. ... Gog JR (July 2008). "The impact of evolutionary constraints on influenza dynamics". Vaccine. 26 Suppl 3: C15-24. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_drift

Influenza Vaccine Postpartum Questionnaire. Official Title Acceptability and Feasibility of Influenza Vaccine Administration on ... The study will take place over a 2-month period during influenza season, and at the time when the influenza vaccine becomes ... Influenza Vaccine Postpartum Questionnaire. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study ... trial is to assess the knowledge and attitudes of post-partum women regarding influenza and the use of the influenza vaccine in ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00401700

The loss of Chirons 46 million doses reduced the number of influenza vaccines available in the United States to approximately ... the United States experienced a severe shortage of influenza vaccine when Chiron, a manufacturer that had pledged to provide 46 ... to 48 million doses of the vaccine to the U.S. market, was forced by U.S. and U.K. regulators to suspend production due to ... Section 3 contains a description of the influenza vaccine industry and factors affecting the profitability of vaccine ...

https://www.rti.org/publication/influenza-vaccine-economics-issue-brief

There is however no regular review of influenza vaccine effectiveness during, or at the end of, Australian influenza seasons. ... We used a retrospective case control design in five consecutive influenza seasons, and estimated influenza vaccine ... Conclusions/Significance These estimates support other field studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness, given that theoretical ... Methodology/Principal Findings Influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance is conducted during the influenza season in sentinel ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005079

... and received the seasonal influenza vaccine. Here is the proof: As Ive written before, vaccine records provide interesting inf ... influenza vaccine every year. I just went to the lobby of the Milstein Hospital, showed my ID, ... and H3N2 vaccines were also avian. The 1976 swine flu vaccine, and the. 2009 H1N1 vaccine, are the only vaccines to have swine- ... Below Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, which is checked, is H1N1 Vaccine #1 DOSE. They have left open the possibility that more ...

https://www.virology.ws/2009/10/02/seasonal-influenza-vaccine/

"The vaccine viruses recommended for inclusion in the 2017-2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines are the same vaccine ... Most, 89.8%, were associated with influenza A virus, 9.6% with influenza B virus, 0.3% with influenza A virus and influenza B ... For quadrivalent vaccines, which have two influenza B viruses, the makeup should include the viruses in the trivalent vaccines ... So far in the flu season, overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza A and influenza B virus infection associated ...

https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/recommendations-change-for-next-seasons-influenza-vaccine

They also found live attenuated influenza vaccine, which is not approved for adults who are aged 50 years or older, to be ... They also found no such trials for live attenuated influenza vaccine efficacy in people aged 8 to 59 years. In addition, they ... The authors found that trivalent inactivated vaccine, which is used for 90% of influenza vaccinations in the United States, is ... October 25, 2011 - Critical gaps exist in the evidence for the effectiveness of licensed influenza vaccines in the United ...

http://chiro.org/wordpress/2011/10/researchers-believe-influenza-vaccines-need-improvement/

The report firstly introduced Influenza Vaccine (Split Virion),Inactivated basic information included Influenza Vaccine (Split ... Influenza Vaccine (Split Virion),Inactivated industry policy and plan, Influenza Vaccine (Split Virion),Inactivated product ... And also listed Influenza Vaccine (Split Virion),Inactivated upstream raw materials equipments and down stream clients survey ... In a word, it was a depth research report on Global and China Influenza Vaccine (Split Virion),Inactivated industry. And thanks ...

https://pitchengine.com/pitches/5b60f32d-234c-4539-b43e-b9c5e6bd6d47

... is committed to ending the threat of influenza through the development of a universal influenza vaccine, because only a longer ... broadly protective vaccine can shield us from the constant threat of influenza.Why NowEach year, seasonal flu costs the United ... is committed to ending the threat of influenza through the development of a universal influenza vaccine, because only a longer ... There is a clear and urgent need for a next-generation influenza vaccine and more innovative approaches are needed to ensure ...

https://www.sabin.org/programs/knowledge-innovation/universal-influenza-vaccine?language=en

Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine - CDC ... Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)/Nasal Spray Vaccine. * ... CDCs Vaccine Effectiveness Networksplus icon *US Flu VE Network. *Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network ( ... Vaccine Effectiveness Studiesplus icon *2018-2019 Vaccine Effectiveness. *Past Seasons Vaccine Effectivenessplus icon *VE ... Algorithm: Interpreting Influenza Testing Results When Influenza is Circulating. *Algorithm: Interpreting Influenza Testing ...

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/keyfacts.htm

CDCs Vaccine Effectiveness Networksplus icon *US Flu VE Network. *Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network ( ... Vaccine Effectiveness Studiesplus icon *2018-2019 Vaccine Effectiveness. *Past Seasons Vaccine Effectivenessplus icon *VE ... Fluzone High-Dose Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. High-dose flu vaccine, brand name Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent ... Algorithm: Interpreting Influenza Testing Results When Influenza is Circulating. *Algorithm: Interpreting Influenza Testing ...

https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/qa_fluzone.htm

We found that the national health effects were greatly influenced by the timing of vaccine administration and the effectiveness ... These results emphasize the need for relevant surveillance data to facilitate a rapid evaluation of vaccine recommendations and ... By using US surveillance data (April 12, 2009-April 10, 2010) and vaccine coverage estimates (October 3, 2009-April 18, 2010), ... of the vaccine. We estimated that recommendations for priority vaccination of targeted priority groups were not inferior to ...

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/3/12-0394_article.htm

The economic costs attributable to influenza are estimated to be in the billions of ... Influenza virus infections represent a significant public health problem. In the United States alone, 10,000 to 40,000 excess ... INACTIVATED INFLUENZA VACCINE. A formalin-inactivated whole virus influenza vaccine was first used experimentally during World ... INACTIVATED INFLUENZA VACCINE. A formalin-inactivated whole virus influenza vaccine was first used experimentally during World ...

https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/journals/pedann/2000-11-29-11/%7B0006b524-451d-4703-bd69-f48bdf9700e5%7D/influenza-vaccines

Description and Ingredients information on this page is excerpted from the package inserts for each of the licensed Influenza A ... Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine is a monovalent, split-virion, inactivated influenza virus subtype A vaccine ... INJECTIBLE VACCINES. CSL Limited. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine is formulated to contain 15 mcg HA per 0.5 mL dose ... Package Inserts for Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccines. *. Package Insert - Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent (CSL ...

https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/questionsaboutvaccines/ucm186102.htm

Department of Agriculture is creating a stockpile of avian influenza vaccines, but an expert suggests careful consideration of ... Avian influenza expert raises concerns as USDA stockpiles vaccines. Published Friday 27 November 2015 Published Fri 27 Nov 2015 ... "Avian influenza expert raises concerns as USDA stockpiles vaccines." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 27 Nov. 2015. Web. ... Mittals avian influenza vaccine work has been described in papers for The Lancet, Journal of Infectious Diseases, Clinical ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/303281.php

Influenza vaccines. A reappraisal of their use.. Palache AM1.. Author information. 1. Department of Virology, Erasmus ... Yearly updated influenza vaccines are available to combat the disease and its consequences. In many countries, less than half ... Scientific evidence on the safety, tolerance, efficacy and effectiveness of currently existing inactivated influenza vaccines ... match between vaccine and epidemic strains each year and the available scientific data about the inactivated influenza vaccines ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421692?dopt=Abstract

Workshop on International Regulatory Capacity Enhancement for Influenza Vaccines (WIRCEIV). June 8-10, 2011 Sao Paulo, Brazil ... Workshop in that it focused on regulatory issues and expanded the scope beyond influenza vaccines. The workshop brought ... WHO and HHS convened the Sustainable Influenza Vaccine Production Capacity Stakeholders Workshop in Washington D.C. in January ... WHO and HHS hosted the Workshop on International Regulatory Capacity Enhancement for Influenza Vaccines (WIRCEIV). ...

http://www.who.int/influenza_vaccines_plan/objectives/workshop_WIRCEIV_8_10_June_2011/en/

The efficacy of the influenza vaccine when given to patients with multiple sclerosis is similar to that in healthy controls, ... The efficacy of the influenza vaccine when given to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is similar to that in healthy ... The impetus for this project was a recognition that the great majority of the research on the impact of influenza vaccine in ... It is therefore recommended that inactivated influenza vaccine be given to patients with MS at least 2 weeks prior to starting ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/933792

Ferguson D, et al. The story continues: narcoplepsy spectrum occurring several years post ASO3- adjuvanted H1N1 vaccination in young Irish siblings. Journal of Sleep Research 27 (Suppl. 1): 177-178 abstr. P193, Sep 2018. Available from: URL: http://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12751 [abstract] - Ireland ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40278-018-52856-y

Moreover, influenza vaccines are not refrigerated between pack ... being combined to make multivalent influenza virus vaccines. ... Antigens from individual influenza virus strains are not refrigerated before ... a mumps vaccine, a rubella vaccine, a MMR vaccine, a varicella vaccine, a MMRV vaccine, a diphtheria vaccine, a tetanus vaccine ... The stored vaccine may be a bulk vaccine (monovalent or multivalent) or a packaged vaccine. Where the vaccine is a bulk vaccine ...

https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2010/0068223.html

Influenza Vaccine, Live Intranasal: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... For some patients, a different type of influenza vaccine (inactivated or recombinant influenza vaccine) might be more ... Influenza vaccine can prevent influenza (flu).. Flu is a contagious disease that spreads around the United States every year, ... Live, attenuated influenza vaccine (called LAIV) is a nasal spray vaccine that may be given to nonpregnant people 2 through 49 ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607018.html

... The recommended influenza vaccine composition for New Zealand in 2018 is:. Trivalent vaccines:. ... Vaccine strains that are recommended as suitable are those listed on the World Health Organization (WHO) Influenza vaccine ... the meeting of the Australian Influenza Vaccine Committee, with a New Zealand representative, to consult on the influenza ... Confirmation that the product is in full compliance with a relevant Ph Eur monograph for influenza vaccine (specify which ...

http://medsafe.govt.nz/regulatory/flu.asp

... meningococcal vaccines, influenza therapies, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis trivalent vaccines and human respiratory syncytial ... Prepare for a SAGE evidence-based review and updating of WHO recommendations on the use of seasonal influenza vaccine (e.g. ... SAGE Working Group on influenza vaccines and immunization (August 2010 - June 2014). Terms of Reference. Objectives of the ... None of the studies focused on influenza vaccines and immunization which is the subject of the Working Group. These interests ...

http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/sage_wg_flu_aug10/en/

... persons 18 through 64 years of age at increased risk of exposure to the H5N1 influenza virus subtype contained in the vaccine. ... Supporting Documents older than three years - Influenza Virus Vaccine, H5N1. Related Information. *Influenza Virus Vaccine, ... Package Insert - Influenza Virus Vaccine, H5N1. Supporting Documents. * ... persons 18 through 64 years of age at increased risk of exposure to the H5N1 influenza virus subtype contained in the vaccine ...

https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/influenza-virus-vaccine-h5n1-national-stockpile

Thats not to say that were better off putting just three strains of influenza in a vaccine. Five or six might offer better ... On Thursday, the FDA decided to replace all three of the vaccines influenza strains for next winter. Wait, why cant the ... There are thousands of influenza subtypes infecting people around the world, but very few are likely to make someone in the ... In an "Explainer" published last winter, Michelle Tsai explained why they dont cram every strain of influenza into our yearly ...

http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/recycled/2009/04/why_isnt_there_a_cureall_influenza_vaccine.single.html

Influenza Vaccine, Inactivated or Recombinant: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Tell your vaccine provider if the person getting the vaccine:. *Has had an allergic reaction after a previous dose of influenza ... Influenza vaccine can prevent influenza (flu).. Flu is a contagious disease that spreads around the United States every year, ... Influenza vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607017.html

... a vaccine against influenza that typically contains a mixture of strains of influenza virus cultured in chick embryos:. ... Share influenza vaccine. Post the Definition of influenza vaccine to Facebook Share the Definition of influenza vaccine on ... Resources for influenza vaccine. Time Traveler: Explore other words from the year influenza vaccine first appeared Time ... Comments on influenza vaccine. What made you want to look up influenza vaccine? Please tell us where you read or heard it ( ...

https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/influenza%20vaccine

The FDAs Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee chose the influenza vaccine strains for the 2018-2019 ... season, after disappointing vaccine effectiveness during the 2017-2018 season. ... Overall vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H3N2) - the predominant strain of influenza this season - has been 25% as of ... Most of the circulating influenza strains are like those in the 2017-2018 vaccine. The majority of influenza B infections were ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893314

Influenza A virus vaccine-H1N1. First report of complex regional pain syndrome: case report ... Influenza A virus vaccine-H1N1. React. Wkly. 1414, 30 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214140-00098 ... A case of complex regional pain syndrome after vaccination of influenza A(H1N1). Pediatrics International 54: e4-e6, No. 3, Jun ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165%2F00128415-201214140-00098

And keep your immunization schedule up-to-date with Walgreens, Healthcare Clinic and the many other CDC-recommended vaccines we ... Vaccine Information Statement: Influenza Vaccine (Live, Intranasal). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 7 ... Vaccine Information Statement: Influenza Vaccine (Inactivated). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 7, ... This includes an influenza A (H1N1) virus, an influenza A (H3N2) virus, and an influenza B virus. ...

https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/scheduler/influenza-vaccine_1.jsp

There are many different kinds of influenza vaccines licensed and available in the U.S. Learn more on NVIC.org ... Influenza is a viral infection that produces fever, chills, sore throat, muscle aches, and cough that lasts a week or more. ... FDA Transcripts - Influenza. *Public Comment by NVIC President Barbara Loe Fisher on use of squalene adjuvants for pandemic flu ... vaccines at July 23, 2009 FDA Vaccine Advisory Committee Meeting. *Public Comment by NVIC President Barbara Loe Fisher on use ...

https://www.nvic.org/vaccines-and-diseases/influenza/fda-transcripts---influenza.aspx

INFLUENZA VACCINES FOR 1982-1983. VACCINE USAGE. General Recommendations. Use in Pregnancy. SUPPLEMENTARY MEASURES. SELECTED ... INFLUENZA VACCINES FOR 1982-1983. The specific antigens and their potency in the vaccine will be the same as in 1981-1982: 15 ... Clinical studies of influenza vaccines--1976. J Infect Dis 1977;136(Suppl):S341-S742.. Kilbourne ED, ed. The influenza viruses ... This revision of the influenza vaccine recommendations updates information on influenza activity in the United States for the ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000209/p0000209.asp

INFLUENZA VACCINES FOR 1983-1984. VACCINE USAGE. General Recommendations. Use in Pregnancy. Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ... INFLUENZA VACCINES FOR 1983-1984. The specific antigens and their potency in the 1983-1984 vaccine will be: 15 ug each of ... No significant excess risk of GBS was found for recipients of influenza vaccine during the influenza seasons 1978-1979 through ... This revision of the influenza vaccine recommendations updates information on influenza activity in the United States for the ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000353/p0000353.asp

... , Trivalent Influenza Vaccine, Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine, Fluzone, Inactivated Influenza Vaccine, TIV ... Influenza Vaccine. search Influenza Vaccine, Trivalent Influenza Vaccine, Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine, Fluzone, Inactivated ... Vaccine Production *Trivalent Vaccine and quadrivalent Vaccine. *Trivalent Vaccines cover 2 Influenza A Viruses (H1N1, H3N2) ... Influenza Vaccine may be given on the same day as others (e.g. Shingles Vaccine, penumococcal Vaccine) ...

https://fpnotebook.com/mobile/ID/Immunize/InflnzVcn.htm

... , Trivalent Influenza Vaccine, Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine, Fluzone, Inactivated Influenza Vaccine, TIV ... Influenza virus vaccine, FLU - Influenza vaccine, Influenza vaccine, Influenza virus vaccine (product), Influenza virus vaccine ... flu vaccine, influenza vaccines, flu vaccines, Influenza vaccines, Influenza vaccine (substance), Influenza vaccine (product), ... Influenza Virus Vaccines, influenza vaccine (medication), vaccines viral influenza, influenza vaccine, influenza virus vaccine ...

https://fpnotebook.com/legacy/ID/Immunize/InflnzVcn.htm

Discover when to get flu shots, how long the flu lasts, the contagious period, flu types (influenza A, B, and C), and how it ... Learn about influenza (flu) symptoms, treatment with antiviral drugs, flu shot side effects, and prevention during flu season. ... Quadrivalent influenza vaccines will contain these three viruses and an additional influenza B vaccine virus, a B/Phuket/3073/ ... Is it safe for pregnant women to receive an influenza vaccine?. Yes. A study of influenza vaccination examining over 2,000 ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/influenza/article.htm

... development and manufacture of influenza vaccines youll be sure to find answers to all your questions. ... World Influenza Vaccine Conference 2016. 30 - 31 March. Grand Hyatt, Washington D.C., USA ... ITI is developing next generation vaccines based on the patented LAMP Technology. Our LAMP-vax platform significantly increases ... the effectiveness of the immune response to nucleic acid vaccines while simplifying overall vaccine design and delivery, ...

http://www.terrapinn.com/conference/vaccine-influenza/sponsor-immunomic-therapeutics.stm

Easy to read patient leaflet for Influenza Virus Vaccine (Recombinant). Includes indications, proper use, special instructions ... Influenza Virus Vaccine (Recombinant). Generic Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine (Recombinant) (in floo EN za VYE rus vak SEEN ree ... What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Influenza Virus Vaccine?. *If you have an allergy to influenza virus vaccine ( ... Influenza virus vaccine Intramuscular (Advanced Reading). *Influenza virus vaccine recombinant Intramuscular (Advanced Reading) ...

https://www.drugs.com/cdi/influenza-virus-vaccine-recombinant.html

A statistically significant geometric mean increase in hemagglutination inhibition titer was reached for influenza strain A/H3N2 after immunization with all doses of LAIV. (uantwerpen.be)

The HA and NA of the H2N2 and H3N2 vaccines were also avian. (virology.ws)
WHO and FDA have recommended that the 2008-09 trivalent influenza vaccine for the Northern Hemisphere contain A/Brisbane/59/2007-like (H1N1), A/Brisbane/10/2007-like (H3N2), and B/Florida/4/2006-like viruses. (virology.ws)
Both agencies recommend that trivalent vaccines next season contain an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1) pdm09-like virus, an A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virus, and a B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (B/Victoria lineage) virus. (uspharmacist.com)
So far in the flu season, overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza A and influenza B virus infection associated with medically attended ARI was 48%, and most influenza infections were caused by A (H3N2) viruses, the CDC reports. (uspharmacist.com)
VE was estimated to be 43% against illness caused by influenza A (H3N2) virus and 73% against influenza B virus. (uspharmacist.com)
Among those with influenza A subtype information, 98.0% were A(H3N2) and 2.0% were A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. (uspharmacist.com)
Flublok contains three full-length, recombinant HA proteins to help protect against two influenza virus A strains, H1N1 and H3N2, and one influenza virus B strain. (drugstorenews.com)
Under the subtype of influenza A viruses, influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) are presently propagated amongst the human race. (qyresearchgroups.com)

Since I understand this 2009 novel H1N1 is made up of a mix of elements of swine and avian influenza , and not just human influenza parts, I'd like to know, does this fact in itself make the vaccine any riskier than the usual seasonal flu vaccines? (virology.ws)
Trivalent avian influenza (AIV) antigens (H4N8, H5N2 and H7N3), mixed with positively charged, negatively charged and neutral avridine-containing liposomes, and oil-emulsion were subcutaneously administered to 6-week-old turkeys. (elsevier.com)
Charged liposomal avridine adjuvant, either positive or negative, produced a better antibody response than uncharged liposomal avridine or oil-emulsion adjuvants when used in a trivalent avian influenza vaccine. (elsevier.com)

The report uses data from 3,144 children and adults enrolled in the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network from November 28, 2016 to February 4, 2017. (uspharmacist.com)
In an effectiveness study of about 4,500 people, Flublok was about 44.6% effective versus placebo against all circulating influenza strains, not just the strains that matched the strains included in the vaccine. (drugstorenews.com)
We sought to examine the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against admission to hospital for acute cardiovascular and respiratory conditions and all-cause death in people with type 2 diabetes. (cmaj.ca)
However, the effectiveness of current influenza vaccines are limited because they only confer protective immunity when there is antigenic similarity between the selected vaccine strains and circulating influenza isolates. (biomedcentral.com)
Ultimately, the upcoming clinical evaluation of these universal vaccine approaches will be fundamental to determine their effectiveness against preventing influenza virus infection and/or reducing transmission and disease severity. (biomedcentral.com)
However, there are additional aspects that deserve further considerations, such as the role of pre-existing immunity to influenza and how it shapes the response to vaccination, as well as age-related factors, that could influence the prophylactic effectiveness of current and candidate vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended vaccine viruses for next year's flu season, and the FDA's Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) has made the vaccine composition recommendation to be used in the U.S., according to the CDC . (uspharmacist.com)
For quadrivalent vaccines, which have two influenza B viruses, the makeup should include the viruses in the trivalent vaccines, as well as a B/Phuket/3073/2013-like (B/Yamagata lineage) virus, the recommendation states. (uspharmacist.com)
The vaccine viruses recommended for inclusion in the 2017-2018 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines are the same vaccine viruses that were chosen for inclusion in 2017 Southern Hemisphere seasonal flu vaccines. (uspharmacist.com)
These vaccine recommendations were based on several factors, including global influenza virologic and epidemiologic surveillance, genetic characterization, antigenic characterization, antiviral resistance, and the candidate vaccine viruses that are available for production. (uspharmacist.com)
The high degree of variability amongst influenza viruses is the main characteristic that provides the greatest challenge to development of prophylactic and therapeutic solutions against epidemic and pandemic outbreaks. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and one of their major characteristic is the rapid rate of viral evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to causing seasonal epidemics, influenza viruses can cause pandemics at random intervals, which are very hard to predict. (biomedcentral.com)
However, seasonal vaccination is ineffective against pandemic influenza viruses because of antigenic differences, and it takes approximately six months from isolation of a new virus to develop an effective vaccine. (biomedcentral.com)
However, these vaccines will not be able to protect against newly emerging pandemic influenza viruses because of significant antigenic differences. (biomedcentral.com)
Potentially pandemic viruses have been identified and many vaccines, based on different approaches and platforms, have been developed against them [ 133 , 134 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There has, therefore, been significant interest in the development of new vaccines that would have a longer and wider spectrum of action [ 9 ], and which would provide long-term protection not only against drifted variants of influenza A viruses of one subtype but also against viruses of other subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
One approach to expanding the spectrum of the protective action of influenza vaccines is to enhance the induction of cross-reacting immune response factors that target highly conserved antigens in influenza viruses of various subtypes [ 61 , 62 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Influenza viruses occur in every part of the world. (qyresearchgroups.com)
On the other hand, the type C influenza virus solemnly occurs as compared to the type A and B. Hence, only type A and type B influenza viruses are in the list of seasonal influenza vaccines. (qyresearchgroups.com)
LAIVs are based on cold adapted and temperature sensitive phenotypes of master donor viruses (MDVs) containing the surface glycoprotein genes of seasonal influenza strains. (uantwerpen.be)

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) offers the promise of inducing a variety of immune responses thereby conferring protection to circulating field strains. (uantwerpen.be)

Most, 89.8%, were associated with influenza A virus, 9.6% with influenza B virus, 0.3% with influenza A virus and influenza B virus co-infection, and 0.3% with influenza virus for which the type was not determined. (uspharmacist.com)
The majority of antibodies that prevent influenza virus infection are directed against HA. (drugstorenews.com)
1 - 3 Influenza infection may accelerate acute thrombotic vascular events, particularly in patients with ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. (cmaj.ca)
Influenza virus infection is an ongoing health and economic burden causing epidemics with pandemic potential, affecting 5-30% of the global population annually, and is responsible for millions of hospitalizations and thousands of deaths each year. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccination is the most effective way of preventing the spread of influenza infection. (biomedcentral.com)
These features of influenza infection explain why there is interest around the world in developing a universal influenza vaccine, which could induce a cross-reactive immune response to the most conservative parts of the viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
It is an acute viral infection caused by an influenza virus. (qyresearchgroups.com)
Therefore, influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent an influenza infection. (qyresearchgroups.com)

Hypervariability of the amino acid sequences encoding HA and NA is largely responsible for epidemic and pandemic influenza outbreaks, and are the consequence of antigenic drift or shift, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
For this reason, if an antigenic mismatch exists between the current vaccine and circulating influenza isolates, vaccinated people may not be afforded complete protection. (biomedcentral.com)
The extremely high variability in the antigenic properties of influenza virus is related to the structure of its genome that allows reassortment and the structural flexibility of the viral glycoproteins, which tolerate amino acid residue substitutions in the major antigenic sites without loss of function. (biomedcentral.com)

Atlanta- The CDC announced the proposed makeup of the Northern Hemisphere vaccine for the 2017-2018 influenza season. (uspharmacist.com)
Initiatives to spur development of a universal influenza vaccine by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Page Family in 2018 indicate a global commitment to ending the threat of influenza. (sabin.org)
In October 2018, Sabin launched the Influenzer Initiative , a collective of creative thinkers across diverse industries, including science, engineering and technology, working together to accelerate the development of a universal influenza vaccine. (sabin.org)

The Sabin Vaccine Institute (Sabin) is committed to ending the threat of influenza through the development of a universal influenza vaccine , because only a longer lasting, broadly protective vaccine can shield us from the constant threat of influenza. (sabin.org)
There is currently an unmet need to develop an effective "broadly-reactive" or "universal" influenza vaccine capable of conferring protection against both seasonal and newly emerging pre-pandemic strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, these novel head- and stem-based approaches are moving closer to a more broadly-reactive or universal influenza vaccine. (biomedcentral.com)
The extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus is a conservative region, and an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine. (biomedcentral.com)

SILVER SPRING, Md. - The Food and Drug Administration on Wednesday approved Protein Sciences' Flublok, the first trivalent influenza vaccine made using an insect virus (baculovirus) expression system and recombinant DNA technology. (drugstorenews.com)

In the fall of 2004, the United States experienced a severe shortage of influenza vaccine when Chiron, a manufacturer that had pledged to provide 46 to 48 million doses of the vaccine to the U.S. market, was forced by U.S. and U.K. regulators to suspend production due to possible bacterial contamination in its Liverpool, England, plant. (rti.org)
The loss of Chiron's 46 million doses reduced the number of influenza vaccines available in the United States to approximately half the amount anticipated. (rti.org)
Sanofi Pasteur had been expected to supply approximately 54 million doses, and MedImmune intended to provide about 1.1 million doses of its FluMist vaccine, which is licensed for use in healthy persons 5 to 49 years of age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2004). (rti.org)
Following the announcement of Chiron's lost vaccine production, Sanofi Pasteur and MedImmune increased production, ultimately producing approximately 58 million and 3 million doses, respectively (U.S. Influenza Supply, 2005). (rti.org)
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, single escalating doses of 1 x 10(5),1 x 10(6), or 1 x 10(7) tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50) of vaccine containing each of the three influenza virus re-assortants recommended by the World Health Organization for the 2008-2009 season were administered intranasally. (uantwerpen.be)

The medical center administration has clearly printed many of these slips to accommodate those who will be receiving the pandemic H1N1 vaccine in a few weeks. (virology.ws)

There are three types of influenza virus, type A, type B, and type C. Type A influenza virus are further segmented into subtypes depending on the combination on numerous virus surface proteins. (qyresearchgroups.com)

The seasonal H1N1 vaccine that we have had since 1977 has HA and NA genes that originated in the 1918 pandemic strain which came from birds. (virology.ws)

This represents a change in the influenza A (H1N1) component compared with the composition of the 2016-2017 influenza vaccine," the CDC explains. (uspharmacist.com)

The major targets of the antibody response against influenza virus are the surface glycoprotein antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (biomedcentral.com)
Classic influenza vaccines commonly induce antibodies to the viral surface antigens, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), mainly to their immunodominant hypervariable regions. (biomedcentral.com)

While the technology is new to flu vaccine production, it is used to make vaccines that have been approved by the FDA to prevent other infectious diseases. (drugstorenews.com)

4 For decades, vaccination has been the principal strategy to control influenza and its severe complications in older adults and patients with chronic illnesses, who account for most influenza-attributable deaths. (cmaj.ca)

1 Current influenza vaccination programs were implemented based on studies that involved healthy adults in the 1960s, which suggested 70%-90% vaccine efficacy. (cmaj.ca)

The study will take place over a 2-month period during influenza season, and at the time when the influenza vaccine becomes available. (clinicaltrials.gov)
According to a post on Protein Sciences' website, Flublok supply is limited for the 2012-2013 influenza season. (drugstorenews.com)
The company expects to have full production available during the 2013-2014 influenza season. (drugstorenews.com)
We fitted Poisson regression models for influenza and off-season periods to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for cohorts who had and had not received the vaccine. (cmaj.ca)

No influenza like symptoms, no nasal congestions, no rhinorrhea, or other influenza related upper respiratory tract symptoms were observed. (uantwerpen.be)

Seasonal influenza is a grave public health issue which causes serious illness and death in densely populated regions. (qyresearchgroups.com)

Efforts should be focused on improvements in vaccine uptake in this important target group as part of comprehensive secondary prevention. (cmaj.ca)

Annual influenza vaccination is the primary prophylactic countermeasure aimed at limiting influenza burden. (biomedcentral.com)

In this review we describe the current standard of care influenza vaccine, as well as those offering promise toward development of a universal influenza vaccination approach. (biomedcentral.com)

The performance of seasonal influenza vaccines can be improved by increasing the speed of vaccine production and using new adjuvants and new vaccination strategies. (biomedcentral.com)

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However, these vaccines also have narrow specificity and may not have cross-reactivity, even within a single subtype. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms31

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment42

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture6

Information Science5

Named Groups4

Health Care30

Geographicals6

Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (1/3234)

Immunoglobulin-specific radioimmunoprecipitation assays for quantitation of nasal secretory antibodies to hemagglutinin of type A influenza viruses. (2/3234)

Potential advantages of DNA immunization for influenza epidemic and pandemic planning. (3/3234)

Mucosal immunity to influenza without IgA: an IgA knockout mouse model. (4/3234)

Influenza vaccination among the elderly in Italy. (5/3234)

Protection of mice against a lethal influenza virus challenge after immunization with yeast-derived secreted influenza virus hemagglutinin. (6/3234)

Measuring the effects of reminders for outpatient influenza immunizations at the point of clinical opportunity. (7/3234)

Detection of intracellular antigen-specific cytokines in human T cell populations. (8/3234)

Influenza Vaccines

Influenza, Human

Influenza A virus

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

Vaccines, Inactivated

Influenza B virus

Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype

Influenza in Birds

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype

Vaccines

Vaccination

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests

Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus

Orthomyxoviridae Infections

Antibodies, Viral

Orthomyxoviridae

Pandemics

Viral Vaccines

Polysorbates

Vaccines, Synthetic

Vaccines, Combined

Vaccines, Subunit

Squalene

Vaccines, DNA

Vaccines, Attenuated

Cross Protection

Bacterial Vaccines

Seasons

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype

Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype

Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype

Administration, Intranasal

AIDS Vaccines

Vaccines, Virosome

Disease Outbreaks

Neuraminidase

Immunization Schedule

Injections, Intradermal

Vaccines, Conjugate

Hemagglutinins, Viral

Injections, Intramuscular

Immunization Programs

Immunization, Secondary

Reassortant Viruses

Technology Transfer

Antibodies, Neutralizing

Malaria Vaccines

Antibody Formation

Technology, Pharmaceutical

Mass Vaccination

Immunity, Humoral

Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype

Immunization

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Papillomavirus Vaccines

Sentinel Surveillance

Cross Reactions

Oseltamivir

Ferrets

Meningococcal Vaccines

Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype

Antigens, Viral

Birds

Hemagglutinins

Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells

Influenzavirus B

United States

Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype

Hepatitis B Vaccines

Neutralization Tests

Measles Vaccine

Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle

Virus Shedding

Pertussis Vaccine

Haemophilus Vaccines

BCG Vaccine

Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

Rabies Vaccines