Incisor. Medical search

One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.

The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)

Orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a single tooth.

The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.

The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)

Cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the ENAMEL ORGAN. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the DENTAL ENAMEL), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)

The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)

Partial or complete displacement of a tooth from its alveolar support. It is commonly the result of trauma. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p312)

Presentation devices used for patient education and technique training in dentistry.

Measurement of tooth characteristics.

Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.

The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)

Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The measurement of the dimensions of the HEAD.

Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)

Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.

A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.

Wires of various dimensions and grades made of stainless steel or precious metal. They are used in orthodontic treatment.

One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)

The curve formed by the row of TEETH in their normal position in the JAW. The inferior dental arch is formed by the mandibular teeth, and the superior dental arch by the maxillary teeth.

A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group.

An extra tooth, erupted or unerupted, resembling or unlike the other teeth in the group to which it belongs. Its presence may cause malposition of adjacent teeth or prevent their eruption.

The phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (Jablonski's Illus. Dictionary of Dentistry).

One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.

The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).

The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Reinsertion of a tooth into the alveolus from which it was removed or otherwise lost.

Photographic techniques used in ORTHODONTICS; DENTAL ESTHETICS; and patient education.

The planning, calculation, and creation of an apparatus for the purpose of correcting the placement or straightening of teeth.

The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.

The elaboration of dental enamel by ameloblasts, beginning with its participation in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction to the production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992).

Malocclusion in which the mandible is posterior to the maxilla as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (distoclusion).

A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures.

Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.

A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Two teeth united during development by the union of their tooth germs; the teeth may be joined by the enamel of their crowns, by their root dentin, or by both.

The 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

Traumatic or other damage to teeth including fractures (TOOTH FRACTURES) or displacements (TOOTH LUXATION).

An abnormality in the direction of a TOOTH ERUPTION.

The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.

Orthodontic movement in the coronal direction achieved by outward tension on the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT. It does not include the operative procedure that CROWN LENGTHENING involves.

The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.

The relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. It has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)

Therapeutic closure of spaces caused by the extraction of teeth, the congenital absence of teeth, or the excessive space between teeth.

Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.

Malocclusion in which the mandible and maxilla are anteroposteriorly normal as reflected by the relationship of the first permanent molar (i.e., in neutroclusion), but in which individual teeth are abnormally related to each other.

Epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively.

The length of the face determined by the distance of separation of jaws. Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD or VDO) or contact vertical dimension is the lower face height with the teeth in centric occlusion. Rest vertical dimension (VDR) is the lower face height measured from a chin point to a point just below the nose, with the mandible in rest position. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p250)

The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).

A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

Anomaly of the tooth, found chiefly in upper lateral incisors. It is characterized by invagination of the enamel at the incisal edge.

The constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. It is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)

The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.

The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.

An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.

The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)

The collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the DENTAL SAC; ENAMEL ORGAN; and DENTAL PAPILLA. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin.

Skills, techniques, standards, and principles used to improve the art and symmetry of the teeth and face to improve the appearance as well as the function of the teeth, mouth, and face. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p108)

Small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. These attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. Bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets.

Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)

A registration of any positional relationship of the mandible in reference to the maxillae. These records may be any of the many vertical, horizontal, or orientation relations. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)

Dental devices such as RETAINERS, ORTHODONTIC used to improve gaps in teeth and structure of the jaws. These devices can be removed and reinserted at will.

The selective extraction of deciduous teeth during the stage of mixed dentition in accordance with the shedding and eruption of the teeth. It is done over an extended period to allow autonomous adjustment to relieve crowding of the dental arches during the eruption of the lateral incisors, canines, and premolars, eventually involving the extraction of the first premolar teeth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The plan and delineation of dental prostheses in general or a specific dental prosthesis. It does not include DENTURE DESIGN. The framework usually consists of metal.

The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve.

Dental procedure in which part of the pulp chamber is removed from the crown of a tooth.

A malocclusion in which maxillary incisor and canine teeth project over the mandiblar teeth excessively. The overlap is measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane and is also called vertical overlap. When the overlap is measured parallel to the occlusal plane it is referred to as overjet.

The force applied by the masticatory muscles in dental occlusion.

Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth.

The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.

Attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the MOUTH area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces.

Orthodontic appliances, fixed or removable, used to maintain teeth in corrected positions during the period of functional adaptation following corrective treatment. These appliances are also used to maintain the positions of the teeth and jaws gained by orthodontic procedures. (From Zwemer, Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p263)

An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.

Extraoral devices for applying force to the dentition in order to avoid some of the problems in anchorage control met with in intermaxillary traction and to apply force in directions not otherwise possible.

A fabricated tooth substituting for a natural tooth in a prosthesis. It is usually made of porcelain or plastic.

The process of growth and differentiation of the jaws and face.

The proteins that are part of the dental enamel matrix.

Devices, usually alloplastic, surgically inserted into or onto the jawbone, which support a single prosthetic tooth and serve either as abutments or as cosmetic replacements for missing teeth.

Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)

Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)

The movement of teeth into altered positions in relationship to the basal bone of the ALVEOLAR PROCESS and to adjoining and opposing teeth as a result of loss of approximating or opposing teeth, occlusal interferences, habits, inflammatory and dystrophic disease of the attaching and supporting structures of the teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)

Endodontic procedure performed to induce TOOTH APEX barrier development. ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS are used to repair open apex or DENTAL PULP NECROSIS in an immature tooth. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE and mineral trioxide aggregate are commonly used as the filling materials.

An adhesion procedure for orthodontic attachments, such as plastic DENTAL CROWNS. This process usually includes the application of an adhesive material (DENTAL CEMENTS) and letting it harden in-place by light or chemical curing.

Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc.

Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.

Devices used for influencing tooth position. Orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p19)

A condition in which certain opposing teeth fail to establish occlusal contact when the jaws are closed.

Inability or inadequacy of a dental restoration or prosthesis to perform as expected.

Loose-fitting removable orthodontic appliances which redirect the pressures of the facial and masticatory muscles onto the teeth and their supporting structures to produce improvements in tooth arrangements and occlusal relations.

The wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. It is chiefly associated with aging. It is differentiated from TOOTH ABRASION (the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by friction, as brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes) and from TOOTH EROSION (the loss of substance caused by chemical action without bacterial action). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p86)

Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)

Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.

Loose, usually removable intra-oral devices which alter the muscle forces against the teeth and craniofacial skeleton. These are dynamic appliances which depend on altered neuromuscular action to effect bony growth and occlusal development. They are usually used in mixed dentition to treat pediatric malocclusions. (ADA, 1992)

Mechanical removal of a small amount of tooth structure (not more than a few tenths of a millimeter in depth) to eliminate superficial enamel discoloration defects not successfully removed by bleaching techniques. A common abrasive is a mixture of pumice and hydrochloric acid.

A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.

The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate (PALATE, HARD) and the posterior soft palate (PALATE, SOFT).

A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc.

Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry.

The formation of dentin. Dentin first appears in the layer between the ameloblasts and odontoblasts and becomes calcified immediately. Formation progresses from the tip of the papilla over its slope to form a calcified cap becoming thicker by the apposition of new layers pulpward. A layer of uncalcified dentin intervenes between the calcified tissue and the odontoblast and its processes. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Radiographic techniques used in dentistry.

A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions for use in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.

Recognition and elimination of potential irregularities and malpositions in the developing dentofacial complex.

The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Fixed or removable devices that join teeth together. They are used to repair teeth that are mobile as a result of PERIODONTITIS.

A major dental enamel-forming protein found in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by GENES found on both the X CHROMOSOME and the Y CHROMOSOME.

Holding a DENTAL PROSTHESIS in place by its design, or by the use of additional devices or adhesives.

A restoration designed to remain in service for not less than 20 to 30 years, usually made of gold casting, cohesive gold, or amalgam. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The plan, delineation, and location of actual structural elements of dentures. The design can relate to retainers, stress-breakers, occlusal rests, flanges, framework, lingual or palatal bars, reciprocal arms, etc.

Either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.

The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.

Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion).

Solid fixation of a tooth resulting from fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of the periodontal ligament. It is uncommon in the deciduous dentition and very rare in permanent teeth. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A physical misalignment of the upper (maxilla) and lower (mandibular) jaw bones in which either or both recede relative to the frontal plane of the forehead.

A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.

A commonly used prosthesis that results in a strong, permanent restoration. It consists of an electrolytically etched cast-metal retainer that is cemented (bonded), using resins, to adjacent teeth whose enamel was previously acid-treated (acid-etched). This type of bridgework is sometimes referred to as a Maryland bridge.

The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.

Substances used to bond COMPOSITE RESINS to DENTAL ENAMEL and DENTIN. These bonding or luting agents are used in restorative dentistry, ROOT CANAL THERAPY; PROSTHODONTICS; and ORTHODONTICS.

The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.

Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.

Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.

The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.

Preparation of TOOTH surfaces and DENTAL MATERIALS with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to roughen the surface to increase adhesion or osteointegration.

Physiologic loss of the primary dentition. (Zwemer, Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

The selected form given to a natural tooth when it is reduced by instrumentation to receive a prosthesis (e.g., artificial crown or a retainer for a fixed or removable prosthesis). The selection of the form is guided by clinical circumstances and physical properties of the materials that make up the prosthesis. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239)

A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.

A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)

Surgical reshaping of the gingivae and papillae for correction of deformities (particularly enlargements) and to provide the gingivae with a normal and functional form, the incision creating an external bevel. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The structures surrounding and supporting the tooth. Periodontium includes the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.

Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.

A complete denture replacing all the natural maxillary teeth and associated maxillary structures. It is completely supported by the oral tissue and underlying maxillary bone.

The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.

The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.

Cements that act through infiltration and polymerization within the dentinal matrix and are used for dental restoration. They can be adhesive resins themselves, adhesion-promoting monomers, or polymerization initiators that act in concert with other agents to form a dentin-bonding system.

Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.

Exposure of the root surface when the edge of the gum (GINGIVA) moves apically away from the crown of the tooth. This is common with advancing age, vigorous tooth brushing, diseases, or tissue loss of the gingiva, the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT and the supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).

Any of several burrowing rodents of the families MURIDAE and Bathyergidae, found in eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. They have short limbs, small eyes with permanently closed lids, and no tail. Three genera SPALAX (Muridae), Heterocephalus (Bathyergidae) and Cryptomys (Bathyergidae) are used frequently as experimental animals in biomedical research. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed)

A rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. It presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. A receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. It includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (From MEDLINE abstracts; personal communication from Dr. Charles Berthold, NIDR)

Insertion of a tapered rod through the root canal into the periapical osseous structure to lengthen the existing root and provide individual tooth stabilization.

The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)

Computed tomography modalities which use a cone or pyramid-shaped beam of radiation.

Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.

Insertion of an implant into the bone of the mandible or maxilla. The implant has an exposed head which protrudes through the mucosa and is a prosthodontic abutment.

A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion).

The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.

The use of a chemical oxidizing agent to whiten TEETH. In some procedures the oxidation process is activated by the use of heat or light.

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

Polymeric resins derived from OXIRANES and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials.

Any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of Al2O3 and SiO2. They are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees C with silica and water vapor. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.

Small cylindrical pieces of metal used to enhance retention.

Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks.

Surgical excision of the gingiva at the level of its attachment, thus creating new marginal gingiva. This procedure is used to eliminate gingival or periodontal pockets or to provide an approach for extensive surgical interventions, and to gain access necessary to remove calculus within the pocket. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.

A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.

Used as a dental cement this is mainly zinc oxide (with strengtheners and accelerators) and eugenol. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)

Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES.

An artificial replacement for one or more natural teeth or part of a tooth, or associated structures, ranging from a portion of a tooth to a complete denture. The dental prosthesis is used for cosmetic or functional reasons, or both. DENTURES and specific types of dentures are also available. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p244 & Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p643)

Mesodermal tissue enclosed in the invaginated portion of the epithelial enamel organ and giving rise to the dentin and pulp.

Anterior midline brain, cranial, and facial malformations resulting from the failure of the embryonic prosencephalon to undergo segmentation and cleavage. Alobar prosencephaly is the most severe form and features anophthalmia; cyclopia; severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; CLEFT LIP; CLEFT PALATE; SEIZURES; and microcephaly. Semilobar holoprosencepaly is characterized by hypotelorism, microphthalmia, coloboma, nasal malformations, and variable degrees of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Lobar holoprosencephaly is associated with mild (or absent) facial malformations and intellectual abilities that range from mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY to normal. Holoprosencephaly is associated with CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES.

It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

A partial denture attached to prepared natural teeth, roots, or implants by cementation.

Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

A paired box transcription factor that is involved in ODONTOGENESIS.

A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.

Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.

Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.

Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives.

Subtotal or complete excision of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible. (Dorland, 28th ed)

An orthodontic method used for correcting narrow or collapsed maxillary arches and functional cross-bite. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry),

Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.

Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.

Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.

A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.

The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.

The use of a layer of tooth-colored material, usually porcelain or acrylic resin, applied to the surface of natural teeth, crowns, or pontics by fusion, cementation, or mechanical retention.

Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.

Coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials.

Techniques used for removal of bonded orthodontic appliances, restorations, or fixed dentures from teeth.

Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule.

Effects of maternal acetazolamide treatment on body weights and incisor development of the fetal rat. (1/1014)

The incisor development of fetal rats on gestation day 19 was well correlated with their fetal weights. The number of odontoblasts in the mandibular incisors, an index of incisor development, increased more than that of the maxillary incisors with increase in fetal body weights. Maternal acetazolamide treatments were observed to suppress the mean fetal weight and to retard incisor development. A smaller incisor size, a thinner predentin layer, and fewer odontoblasts were characteristic of the acetazolamide group. There was also a good correlation between the fetal weights and the number of odontoblasts in the acetazolamide group. From these results, we postulated that the retarded incisor development of the fetal rats caused by the maternal acetazolamide treatment was related to their suppressed fetal weights. However, the regression coefficient of the fetal weights and the number of odontoblasts in the acetazolamide group was smaller than that of the vehicle control group. It may indicate that retarded incisor development in response to maternal acetazolamide treatment is to some extent independent of suppressed fetal weight. (+info)

A modern human pattern of dental development in lower pleistocene hominids from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain). (2/1014)

The study of life history evolution in hominids is crucial for the discernment of when and why humans have acquired our unique maturational pattern. Because the development of dentition is critically integrated into the life cycle in mammals, the determination of the time and pattern of dental development represents an appropriate method to infer changes in life history variables that occurred during hominid evolution. Here we present evidence derived from Lower Pleistocene human fossil remains recovered from the TD6 level (Aurora stratum) of the Gran Dolina site in the Sierra de Atapuerca, northern Spain. These hominids present a pattern of development similar to that of Homo sapiens, although some aspects (e.g., delayed M3 calcification) are not as derived as that of European populations and people of European origin. This evidence, taken together with the present knowledge of cranial capacity of these and other late Early Pleistocene hominids, supports the view that as early as 0.8 Ma at least one Homo species shared with modern humans a prolonged pattern of maturation. (+info)

Scanning electron microscopy of the lateral cell surfaces of rat incisor ameloblasts. (3/1014)

Dry dissected rat incisor ameloblasts studied in the scanning electron microscope show remarkable specializations of their lateral surfaces. Four or five cycles of a change from a surface with longitudinal gutterlike folds associated with large intercellular spaces, to one with microvilli and reduced intercellular spaces, are found along the length of the lower incisor maturation zone. It is argued that these changes indicate cyclical activity in maturation ameloblasts. (+info)

Morphological changes in periodontal mechanoreceptors of mouse maxillary incisors after the experimental induction of anterior crossbite: a light and electron microscopic observation using immunohistochemistry for PGP 9.5. (4/1014)

Ruffini nerve endings (mechanoreceptors) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) of mouse incisors were examined to elucidate whether experimentally-induced crossbites cause any changes or abnormalities in their morphology and distribution. Anterior guiding planes were attached to the mandibular incisors of 3-week-old C3H/HeSlc mice. At 3 days and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-attachment of the appliance, the mice were sacrificed by perfusion fixation. Frozen sagittal cryostat sections of the decalcified maxillary incisors were processed for immunohistochemistry of protein gene product 9.5, followed by histochemical determination of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity to reveal sites of alveolar bone resorption. Despite the absence of bone resorption within the lingual PDL of control mice, distinct resorption sites were seen in the respective regions of the experimental animals. Unlike the controls, many Ruffini endings showing vague and swollen contours, with unusually long and pedunculated micro-projections were observed in the affected lingual PDL of the incisors in the experimental animals with short-term anterior crossbite induction. Club-shaped nerve terminations with few, if any, micro-projections were observed in the lingual PDL of experimental animals with long-term induction, as well as in aged control mouse incisors. Differences in the distribution of Ruffini endings were also observed. These results indicate that changing the direction of the force applied to the PDL results in rapid and prolonged changes in the morphology of Ruffini-like mechanoreceptors. (+info)

Arrested eruption of the permanent lower second molar. (5/1014)

The incidence of retention/impaction of the permanent lower second molar (M2inf) lies between 0.6/1000 and 3/1000. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the craniofacial morphology, the frequency of dental anomalies and the inclination of the affected M2inf and the adjacent first molar in patients with arrested eruption of M2inf. The overall goal was to elucidate the aetiology of arrested tooth eruption and to present the characteristics of these patients in order to improve diagnosis and treatment planning. Radiographic material (profile radiographs and orthopantomograms) from 19 patients (nine females and 10 males; 13-19 years of age at the time of referral) were analysed. The ages of the patients when profile radiographs were taken for cephalometric analysis varied from 8 to 16 years. The study shows that this group of patients, compared with a reference group, had an increased sagittal jaw relationship (Class II). Specifically, the mandibular prognathism was less, the mandibular gonial angle smaller, the mandibular alveolar prognathism enlarged and the maxillary incisor inclination less than in the reference group. Furthermore, this group of patients had a more frequent occurrence of morphological tooth anomalies, such as root deflections, invaginations, and taurodontism. However, none of the patients with arrested eruption of M2inf had agenesis of the lower third molar. The study did not reveal an association between the degree of inclination of the M2inf and that of the first molar in the same region. The results of this investigation show that conditions such as the craniofacial morphology and deviations in the dentition are associated with arrested eruption of M2inf. Therefore, it is important to evaluate these conditions in future diagnosis and treatment planning of patients with arrested eruption of M2inf. (+info)

The length and eruption rates of incisor teeth in rats after one or more of them had been unimpeded. (6/1014)

The eruption rate and length of all four incisor teeth in rats were measured under ether anaesthesia by recording the position of marks on their labial surfaces at 2-day intervals, using calibrated graticules in microscope eyepieces. The rats were divided into four groups and either a lower, an upper, both a lower and an upper, or no incisors were unimpeded. This paper describes the changes when the unimpeded incisors returned to the occlusion. Neither the unimpeded nor the impeded incisors simply returned to control values immediately the period of unimpeded eruption ended, but showed transient changes in their lengths and eruption rates. The results confirm that eruption rates are determined by the sum of the lengths of the lower and upper incisors, rather than by their own lengths, with longer teeth erupting more slowly. Specifically, restoring the bevel to the incisors did not slow their eruption below normal impeded rates. The slowing of the eruption of the longer of two adjacent incisors was related to the length differences of the incisors in the same jaw, not to the sum of the differences in both jaws. Contact with the contralateral incisor in the opposite jaw slowed the eruption of an incisor more than contact with the ipsilateral incisor. (+info)

Pathological evaluation of the effects of intentional disocclusion and overloading occlusion in odontogenesis disorders in N-methylnitrosourea-treated hamsters. (7/1014)

This study compares the effects of disocclusion and overloading occlusion on dental lesions. Ten-day-old Syrian hamsters were divided into 4 groups: group I, untreated animals; group II, animals whose hemilateral incisors were disoccluded; group III, N-methylnitrosourea (MNU)-treated animals; and group IV, MNU-treated animals whose hemilateral incisors were disoccluded. The ipsilateral maxillary and mandibular incisors were repetitively cut with diamond discs. The hamster is easier to anesthetize. Animals received a 0.2% solution of MNU (10 mg/kg body weight) intragastrically twice a week for 16 wk. All the cut mandibular incisors and the MNU-treated uncut mandibular incisors showed lack of iron deposition on the enamel surface. The eruption rate was significantly higher in the cut disoccluded incisors of groups II and IV (p < 0.05) and significantly lower in the uncut overloaded incisors of groups II and IV (p < 0.05). In the cut mandibular incisors of group IV, the degree of the disturbance of odontogenesis and the atypical proliferation of odontogenic epithelium were more prominent (p < 0.02), and the dental lesions occurred earlier. Histologically, the disturbed Hertwig's epithelial sheath and the Hertwig's epithelial sheath-like transformed U-shaped part and enamel organ seemed to lead to disturbances of amelogenesis and detinogenesis as well as to atypical proliferation of odontogenic epithelium nests. Thus, this method of disocclusion of the incisors of rodents may represent a useful model for the investigation of the effects of various agents on tooth formation over a short experimental period. (+info)

Postnatal expression of calretinin-immunoreactivity in periodontal Ruffini endings in the rat incisor: a comparison with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-immunoreactivity. (8/1014)

The postnatal expression of immunoreactivity for calretinin, one of the calcium binding proteins, and for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, was investigated in mechanoreceptive Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisor. Age-related changes in the expression of these two proteins in periodontal nerves were further quantified with a computerized image analysis. At 1 day after birth, a few PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers and a still smaller number of calretinin-positive fibers were found in the periodontal ligament: they were thin and beaded in appearance and no specialized nerve terminals were recognized. Tree-like terminals, reminiscent of immature Ruffini endings, were recognizable in 4-day-old rats by PGP 9.5-immunohistochemistry, while calretinin-immunostaining failed to reveal these specialized endings. At postnatal 7-11 days when PGP 9.5-immunostaining could demonstrate typical Ruffini endings, calretinin-immunopositive nerve fibers merely tapered off without forming the Ruffini type endings. A small number of Ruffini endings showing calretinin-immunoreactivity began to occur in the periodontal ligament at 24-26 days after birth when the occlusion of the first molars had been established. At the functional occlusion stage (60-80 days after birth), the Ruffini endings showing calretinin-immunoreactivity drastically increased in number and density, but less so than those positive for PGP 9.5-immunoreaction. The delayed expression of calretinin suggests that the function of the periodontal Ruffini endings is established after the completion of terminal formation because Ca2+, which binds to calcium binding proteins including calretinin with high affinity, plays an important role in mechano-electric transduction. (+info)

Maxillary central incisor • Maxillary first molar • Maxillary first premolar • Maxillary lateral incisor • Maxillary second ... Mandibular central incisor • Mandibular first molar • Mandibular first premolar • Mandibular lateral incisor • Mandibular ... Shovel-shaped incisors • Sialogram • Signal • Simon Hullihen • Sinodonty and Sundadonty • Sinus-lift procedure • Smiley's Good ... Incisor • Inferior alveolar nerve • Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia • Ingestion • Inlays and onlays • Inner enamel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_oral_health_and_dental_articles

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Incisor.tv". Incisor.tv. 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2010-09-04. CS1 maint: discouraged ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMedia_Alliance

Maxillary lateral incisor 1.7% Maxillary second premolar 1.5% Mandibular central incisor 0.3% Mestrović SR, Rajić Z, Papić JS ( ... It's polymorphic variant may be associated with hypodontia such as missing lower incisors or in a more severe form of agenesis ... When moving the canine into the space of the lateral incisor, the dimensions of the canine, root position and gingival position ... In each jaw, four morphological sites were identified (incisors, canines, premolars and molars). The tooth at the end of each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodontia

The maxillary lateral incisor is the tooth located distally from both maxillary central incisors of the mouth and mesially from ... The mandibular lateral incisor is the tooth located distally from both mandibular central incisors of the mouth and mesially ... Incisors are divided further into central and lateral incisors. Among premolars and molars, there are first and second ... Though similar, there are some minor differences between the primary and permanent incisors. The maxillary central incisors are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anatomy

They have chisel-like incisor. The ricefield rat is between 304-400 mm long with a tail length of 140-200 mm and a skull length ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricefield_rat

... large incisors; bushy eyebrows, tending to meet across nose; large eye sockets, but deep-set eyes; beaked or flat nose; strong ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropological_criminology

... one with the incisor and m2; and one with the incisor, p4, m1, and m2-an isolated lower incisor, and an isolated m2. It was ... The surfaces of the incisor are very flat, but there are small, irregular striations in the enamel along the length of the ... Lagrivea was a large tree squirrel with flat lower incisors and a large, triangular fourth lower premolar (p4). Each of the ... In the mandible, the diastema (gap) between the incisors and the cheekteeth (premolars and molars) is relatively deep. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrivea

Origin: Mandible inferior to incisor teeth. Insertion: Skin of chin. The marginal mandibular nerve may be injured during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_mandibular_branch_of_the_facial_nerve

Incisors project anteriorly. The animal is known across a wide range in Africa, but is never common. They are usually taken in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudd's_mouse

An upper incisor, NMB G.a.9., and female upper molar, FSL 213981, come from Saint-Alban-de-Roche, France. A male partial face, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryopithecus

Incisor teeth must touch the dental pad. In general, Polypay ewes are able to lamb at 1 year of age, wean twins, and mature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypay

... has 5 or fewer interlocking incisors, which have longitudinal grooves. There are 4 lower incisors. The incisors ... The incisor cutting margins are smoothly ridged. Lower canines are large in adults, and post-canine teeth exist in the lower ... The anterodorsal-most tip of the premaxilla forms a rostral process, which overhangs the incisors, like in most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriognathus

Incisors display multiserial enamel. The structure of the Hunter-Schreger bands is very similar to Laonastes. The root of the ... incisor is shortened. The cheek teeth are bilophodont, displaying two transverse ridges that are each slightly curved into a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomys

"Minimally Invasive Treatment for Molar Incisor Hypomineralization". Decisions in Dentistry. Retrieved 2020-04-09. Oliveira BH, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_diammine_fluoride

It has prominent incisor teeth, which are used for burrowing. The fur is greyish, but can vary in color. It can grow to a size ... The paws are not modified like the ones of the moles; it digs with its incisor teeth instead. It is a herbivore and feeds on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_mole-rat

... they have a narrower maxillary incisor row; the distance across the palate at the first molars are narrower; there is a smaller ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapanuli_orangutan

Upper incisors curve backwards. This animal is known as වෙල් හීන් මීයා by Sinhalese people. Aplin, K.; Molur, S.; Nameer, P.O ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Indian_field_mouse

Incisors are distinctly narrow. Overall, the animal displays a mix of New World porcupine cranial characters, spiny rat cranial ... Characteristics of the premolar suggest that it belongs with the Echimyidae, but characteristics of the incisor enamel suggest ... On the systematic position of Chaetomys subspinosus (Rodentia: Caviomorpha) based on evidence from the incisor enamel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristle-spined_rat

The incisors are orange. The Ceylon spiny mouse is an endangered species known only from the following locations. Central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_spiny_mouse

The incisor process ends in three strong teeth. The molar process shows several blunt knobs. The maxillula has both laciniae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaemonella_burnsi

A lower third incisor was likely extremely reduced or absent. The incisors of Azygonyx are tall and nearly vertical. The ... The second incisor has a massive oval crown. Lower premolars have smooth enamel set in a relatively deep jaw and the third ... Azygonyx is placed in the suborder Tillodontia, an extinct group of mammals characterized by rodent-like incisors, clawed feet ... An lower first incisor has not actually been recovered, but is believed to be present due to the available space in the lower ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygonyx

Certain of the incisor teeth are pulled out. If a man retains these he will, it is thought, be killed in warfare. Among certain ... tribes the women also have incisor teeth extracted, otherwise misfortune would befall their husbands. For the same reason the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavirondo

... rear molar to incisor 90 mm (3.5 in); width across incisors 23 mm (0.91 in); height of upper canine 16 mm (0.63 in). By the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog

Rodent incisors are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. This allows for the rate of wear ... The pattern of incisors, canines, premolars and molars is found only in mammals, and to varying extents, in their evolutionary ... The incisors and cheek teeth of rabbits are called aradicular hypsodont teeth. This is sometimes referred to as an elodent ... A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth

In contrast, other even-toed ungulates, such as goats and deer, have incisors only on the lower jaw, with a horny dental pad ... For example, they have maxillary (upper) incisor teeth. ... where the upper incisors would be. Most even-toed ungulates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suina

The incisors are shallowly grooved. The snout is long and wide, the interorbital width is broad, and the zygomatic plate is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_mouse

Their upper incisors are grooved. They are 13 cm (5.1 in) long with a 2 cm (0.79 in) tail and weigh about 35 g (1.2 oz). ... The shallow-grooved upper incisors and a relatively shorter tail distinguish this species from other rodents. They have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_bog_lemming

... and the incisors were small, the molars having low crowns with rounded cusps covered in enamel. The probable course of ... Increase in width of incisors; Replacement of premolars by molars; and Increases in tooth length, crown height of molars. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent

"Inheritance of Missing Incisors". Journal of Heredity, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 333-336. 1949. "An Immigrant Conquers a Continent: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Iltis

The upper incisors are grooved. As a member of the Neotominae subfamily, the dental formula of R. raviventris is 1.0.0.31.0.0.3 ... and incisors without grooves, unlike those of the salt marsh harvest mouse. Survey data from Suisun Marsh found that the salt ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh_harvest_mouse

The types of incisor are: maxillary central incisor (upper jaw, closest to the center of the lips) maxillary lateral incisor ( ... In humans, the incisors serve to cut off pieces of food, as well as in the grip of other food items. Arrangement of incisors in ... In cats, the incisors are small; biting off meat is done with the canines and the carnassials. In elephants, the upper incisors ... The rest of the primary dentition erupts after the incisors. Apart from the first molars, the incisors are also the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor

Mandibular incisor may refer to: Mandibular central incisor Mandibular lateral incisor This disambiguation page lists articles ... associated with the title Mandibular incisor. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandibular_incisor

maxillary lateral incisor (upper jaw, beside the maxillary central incisor). *mandibular central incisor (lower jaw, closest to ... Adult humans normally have eight incisors, two of each type. The types of incisor are: *maxillary central incisor (upper jaw, ... mandibular lateral incisor (lower jaw, beside the mandibular central incisor). Children with a full set of deciduous teeth ( ... The rest of the primary dentition erupts after the incisors.[2] Apart from the first molars, the incisors are also the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisors

... the maxillary incisors cover nearly half of the mandibular incisors crowns. When the maxillary and mandibular incisors do not ... The maxillary central incisors contact each other at the midline of the face. The mandibular central incisors are the only ... It is located mesial (closer to the midline of the face) to the maxillary lateral incisor. As with all incisors, their function ... The lingual of maxillary incisors and the facial of mandibular incisors are the most common places for attrition to occur.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap-toothed

... incisor, Kaiser, Liza, miser, Mount Isa, provisor, reviser, riser, sizer, visor •aggrandizer • subsidizer •merchandiser • ... mora Source for information on incisor: Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes dictionary. ... incisor •adviser, chastiser, coryza, despiser, deviser, divisor, Dreiser, Eliza, ... incisor •adviser, chastiser, coryza, despiser, deviser, divisor, Dreiser, Eliza, incisor, Kaiser, Liza, miser, Mount Isa, ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/incisor

The overall average length of the maxillary lateral incisor is 22 mm with an average crown length of 9 … ... PERMANENT MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR by Ram Simsuangco 5918 views * Permanant Maxillary Lateral Incisor by Abhishek Solanki ... Maxillary lateral incisor * 1. MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR EXTERNAL ROOT MORPHOLOGY • The overall average length of the maxillary ... MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR  The mandibular lateral incisor is single-rooted . and is comparable in form to the mandibular ...

https://www.slideshare.net/mazendom/maxillary-lateral-incisor

Incisor definition is - a front tooth typically adapted for cutting; especially : one of the cutting teeth in mammals located ... Examples of incisor in a Sentence. Recent Examples on the Web The front incisor teeth of squirrels grow half a foot each year. ... Comments on incisor. What made you want to look up incisor? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if ... Post the Definition of incisor to Facebook Share the Definition of incisor on Twitter ...

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incisor

... The permanent central incisor usually appears in the seventh year of life and is part of the ... The central incisor teeth, or front teeth, precede the lateral incisors and start the arrangement of the teeth from the midline ... The incisors are chisel-shaped, and their sharp edges bite off relatively large pieces of food. ...

https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/permanent-central-incisor-7th-yr

incisor synonyms, incisor pronunciation, incisor translation, English dictionary definition of incisor. n. A tooth adapted for ... Lateral Incisor-Central Incisor, d) Lateral incisor- central incisor, e) Canine to Central Incisor position (4).. Bilateral ... Mandibular permanent first molar and incisor width as predictor of mandibular canine and premolar width.. Incisor Size Analysis ... Incisor - definition of incisor by The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/incisor ...

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/incisor

This is a level 50 epic frost relic. Socketed into an artifact weapon. It is looted and sold by NPCs. In the Frost Relics category. An item.

https://www.wowhead.com/item=142515/chilled-incisor

Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Right Maxillary Lateral Incisor in minutes with SmartDraw. SmartDraw ... Right Maxillary Lateral Incisor. Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Right Maxillary Lateral Incisor in minutes ... Right Maxillary Lateral Incisor. Various views of the right maxillary lateral incisor.. LifeART Collection Images Copyright © ...

https://www.smartdraw.com/dentition/examples/right-maxillary-lateral-incisor/

Upper Primary Lateral Incisor 3D Model available on Turbo Squid, the worlds leading provider of digital 3D models for ... teeth tooth baby primary milk lacteal dentition deciduous pedodontic pediatric medicine mouth molar molars incisor canine ... Primary Maxillary Lateral (second) Incisor - Right Side (D). =====, USAGE ,=====. - Orthodontics. - Medicine. - Anatomy. - ...

https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/max-primary-lateral-incisor/953575

... the balloon is inflated and the blades are extended through the slits in the housing and the device is used as an incisor. ... This configures the device as an incisor. With the incisor configuration, a distal advancement of the device will cause the ... as an incisor. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a surgical dilator tool with expandable incisors ... In light of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a surgical dilator tool with expandable incisors ...

http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US5697944

Most of the contributors to this site are fortunate enough to live in America. For this reason, nearly all of us are blessed with the ability to decide how we wish to live our own lives, what value systems we wish to adopt, and how to manifest those value systems in our own lives... Some vegetarians...

https://bigthink.com/re-the-incisor-dilemma

Find out details on the rock climbing route named Incisor, including topos, photos, user reviews, and route info such as ... Incisor - 5.10b Indecision - 5.10a Jacob - 5.10a Jenni - 5.7 Jet Arete - 5.10b Jett Sett - 5.10a Kathy - 5.10b Little Hermes - ... Incisor - 5.10b Average Rating : 5.00 out of 5 Route sequence (left to right): 0 Route Summary , Ascent Notes (1) ... Got on Incisor after seeing it a few times but being intimidated by the moves and the name. Got it with a bit of beta. ...

http://www.rockclimbing.com/routes/Australasia/Australia/Australian...itory/Canberra/Booroomba_Rocks/North_Buttress/Incisor_102583.html

... "lateral incisors". (lateral means "to the side"). Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, ... Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat teeth with ... Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need fine control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the ... The straight edges of the incisors are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor

Synonyms for incisor at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Find descriptive alternatives for ... The incisor teeth, in old age, have their characteristic signs.. There is but one incisor, but the premolar and molar series ... INCISOR. A molar, a bicuspid, a canine, and an incisor were laid in succession on the table. ... In one specimen, which is especially notable, two incisor teeth are replaced by a single tooth from a calf. ...

https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/incisor

Biology -Teeth - incisors and canines Teeth - incisors and canines The incisors at the front of the mouth are used for biting ... In humans, on either side of the incisor teeth, is one tooth. It is. slightly longer and more pointed than the incisors. ...

https://alison.com/topic/learn/25283/teeth-incisors-and-canines

Number and types of incisors. In humans. Humans normally have eight (8) incisors, two of each type. The types of incisors are: ... There are two incisors in the upper jaw and two in the lower jaw. The incisors are separated from the molars by a diastema ... The Rodent incisor. The rodent incisor is one of the evolutionary adaptations that make rodents such a successful group. ... Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla ...

https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Upper_incisors

Once the maxillary lateral incisors had been situated in the central incisor and the maxillary canines in the lateral incisor ... The maxillary lateral incisors were built up with Z100-3M resin composite to resemble central incisors. The cusps of canines ... When a lateral incisor is substituted for a missing maxillary central incisor several important steps will ensure an esthetic ... The maxillary lateral incisors were substituted. Thus the maxillary canines were substituted for lateral incisors and the first ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crid/2014/268590/

I lost a central incisor as a child having been knocked off my bike and Ive had a bridge attached to my other one ever ... I lost a central incisor as a child having been knocked off my bike and Ive had a bridge attached to my other one ever since ... Im now 30 years old and the tooth thats remaining is failing with gum recession around my remaining central incisor with a ...

http://www.cosmeticdentistryguide.co.uk/blog/my-tooth-is-failing-with-gum-recession-and-is-attached-to-my-bridge-what-are-my-options/

Jagwires Incisor cable and housing cutter slices with precision nbspnbspnbsp Made from high quality steel to provide thousands ... nbspnbspnbsp Integrated awl helps clear the way for smooth cable operation nbspnbspnbsp Adjustable grip size makes the Incisor ... Adjustable grip size makes the Incisor comfortable for all hand sizes. * Wire latch holds handles together when not in use ... Jagwires Incisor cable and housing cutter slices with precision. * Made from high quality steel to provide thousands of clean ...

https://www.jensonusa.com/Jagwire-Incisor-Cable-and-Housing-Cutter

Molar incisor hypomineralization was diagnosed in molars and incisors and the negative psychosocial implications for the ... SILVA-JUNIOR, Manoelito Ferreira; ASSIS, Rahyza Inácio Freire de and PAZINATTO, Flávia Bittencourt. Molar incisor ... Conservative restorations can provide real solutions, especially in cases of molar incisor hypomineralization in anterior teeth ... a clinical case of conservative aesthetic restorative treatment of teeth 11 and 21 in a patient diagnosed with molar incisor ...

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1981-86372016000200186&lng=en&nrm=iso/&tlng=en

... on WN Network delivers the latest Videos and Editable pages for News & Events, including ... maxillary lateral incisor (upper jaw, beside the maxillary central incisor). * mandibular central incisor (lower jaw, closest ... Adult humans normally have eight incisors, two of each type. The types of incisor are:. * maxillary central incisor (upper jaw ... Mandibular central incisor. The mandibular central incisor is the tooth located on the jaw, adjacent to the midline of the face ...

https://wn.com/Mandibular_central_incisor

The Incisor is published to keep providers updated on projects, policies and procedures, Dividends for Dentists programs and ... The Incisor, for participating member dentists and their staff. We publish The Incisor to keep you updated on projects, ... The Incisor. Northeast Delta Dental values our relationship with the dental community and our participating member dentists. We ... if you have any questions about The Incisor or its content. ...

https://nedelta.com/Providers/The-Incisor

Root resorption of maxillary lateral incisors caused by erupting canines is well known and a relatively common phenomenon. ... Tooth impaction Root resorption Canine Incisor Cone beam CT This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. ... Ericson S, Kurol J (1987) Incisor resorption caused by maxillary cuspids: a radiographic study. Angle Orthod 57:332-346PubMed ... Kook YA, Park S, Sameshima GT (2003) Peg-shaped and small lateral incisors not at higher risk for root resorption. Am J Orthod ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00784-009-0262-8

Transcript profiling of E11.5 mouse incisor dental lamina, together with protein binding microarray (PBM) analyses, allowed ... and show that it recapitulates features of endogenous Bmp4 expression in developing mandibular arch ectoderm and incisor ... which are also expressed in the developing mandibular and incisor epithelium. In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays ( ... results establish a direct molecular regulatory link between Pitx family members and Bmp4 gene expression in developing incisor ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038568

Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831) kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Chordata - chordates » class Actinopterygii - ray-finned ... Text function: Yellow Chub ([[t:156672;,em,Kyphosus incisor,/em,]]); [[t:156672;Yellow Chub]]. Reference: Yellow Chub (,a href ... World Wide Web electronic publication [http://aquatab.net] [as Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831)]. Data retrieved on: 17 January ... "https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id156672/",,em,Kyphosus incisor,/em,,/a,). ...

https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id156672/

Ma would holler til she was hoarse outside the bathroom door while the steam curled out underneath it, on account of we all knew that Davis was just running the water as an excuse to stand in front of the mirror and practice flexing his arms. He used to have to get Annie to pull a card out of a deck to decide which girl hed take to the dances at Rutherford Presbyterian. Clubs meant one of the girls from school, spades was a girl from the drugstore, hearts and diamonds I dont remember. Sometimes hed have her pull a second time if he didnt like the one he got.. Some weeks it seemed like Davis had a different date every night. He got sick of Ma giving him a curfew when he borrowed her car, so he bought his own truck with money from his summer job at the elastic band factory: an old half-ton with a bench seat and rust in the wheel wells. Anytime hed snatch his keys off their hook, Ma would ask him where he thought he was going, and hed always tell her that he was just headed out to take a ...

https://brokenpencil.com/uncategorized/incisor/

The four incisors are named (4 on each side left and right) - Maxillary Central Incisor Mandibular Central Incisor Maxillary ... Filed Under: Dental Articles Tagged With: Central Incisors, Dental Anatomy, Differences, Incisors, Lateral Incisors ... The Incisors are the first permanent teeth to erupt in the mouth, and they are the ones that lie on the front - 4 incisors in ... You are here: Home / Archives for Incisors. Differences between Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors - Eruption, ...

http://www.drchetan.com/tag/incisors

Young children may have from zero to eight incisors depending on the stage of their tooth eruption and tooth development. (wikipedia.org)
The maxillary central incisor is a human tooth in the front upper jaw, or maxilla , and is usually the most visible of all teeth in the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
The overall length of the deciduous maxillary central incisor is 16 mm on average, with the crown being 6 mm and the root being 10 mm. [9] In comparison to the permanent maxillary central incisor, the ratio of the root length to the crown length is greater in the deciduous tooth. (wikipedia.org)
In one specimen, which is especially notable, two incisor teeth are replaced by a single tooth from a calf. (thesaurus.com)
In humans, on either side of the incisor teeth, is one tooth. (alison.com)
Incisors (from Latin incidere , "to cut") are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals . (wikidoc.org)
I'm now 30 years old and the tooth that's remaining is failing with gum recession around my remaining central incisor with a dark root and it needs to be extracted. (cosmeticdentistryguide.co.uk)
The mandibular central incisor is the tooth located on the jaw , adjacent to the midline of the face . (wn.com)
The cells which moved with the erupting incisor are bipolar and oriented with their long axes parallel to the tooth surface. (springer.com)
S. S. Miraglia, K. B. Freitas, and J. H. N. Pinto, "Comparative analysis of the mesion-distal (MD) and gengivo-incisal (GI) distances of the upper central incisors with the instrument trubyte tooth indicator," Pós-Graduação Revista Odontológica , vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 13-17, 2002. (hindawi.com)
The fractured tooth will not occlude with the opposing incisor, and elongation may occur with malocclusion development. (mypetsdentist.com)
This is a RARE fossil Cave Bear offering of an incisor tooth WITH FULL ROOT, from the extinct giant Cave Bear, Ursus spelaeus of Europe. (paleodirect.com)
To assess the effect of sympathectomy on rat tooth eruption, the effect of a unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) on eruption rate of ipsi- and contralateral lower incisors was examined. (biomedsearch.com)
However, if the individual finds veneers expensive and wants an inexpensive option the individual may get the incisors filled with tooth color filling. (justanswer.com)
If the pulp of the tooth is exposed due to a chipped upper lateral incisor , the person may cover the area with temporary dental filling material till the individual can be treated by a dentist. (justanswer.com)
The cost of repairing a chipped central incisor would depend on how severe the cracks and fractures in the tooth are and what mode of treatment the individual opts for. (justanswer.com)
This study evaluated the effects of conserving the tooth in sodium fluoride and the removal of the PDL before replantation of incisors in rats. (usp.br)
In light of these controversies, this study evaluates the effects of tooth immersion in sodium fluoride and the subsequent removal of the PDL in immediate replantation of upper incisors in rats. (usp.br)
The tooth was then replanted in the socket using a pair of pliers and was splinted with 4-0 black cotton thread (Sutupack-Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson, São Paulo, SP) that passed through the groove made in the maxillary left incisor. (usp.br)
This report describes an esthetic, conservative, and economical alternative restoration technique for a fractured central incisor using the patient's own tooth crown piece and a bondable reinforcement glass fiber. (nih.gov)
Second, we demonstrate that SOX2 is required during tooth development and adult incisor renewal, since it regulates cell differentiation and dental stem cell maintenance. (helsinki.fi)
Replacing missing lateral incisors with tooth implants. (animated-teeth.com)
The right mandibular lateral incisor was missing, with the fracture line passing through its socket ( figure 1 A). Given the inability of the patient to provide reliable information and the clinical examination failing to find the tooth in adjacent tissues, it was dismissed as avulsed. (bmj.com)
The central incisor is normally the smallest tooth in the permanent dentition. (sketchfab.com)
The outline of each incisor was traced and the center of the arc formed by the lower, or labial, border of the tooth was geometrically determined. (docme.ru)
The purpose of the present study is to obtain, by means of a specially designed, computerized image analysis technique, detailed threedimensional quantitative information about the adult rat incisor as a whole and, at the same time, gain data about each of its separate constituent tissues at any given level along the tooth. (docme.ru)

Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. (wikipedia.org)
The types of incisor are: maxillary central incisor (upper jaw, closest to the center of the lips) maxillary lateral incisor (upper jaw, beside the maxillary central incisor) mandibular central incisor (lower jaw, closest to the center of the lips) mandibular lateral incisor (lower jaw, beside the mandibular central incisor) Children with a full set of deciduous teeth (primary teeth) also have eight incisors, named the same way as in permanent teeth. (wikipedia.org)
Apart from the first molars, the incisors are also the first permanent teeth to erupt, following the same order as the primary teeth, among themselves. (wikipedia.org)
Children with a full set of deciduous teeth (primary teeth) also have eight incisors, named the same way as in permanent teeth . (wikipedia.org)
Maxillary central incisors of permanent and primary teeth marked in red. (wikipedia.org)
The mandibular central incisors are the only other type of teeth to do so. (wikipedia.org)
Recent Examples on the Web The front incisor teeth of squirrels grow half a foot each year. (merriam-webster.com)
National Geographic , "Fanged mouse-deer identified after vanishing for a generation," 11 Nov. 2019 My front teeth are too long and my incisors too pointy. (merriam-webster.com)
The permanent central incisor usually appears in the seventh year of life and is part of the secondary, or permanent, teeth. (innerbody.com)
The central incisor teeth, or front teeth, precede the lateral incisors and start the arrangement of the teeth from the midline of the mouth. (innerbody.com)
in which they differ from the otter, whose ears are prominent), I noticed several varieties of seals about three yards long, with a white coat, bulldog heads, armed with teeth in both jaws, four incisors at the top and four at the bottom, and two large canine teeth in the shape of a fleur-de-lis. (thefreedictionary.com)
The incisors are the four middle teeth at the top, and the four middle teeth at the bottom. (wikipedia.org)
Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals , such as humans . (wikipedia.org)
Cats have long canine teeth and small incisors. (wikipedia.org)
The tools used are made of the incisor teeth of the paca and cavy. (thesaurus.com)
Its tusks are not large, and are shaped like the incisor teeth. (thesaurus.com)
In some cases the incisor teeth are drawn, to prevent them from biting. (thesaurus.com)
The incisor teeth, in old age, have their characteristic signs. (thesaurus.com)
an ulcer between the lips and the incisor teeth. (thesaurus.com)
Some suppose it to be placed vertically-that is, with the incisor teeth turned directly downwards. (thesaurus.com)
The incisors are separated from the molars by a diastema region, an area without any teeth. (wikidoc.org)
Due to incisal wear and malformed short maxillary central incisors and the need for root canal therapy with a major crown build-up, these teeth were extracted. (hindawi.com)
When orthodontic treatment is the choice, extraction of maxillary central incisors may provide the space to correct crowding or an increased overjet without a need for extraction of other posterior teeth [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
The aim this study is to present a clinical case of conservative aesthetic restorative treatment of teeth 11 and 21 in a patient diagnosed with molar incisor hypomineralization. (scielo.br)
Conservative restorations can provide real solutions, especially in cases of molar incisor hypomineralization in anterior teeth where the patient's psychological state should always be considered. (scielo.br)
The mandibular central incisors are usually the first teeth to appear in the mouth, typically around the age of 6-8 months. (wn.com)
The Incisors are the first permanent teeth to erupt in the mouth, and they are the ones that lie on the front - 4 incisors in the maxilla, and 4 incisors in the mandible. (drchetan.com)
In older rabbits, incisor malocclusion is often secondary to cheek teeth malocclusion. (mypetsdentist.com)
As the cheek teeth elongate, the bite opens and allows for incisor malocclusion and elongation. (mypetsdentist.com)
Incisor malocclusion may also be a result of injury to incisor teeth. (mypetsdentist.com)
Pulling incisors when there is not significant root exposure can become an ordeal and, unless it is apparent that they are bothering the dog, those teeth we just leave alone. (ngap.org)
specifically said of the incisor teeth of rodents, and the similar teeth of a few other mammals. (usf.edu)
Fairy was a lethal, whose genetic problems included the teeth, requiring routine trimming of the incisors. (guinealynx.info)
This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and its relationship with the number of primary teeth with developmental defects of enamel (DDE). (scielo.br)
The AirSim Standard with Breakout Incisor Teeth is uniquely constructed to allow realistic feedback during airway management procedures and provides true, anatomically correct and visually accurate internal features. (cpr-savers.com)
The first four teeth in the front of the mouth are referred to as incisors. (justanswer.com)
Severe pain in lateral incisors could be a symptom of a condition called pericementitis or sensitivity of teeth to applied pressure. (justanswer.com)
Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that a flexible oral appliance without incisor coverage (OAFlex) increases the irregularity of the front teeth compared with a rigid appliance with incisor coverage (OARigid) in patients treated for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). (diva-portal.org)
Conclusions The present results support the hypothesis that a flexible OA without incisor coverage increases the irregularity of the lower front teeth compared with a rigid OA with incisor coverage. (diva-portal.org)
There is a wide diversity in dental renewal capacity across species, for example, mice have continuously erupting front teeth (incisors). (helsinki.fi)
Indeed, among the anterior teeth, the incisors, and canines play different roles in mastication in humans. (frontiersin.org)
A full set of teeth is broken down into individual groups, such as incisors, canines, and molars. (healthyteeth.org)
Reassess the patient in 7-14 days, at which time pulp extirpation should be considered for incisors with closed apices, and the splint should be removed unless injuries to other teeth warrant a longer splinting duration. (jcda.ca)
Preparation of semi-rigid splint for bonding to affected teeth and (where possible) 2 teeth on either side of the avulsed incisors. (jcda.ca)
This digital smile makeover involves a case where the person is missing two upper teeth, their lateral incisors. (animated-teeth.com)
Our makeover illustrates how after orthodontic treatment has been used to widen the spaces where the lateral incisors go, full-sized replacement teeth ( dental implants with crowns ) could be placed. (animated-teeth.com)
Each jaw with a regular row of close-set, strong, incisor-like, round-tipped teeth of a peculiar hockey-stick shape, their bases set horizontally, resembling a radially striated bony plate inside mouth (Ref 52729). (sinica.edu.tw)
changes explored (Lavelle, 19681, and the incisor compared to the teeth of primates (Warshawsky et al. (docme.ru)
A subgroup of children attending two of the four schools and having all incisors and first molars erupted (N = 154) was examined for enamel defects in these teeth. (springer.com)
Figure 1 A photograph of the maxillary central incisor teeth that were discoloured from prior trauma. (issuu.com)
aesthetic consultation of her discoloured teeth as coronal leakage was implicated in the pathosis for the right maxillary central incisor and for the known underfill in the left maxillary central incisor (Fig. 2). (issuu.com)
The panoramic radiographic examination presented a large, radiolucent lesion, which extended in the anterior region of the mandible between the roots of the permanent incisor teeth, largely displacing them and preventing their eruption (Figure 1). (thefreelibrary.com)

Mandibular incisor may refer to: Mandibular central incisor Mandibular lateral incisor This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mandibular incisor. (wikipedia.org)
It is located mesial (closer to the midline of the face) to the maxillary lateral incisor . (wikipedia.org)
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Right Maxillary Lateral Incisor in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
Various views of the right maxillary lateral incisor. (smartdraw.com)
Amlani MS, Inocencio F, Hatibovic-Kofman S (2007) Lateral incisor root resorption and active orthodontic treatment in the early mixed dentition. (springer.com)
Arens DE (1995) An alternative treatment for severely resorbed maxillary lateral incisor: a sequela of ectopic eruption. (springer.com)
This patient presented with a fractured upper left lateral incisor. (dentistry.co.uk)
Conservative approach for a patient with extreme delay in maxillary lateral incisor development. (biomedsearch.com)
What can a person do if his/her upper lateral incisor gets chipped exposing the pulp? (justanswer.com)
The maxillary lateral incisor anomalies and nature of canine impactions were diagnosed from the radiographs and study models. (unboundmedicine.com)
This resulted total 88 cases for which the probabilities of different canine positions adjacent to the different categories of lateral incisor anomalies were evaluated statistically. (unboundmedicine.com)
In relation to anomalous lateral incisor, the probability of palatal canine impaction was more than the buccal canine impaction. (unboundmedicine.com)
There was no positive association between lateral incisor anomalies and maxillary canine impaction. (unboundmedicine.com)
Facial view of the restored lateral incisor implant with a porcelain fused to metal crown. (bicon.com)
The palatal maxillary canine displacement in cases of partial anodontia of the maxillary lateral incisor is potentially associated with environmental changes caused by its absence in its place of formation and eruption, which would characterize an epigenetic etiology. (figshare.com)
The lack of the maxillary lateral incisor in the canine region means removing one of the reference guides for the eruptive trajectory of the maxillary canine, which would therefore, not erupt and /or impact on the palate. (figshare.com)
Once the epigenetics and sequential condition is accepted for this clinical picture, it could be called "Maxillary Lateral Incisor Partial Anodontia Sequence. (figshare.com)
In the present case report patient was in end of early mixed dentition period and ectopically erupted lateral incisor brought back into its correct anatomical position by modified lingual arch appliance. (omicsonline.org)
Mandibular left primary lateral incisor, canine and first deciduous molar were over retained. (omicsonline.org)
Mandibular left Permanent lateral incisor was erupted lingual to the left deciduous first molar and 1st premolar was erupting buccally to the left deciduous first molar. (omicsonline.org)
Right side permanent mandibular lateral incisor, canine and first premolar were erupted in correct order ( Figure 1 ). (omicsonline.org)
Intra Oral Picture Of Mandibular Arch Showing Transposition Of Lateral Incisor In Place Of First Premolar. (omicsonline.org)
Intra oral per apical radiograph (with 73 and 74) ( Figure 3 ) and orthopentomogram ( Figure 4 ) was advised to see the position of left permanent lateral incisor, canine and first premolar. (omicsonline.org)
Intraoral examination revealed luxation and grade III mobility of the maxillary central incisors and a crown fracture in the left maxillary lateral incisor. (bmj.com)
The three-dimensional reconstruction from CT scan showing the missing right mandibular lateral incisor (A) dislocated to the right posterior nasal floor (B and C). (bmj.com)
The maxilary lateral incisor may present as a peg shape or even be missing in some patients. (sketchfab.com)

The in vitro methods used for the assessment of the severity of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) are not available for clinicians faced with questions regarding the severity in clinical cases, and the best management approach. (nih.gov)
What Is Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation? (wn.com)
Factors involved in the aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH). (springer.com)
Dietrich G, Sperling S, Hetzer G. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in a group of children and adolescents living in Dresden (Germany). (springer.com)

Distribution of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Malaysian Children Attending University Dental Clinic. (nih.gov)
Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) is a condition of hypomineralized enamel of systemic origin affecting first permanent molars and frequently permanent incisors. (nih.gov)
Molar incisor hypomineralization was diagnosed in molars and incisors and the negative psychosocial implications for the aesthetics involved were noticed. (scielo.br)
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) was described in Sweden in 1970, and the term was standardized by the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD) in 2003. (scielo.br)
To report on the prevalence, severity, defect location, and other characteristics of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). (nih.gov)
Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is common in many countries and it has a significant impact on treatment need. (springer.com)
The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in a group of Italian school children. (springer.com)

Schoolchildren aged 8 years with fully erupted permanent first molars and incisors were eligible for the study. (scielo.br)
Mejare I, Bergman E, Grindefjord M. Hypomineralized molars and incisors of unknown origin: treatment outcome at age 18 years. (springer.com)

Here, using the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model system, we report that Bmi1 is expressed by incisor stem cells and that deletion of Bmi1 resulted in fewer stem cells, perturbed gene expression and defective enamel production. (nature.com)
Hedgehog signaling regulates the generation of ameloblast progenitors in the continuously growing mouse incisor. (nature.com)
Beertsen, W.: Migration of fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor as revealed by autoradiography. (springer.com)
Sox2 is a principal marker of the epithelial stem cells that reside in the mouse incisor stem cell niche, called the labial cervical loop, but relatively little is known about the role of the Sox2 + stem cell population. (biologists.org)

Hundred and fifty four children age 7-12 year-old with mean age of 9.14 ±1.682 had their first permanent molars and permanent incisors were examined at Faculty of Dentistry, UiTM using European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry 2003 (EAPD) criteria for diagnosis of MIH. (nih.gov)
If incisor malocclusion is the only problem in young rabbits, it is likely to have a genetic origin (Verstraete, FJ et al, Dentistry in Pet Rabbits Compendium Sept 2005). (mypetsdentist.com)
Fitting a single central incisor crown is one of the toughest job in dentistry. (dentistglasgow.com)
AU - Jena,Ashok Kumar, AU - Duggal,Ritu, PY - 2010/12/31/entrez PY - 2010/12/31/pubmed PY - 2011/2/25/medline SP - 37 EP - 40 JF - The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry JO - J Clin Pediatr Dent VL - 35 IS - 1 N2 - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the probability and pattern of maxillary canine impaction in relation to anomalous adjacent lateral incisors. (unboundmedicine.com)
The following incisor problems are pictures of actual cases taken at the Academy of Equine Dentistry during wet lab sessions. (equinedentalacademy.com)

Traumatic total exarticulation of an incisor that occurred in the preceding 5 minutes. (jcda.ca)

Adult humans normally have eight incisors, two of each type. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, the incisors serve to cut off pieces of food, as well as in the grip of other food items. (wikipedia.org)
Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top. (wikipedia.org)
Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. (wikipedia.org)
Humans normally have eight (8) incisors, two of each type. (wikidoc.org)

To be performed on suitable avulsed incisors with extra-alveolar time of less than 5 minutes (to avoid reduced predictability of periodontal healing). (jcda.ca)
To be performed on suitable avulsed incisors with extra-alveolar time greater than 5 minutes. (jcda.ca)

Thus the maxillary canines were substituted for lateral incisors and the first premolars were substituted for canines. (hindawi.com)
Care should be taken to (i) parallel the roots of lateral incisors, (ii) reduce the prominence of canine root by creating a lingual torque, (iii) rotate the first premolars slightly in mesiopalatal direction, (iv) reduce palatal cusp to resemble canine [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
I am missing both top lateral incisors and both top first premolars. (identalhub.com)

The deciduous maxillary central incisor begins to undergo mineralization 14 weeks in utero, and at birth 5/6ths of the enamel is formed. (wikipedia.org)
Smith, C. E. & Warshawsky, H. Cellular renewal in the enamel organ and the odontoblast layer of the rat incisor as followed by radioautography using 3H-thymidine. (nature.com)
It consists of a specific qualitative developmental defect of enamel (DDE), clinically characterized by demarcated opacities that affect first permanent molars and occasionally involves permanent incisors. (scielo.br)
However over the last few months I have noticed that my two upper right sided incisors have had some enamel loss, which has probably happened over time and therefore they are now shorter than my left sided incisors which looks quite odd. (cosmeticdentistryguide.co.uk)
In the 1930s, Schour and Steadman (1935) attempted a three-dimensional generalized description of the rat incisor in connection with the pattern of apposition of dentin and enamel. (docme.ru)
Fourteen out of 154 children (9%), who had both incisors and molars examined, had some kind of developmental enamel defect: 11 children (7.1%) had demarcated opacities, 3 (1.9%) had diffuse opacities, and none had hypoplasia. (springer.com)

There are some minor differences between the deciduous maxillary central incisor and that of the permanent maxillary central incisor. (wikipedia.org)
In the universal system of notation , the deciduous maxillary central incisors are designated by a letter written in uppercase. (wikipedia.org)
[3] The right deciduous maxillary central incisor is known as "E", and the left one is known as "F". The permanent maxillary central incisors are designated by a number. (wikipedia.org)
Though the two are similar, there are some minor differences between the deciduous (baby) mandibular central incisor and that of the permanent mandibular central incisor. (wn.com)
The right deciduous mandibular central incisor is known as "P", and the left one is known as "O". The international notation has a different system of notation. (wn.com)

The incisors of rats, mice and other rodents never stop growing. (wikipedia.org)
Effect of unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy on mandibular incisor eruption rate in rats. (biomedsearch.com)
Mandibular incisors were extracted from Sprague Dawley rats treated for 3 months with water containing 0, 50, or 100 p.p.m. F - . Immunohistochemistry was used to localize and quantify FOXO1 expression in dental epithelial layer cells of the incisors. (fluoridealert.org)
We examined the support function, as measured by the mechanical properties, of the healing PDL at 7, 14, and 21 days after replantation of the left mandibular incisor in rats. (ovid.com)

Typically, the mandibular central incisors erupt first, followed by the maxillary central incisors, the mandibular lateral incisors and finally the maxillary laterals. (wikipedia.org)
It is mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular lateral incisors . (wn.com)

In a first experiment, the eruption rate of ipsilaterally denervated incisors was similar to that of contralaterally innervated incisors, when assessed for up to 28 days after surgery. (biomedsearch.com)
In a second experiment, under conditions of unilateral unimpeded eruption of incisors performed ipsilaterally or contralaterally to a unilateral SCGx, a significantly lower eruption rate of denervated incisors at the impeded eruption side, and a significantly higher eruption rate of denervated incisors at the unimpeded side were observed, when computed every 2 days. (biomedsearch.com)
When average daily eruption rate was computed in weekly intervals, a significant interaction between SCGx and the side of impeded or unimpeded eruption was found in a factorial ANOVA, that is, for each of the 4 weeks of examination, sympathetically denervated incisors showed lower eruption rates at the impeded eruption side, and higher eruption rates at the unimpeded side. (biomedsearch.com)
These results indicate that incisor eruption is not modified by a local sympathetic denervation unless the contralateral lower rat incisor is cut out of occlusion. (biomedsearch.com)
Trauma, solitary bone cyst and delayed eruption of permanent mandibular incisors. (thefreelibrary.com)
The main complaint was a delay in the eruption of the permanent mandibular central incisors. (thefreelibrary.com)

There was no positive association between anomalous lateral incisors and maxillary canines. (unboundmedicine.com)

Brin I, Becker A, Shalhav M (1986) Position of the maxillary permanent canine in relation to anomalous or missing lateral incisors: a population study. (springer.com)

The principal approach to resolution of such problems, especially in crowded dental arches, would be orthodontic treatment and closure of anterior space by substitution of the maxillary lateral incisors. (hindawi.com)
In the study sample, 34% had maxillary central incisors positioned between the FFA point and glabella, 59% posterior to the FFA point, and 7% anterior to glabella. (umich.edu)
Most incisor problems inhibit lateral excursion and anterior posterior (rostral/caudal) movement of the mandible creating mastication and performance deficits. (equinedentalacademy.com)

First, in this thesis we show that Sox2-expressing cells in the mature incisor labial cervical loop are heterogeneous, as only a small fraction of them expresses LGR5. (helsinki.fi)

Using local anesthetics, suture the soft tissue lacerations and splint the incisor with a semi-rigid splint. (jcda.ca)

M. WJ, and Expeririiental Medicine and Cancer Research (G.Z.), Hebrew Uniuersity-Hadassah Dental and Medical Schools, Jerusalem, Israel ABSTRACT A detailed, quantitative, three-dimensional reconstruction of the adult rat lower incisor is presented. (docme.ru)

The type of occlusion, space requirements, shape, size, and root height of lateral incisors and canines play important role in making decision between orthodontic and prosthodontic treatments after extraction of central incisors [ 3 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
In these animals, the jaw length discrepancy prevents normal incisor occlusion and wear. (mypetsdentist.com)

The rodent incisor is one of the evolutionary adaptations that make rodents such a successful group. (wikidoc.org)

Choose from 10 Incisor Root Canal Clinics in Central Singapore - find the best one for you. (whatclinic.com)
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Why is the single central incisor crown such a tricky dental procedure? (dentistglasgow.com)

This patient has decided to have his upper maxillary incisors removed following a significant dental history that includes endodontic treatment, clinical crown lengthening, full coverage restorations and trauma. (speareducation.com)

In the orthodontic approach, there are some challenges: lateral incisors usually have short and tapered crown emergence profile. (hindawi.com)
The presented case is a description of a class I malocclusion complicated by malformed maxillary central incisors with severe attrition and crowded dentition treated with a combined orthodontic-restorative approach. (hindawi.com)
The purpose of this article is to report the orthodontic treatment of a patient with extremely delayed development of the maxillary lateral incisors. (biomedsearch.com)
Objectives: To evaluate and compare the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white males with harmonious profiles and adult white male orthodontic patients. (umich.edu)
Evaluation of objective and subjective treatment outcomes in orthodontic cases treated with extraction of a mandibular incisor. (medworm.com)
Smile makeover: Missing lateral incisors, replacement with implants after orthodontic treatment. (animated-teeth.com)

There is but one incisor, but the premolar and molar series are complete. (thesaurus.com)

incisor replantation, sodium fluoride, periodontal ligament. (usp.br)
As the avulsed incisor is a functionally free graft, timely replantation and immobilization of the incisor in the alveolus is critical to periodontal ligament healing outcomes. (jcda.ca)

The maxillary central incisors contact each other at the midline of the face. (wikipedia.org)

In elephants, the upper incisors are modified into curved tusks (unlike with Narwhals, where it is a canine that develops into a straight and twisted tusk). (wikipedia.org)
Mark Jenkins, Washington Post , "In the galleries: A pictorial stew examines the seamy side along the corridors of power," 6 Mar. 2020 The creatures have tusk-like incisors , visible in the new photographs of the animals. (merriam-webster.com)
In elephants, the upper incisors are modified into curved tusks, just as is the case with Narwhals, where normally one of them develops into a straight and twisted tusk. (wikidoc.org)

There are two incisors in the upper jaw and two in the lower jaw. (wikidoc.org)

Malformed central incisors with poor prognosis could be candidates for extraction especially in crowded dental arches. (hindawi.com)
Dental extraction of the incisors offers a more permanent solution. (mypetsdentist.com)
We have all the information you need about public and private dental clinics that provide incisor root canal in Central Singapore. (whatclinic.com)
You can consult a dental Expert if you have any questions regarding incisors and their problems. (justanswer.com)
In these, the incessant production of dental tissue is driven by epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells in the proximal-most region of the incisor. (helsinki.fi)
It has been established that in the murine incisor Sox2 marks epithelial stem cells that contribute to all dental epithelial cell lineages. (helsinki.fi)
Immature incisors with open apices: there is potential for revascularization of the dental pulp. (jcda.ca)
Solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) or single central incisor is a rare dental anomaly. (unboundmedicine.com)
Radiographic (A) and clinical (B) presentation two years after dental implant insertion in the region of the left maxillary central incisor. (jmoritaeurope.de)
In mice, the incisors grow throughout the animal's life, and this continuous renewal is driven by dental epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells. (biologists.org)
Mouth breathing unbalances the physiological mechanisms of the dental surface hydration by compromising lip closure, and, very often, causing the vestibular positioning of upper incisors. (spie.org)

Arrangement of incisors in an adult human. (wikipedia.org)
Conclusions: The forehead is an important landmark for anteroposterior maxillary incisor positioning for adult white male patients seeking improved facial harmony. (umich.edu)

Before removal of the maxillary right incisor, a groove was made in the labial surface of the maxillary left incisor close to the cervical area using a carborundum disc mounted at slow speed with constant cooling. (usp.br)

Her incisors were not large, nor was her upper lip long and down-hanging, nor her lower lip protruding. (thefreedictionary.com)
This case report refers to a 12-year-old boy who suffered from malformed upper central incisors associated with severe attrition. (hindawi.com)
Upper lateral incisors were positioned palatally and canines were rotated and positioned in the high buccal area. (hindawi.com)
Extraction of upper central incisors is not common in orthodontics. (hindawi.com)
The upper incisors elongate and curl inward. (mypetsdentist.com)
What options would a person have if their upper incisors get chipped on the lower inside corner? (justanswer.com)
An individual may opt for porcelain veneers if their upper incisors get chipped on the lower corner. (justanswer.com)
The replacement of the missing upper lateral incisors. (animated-teeth.com)
The upper central incisors. (animated-teeth.com)

An FGF signaling loop sustains the generation of differentiated progeny from stem cells in mouse incisors. (nature.com)

Anatomy49

Organisms2

Diseases52

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment92

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes20

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture20

Information Science1

Health Care5

Geographicals1

Effects of maternal acetazolamide treatment on body weights and incisor development of the fetal rat. (1/1014)

A modern human pattern of dental development in lower pleistocene hominids from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain). (2/1014)

Scanning electron microscopy of the lateral cell surfaces of rat incisor ameloblasts. (3/1014)

Morphological changes in periodontal mechanoreceptors of mouse maxillary incisors after the experimental induction of anterior crossbite: a light and electron microscopic observation using immunohistochemistry for PGP 9.5. (4/1014)

Arrested eruption of the permanent lower second molar. (5/1014)

The length and eruption rates of incisor teeth in rats after one or more of them had been unimpeded. (6/1014)

Pathological evaluation of the effects of intentional disocclusion and overloading occlusion in odontogenesis disorders in N-methylnitrosourea-treated hamsters. (7/1014)

Postnatal expression of calretinin-immunoreactivity in periodontal Ruffini endings in the rat incisor: a comparison with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-immunoreactivity. (8/1014)

Maxilla

Tooth Crown

Tooth Movement

Mandible

Tooth Eruption

Cuspid

Ameloblasts

Dental Enamel

Molar

Tooth Avulsion

Dental Models

Odontometry

Anodontia

Tooth Root

Tooth Abnormalities

Tooth Apex

Root Resorption

Cephalometry

Malocclusion

Tooth Fractures

Root Canal Therapy

Orthodontic Wires

Bicuspid

Dental Arch

Tooth, Unerupted

Tooth, Supernumerary

Orthodontics, Corrective

Tooth

Odontogenesis

Dentin

Tooth Replantation

Photography, Dental

Orthodontic Appliance Design

Tooth, Deciduous

Amelogenesis

Malocclusion, Angle Class II

Tooth, Impacted

Dental Pulp Necrosis

Dental Pulp

Tooth Extraction

Fused Teeth

Dentition, Permanent

Tooth Injuries

Tooth Eruption, Ectopic

Odontoblasts

Alveolar Process

Orthodontic Extrusion

Dental Pulp Cavity

Dental Occlusion

Orthodontic Space Closure

Post and Core Technique

Malocclusion, Angle Class I

Enamel Organ

Vertical Dimension

Periodontal Ligament

Tooth, Nonvital

Dens in Dente

Tooth Cervix

Dentition, Mixed

Radiography, Panoramic

Dental Stress Analysis

Dental Enamel Hypoplasia

Tooth Calcification

Tooth Germ

Crowns

Esthetics, Dental

Orthodontic Brackets

Tooth Mobility

Jaw Relation Record

Orthodontic Appliances, Removable

Serial Extraction

Dental Prosthesis Design

Chin

Pulpotomy

Overbite

Bite Force

Lip

Dental Pulp Exposure

Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures

Orthodontic Retainers