Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids
Catharanthus
Alkaloids
Rauwolfia
Vinca Alkaloids
Indoles
Rubiaceae
Alstonia
Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases
Ergot Alkaloids
Prenylation
Lyngbya Toxins
Tabernaemontana
Uncaria
Iridoid Glucosides
Ibogaine
Apocynaceae
Monoterpenes
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Psychotria
Iridoids
Plant Extracts
Molecular Structure
Gelsemium
Mitragyna
Alocasia
Stereoisomerism
Amphibian Venoms
Berberine Alkaloids
Plant Leaves
Plants, Medicinal
Angiosperms
Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Oxylipins
Aspergillus
Aconitum
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Biological Products
Plant Roots
Claviceps
Carbolines
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Harmine
Delphinium
Tryptophan
Plant Proteins
Solanaceous Alkaloids
Cyclization
Berberine
Molecular Sequence Data
Neotyphodium
Coptis
Rutaceae
Tryptophanase
Plant Poisoning
Skatole
Ergotism
Lycopodium
Stimulation of ultraviolet-induced apoptosis of human fibroblast UVr-1 cells by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (1/480)
Damnacanthal is an anthraquinone compound isolated from the root of Morinda citrifolia and was reported to have a potent inhibitory activity towards tyrosine kinases such as Lck, Src, Lyn and EGF receptor. In the present study, we have examined the effects of damnacanthal on ultraviolet ray-induced apoptosis in ultraviolet-resistant human UVr-1 cells. When the cells were treated with damnacanthal prior to ultraviolet irradiation, DNA fragmentation was more pronounced as compared to the case of ultraviolet irradiation alone. The other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, herbimycin A and genistein, also caused similar effects on ultraviolet-induced apoptosis but to a lesser extent. Serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, K252a, staurosporine and GF109203X, rather suppressed the ultraviolet-induced DNA cleavage. Immunoblot analysis showed that pretreatment with damnacanthal followed by ultraviolet irradiation increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases and stress-activated protein kinases. However, the other tyrosine kinase inhibitors did not increase the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases but stimulated phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinases. Consequently, the ultraviolet-induced concurrent increase in both phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases and stress-activated protein kinases after pretreatment with damnacanthal might be characteristically related to the stimulatory effect of damnacanthal on ultraviolet-induced apoptosis. (+info)Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates the anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA in cerebellar granule neurons: signal transduction cascades and site of ethanol action. (2/480)
Cerebellar granule neurons cultured in medium containing a physiological concentration of KCl (5 mM) undergo apoptosis. The cells can be rescued by the in vitro addition of NMDA. The protective effect of NMDA is thought to reflect the in vivo innervation of developing cerebellar granule neurons by glutamatergic afferents. In the current work, we investigated the mechanism of the anti-apoptotic (protective) effect of NMDA. NMDA treatment reduced caspase-3-like activity in cerebellar granule neurons, and the time course and concentration dependence of the protective effect of NMDA mirrored the ability of NMDA to induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Furthermore, a Trk receptor antagonist, K252a, as well as a blocking antibody to BDNF, attenuated the protective effects of both NMDA and BDNF. These results suggest that NMDA-induced BDNF expression mediates the anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA. The protective effects of NMDA and BDNF were reduced by inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase) signal transduction cascade (wortmannin and LY29004) but not by a MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059) or a protein kinase A inhibitor (Rp-cAMPS). BDNF increased phosphorylation of Akt, a target of PI 3-kinase, and NMDA also induced Akt phosphorylation, but only after an exposure that was long enough to induce BDNF expression. Furthermore, ethanol, which interferes with NMDA receptor function, inhibited the NMDA-induced increase in BDNF levels but did not block the protective effect of BDNF. These findings further support the role of BDNF in the anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA in cerebellar granule neurons and suggest that the NMDA-BDNF interaction may play a key role in in vivo cerebellar granule neuron development, as well as in the deleterious effects of ethanol on the developing cerebellum. (+info)Vasorelaxing action of rutaecarpine: effects of rutaecarpine on calcium channel activities in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. (3/480)
Rutaecarpine (Rut) has been shown to induce hypotension and vasorelaxation. In vitro studies indicated that the vasorelaxant effect of Rut was largely endothelium-dependent. We previously reported that Rut increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in cultured rat endothelial cells (ECs) and decreased [Ca2+]i in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle (VSMCs) cells. The present results showed that the hypotensive effect of Rut (10-100 microgram/kg i.v.) was significantly blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine. In aortic rings, Rut (0. 1-3.0 microM)-induced vasorelaxation was inhibited by Nomega-nitro-L-arginine and hydroquinone but not by antagonists of the various K+ channels, 4-aminopyridine, apamin, charybdotoxin, or glibenclamide. Rut (0.1 and 1.0 microM) inhibited the norepinephrine-induced contraction generated by Ca2+ influx and at 1.0 microM increased cyclic GMP (cGMP) production in endothelium-intact rings and to a lesser extent in endothelium-denuded rings. In whole-cell patch-clamp recording, nonvoltage-dependent Ca2+ channels were recorded in ECs and Rut (0.1, 1.0 microM) elicited an opening of such channels. However, in VSMCs, Rut (10.0 microM) inhibited significantly the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. In ECs cells, Rut (1.0, 10.0 microM) increased nitric oxide release in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Taken together, the results suggested that Rut lowered blood pressure by mainly activating the endothelial Ca2+-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway to reduce smooth muscle tone. Although the contribution seemed to be minor in nature, inhibition of contractile response in VSMCs, as evidenced by inhibition of Ca2+ currents, was also involved. Potassium channels, on the other hand, had no apparent roles. (+info)Gi-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by receptor mimetic basic secretagogues of connective tissue-type mast cells: bifurcation of arachidonic acid-induced release upstream of MAPK. (4/480)
The family of basic secretagogues of connective tissue mast cells act as receptor mimetic agents, which trigger exocytosis by directly activating G proteins. We now demonstrate that pertussis toxin (Ptx)-sensitive Gi proteins, activated by compound 48/80 (c48/80), a potent member of this family, also activate the p42/p44 MAP kinases (MAPKs). This activation was potentiated by the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate, whereas the tyrphostin AG-18, a competitive inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs); the protein kinase C inhibitors K252a and GF109203X; the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002; and EGTA have abolished this activation. These results suggest that c48/80 activated the p42/p44 MAPKs via a mechanism that involves PTKs, protein kinase C, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and Ca2+ as mediators. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the p42/p44 MAPKs were closely correlated with stimulation of arachidonic acid (AA) release by c48/80 but not with histamine secretion. However, whereas PD98059, the inhibitor of the MAPK kinase has abrogated MAPK activation, this inhibitor failed to effect release of AA. We therefore conclude that by activating Ptx-sensitive Gi protein(s), the basic secretagogues of mast cells stimulate multiple signaling pathways, which diverge to regulate the production and release of the different inflammatory mediators. Whereas the signaling pathway responsible for triggering histamine release is PTK independent, the pathway responsible for the stimulation of AA release bifurcates downstream to PTKs but upstream to the activation of MAPKs. (+info)Neurotrophin-3 potentiates excitatory GABAergic synaptic transmission in cultured developing hypothalamic neurones of the rat. (5/480)
1. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) supports the survival and differentiation of neurones in the central and peripheral nervous systems through a number of mechanisms that occur in a matter of hours or days. NT-3 may also have a more rapid mode of action that influences synaptic activity in mature neurones. In the present study, the effect of NT-3 on developing GABAergic synapses was investigated in 3- to 7-day-old cultures of rat hypothalamic neurones with whole-cell patch-clamp recording. 2. NT-3 induced a substantial dose-dependent potentiation of the frequency of spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSCs; 160 %) in developing neurones during a period when GABA evoked inward (depolarizing) current, as determined with gramicidin-perforated patch recordings. The NT-3 effect was long lasting; continued enhancement was found > 30 min after NT-3 wash-out. NT-3 evoked a substantial 202 % increase in total GABA-mediated inward current, measured as the time-current integral. Action potential frequency was also increased by NT-3 (to 220 %). 3. The frequency of GABA-mediated miniature postsynaptic currents in developing neurones in the presence of tetrodotoxin was potentiated (to 140%) by NT-3 with no change in the mean amplitude, suggesting a presynaptic locus of the effect. 4. In striking contrast to immature neurones, when more mature neurones were studied, NT-3 did not enhance the frequency of GABA-mediated spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSCs), but instead evoked a slight (16%) decrease. The frequency of miniature post-synaptic currents was also slightly decreased (16%) by the NT-3, with no change in amplitude. These results were recorded during a later period of neuronal maturity when GABA would evoke outward (hyperpolarizing) currents. NT-3 had no effect on the mean amplitude of GABA-evoked postsynaptic currents in either developing or mature neurones. 5. Intracellular application of K252a, a non-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, did not block the NT-3 effect postsynaptically. In contrast, bath application of K252a prevented the enhancement of sPSCs by NT-3, consistent with NT-3 acting through presynaptic induction of tyrosine kinase. Decreasing extracellular calcium with BAPTA or inhibiting calcium channels with Cd2+ blocked the augmentation of sPSC frequency by NT-3, suggesting that an increase of calcium entry may be required for the facilitation of NT-3. 6. Together, our results suggest NT-3 enhances GABA release during the developmental period when GABA is depolarizing and calcium elevating, but not later when GABA is inhibitory, suggesting that one mechanism through which NT-3 may influence neuronal development is via presynaptic potentiation of GABA excitation. (+info)The staurosporine-like compound L-753,000 (NB-506) potentiates the neurotrophic effects of neurotrophin-3 by acting selectively at the TrkA receptor. (6/480)
K-252b, a member of the staurosporine family of protein kinase inhibitors, selectively potentiates the activation of the nerve growth factor receptor, TrkA, by a nonpreferred ligand, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in a variety of cell types. At higher (micromolar) concentrations of K-252b, an inhibitory effect occurs because of the inhibitory action of K-252b on the Trk kinase. By examining analogs of K-252b, we identified the compound L-753,000 (NB-506), which potentiates the action of NT-3 on TrkA but is devoid of the inhibitory action of K-252b. L-753,000 was effective at nanomolar concentrations in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line that expressed TrkA but was devoid of p75, the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor. L-753,000 also potentiated the activation of mitogen-activating protein kinase signaling (downstream from Trk activation) by NT-3 in this cell line. Although L-753,000, like K-252b, had a negligible effect in the absence of NT-3, the compound was found to potentiate NT-3-induced survival in both rat and chick primary cultures of dissociated dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and on neurite outgrowth of chick DRG explants. Unlike K-252b, which at micromolar concentrations inhibits the survival response of NT-3 in dissociated rat DRG, L-753,000 continued to potentiate the actions of NT-3 up to a concentration of 10 microM. Furthermore, the compound, unlike K-252b, did not inhibit an unrelated protein kinase, protein kinase C, at concentrations up to 10 microM. Because L-753, 000 selectively potentiates the NT-3-induced stimulation of TrkA without inhibiting Trks and other protein kinases, it represents a novel class of selective modifiers of neurotrophin actions. (+info)Destabilization of cortical dendrites and spines by BDNF. (7/480)
Particle-mediated gene transfer and two-photon microscopy were used to monitor the behavior of dendrites of individual cortical pyramidal neurons coexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). While the dendrites and spines of neurons expressing GFP alone grew modestly over 24-48 hr, coexpressing BDNF elicited dramatic sprouting of basal dendrites, accompanied by a regression of dendritic spines. Compared to GFP-transfected controls, the newly formed dendrites and spines were highly unstable. Experiments utilizing Trk receptor bodies, K252a, and overexpression of nerve growth factor (NGF) demonstrated that these effects were mediated by secreted BDNF interacting with extracellular TrkB receptors. Thus, BDNF induces structural instability in dendrites and spines, which, when restricted to particular portions of a dendritic arbor, may help translate activity patterns into specific morphological changes. (+info)Vascular endothelial growth factor has neurotrophic activity and stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in the peripheral nervous system. (8/480)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a mitogen for endothelial cells, and it promotes angiogenesis in vivo. Here we report that VEGF(165) has neurotrophic actions on cultured adult mouse superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), measured as axonal outgrowth. Maximal effect was observed at 10-50 ng/ml for SCG and 100 ng/ml for DRG. VEGF-induced axonal outgrowth was inhibited by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD 98059 but not by the protein kinase inhibitor K252a. VEGF also increased survival of both neurons and satellite cells and the number of proliferating Schwann cells. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting revealed that VEGF was expressed in virtually all nerve cells in the SCG but only in a population of small-diameter (<35 micrometers) neurons representing approximately 30% of the neurons in DRG. Immunostaining showed that the VEGF receptor fetal liver kinase receptor (flk-1) was found on nerve cell bodies in DRG and to a lesser extent on neurons in SCG. Growth cones of regenerating axons from both types of ganglia exhibited flk-1 immunoreactivity, as did Schwann cells. We conclude that VEGF has both neurotrophic and mitogenic activity on cells in the peripheral nervous system. (+info)Indole alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compound that contain an indole structural unit, which is a heterocyclic aromatic ring system consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. These compounds are produced by various plants and animals as secondary metabolites, and they have diverse biological activities. Some indole alkaloids have important pharmacological properties and are used in medicine as drugs or lead compounds for drug discovery. Examples of medically relevant indole alkaloids include reserpine, which is used to treat hypertension, and vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat various types of cancer.
Secologanin tryptamine alkaloids are a type of alkaloid compound that is derived from the combination of secologanin (a metabolite found in certain plants) and tryptamine (an organic compound that is a building block for several neurotransmitters). These alkaloids have been identified in various plant species, including those in the genera *Psychotria* and *Uncaria*, and are known to exhibit a range of pharmacological activities. Some examples of secologanin tryptamine alkaloids include ajmalicine, reserpine, and yohimbine, which have been used in traditional medicine for their sedative, antihypertensive, and aphrodisiac properties, respectively. However, it is important to note that these compounds can also have toxic effects and should only be used under the guidance of a medical professional.
'Catharanthus' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae family, commonly known as the dogbane family. The most well-known species is Catharanthus roseus, also known as Madagascar periwinkle or rosy periwinkle. This plant contains alkaloids that have been used in the production of drugs for cancer treatment. Vincristine and vinblastine are two such alkaloids derived from C. roseus, which have shown significant anti-cancer properties and are used to treat various types of cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma.
It is important to note that the use of Catharanthus or its derivatives should be under medical supervision due to their potent biological activities and potential side effects.
Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.
"Rauwolfia" is the name of a genus of plants in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It includes several species that have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. The most well-known species is probably Rauwolfia serpentina, also known as Indian snakeroot or sarpagandha.
Extracts from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina contain a number of alkaloids with pharmacological activity, including reserpine, which has been used in modern medicine to treat high blood pressure and some psychiatric disorders. However, due to its side effects, it is not commonly used today.
It's important to note that the use of Rauwolfia and its extracts should be done under medical supervision, as they can have significant effects on various body systems, including the heart, blood pressure, and nervous system.
"Aspidosperma" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, which are native to the Americas. These trees and shrubs are known for their milky sap and contain various alkaloids with potential medicinal properties. However, it's important to note that many of these compounds can also be toxic if not used properly. Therefore, "Aspidosperma" itself is not a medical term or treatment, but rather a botanical name for a group of plants. Any medicinal use of these plants should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
Vinca alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemicals derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, Catharanthus roseus. They are known for their antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) properties and are used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer. Some examples of vinca alkaloids include vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. These agents work by disrupting the normal function of microtubules, which are important components of the cell's structure and play a critical role in cell division. By binding to tubulin, a protein that makes up microtubules, vinca alkaloids prevent the formation of mitotic spindles, which are necessary for cell division. This leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. However, vinca alkaloids can also affect normal cells, leading to side effects such as neurotoxicity, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Indole is not strictly a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that can be found in the human body and has relevance to medical and biological research. Indoles are organic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring.
In the context of medicine, indoles are particularly relevant due to their presence in certain hormones and other biologically active molecules. For example, the neurotransmitter serotonin contains an indole ring, as does the hormone melatonin. Indoles can also be found in various plant-based foods, such as cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, kale), and have been studied for their potential health benefits.
Some indoles, like indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane, are found in these vegetables and can have anti-cancer properties by modulating estrogen metabolism, reducing inflammation, and promoting cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells. However, it is essential to note that further research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits and risks associated with indoles.
Rubiaceae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to the family of flowering plants that includes more than 13,500 species, distributed across approximately 600 genera. Some well-known members of this family include coffee (Coffea arabica), gardenias (Gardenia jasminoides), and madder (Rubia tinctorum).
In a medical context, certain plants from the Rubiaceae family have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. For example:
* Coffee (Coffea arabica) beans are used to prepare caffeinated beverages that can help with alertness and concentration.
* Gardenia fruits and flowers have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation.
* Madder root (Rubia tinctorum) has been used as a dye and in traditional medicine to treat skin conditions and digestive disorders.
However, it's important to note that the medicinal use of plants from this family should be based on scientific evidence and under the guidance of healthcare professionals, as some of these plants can have side effects or interact with medications.
Alstonia is a genus of flowering plants in the dogwood family, Cornaceae. It includes several species of trees and shrubs that are native to tropical regions of the world, particularly Southeast Asia, Australia, and Africa. Some species of Alstonia are known for their medicinal properties and have been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, malaria, and gastrointestinal disorders. The bark and leaves of these plants contain various alkaloids and other compounds that have been found to have pharmacological activity. However, it is important to note that the use of Alstonia species as medicine should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as these plants can also have toxic effects if not used properly.
Carbon-nitrogen (C-N) lyases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of a carbon-nitrogen bond, releasing an ammonia molecule and leaving a double bond. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, such as the biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids, nucleotides, and other biomolecules.
C-N lyases are classified based on the type of bond they cleave and the cofactors or prosthetic groups they use to catalyze the reaction. Some examples of C-N lyases include:
1. Alanine racemase: This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine, which is an important component of bacterial cell walls.
2. Aspartate transcarbamylase: This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a carbamoyl group from carbamoyl phosphate to aspartate, forming N-carbamoyl aspartate and inorganic phosphate. It is an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines.
3. Diaminopimelate decarboxylase: This enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of meso-diaminopimelate to form L-lysine, which is an essential amino acid for humans.
4. Glutamate decarboxylase: This enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to form γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain.
5. Histidine decarboxylase: This enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine, which is involved in various physiological processes such as immune response and allergic reactions.
C-N lyases are important targets for drug development, particularly in the treatment of bacterial infections and neurological disorders.
Ergot alkaloids are a type of chemical compound that is produced naturally by certain fungi belonging to the genus Claviceps. These alkaloids are most famously known for being produced by the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea), which infects cereal grains such as rye and causes a condition known as ergotism in humans and animals that consume the contaminated grain.
Ergot alkaloids have a complex chemical structure and can have various effects on the human body. They are known to act as powerful vasoconstrictors, which means that they cause blood vessels to narrow and can increase blood pressure. Some ergot alkaloids also have psychoactive effects and have been used in the past for their hallucinogenic properties.
In modern medicine, certain ergot alkaloids are used in the treatment of various conditions, including migraines and Parkinson's disease. However, these compounds can be highly toxic if not used properly, and their use must be carefully monitored to avoid serious side effects.
Prenylation is a post-translational modification process in which a prenyl group, such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group, is added to a protein covalently. This modification typically occurs at a cysteine residue within a CAAX motif (C is cysteine, A is an aliphatic amino acid, and X is any amino acid) found at the carboxyl-terminus of the protein. Prenylation plays a crucial role in membrane association, protein-protein interactions, and intracellular trafficking of proteins, particularly those involved in signal transduction pathways.
Lyngbya toxins refer to a group of potentially harmful compounds produced by certain species of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) belonging to the genus Lyngbya. These toxins can have various chemical structures and biological activities, with some being potent irritants, others causing skin rashes or allergic reactions, and yet others affecting the liver, nervous system, or respiratory system in more severe cases.
The most well-known Lyngbya toxin is probably lyngbyatoxin A, a potent irritant that can cause skin rashes, blisters, and allergic reactions upon contact. Another notable toxin produced by some Lyngbya species is aplysiatoxin, which has similar effects on the skin but is also known to be a tumor promoter.
It's important to note that not all species of Lyngbya produce these toxins, and even those that do may only produce them under certain conditions, such as in response to environmental stressors. Additionally, exposure to these toxins can occur through various routes, including skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation, and can have a range of health effects depending on the dose, duration, and individual susceptibility.
"Tabernaemontana" is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It includes around 100 species that are native to tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Some species of Tabernaemontana contain alkaloids, which have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating pain, inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. However, it is important to note that these compounds can also be toxic if not used properly, so they should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
"Uncaria" is a genus of woody vines in the family Rubiaceae, commonly known as "cat's claw." The term does not have a specific medical definition, but certain species of Uncaria are used in traditional medicine and have been investigated for their potential medicinal properties. For example, Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis are used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including as an anti-inflammatory, immune system stimulant, and for treating gastrointestinal disorders. However, it is important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited, and more research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn about their safety and efficacy.
Iridoid glucosides are a type of plant-based compounds that are characterized by their iridoid structure, which is a cyclic organic compound containing a cyclopentane ring fused to a six-membered unsaturated carbocycle. These compounds are often found in plants as glycosides, meaning they are combined with a sugar molecule such as glucose.
Iridoid glucosides have been identified in a variety of plant families, including the Lamiaceae (mint family), Scrophulariaceae (figwort family), and Rubiaceae (coffee family). Some examples of iridoid glucosides include geniposide, which is found in the fruit of the gardenia plant, and aucubin, which is found in the leaves of the eucommia tree.
Iridoid glucosides have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses.
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive alkaloid found in the root bark of the African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. It has been used traditionally in West African spiritual practices and healing rituals for centuries. In the medical field, ibogaine has been explored as an experimental treatment for substance abuse disorders, particularly for opioid addiction, due to its ability to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings. However, its use is not widely accepted or approved by regulatory agencies due to safety concerns, including potential cardiac toxicity and psychological adverse effects. Therefore, it's essential to conduct thorough research and consult with medical professionals before considering ibogaine treatment.
Apocynaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes shrubs, trees, and vines. It's also known as the dogbane or milkweed family. The plants in this family have milky sap and contain toxic compounds, which can be harmful or even fatal to animals and humans if ingested. Some well-known members of Apocynaceae include the various species of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), oleander (Nerium oleander), and periwinkle (Vinca spp.).
The family is characterized by having opposite leaves, flowers with five petals and five sepals, and a superior ovary. The fruits are usually paired follicles that contain numerous seeds with tufts of hair to aid in wind dispersal. Many species in this family have medicinal or toxic properties, and some have economic importance as ornamental plants, sources of fiber, or for their use in traditional medicine.
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. They are major components of many essential oils found in plants, giving them their characteristic fragrances and flavors. Monoterpenes can be further classified into various subgroups based on their structural features, such as acyclic (e.g., myrcene), monocyclic (e.g., limonene), and bicyclic (e.g., pinene) compounds. In the medical field, monoterpenes have been studied for their potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and clinical applications.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in various plants, particularly in the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. These compounds have a pyrrolizidine ring structure and can be toxic or carcinogenic to humans and animals. They can contaminate food and feed sources, leading to poisoning and health issues. Chronic exposure to PAs has been linked to liver damage, veno-occlusive disease, and cancer. It is important to avoid consumption of plants containing high levels of PAs and to monitor food and feed sources for PA contamination.
"Psychotria" is a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. It includes over 1,000 species, many of which are found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Some species of Psychotria contain psychoactive compounds, such as Psychotria viridis and Psychotria carthagenensis, which are used in traditional Amazonian shamanic practices like ayahuasca. However, it is important to note that these plants can be dangerous if misused or taken without proper knowledge and guidance.
Therefore, the medical definition of "Psychotria" would refer to a genus of plants with various species, some of which have psychoactive properties and potential medicinal uses, but also carry risks and should only be used under expert supervision.
Iridoids are a type of naturally occurring compounds that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are characterized by the presence of a cyclopentanoid structure fused to a monoterpene unit. Iridoids have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant effects. Some iridoids also have potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
In a medical context, iridoids may be mentioned in relation to their presence in certain medicinal plants or herbs used in traditional medicine, or in research investigating their potential pharmacological properties. However, it is important to note that the use of iridoid-containing plants or supplements should only be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as with any medical treatment.
Tryptamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a tryptamine skeleton, which is a combination of an indole ring and a ethylamine side chain. They are commonly found in nature and can be synthesized in the lab. Some tryptamines have psychedelic properties and are used as recreational drugs, such as dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin. Others have important roles in the human body, such as serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Tryptamines can also be found in some plants and animals, including certain species of mushrooms, toads, and catnip.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.
Gelsemium is not a medical term itself, but it refers to the plant species Gelsemium sempervirens, also known as yellow jessamine or woodbine. In medicine, particularly in homeopathy, preparations made from this plant are used and referred to as Gelsemium.
Homeopathic Gelsemium is used primarily to treat various types of neuralgia (nerve pain), headaches, and certain symptoms associated with the flu or common cold, such as weakness, dizziness, and drowsiness. It's important to note that homeopathic remedies are not supported by scientific evidence and their effectiveness is a topic of ongoing debate in the medical community. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment.
"Mitragyna" is a genus of plants in the coffee family (Rubiaceae). The most well-known species within this genus is "Mitragyna speciosa," also known as kratom. Kratom is a tropical evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia, including countries like Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
The leaves of the kratom tree contain various alkaloids, with mitragynine being the most abundant. Mitragynine has psychoactive properties and can have stimulant-like effects at low doses and opioid-like pain-relieving effects at higher doses. Kratom is often used as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asia to manage pain, fatigue, and opioid withdrawal symptoms. However, its legal status and safety profile are controversial in many other parts of the world.
Alocasia is a genus of flowering plants in the arum family, Araceae. It includes several species that are commonly grown as ornamental houseplants for their attractive, often large and colorful leaves. Some popular species include Alocasia amazonica (Elephant's Ear), Alocasia x calidora (Kris Plant), and Alocasia polyphylla (Silver Dragon). These plants are native to tropical regions of Asia and Eastern Australia.
It is important to note that some species of Alocasia contain calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause irritation and discomfort if ingested or come into contact with the skin or eyes. Therefore, it is recommended to handle these plants with care and keep them out of reach of children and pets.
Cinchona alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in the bark of Cinchona trees, which are native to South America. These alkaloids have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, most notably malaria. The main cinchona alkaloids include quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine.
Quinine is the most well-known of these alkaloids and has been used for centuries as an effective antimalarial agent. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells. Quinine is also used to treat other medical conditions, such as leg cramps and restless legs syndrome.
Quinidine is another important cinchona alkaloid that is used primarily as an antiarrhythmic agent to treat irregular heart rhythms. It works by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart and stabilizing its rhythm.
Cinchonine and cinchonidine have more limited medical uses, mainly as bitter-tasting ingredients in tonics and other beverages. However, they also have some medicinal properties, such as being used as antimalarial agents and antiarrhythmic drugs in some countries.
It is important to note that cinchona alkaloids can have serious side effects if not used properly, so they should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Bark" is not a term with a specific medical definition. In general, the bark refers to the outermost covering of a tree or other plant, which serves as protection and provides a barrier against external threats. It is composed of layers including the inner bark (phloem), which transports nutrients throughout the plant, and the outer bark (periderm), which is made up of dead cells that form a protective layer.
While some plants or plant parts do have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional or alternative medicine, "Plant Bark" by itself does not have any specific medical connotations. If you're referring to a specific type of plant bark with potential medicinal uses, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate response.
Glucosidases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, specifically at the non-reducing end of an oligo- or poly saccharide, releasing a single sugar molecule, such as glucose. They play important roles in various biological processes, including digestion of carbohydrates and the breakdown of complex glycans in glycoproteins and glycolipids.
In the context of digestion, glucosidases are produced by the pancreas and intestinal brush border cells to help break down dietary polysaccharides (e.g., starch) into monosaccharides (glucose), which can then be absorbed by the body for energy production or storage.
There are several types of glucosidases, including:
1. α-Glucosidase: This enzyme is responsible for cleaving α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds in oligosaccharides and disaccharides, such as maltose, maltotriose, and isomaltose.
2. β-Glucosidase: This enzyme hydrolyzes β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds in cellobiose and other oligosaccharides derived from plant cell walls.
3. Lactase (β-Galactosidase): Although not a glucosidase itself, lactase is often included in this group because it hydrolyzes the β-(1→4) glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose in lactose, yielding free glucose and galactose.
Deficiencies or inhibition of these enzymes can lead to various medical conditions, such as congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (an α-glucosidase deficiency), lactose intolerance (a lactase deficiency), and Gaucher's disease (a β-glucocerebrosidase deficiency).
Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.
There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.
Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.
Amphibian venoms are toxic secretions produced by certain species of amphibians, such as frogs, toads, and salamanders. These secretions are often produced by specialized glands in the skin and can contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, steroids, peptides, and proteins. Some amphibian venoms can cause painful burns or irritation upon contact with the skin, while others can be deadly if ingested or introduced into the bloodstream through wounds or mucous membranes.
The study of amphibian venoms has gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential as sources of novel bioactive compounds with therapeutic applications. For example, some peptides found in amphibian venoms have been shown to have potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making them promising candidates for the development of new drugs.
It is important to note that not all amphibians produce venom, and even those that do may use their toxic secretions primarily for defense against predators rather than for hunting prey. Additionally, while some amphibian venoms can be dangerous or even lethal to humans, most cases of envenomation occur in the context of intentional handling or accidental contact with these animals in their natural habitats.
Berberine alkaloids are a type of natural compound found in several plants, including the Berberis species (such as barberry and tree turmeric), goldenseal, Oregon grape, and phellodendron. The most well-known and researched berberine alkaloid is berberine itself, which has a yellow color and is commonly used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating diarrhea, reducing inflammation, and combating bacterial and fungal infections.
Berberine alkaloids have a complex chemical structure that includes a nitrogen atom, making them basic in nature. They are known to interact with several biological targets, including enzymes and receptors, which contributes to their diverse pharmacological activities. Some of the key mechanisms of action of berberine alkaloids include:
1. Inhibition of DNA gyrase: Berberine alkaloids can interfere with bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase, an enzyme that helps to unwind and supercoil DNA during replication. This makes them effective against a wide range of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).
2. Interaction with cell membranes: Berberine alkaloids can interact with the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, disrupting their integrity and increasing permeability. This can lead to the death of bacteria, fungi, and cancer cells.
3. Modulation of gene expression: Berberine has been shown to regulate the expression of various genes involved in metabolic processes, inflammation, and cell growth. For example, it can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key enzyme that regulates energy metabolism, which may contribute to its potential benefits in treating diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
4. Inhibition of inflammatory mediators: Berberine alkaloids can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are involved in the development of various inflammatory diseases.
5. Antioxidant activity: Berberine alkaloids have antioxidant properties, which can help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This may contribute to their potential benefits in treating neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
In summary, berberine alkaloids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects. These properties make them promising candidates for the development of new therapeutic agents to treat various diseases, such as infections, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. However, further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential side effects before they can be safely and effectively used in clinical settings.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
Medicinal plants are defined as those plants that contain naturally occurring chemical compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes, either directly or indirectly. These plants have been used for centuries in various traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine, to prevent or treat various health conditions.
Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins, among others. These compounds have been found to possess various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.
Medicinal plants can be used in various forms, including whole plant material, extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds. They can be administered through different routes, such as oral, topical, or respiratory, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.
It is important to note that while medicinal plants have been used safely and effectively for centuries, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription medications or have adverse effects if used inappropriately.
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds produced by a variety of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinctive aromas and flavors found in different strains of cannabis. Terpenes have been found to have various therapeutic benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. Some terpenes may also enhance the psychoactive effects of THC, the main psychoactive compound in cannabis. It's important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the potential medical benefits and risks associated with terpenes.
Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are a group of plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary. The term "angiosperm" comes from the Greek words "angeion," meaning "case" or "capsule," and "sperma," meaning "seed." This group includes the majority of plant species, with over 300,000 known species.
Angiosperms are characterized by their reproductive structures, which consist of flowers. The flower contains male and female reproductive organs, including stamens (which produce pollen) and carpels (which contain the ovules). After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, while the ovary matures into a fruit, which provides protection and nutrition for the developing embryo.
Angiosperms are further divided into two main groups: monocots and eudicots. Monocots have one cotyledon or embryonic leaf, while eudicots have two. Examples of monocots include grasses, lilies, and orchids, while examples of eudicots include roses, sunflowers, and legumes.
Angiosperms are ecologically and economically important, providing food, shelter, and other resources for many organisms, including humans. They have evolved a wide range of adaptations to different environments, from the desert to the ocean floor, making them one of the most diverse and successful groups of plants on Earth.
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in plants belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, which includes amaryllis, snowdrop, and daffodil species. These alkaloids have diverse pharmacological activities and have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. Some well-known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids include lycorine, galanthamine, and haemantamine.
Lycorine has been shown to have antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-cancer properties. Galanthamine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Haemantamine has been studied for its potential as an anti-arrhythmic agent.
It is important to note that while Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown promise in preclinical studies, further research is needed to determine their safety and efficacy in humans before they can be approved for medical use. Additionally, some of these alkaloids can be toxic in high concentrations, so it is important to exercise caution when handling or consuming plants that contain them.
Cyclopentanes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a cycloalkane ring of five carbon atoms. The chemical formula for cyclopentane is C5H10. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of polymers. Cyclopentanes are also found naturally in petroleum and coal tar.
Cyclopentanes have a unique structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a pentagonal shape, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one or two hydrogen atoms. This structure gives cyclopentane its characteristic "bowl-shaped" geometry, which allows it to undergo various chemical reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that can lead to the formation of other chemicals.
Cyclopentanes have a variety of industrial and commercial applications. For example, they are used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. They also have potential uses in the development of new drugs and medical technologies, as their unique structure and reactivity make them useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.
Oxylipins are a class of bioactive lipid molecules derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They play crucial roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, immunity, and cellular signaling. Oxylipins can be further categorized based on their precursor PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA). These oxylipins are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, and pain perception. They exert their effects through various receptors and downstream signaling pathways, making them important targets for therapeutic interventions in several diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurological conditions.
"Aspergillus" is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are widely distributed in the environment. These molds are commonly found in decaying organic matter such as leaf litter, compost piles, and rotting vegetation. They can also be found in indoor environments like air conditioning systems, dust, and building materials.
The medical relevance of Aspergillus comes from the fact that some species can cause a range of diseases in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. The most common disease caused by Aspergillus is called aspergillosis, which can manifest as allergic reactions, lung infections (like pneumonia), and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.
Aspergillus species produce small, airborne spores called conidia, which can be inhaled into the lungs and cause infection. The severity of aspergillosis depends on various factors, including the individual's immune status, the specific Aspergillus species involved, and the extent of fungal invasion in the body.
Common Aspergillus species that can cause human disease include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Preventing exposure to Aspergillus spores and maintaining a healthy immune system are crucial steps in minimizing the risk of aspergillosis.
Aconitum, also known as monkshood or wolf's bane, is a genus of extremely poisonous plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. These plants are native to the mountainous regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Asia. The name Aconitum comes from the Greek word "akonitos," which is believed to be derived from "akone," meaning "dart" or "pointed stake," referring to the shape of the plant's roots and its use as a poison on weapons.
The plants contain various alkaloids, primarily aconitine, which is responsible for their toxicity. All parts of the plant are considered poisonous, but the roots and seeds contain the highest concentration of aconitine. Ingesting or touching any part of the Aconitum plant can cause severe symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heart problems, paralysis, and even death if not treated promptly.
In traditional medicine, some species of Aconitum have been used in small, controlled doses to treat various ailments, such as pain, inflammation, and heart conditions. However, due to the high risk of toxicity, these uses are generally discouraged in modern medicine, and safer alternatives are recommended.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.
During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.
There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.
According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), biological products are "products that are made from or contain a living organism or its derivatives, such as vaccines, blood and blood components, cells, genes, tissues, and proteins." These products can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, and they can come from many sources, including humans, animals, microorganisms, or plants.
Biological products are often used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a wide range of medical conditions, and they can be administered in various ways, such as through injection, inhalation, or topical application. Because biological products are derived from living organisms, their manufacturing processes can be complex and must be tightly controlled to ensure the safety, purity, and potency of the final product.
It's important to note that biological products are not the same as drugs, which are chemically synthesized compounds. While drugs are designed to interact with specific targets in the body, such as enzymes or receptors, biological products can have more complex and varied mechanisms of action, making them potentially more difficult to characterize and regulate.
A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.
Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:
1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.
Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Aporphine is a type of chemical compound called alkaloids, which are found in certain plants. Aporphines have a specific chemical structure and can have various pharmacological effects. They have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antiasthmatic activities. Some aporphine alkaloids have also been found to have psychoactive effects and are used in traditional medicine in some cultures. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential and safety of aporphines.
'Claviceps' is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly known as ergots. These fungi infect the grasses and grains in the family Poaceae, which includes important crop plants such as wheat, rye, barley, and corn. The most well-known species in this genus is Claviceps purpurea, which causes a disease called ergotism in humans and animals that consume contaminated grains.
Ergotism is a serious condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, hallucinations, gangrene, and death. The fungus produces alkaloids that can affect the nervous system and blood vessels, leading to these symptoms. Historically, ergotism was a significant public health problem in Europe, where it was known as "St. Anthony's Fire" because of the burning sensations it caused in the limbs.
Today, ergotism is rare thanks to improved grain storage and monitoring practices. However, Claviceps species continue to be important in agriculture and medicine. Some of the alkaloids produced by these fungi have been used in pharmaceuticals to treat conditions such as migraines and Parkinson's disease.
Molecular conformation, also known as spatial arrangement or configuration, refers to the specific three-dimensional shape and orientation of atoms that make up a molecule. It describes the precise manner in which bonds between atoms are arranged around a molecular framework, taking into account factors such as bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles.
Conformational isomers, or conformers, are different spatial arrangements of the same molecule that can interconvert without breaking chemical bonds. These isomers may have varying energies, stability, and reactivity, which can significantly impact a molecule's biological activity and function. Understanding molecular conformation is crucial in fields such as drug design, where small changes in conformation can lead to substantial differences in how a drug interacts with its target.
Carbolines are a type of chemical compound that contain a carbazole or dibenzopyrrole structure. These compounds have a variety of uses, including as pharmaceuticals and dyes. Some carbolines have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as their ability to act as antioxidants or to inhibit the growth of certain types of cells. However, it is important to note that many carbolines are also known to be toxic and can cause harm if ingested or otherwise introduced into the body. As with any chemical compound, it is essential to use caution when handling carbolines and to follow all safety guidelines to minimize the risk of exposure.
Benzylisoquinolines are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds found in various plants. These compounds are derived from the combination of a benzyl group and an isoquinoline ring, hence the name "benzylisoquinolines." They are known to have diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial properties. Some well-known examples of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids include papaverine, found in the opium poppy, and berberine, found in various medicinal plants such as goldenseal and barberry. These compounds have been used in traditional medicine for centuries and continue to be studied for their potential therapeutic uses.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
Harmine is defined medically as an alpha-carboline derivative that is present in various plants including the seeds of Peganum harmala and the bark of Banisteriopsis caapi. It functions as an monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and has been used in traditional medicine for its psychoactive properties. It has also been studied for potential anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects.
Delphinium is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, also known as larkspur. It includes over 300 species that are native to the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity found in the mountainous regions of western North America and southern Europe.
Delphiniums are herbaceous plants that can grow up to several feet tall, depending on the species. They have palmately compound leaves that are divided into several lobes. The flowers are borne in dense spikes or racemes and have five distinct sepals, four of which are often brightly colored and petal-like, while the fifth is small and leaflike. The flowers also have numerous stamens and a single pistil.
Delphiniums are popular ornamental plants due to their showy flowers, which come in a variety of colors including blue, purple, pink, white, and yellow. However, some species contain toxic alkaloids that can be harmful or fatal if ingested by humans or animals. It is important to handle delphiniums with care and keep them out of reach of children and pets.
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources. Its chemical formula is C11H12N2O2. Tryptophan plays a crucial role in various biological processes as it serves as a precursor to several important molecules, including serotonin, melatonin, and niacin (vitamin B3). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, appetite control, and sleep-wake cycles, while melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake patterns. Niacin is essential for energy production and DNA repair.
Foods rich in tryptophan include turkey, chicken, fish, eggs, cheese, milk, nuts, seeds, and whole grains. In some cases, tryptophan supplementation may be recommended to help manage conditions related to serotonin imbalances, such as depression or insomnia, but this should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications.
"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.
Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.
Solanaceous alkaloids are a type of natural toxin found in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, also known as the nightshade family. These alkaloids contain nitrogen and are produced by the plant as a defense mechanism against herbivores and other threats. Some common solanaceous alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, scopolamine, and solanine.
Nicotine is found in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) and is highly addictive. Atropine and scopolamine are found in belladonna (Atropa belladonna), also known as deadly nightshade, and are used in medical settings for their anticholinergic effects, but can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities. Solanine is found in potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, and can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if consumed in large amounts.
It's worth noting that the levels of solanaceous alkaloids in commonly consumed plants like potatoes and tomatoes are generally low and not considered harmful to most people. However, some individuals may be more sensitive to these compounds and may experience adverse effects even at low levels.
Cyclization is a chemical process that involves forming a cyclic structure or ring-shaped molecule from a linear or open-chain compound. In the context of medicinal chemistry and drug design, cyclization reactions are often used to synthesize complex molecules, including drugs, by creating rings or fused ring systems within the molecule's structure.
Cyclization can occur through various mechanisms, such as intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, or radical reactions. The resulting cyclized compounds may exhibit different chemical and biological properties compared to their linear precursors, making them valuable targets for drug discovery and development.
In some cases, the cyclization process can lead to the formation of stereocenters within the molecule, which can impact its three-dimensional shape and how it interacts with biological targets. Therefore, controlling the stereochemistry during cyclization reactions is crucial in medicinal chemistry to optimize the desired biological activity.
Overall, cyclization plays a significant role in the design and synthesis of many pharmaceutical compounds, enabling the creation of complex structures that can interact specifically with biological targets for therapeutic purposes.
Berberine is a chemical found in several plants including European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree turmeric. It has a yellow color and has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as treating diarrhea, reducing inflammation, and fighting bacteria.
Berberine has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its ability to lower blood sugar levels, reduce cholesterol and triglycerides, and improve cardiovascular health. It is thought to work by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that plays a role in regulating metabolism.
However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of berberine, and it should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment. As with any supplement, it's important to talk to your doctor before taking berberine or any other herbal remedy.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
"Neotyphodium" is not a medical term, but rather it is a genus of fungi that belongs to the family Clavicipitaceae. These endophytic fungi form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with various grass species, including important forage and turfgrasses. They colonize the interior of grass leaves and stems without causing apparent harm to the host plant, while receiving nutrients in return. Some Neotyphodium species produce alkaloids, which can provide the host grass with resistance to insect pests and certain diseases. However, these alkaloids may have negative effects on livestock that graze on the infected grasses, causing various toxicities or neurological disorders.
Coptis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, also known as coptis or goldthread. The name "Coptis" is derived from the Greek word "koptos," which means "cutting" or "engraved," referring to the shape of the root.
In a medical context, Coptis species, particularly Coptis chinensis and Coptis japonica, have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. The rhizomes (underground stems) of these plants contain various alkaloids, including berberine, which has been studied for its potential medicinal properties.
Berberine has been found to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, among others. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, and infections. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using Coptis or its constituents for medicinal purposes.
It's important to note that while some natural substances like berberine have shown promise in preliminary studies, they should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
Rutaceae is a family of plants in the order Sapindales, also known as the rue or citrus family. It includes aromatic trees and shrubs, with around 150 genera and 2,000 species. Many members of this family are economically important, particularly those in the citrus genus (Citrus spp.), which include oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, and other citrus fruits. These plants contain essential oils that are used in perfumes, flavorings, and traditional medicines. Some other notable members of Rutaceae include rue (Ruta graveolens), a medicinal herb with a long history of use in traditional medicine, and Cascarilla bark (Croton eluteria), which is used to make a bitter tonic.
Tryptophanase is not a medical term per se, but rather a biochemical term used to describe an enzyme. However, I can provide a biochemical definition for you:
Tryptophanase (TPase or TnaA) is a pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme found in certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, that catalyzes the breakdown of the essential amino acid tryptophan into several compounds. The primary reaction catalyzed by tryptophanase is the conversion of L-tryptophan to indole, pyruvate, and ammonia. This reaction also produces ATP and ADP as co-products.
The production of indole from tryptophan by tryptophanase has diagnostic value in microbiology, as the presence of indole in a culture medium can indicate the growth of certain bacterial species that produce this enzyme.
Plant poisoning is a form of poisoning that occurs when someone ingests, inhales, or comes into contact with any part of a plant that contains toxic substances. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type and amount of plant consumed or exposed to, as well as the individual's age, health status, and sensitivity to the toxin.
Symptoms of plant poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, skin rashes, seizures, or in severe cases, even death. Some common plants that can cause poisoning include poison ivy, poison oak, foxglove, oleander, and hemlock, among many others.
If you suspect plant poisoning, it is important to seek medical attention immediately and bring a sample of the plant or information about its identity if possible. This will help healthcare providers diagnose and treat the poisoning more effectively.
Skatole is a medical term that refers to a chemical compound with the formula C9H9NO2. It is a crystalline substance with an extremely foul odor, resembling that of feces. Skatole is produced in the body as a byproduct of bacterial breakdown of tryptophan, an essential amino acid, in the intestines. Normally, skatole is excreted in the feces and does not cause any problems.
However, when there is an overgrowth of bacteria in the intestines or a problem with the normal flow of bile, which helps to eliminate skatole from the body, skatole can accumulate in the bloodstream and tissues. This can lead to a condition called "skatole poisoning," which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and neurological problems.
Skatole is also used in perfumes and other fragrances to create a fecal or animalistic odor, although it is typically used in very small amounts due to its strong smell.
Ergotism is a condition that results from the consumption of ergot alkaloids, which are found in ergot fungus that infects grains such as rye. There are two types of ergotism: convulsive and gangrenous. Convulsive ergotism can cause seizures, muscle spasms, vomiting, and mental disturbances. Gangrenous ergotism, on the other hand, can lead to constriction of blood vessels, resulting in dry gangrene of the extremities, which can ultimately require amputation. Ergotism has been known since ancient times and was once a significant public health problem before modern agricultural practices were implemented.
"Lycopodium" is a term that has different meanings in various scientific and medicinal contexts. Medically, it often refers to a homeopathic remedy prepared from the spores of the plant Lycopodium clavatum, also known as club moss. This plant is a type of evergreen shrub native to Europe and some parts of North America. The spores are used in homeopathy due to their alleged healing properties, although there is limited scientific evidence supporting these claims.
It's important to note that the medical use and effectiveness of homeopathic remedies like Lycopodium are still a subject of debate within the medical community, and they should not be used as a substitute for evidence-based medical treatments unless recommended by a licensed healthcare professional.
Ergotamine is a type of ergopeptine alkaloid, derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that parasitizes certain grains, particularly rye. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and has been used medically to prevent migraines and treat cluster headaches, as well as for other uses such as controlling postpartum hemorrhage and reducing symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.
Ergotamine works by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain and causing vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels, which can help to relieve migraine headaches. However, it can also cause serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, numbness or tingling in the extremities, and in rare cases, more severe reactions such as ergotism, a condition characterized by vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels leading to gangrene.
Ergotamine is usually taken orally, but can also be administered rectally or by inhalation. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and avoid taking excessive amounts, as this can increase the risk of serious side effects. Ergotamine should not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, and it may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ergotamine therapy.
Indole alkaloid
Ergocornine
Setoclavine
Gelsemine
Madelung synthesis
Trachelospermum jasminoides
Piscarinine
Iboga-type alkaloid
Voacangine
List of psychoactive plants
Apparicine
Affinisine
Ibogaline
Kopsanone
Scholarine
Vinervine
Strictosidine beta-glucosidase
Hexalobus monopetalus
Albright-Goldman oxidation
Ophiorrhiza
Diels-Alder reaction
Gramine
Conolidine
Melodinus
Stemmadenine
Moroidin
Tabernaemontana coffeoides
Tabernaemontana elegans
Ibogaine
Conophylline
Indole alkaloid - Wikipedia
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 7722 : Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens : Schultes RE
Neofiscalin A and fiscalin C are potential novel indole alkaloid alternatives for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram...
Inverse hydride shuttle catalysis enables the stereoselective one-step synthesis of complex frameworks | Nature Chemistry
Enantioselective synthesis of indole alkaloids of the ervatamine-silicine group
Indole alkaloids from Geissospermum reticulatum<...
Ikirydinium A: a new indole alkaloid from the seeds ofHunteria umbellata (K. Schum)
Hallucinogen Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Tremorgenic Indole Alkaloids. 9. Asymmetric Construction of an Advanced F-G-H-Ring Lactone Precursor for the Synthesis of...
Antimalarial agents from plants II. Decursivine, a new antimalarial indole alkaloid from Rhaphidophora decursiva<...
Isolation, structure elucidation and bioactivity of schischkiniin, a unique indole alkaloid from the seeds of Centaurea...
Lu Z[au] - Search Results - PubMed
Soluble manganese(IV) as a chemiluminescence reagent for the determination of opiate alkaloids, indoles and...
Fungal Indole Alkaloid Biogenesis Through Evolution of a Bifunctional Reductase/Diels-Alderase | Biological and Medicinal...
Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Frontiers | Natural Products from Actinobacteria as a Potential Source of New Therapies Against Colorectal Cancer: A Review
Forscher-Alumni-Galerie | Alumniverbund
brevianamide F biosynthetic process - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
Chemical Biology | The New York Academy of Sciences
KEGG COMPOUND: C00954
Chapter 1. Alkaloids: Introductory Knowledge and Pharmaceutical Perspectives - Nova Science Publishers
Metabolomics Workbench : Databases : RefMet
De novo transcriptome sequencing and digital gene expression analysis predict biosynthetic pathway of rhynchophylline and...
Staff - The University of Nottingham
Thieme E-Journals - Planta Medica / Full Text
The Medicinal Chemistry Information Portal - Multicomponent Reactions: New Synthetic Opportunities for Privileged Heterocyclic...
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Multi-Mycotoxin Screening Reveals the Occurrence of 139 Different Secondary Metabolites in Feed and...
The Influence of Different Hormone Concentration and Combination on Callus Induction and Regeneration of Rauwolfia serpentina L...
Synthesis8
- Indeed, the direct single-step synthesis of complex alkaloid frameworks remains an unresolved problem at the heart of organic chemistry in spite of the tremendous progress of the discipline. (nature.com)
- These include a biomimetic total synthesis to access the natural alkaloid and biosynthetic intermediates in racemic form, and in vitro enzymatic reconstitution that provides access to the natural antipode (+)-malbrancheamide. (chemrxiv.org)
- Synthesis of pyrrole and carbazole alkaloids. (novapublishers.com)
- H. J (ed) Alkaloid synthesis. (novapublishers.com)
- Explant of an alkaloid producing plant, cultured in vitro , has been found to retain the capacity to synthesis alkaloids identical to that in the intact plant (Yoshimatsu and Shimomura, 1991). (scialert.net)
- As a result, alkaloids find applications in various industries, including medicine, agriculture, and even the synthesis of fine chemicals. (selfgrowth.com)
- Quinine, an alkaloid found in the bark of the cinchona tree, has been traditionally used as a natural remedy for malaria by interfering with the parasite's protein synthesis. (selfgrowth.com)
- Synthesis of Vinca Alkaloids and Related Compounds XXX. (heterocycles.jp)
Novel indole alkaloid1
- Reversed-phase HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the seeds of Centaurea schischkinii afforded a novel indole alkaloid, named schischkiniin (1), together with four lignans, arctiin (2), matairesinoside (3), matairesinol (4), and arctigenin (5), and three flavonoids, astragalin (6), afzelin (7) and apigenin (8). (comu.edu.tr)
Isoquinoline3
- β-Phenylethylamines and the isoquinoline alkaloids. (novapublishers.com)
- isoquinoline alkaloid causes "epidemic dropsy" in humans. (poultryhelp.com)
- Isoquinoline alkaloids - Isoquinoline alkaloids 1-Benzyl isoquinoline type: Papaverine: An opiate alkaloid isolated from the plant Papaver somniferum and produced synthetically. (powershow.com)
Derivatives6
- The latter include terpenoid structural elements, synthesized by living organisms from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and/or isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP): Non-isoprenoid: Simple derivatives of indole Simple derivatives of β-carboline Pyrroloindole alkaloids Indole-3-carbinol Indole-3-acetic acid Tryptamines Carbazoles Isoprenoid: hemiterpenoids: ergot alkaloids monoterpenoids. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the simplest and yet widespread indole derivatives are the biogenic amines tryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). (wikipedia.org)
- Pyrolo-indole alkaloids form a relatively small group of tryptamine derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
- Various 2-phenyl-1H-indoles and benzimidazole derivatives have been tested for total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybednum reduction method and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazide free radical scavenging activity. (ijpsonline.com)
- The present study was focused on evaluating substituted indole and benzimidazole derivatives ( Table 1 ) for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity. (ijpsonline.com)
- The hallucinogenic drugs can be categorised into 4 basic groups: indole alkaloid derivatives, piperidine derivatives, phenylethylamines and the cannabinols. (erowid.org)
Secologanin tryptamine alkaloids4
- many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups and are thus called terpene indole or secologanin tryptamine alkaloids. (wikipedia.org)
- Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
Monoterpenoid indole2
- Plant yields more than 100 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in different organs. (stuartxchange.org)
- The bHLH transcription factor BIS1 controls the iridoid branch of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid pathway in Catharanthus roseus. (mpg.de)
Terpene indole1
- Extracts containing these terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs) can inhibit the formation and destabilize preformed fibrils of amyloid β protein (a pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease), and have been shown to improve the cognitive function of mice with Alzheimer-like symptoms. (biomedcentral.com)
Compounds8
- Containing more than 4100 known different compounds, it is one of the largest classes of alkaloids. (wikipedia.org)
- This nucleus is evident in the synthetic LSD and in such well known compounds as yohimbine, reserpine, physostigmine and the strychnos alkaloids. (erowid.org)
- Compounds 1-3, 5-8, and 10 had not been reported previously as natural products, while 4 and 9 were the known alkaloids O-demethylaspidospermine and flavopereirine. (edu.pe)
- Indoles also present in naturally occurring compounds like dimethyltryptamine (hallucinogen), tryptophan (amino acid) and melatonin [ 16 ] (antioxidant as free radical scavenger). (ijpsonline.com)
- In the realm of organic chemistry, one class of compounds has captured the scientific community's attention for decades - alkaloids. (selfgrowth.com)
- Alkaloids represent a large and diverse group of organic compounds characterized by the presence of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. (selfgrowth.com)
- Alkaloids are a fascinating group of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in various plants, fungi, and some animals. (selfgrowth.com)
- The structures of the new compounds were determined with the aid of 1 H and 13 C-nmr spectroscopy and chemical correlation to known alkaloids. (heterocycles.jp)
Isolation3
- Antimalarial bioassay-directed fractionation led to the isolation of a new active indole alkaloid, decursivine (1), from the leaves and stems of Rhaphidophora decursiva Schott (Araceae). (edu.hk)
- There are various extraction and isolation methods, available to obtain alkaloids in a smooth manner, where some are common and some are specific. (novapublishers.com)
- An endangered woody shrub Rauwolfia serpentina L. Benth belongs to the Apocynaceae family holds the tremendous potentialities for massive propagation and isolation of indole alkaloids through in vitro culture. (scialert.net)
Purine Alkaloids1
- Purine Alkaloids, Cytokinins, and Purine Like Neurotoxin Alkaloids. (novapublishers.com)
Tryptophan3
- The amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor of indole alkaloids. (wikipedia.org)
- Isoprenoid indole alkaloids include residues of tryptophan or tryptamine and isoprenoid building blocks derived from the dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate. (wikipedia.org)
- Ergot alkaloids are a class of hemiterpenoid indole alkaloids related to lysergic acid, which, in turn, is formed in a multistage reactions involving tryptophan and DMAPP. (wikipedia.org)
Psychoactive2
- Many psychoactive plants owe their activity to structures containing an indole nucleus. (erowid.org)
- Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the West African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. (erowid.org)
Medicinal5
- Because of the medicinal use of alkaloids, proper identification is needed for safety purposes for which, a number of identification tests are available. (novapublishers.com)
- The major medicinal alkaloids isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla (gouteng in chinese) capsules are rhynchophylline (RIN) and isorhynchophylline (IRN). (biomedcentral.com)
- Alkaloids of this plant have a great medicinal importance to treat cardiovascular diseases (Anitha and Kumari, 2006), hypertension (Von Poser et al . (scialert.net)
- Alkaloids possess significant medicinal, pharmaceutical, and ecological importance, making them a subject of extensive research by leading companies. (selfgrowth.com)
- In this article, we will delve into the intriguing world of alkaloids, exploring their sources, structures, and attractive medicinal value. (selfgrowth.com)
Hallucinogens1
- "Indole alkaloids in plant hallucinogens" Planta Med . (erowid.org)
Vinblastine2
- Vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine and vincristine, have also been shown to have antifungal activity. (selfgrowth.com)
- Leaves and stems yield dimeric alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine. (stuartxchange.org)
Dimeric1
- Some 200 dimeric indole alkaloids are known with two indole groups. (wikipedia.org)
Plant3
- Camalexin is a simple indole alkaloid produced by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, often used as a model for plant biology. (wikipedia.org)
- An unprecedented utilization of pelargonidin and indole for the biosynthesis of plant indole alkaloids. (mpg.de)
- Plant yields an amorphous alkaloid, vincarosin. (stuartxchange.org)
Vinca1
- Strictosidine Catharanthine Yohimbine Vinca Strychnine Ellipticine There are also purely structural classifications based on the presence of carbazole, β-carboline or other units in the carbon skeleton of the alkaloid molecule. (wikipedia.org)
Structures2
- The widespread distribution of alkaloids and their wide array of structures makes their classification often difficult, hence, there are different classification methods are been reported for better understanding. (novapublishers.com)
- Alkaloids can be classified into several subclasses based on their chemical structures and origin. (selfgrowth.com)
Biosynthesis1
- Indole alkaloids are distinguished depending on their biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
Carbazole1
- Some simple indole alkaloids do not contain tryptamine, such as gramine and glycozoline (the latter is a derivative of carbazole). (wikipedia.org)
Pharmacological2
- Recent trends in pharmacological activity of alkaloids in animal colitis: potential use for inflammatory bowel disease. (novapublishers.com)
- Pharmacological activity of alkaloids: a review. (novapublishers.com)
Chemistry2
- Buxus steroidal alkaloids: chemistry and biology. (novapublishers.com)
- Indole Alkaloids,) "Heterocyclic Chemistry. (combichem.net)
Humans2
- In general, many alkaloids are pharmacologically active and possess various physiological activities in humans and animals. (novapublishers.com)
- N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an indole alkaloid produced by a number of plants and animals, including humans. (greenmedinfo.com)
Dimethyltryptamine1
- Some common indole alkaloids (tryptamines) include dimethyltryptamine (DMT), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin. (medscape.com)
Nitrogen1
- Indoles and benzimidazoles are very popular nitrogen containing heterocycles. (ijpsonline.com)
Lysergic1
- Many ergot alkaloids are amides of lysergic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Extracts1
- Antiparasitic activities of the ethanolic and alkaloidal extracts and of the pure alkaloids were tested against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. (edu.pe)
Analgesic2
- Indoles of commercial importance include drugs such as indomethacin (antiinflammatory, an antipyretic and an analgesic) and indoxole (an antiinflammatory and antipyretic drug). (ijpsonline.com)
- Alkaloids such as morphine and codeine have been widely used as painkillers due to their powerful analgesic properties. (selfgrowth.com)
Nucleus2
- The correct structural formula of strychnine was determined only in 1947, although the presence of the indole nucleus in the structure of strychnine was established somewhat earlier. (wikipedia.org)
- They are produced by methylation of indole nucleus at position 3 and the subsequent nucleophilic addition at the carbon atom in positions 2 with the closure of the ethylamino group into a ring. (wikipedia.org)
Antimalarial1
- Alkaloids have emerged as promising candidates in the fight against malaria, displaying potent antimalarial effects. (selfgrowth.com)
Structural2
- Prenylated indole alkaloids isolated from various fungi possess great structural diversity and pharmaceutical utility. (chemrxiv.org)
- Alkaloids as drug leads-a predictive structural and biodiversity based analysis. (novapublishers.com)
Yields1
- The transcriptome data from this study provides an important resource for understanding the formation of major bioactive constituents in the capsule extract from Uncaria , and provides information that may aid in metabolic engineering to increase yields of these important alkaloids. (biomedcentral.com)
Bark1
- Ten indole alkaloids were isolated from Geissospermum reticulatum, seven (1-7) from the leaves and three (8-10) from the bark. (edu.pe)
Biological1
- In modern days, the biological significance of alkaloids depends on their significant relationship with health benefits. (novapublishers.com)
Chemical2
- Chemical investigations into samples ofHunteria umbellata(K. Schum) collected in Osun State, Nigeria,led to the discovery of a new indole alkaloid, ikirydinium A, featuring an unprecedented 3-alkylpyridinium-indole-2-carboxylate scaffold. (edu.ng)
- This review also describes the chemical structure of 232 NPs presenting anti-CRC activity with the being majority of quinones, lactones, alkaloids, peptides, and glycosides. (frontiersin.org)
Found1
- Although their assignment to the alkaloid is not universally accepted, they are both found in plants and animals. (wikipedia.org)
Candidates1
- Alkaloids remain a highly prized and elaborate subset of natural products and drug candidates 6 . (nature.com)
Pharmaceutical1
- Herein, this work is a comprehensive revision of the web of knowledge on the introductory sight of alkaloids, their classification, extraction techniques, identification tests and pharmaceutical applications. (novapublishers.com)
Form1
- Since ancient times, people have used plants containing alkaloids as remedies in the form of teas, poultices, potions, etc. to treat some diseases or sometimes as poison and dyes. (novapublishers.com)
Title1
- title = "Tremorgenic Indole Alkaloids. (elsevierpure.com)
Potential1
- Alkaloids have demonstrated considerable potential in combatting various fungal pathogens, providing alternative treatment options for these debilitating infections. (selfgrowth.com)
Active2
- The relationship between ergot and ergotism was established only in 1717, and the alkaloid ergotamine, one of the main active ingredients of ergot, was isolated in 1918. (wikipedia.org)
- Alkaloid 4 was also very active against L. infantum. (edu.pe)