In situ nick end labeling. Medical search

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.

A protein of the annexin family isolated from human PLACENTA and other tissues. It inhibits cytosolic PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, and displays anticoagulant activity.

A technique that labels specific sequences in whole chromosomes by in situ DNA chain elongation or PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Interruptions in one of the strands of the sugar-phosphate backbone of double-stranded DNA.

Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both EC 6.5.1.1 (ATP) and EC 6.5.1.2 (NAD).

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Endogenous and exogenous compounds and that either inhibit CASPASES or prevent their activation.

Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.

A non-template-directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. It catalyzes the elongation of oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains and is widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. EC 2.7.7.31.

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

Glycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus used as a fluorescent stain of DNA and as an antineoplastic agent.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A group of enzymes catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA. They include members of EC 3.1.21.-, EC 3.1.22.-, EC 3.1.23.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), EC 3.1.24.- (DNA RESTRICTION ENZYMES), and EC 3.1.25.-.

Transplantation between animals of different species.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

A member of the bcl-2 protein family that plays a role in the regulation of APOPTOSIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the BCL2L1 mRNA and are referred to as Bcl-XS and Bcl-XL.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end processing referred to as POLYADENYLATION includes the addition of POLY A.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

Any of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a fragment of DNA formed by a process of looping out and deletion, containing a constant region of the mu heavy chain and the 3'-part of the mu switch region. Circular DNA is a normal product of rearrangement among gene segments encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, as well as the T-cell receptor. (Riger et al., Glossary of Genetics, 5th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A surgical procedure to correct MYOPIA by CORNEAL STROMA subtraction. It involves the use of a microkeratome to make a lamellar dissection of the CORNEA creating a flap with intact CORNEAL EPITHELIUM. After the flap is lifted, the underlying midstroma is reshaped with an EXCIMER LASER and the flap is returned to its original position.

Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

Damage to the MYOCARDIUM resulting from MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION (restoration of blood flow to ischemic areas of the HEART.) Reperfusion takes place when there is spontaneous thrombolysis, THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY, collateral flow from other coronary vascular beds, or reversal of vasospasm.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.

Specialized PHOTOTRANSDUCTION neurons in the vertebrates, such as the RETINAL ROD CELLS and the RETINAL CONE CELLS. Non-visual photoreceptor neurons have been reported in the deep brain, the PINEAL GLAND and organs of the circadian system.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

A long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. It plays a role in INFLAMMATION by catalytically converting the inactive forms of CYTOKINES such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. Caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ICE.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A multi-domain mitochondrial membrane protein and member of the bcl-2 Protein family. Bak protein interacts with TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and promotes APOPTOSIS.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

Quaternary salts derived from tetrazoles. They are used in tests to distinguish between reducing sugars and simple aldehydes, for detection of dehydrogenase in tissues, cells, and bacteria, for determination of corticosteroids, and in color photography. (From Mall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed, p455)

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.

Products derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of GLUCOSE and PROTEINS in vivo that exhibit a yellow-brown pigmentation and an ability to participate in protein-protein cross-linking. These substances are involved in biological processes relating to protein turnover and it is believed that their excessive accumulation contributes to the chronic complications of DIABETES MELLITUS.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.

Circular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. DNA Topoisomerases, Type I enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing the superhelical turns and knotted rings in the DNA helix.

Fas and Fas ligand interaction induces apoptosis in inflammatory myopathies: CD4+ T cells cause muscle cell injury directly in polymyositis. (1/5854)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of the Fas/Fas ligand (Fas/FasL) system in the inflammatory myopathies. METHODS: Frozen muscle sections obtained from 7 patients with polymyositis (PM), 4 patients with dermatomyositis (DM), and 3 controls were studied by immunochemistry. Apoptosis was detected by DNA electrophoresis and in situ labeling using the TUNEL method. RESULTS: Fas was detected on muscle fibers and infiltrating mononuclear cells (MNC) in 6 PM patients and 2 DM patients. FasL was expressed mainly on CD4+ T cells and some CD8+ T cells, and on macrophages surrounding Fas-positive muscles in 4 PM patients and 1 DM patient. In 3 of the 5 patients with FasL-positive MNC, the TUNEL method showed that both invaded myonuclei and MNC underwent apoptosis. Chromosomal DNA from the muscle tissue of these patients showed ladder formation. CONCLUSION: Fas/FasL is involved in muscle cell apoptosis in at least 2 of the inflammatory myopathies, PM and DM. Although CD8+-mediated cytotoxicity is thought to be the main mechanism of muscle injury in PM, our data suggest that CD4+ T cells also directly cause muscle cell damage. (+info)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces Mdm2 and down-regulates p53, attenuating the myocyte renin-angiotensin system and stretch-mediated apoptosis. (2/5854)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 inhibits apoptosis, but its mechanism is unknown. Myocyte stretching activates p53 and p53-dependent genes, leading to the formation of angiotensin II (Ang II) and apoptosis. Therefore, this in vitro system was used to determine whether IGF-1 interfered with p53 function and the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS), decreasing stretch-induced cell death. A single dose of 200 ng/ml IGF-1 at the time of stretching decreased myocyte apoptosis 43% and 61% at 6 and 20 hours. Ang II concentration was reduced 52% at 20 hours. Additionally, p53 DNA binding to angiotensinogen (Aogen), AT1 receptor, and Bax was markedly down-regulated by IGF-1 via the induction of Mdm2 and the formation of Mdm2-p53 complexes. Concurrently, the quantity of p53, Aogen, renin, AT1 receptor, and Bax was reduced in stretched myocytes exposed to IGF-1. Conversely, Bcl-2 and the Bcl-2-to-Bax protein ratio increased. The effects of IGF-1 on cell death, Ang II synthesis, and Bax protein were the consequence of Mdm2-induced down-regulation of p53 function. In conclusion, the anti-apoptotic impact of IGF-1 on stretched myocytes was mediated by its capacity to depress p53 transcriptional activity, which limited Ang II formation and attenuated the susceptibility of myocytes to trigger their endogenous cell death pathway. (+info)

p53- and ATM-dependent apoptosis induced by telomeres lacking TRF2. (3/5854)

Although broken chromosomes can induce apoptosis, natural chromosome ends (telomeres) do not trigger this response. It is shown that this suppression of apoptosis involves the telomeric-repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2). Inhibition of TRF2 resulted in apoptosis in a subset of mammalian cell types. The response was mediated by p53 and the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) kinase, consistent with activation of a DNA damage checkpoint. Apoptosis was not due to rupture of dicentric chromosomes formed by end-to-end fusion, indicating that telomeres lacking TRF2 directly signal apoptosis, possibly because they resemble damaged DNA. Thus, in some cells, telomere shortening may signal cell death rather than senescence. (+info)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters cardiovascular and craniofacial development and function in sac fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (4/5854)

Hallmark signs of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in rainbow trout sac fry, are yolk sac edema, hemorrhage, craniofacial malformation, and growth retardation culminating in mortality. Our objective was to determine the role of cardiovascular dysfunction in the development of this toxicity. An embryotoxic TCDD dose (385 pg/g egg) caused a progressive reduction in blood flow in rainbow trout sac fry manifested first and most dramatically in the 1st and 2nd branchial arches and vessels perfusing the lower jaw. Blood flow was reduced later in the infraorbital artery and occipital vein of the head as well as segmental vessels and caudal vein of the trunk. Reduced perfusion occurred last in gill branchial arteries involved with oxygen uptake and the subintestinal vein and vitelline vein involved with nutrient uptake. Although heart rate throughout sac fry development was not affected, heart size at 50 days post-fertilization (dpf) was reduced far more than body weight or length, suggesting that the progressive circulatory failure caused by TCDD is associated with reduced cardiac output. Craniofacial development was arrested near hatch, giving rise to craniofacial malformations in which the jaws and anterior nasal structures were underdeveloped. Unlike the medaka embryo, in which TCDD causes apoptosis in the medial yolk vein, endothelial cell death was not observed in rainbow trout sac fry. These findings suggest a primary role for arrested heart development and reduced perfusion of tissues with blood in the early-life stage toxicity of TCDD in trout. (+info)

Disrupted retinal development in the embryonic belly spot and tail mutant mouse. (5/5854)

The Belly spot and tail (Bst) semidominant mutation, mapped to mouse Chromosome 16, leads to developmental defects of the eye, skeleton, and coat pigmentation. In the eye, the mutant phenotype is characterized by the presence of retinal colobomas, a paucity of retinal ganglion cells, and axon misrouting. The severity of defects in the Bst/+ retina is variable among individuals and is often asymmetric. In order to determine the role of the Bst locus during retinal morphogenesis, we searched for the earliest observable defects in the developing eye. We examined the retinas of Bst/+ and +/+ littermates from embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) through E13.5 and measured retinal size, cell density, cell death, mitotic index, and cell birth index. We have found that development of the Bst/+ retina is notably dilatory by as early as E10.5. The affected retinas are smaller than their wildtype counterparts, and optic fissure fusion is delayed. In the mutant, there is a marked lag in the exit of retinal cells from the mitotic cycle, even though there are no observable differences in the rate of cellular proliferation or cell death between the two groups. We hypothesize that Bst regulates retinal cell differentiation and that variability of structural defects in the mutant, such as those affecting optic fissure fusion, is a reflection of the extent of developmental delay brought about by the Bst mutation. (+info)

Pulsatile shear stress leads to DNA fragmentation in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. (6/5854)

1. Using an in vitro model of shear stress-induced cell injury we demonstrate that application of shear to differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells leads to cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation. Controlled shear stress was applied to cells via a modified cone and plate viscometer. 2. We show that pulsatile shear stress leads to DNA fragmentation, as determined via flow cytometry of fluorescein-12-dUTP nick-end labelled cells, in 45 +/- 4 % of cells. No lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was observed immediately after injury; however, 24 h after injury significant LDH release was observed. 3. Nitric oxide production by cells subjected to pulsatile shear increased two- to threefold over that in unsheared control cells. 4. Inhibition of protein synthesis, nitric oxide production, Ca2+ entry into cells, and pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein activation attenuated the shear stress-induced cell injury. 5. Our results show for the first time that application of pulsatile shear stress to a neuron-like cell in vitro leads to nitric oxide-dependent cell death. (+info)

Ectopic bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 4 in the chicken forebrain lead to cyclopia and holoprosencephaly. (7/5854)

Proper dorsal-ventral patterning in the developing central nervous system requires signals from both the dorsal and ventral portions of the neural tube. Data from multiple studies have demonstrated that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and Sonic hedgehog protein are secreted factors that regulate dorsal and ventral specification, respectively, within the caudal neural tube. In the developing rostral central nervous system Sonic hedgehog protein also participates in ventral regionalization; however, the roles of BMPs in the developing brain are less clear. We hypothesized that BMPs also play a role in dorsal specification of the vertebrate forebrain. To test our hypothesis we implanted beads soaked in recombinant BMP5 or BMP4 into the neural tube of the chicken forebrain. Experimental embryos showed a loss of the basal telencephalon that resulted in holoprosencephaly (a single cerebral hemisphere), cyclopia (a single midline eye), and loss of ventral midline structures. In situ hybridization using a panel of probes to genes expressed in the dorsal and ventral forebrain revealed the loss of ventral markers with the maintenance of dorsal markers. Furthermore, we found that the loss of the basal telencephalon was the result of excessive cell death and not a change in cell fates. These data provide evidence that BMP signaling participates in dorsal-ventral patterning of the developing brain in vivo, and disturbances in dorsal-ventral signaling result in specific malformations of the forebrain. (+info)

N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonists and apoptotic cell death triggered by head trauma in developing rat brain. (8/5854)

Morbidity and mortality from head trauma is highest among children. No animal model mimicking traumatic brain injury in children has yet been established, and the mechanisms of neuronal degeneration after traumatic injury to the developing brain are not understood. In infant rats subjected to percussion head trauma, two types of brain damage could be characterized. The first type or primary damage evolved within 4 hr and occurred by an excitotoxic mechanism. The second type or secondary damage evolved within 6-24 hr and occurred by an apoptotic mechanism. Primary damage remained localized to the parietal cortex at the site of impact. Secondary damage affected distant sites such as the cingulate/retrosplenial cortex, subiculum, frontal cortex, thalamus and striatum. Secondary apoptotic damage was more severe than primary excitotoxic damage. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonate and dizocilpine protected against primary excitotoxic damage but increased severity of secondary apoptotic damage. 2-Sulfo-alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone, a free radical scavenger, did not affect primary excitotoxic damage but mitigated apoptotic damage. These observations demonstrate that apoptosis and not excitotoxicity determine neuropathologic outcome after traumatic injury to the developing brain. Whereas free radical scavengers may prove useful in therapy of head trauma in children, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists should be avoided because of their propensity to increase severity of apoptotic damage. (+info)

... comparison between sperm chromatin dispersion test and terminal uridine nick-end labeling assay". Fertil. Steril. 94 (3): 1027- ... "Presence of DNA strand breaks and increased sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation in abnormal human sperm cells. Analogy ... Williamson, Robert (1970). "Properties of rapidly labelled deoxyribonucleic acid fragments isolated from the cytoplasm of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_fragmentation

At the end of the assay the tissue samples are visualized under a fluorescence microscope such as the confocal fluorescence ... It uses combinatorial labeling, followed by imaging, and then error-resistant encoding to capture a high number of RNA ... Tagging can be done in various ways, such as nick translation, or polymerase chain reaction using tagged nucleotides. Then, an ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fluorescent+in+Situ+Hybridization at the US National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

... end labeling - endonuclease - enhancer - enzyme - epitope - ethidium bromide - evolutionary clock - evolutionary footprinting ... nick (DNA) - nick translation - Niemann-Pick disease, type C - non-coding DNA - non-coding strand - non-directiveness - ... in situ hybridization - in vitro translation - inducer - inherited - initiation codon - insert - insertion - insertion sequence ... Contents: Top 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 2010107G12Rik - 3' end - 3' flanking region- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles

"In Situ" was released on April 17, 2012. "Take Down" was licensed as the back-end cue for the Spartacus: War of the Damned ... Corner Stone Cues (CSC) is a label and music production house based in Los Angeles. It is best known for debut release and ... with engineering team Nick Wollage and Olga Fitzroy. "Ten Years Kashmir Mvt II" was placed for use in the following: the John ... Sultana Madokara Mieru Eton Path Mojave Black Widow Demons World's End Night Terrors Saw Blade Frigga Seraphim Laudate Gloriana ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_Stone_Cues

Towards the end of 2005, she performed in the French version of "The Vagina Monologues" In 2006 her third album, L'eau (Water ... After a six-title CD (edited by Madame Suzie), she released an album entitled "Jeanne Cherhal" with the independent label Tôt ... In February 2008, inspired by "the famous text message", she placed a previously unheard track on her MySpace page: "Si tu ... directed by Nicolas Hengel, nominated at the Cannes Film Festival Others 2001: Jeanne Cherhal (CD - 6 tracks, Madame Suzie. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Cherhal

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) is a method for detecting DNA fragmentation by labeling ... Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA (1992). "Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear ... Their early in situ detection by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assays and prevention by serine ... "In situ apoptotic cell labeling by the TUNEL method: improvement and evaluation on cell preparations". J Histochem Cytochem. 44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUNEL_assay

Darzynkiewicz is also recognized for developing the TUNEL assay (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling ... Detection of DNA strand breaks in individual apoptotic cells by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick ... "Methods for labeling DNA ends with halogenated nucleotides and detecting same with antibodies", issued 1999-06-15 US6417343B1, ... Presence of DNA strand breaks and increased sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation in abnormal human sperm cells: Analogy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbyszek_Darzynkiewicz

Digoxigenin can be used as a molecular probe to detect mRNA in situ and label DNA, RNA, and oligonucleotides. It can easily be ... The fruit is a conical capsule with a blunt end topped by a short beak. The seeds which develop within are quadrangular or ... Peter Harris; Sue Nagy; Nicholas Vardaxis (22 August 2018). Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions - ... DIG molecules are often linked to nucleotides; DIG-labelled uridine can then be incorporated into RNA via in vitro ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalis_lanata

DNA regions of interest are observed by hybridising them with probes labelled by haptens like biotin; this can then be bound by ... Michalet, Xavier; Ekong, Rosemary; Fougerousse, FrançOise; Rousseaux, Sophie; Schurra, Catherine; Hornigold, Nick; Slegtenhorst ... The ends of DNA strands, which are thought to be frayed (i.e. open and exposing polar groups) bind to ionisable groups coating ... of uniformly stretched DNA that is then highly suitable for nucleic acid hybridization studies such as fluorescent in situ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_combing

... ending with an urge to use the label 'clean energy' more sparingly. In addition to writing about scientific results, Bernhardt ... "Emily Bernhardt , Nicholas School". nicholas.duke.edu. Retrieved January 31, 2019. "Emily Bernhardt's "Being Kind" featured in ... Bernhardt and colleagues have leveraged a network of in situ sensors and created a database for hosting open-access stream ... She encourages everyone to counteract implicit biases by being kind to everyone with whom we interact, ending the essay with an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Bernhardt

... (fluorescent in-situ hybridization) is a cytogenetic technique to quantify the copy number of RNA or specific ... at the distal ends of chromosomes in human white blood cells, and a semi-automated method for doing so was published in Nature ... sequence labeled with a fluorescin fluorophore to stain telomeric repeats on prepared metaphase spreads of cells that have been ... Nicolas (October 2017). "Multiparametric characterization of rare HIV-infected cells using an RNA-flow FISH technique". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow-FISH

Label moulds frame the top of the ground floor window openings. The first floor has smaller single sash windows, most directly ... A water storage cistern dating from the 1790s remains in situ and the foundations of a c. 1800 mill and bakery owned by John ... By about 1910, the building's role as a horse stables and staff accommodation was ending due to the increasing use of motor ... composition Nicholas Milton, conductor Sam Moran, former member of The Wiggles James Morrison, trumpeter Kim Moyes, band member ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Conservatorium_of_Music

2012) "Labeling of DNA Probes by Nick Translation". Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Park, K; Kim, J; Lim, S; Han, S; ... SISH uses a similar method as CISH, but a silver precipitate is the end product rather than a brown product. In this method, a ... Probe labelling can be carried out by using either random priming or nick translation to incorporate biotin or digoxigenin. For ... can be performed using direct labelling-fluorochromes are attached to the probes-or indirect labelling-the probes are labelled ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogenic_in_situ_hybridization

The resulting 135 bp library molecules are size-selected and nick translated. Lastly, amplify the 135 bp paired end-tag library ... Differentially labeled nonamers: 5' Cy5‐NNNNNNNNT 5' Cy3‐NNNNNNNNA 5' TexasRed‐NNNNNNNNC 5' 6FAM‐NNNNNNNNG The fluorophore- ... Methods were developed in 2003 to sequence in situ polonies using single-base extension which could achieve 5-6 bases reads. By ... The end repair treatment converts any damaged or incompatible protruding ends of DNA to 5'-phosphorylated and blunt-ended DNA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polony_sequencing

All such releases were issued on the Pye record label. In 2001 Ball was part of the recording of an album on the Decca label. ... 2 at the end of 1961 on the UK Singles Chart, and in March 1962 on the Hot 100, with "Midnight in Moscow" (Pye 7NJ.2049 - ... The line-up changed greatly over the years, but the following personnel were in situ when the musical ensemble was at its ... Nick Millward (drums) Syd Appleton (sound technician and tour manager) Invitation to the Ball - Pye Records - 1960 Kenny Ball ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Ball

Lydia Manton was the petite amie of a certain young prince, and that, too, quite recently." It was labelled "a scandal of the ... Hélène travelled personally to intercede with Pope Leo XIII, but he confirmed her father's verdict, and the courtship ended. ... she married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, another of Albert Victor's cousins. After her proposed match with Alix fell through, ... almost impossible to see properly in situ) lies above the tomb. Kneeling over him is an angel, holding a heavenly crown. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale

In 1999, Anggun ended her seven-year marriage to Michel Georgea; this inspired her to record another studio album. Her second ... François Moity and Nicolas Yvan-Mingot compiled, rearranged, and recorded every soundtracks that played at the concert into an ... "Satu Lagi Label Skincare Luks Asal Swiss yang Hadir di Indonesia, Niance". harpersbazaar.co.id (in Indonesian). 12 August 2022 ... "Crazy" was released as the lead single from the album, with its French and Indonesian versions, "Si tu l'avoues" and "Jadi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggun

"Label-Free in Situ Discrimination of Live and Dead Bacteria by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering". Analytical Chemistry. 87 (13 ... Fang, Nicholas; Lee, Hyesog; Sun, Cheng; Zhang, Xiang (2005-04-22). "Sub-Diffraction-Limited Optical Imaging with a Silver ... In propagating surface plasmons, the surface plasmon propagates back and forth between the ends of the structure. Propagating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localized_surface_plasmon

The detection can be achieved by using a combination of ultraView SISH(silver in-situ hybridization) and ultraView Red ISH for ... Wilcken, Nicholas (2014). Tovey, David (ed.). "Treating metastatic breast cancer: The evidence for targeted therapy". The ... that litigation ended in 2016, and Biocon and Mylan each introduced their own branded biosimilars. Trastuzumab costs about US$ ... deposition of distinct chromgenic precipitates at the site of DNP or DIG labeled probes. The recommended assays are a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastuzumab

In 1964, he groomed 17-year-old Eurovision-winning singer, France Gall.[citation needed] At the end of that year, François ... These women became known as "Les Flêchettes" (named after "Flèche", the production label he owned) and then "Les Clodettes". He ... Jean-Pierre Bourtayre/Nicolas Skorsky/Claude François) "Le mal aimé" ("Daydreamer", Terry Dempsey/Eddy Marnay) "La musique ... " ("Trains and Boats and Planes", Burt Bacharach/Hal David/Claude François/Vline Buggy) "Même si tu revenais" (Bernard Kesslair ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_François

ENDS) and other sources of nicotine: Tobacco Control in the Era of ENDS". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 67 (6): 449-471 ... Sridi, Nicolas (10 July 2013). "I was sure that the electronic cigarette would be welcomed with open arms". Sciences et Avenir ... labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered ... "Tracing the composition of single e-cigarette aerosol droplets in situ by laser-trapping and Raman scattering". Scientific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette

He ended the season with a 7-7 record in 18 starts, compiling an ERA of 3.26 and a WHIP of 1.21 with 107 strikeouts. Once again ... Cafardo, Nick (May 14, 2008). "Buchholz to DL". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved ... In March 2011, he partnered with Charity Wines to release his own wine label under the Longball Cellars brand. Proceeds from ... "2016 Major League Baseball Baserunning/Situ". Baseball-Reference. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Buchholz

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) involves fluorescent labeling of probes that bind to specific DNA sequences, used for ... Ammonia is an end product of amino acid metabolism and is converted in the liver to urea through a series of enzymatic ... Wade, Nicholas (19 March 2015). "Scientists Seek Ban on Method of Editing the Human Genome". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March ... Chromosome painting is a technique that uses fluorescent probes specific for each chromosome to differentially label each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics

Subsequently Pascal was dropped from the label without releasing a full length studio album. Since 1981, Pascal has remained ... Pascal had a child, Nicholas Johnson, with actor Richard Keith Johnson. On 4 December 2010, she joined Rolling Stones guitarist ... As I Am Autobiography Information, Published by Pegasus Elliot McKenzie 2012 Simon Sheridan Keeping the British End Up: Four ... she moved to France where she starred in such films as Et si tu n'en Veux Pas (1974) and Les Raisins de la Mort (1978), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Françoise_Pascal

By the end of the Archaic period the styles of black-figure pottery, red-figure pottery and the white ground technique had ... Diffusion of the style is detailed in John Nicolas Coldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery: A Survey of Ten Local Styles and Their ... a few do illustrate their own use or are labeled with their original names, others are the result of early archaeologists ... or by collecting it in situ from illitic clay beds following rain periods. Recent studies have shown that some trace elements ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece

Nicholas Wade (September 8, 2005). "Researchers Say Human Brain Is Still Evolving". The New York Times. Mekel-Bobrov N, Gilbert ... obtained BAC clones with BamHI digestion fragments of the "RP11-32D17" insert and used Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH ... in order to label the clones with fluorescein-12-dUTP. In order to precisely locate the translocation breakpoint, the BamHI ... where its expression was relatively high at the peak of neurogenesis and much lower at the end of neurogenesis. Additionally, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPM_(gene)

Drake, Henrik; Roberts, Nick M. W.; Heim, Christine; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Siljeström, Sandra; Kooijman, Ellen; Broman, Curt; ... His stature and influence were international." Harvard biologist Stephen Jay Gould labeled Gold as "one of America's most ... Possessing profound scientific intuition and open-minded rigour, he usually ended up challenging the cherished assumptions of ... a study of gases and secondary carbonate minerals revealed that long-term microbial methanogenesis has occurred in situ deep ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gold

Ward, Nicholas D.; Bianchi, Thomas S.; Medeiros, Patricia M.; Seidel, Michael; Richey, Jeffrey E.; Keil, Richard G.; Sawakuchi ... The AR5 (Fifth Assessment Report) of the IPCC creates an overview of the available literature on a topic, and labels the topic ... The advantage of using surface salinity is that it is well documented in the last 50 years, for example with in-situ ... In other words: "both ends of Africa's weather extremes will get more severe". Between 1994 and 2006, satellite observations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle

The photons that were scattered by the sample were collected through an optical flat at the end of the tube. To maximize the ... Lee, Joonhee; Tallarida, Nicholas; Chen, Xing; Jensen, Lasse; Apkarian, V. Ara (June 2018). "Microscopy with a single-molecule ... Raman spectroscopy has also been used as a noninvasive technique for real-time, in situ biochemical characterization of wounds ... Raman reporter molecules with olefin or alkyne moieties are being developed for tissue imaging with SERS-labeled antibodies. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy

... eyeball label) ILPS 9104 - Free: Free, 1969 (white i label) ILPS 9105 - Nick Drake: Five Leaves Left, 1969 (black block label) ... had been chosen after the first series ended at number 299 and 300 ff. had been used for the Sue label (see above). WI 3000 - ... Morrison" WIP-6064 - Fairport Convention: "Si Tu Dois Partir" b/w "Genesis Hall", 7/1969 (UK #21, July 1969) WIP-6066 - Hard ... pink label) ILPS 9133 - John and Beverley Martyn: The Road to Ruin, 1970 (pink label) ILPS 9134 - Nick Drake: Bryter Layter, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records_discography

At war's end, many of the Poles were transported to, and stayed in, camps in the United Kingdom. In order to ease their ... Nick Wadley, 'The Paintings of Franciszka Themerson', in 'F&S Themerson', bi-lingual exhibition catalogue, Muzeum Sztuki, Łódź ... under the label Polonia UK), founded in Edinburgh in 1944 by Kapt. Józef Olechnowicz, brought to New Oxford Street, London in ... the Polish Underground State in situ and the Polish Underground Army in occupied Poland, and the maintenance of international ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_the_United_Kingdom

Rapley J, Nicolas M, Groen A, Regue L, Bertran MT, Caelles C, Avruch J, Roig J (2008). "The NIMA-family kinase Nek6 ... "Phase II, open label study of SB-715992 (ispinesib) in subjects with advanced or metastatic breast cancer". 94 (28th Annual San ... Sawin KE, LeGuellec K, Philippe M, Mitchison TJ (October 1992). "Mitotic spindle organization by a plus-end-directed ... "Localization of the human kinesin-related gene to band 10q24 by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics. 13 (4): 1371-2. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesin-like_protein_KIF11

At the other end of the old cardo and current Grande Rue, is the Sainte-Madeleine church built from 1746 to 1766 on plans by ... Among them, the domus of the Palace of Justice and the domus of the Lumière college with Roman mosaic exhibited in situ at the ... The Notre-Dame-du-Foyer chapel, built from 1739 to 1745 by the Bisontin Nicolas Nicole, was once the chapel of the Couvent du ... Thanks to its rich historical and cultural heritage and its unique architecture, Besançon has been labeled a "Town of Art and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besançon

By the end of his stint in December 1968, he was overseeing the work of 175 others. As a result of his experience there, Romney ... Fandos, Nicholas (February 5, 2020). "Trump Acquitted of Two Impeachment Charges in Near Party-Line Vote". The New York Times. ... Huckabee and McCain criticized Romney's image as a flip-flopper and this label stuck to Romney through the campaign (one that ... Ann Romney's multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her late 2008 diagnosis of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney

Stott labels aluminium as a weak metal. It has the physical properties of a metal but some of the chemical properties of a ... by M Nic, J Jirat & B Kosata, with updates compiled by A Jenkins, ISBN 0-9678550-9-8, doi:10.1351/goldbook James M, Stokes R, ... High-Performance Germanium Nanowire-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes Extending over 1000 Cycles Through in Situ Formation of a ... electrical conductivity values at the lower end of those of metals, and amphoteric (weakly basic) oxides. "Semimetal" sometimes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloid

Pope Nicholas V set aside part of the Vatican grounds in 1447, for a garden of medicinal plants that were used to promote the ... At the end of the 18th century, Kew, under the directorship of Sir Joseph Banks, enjoyed a golden age of plant hunting, sending ... Typically plants are labelled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other ... Many gardens hold ex situ conservation collections that preserve genetic variation. These may be held as seeds dried and stored ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden

In many churches the eastern end has been rebuilt in a later style. Of England's Norman cathedrals, no eastern end remains ... One of a series of prophets that are the oldest stained glass windows in situ. Two panels of lively figures, Seth and Adam from ... The scope of Romanesque architecture Saint Nicholas Rotunda in Cieszyn, Poland Romanesque house in Poreč, Croatia The Civic ... In 1824 Gerville's friend Arcisse de Caumont adopted the label "roman" to describe the "degraded" European architecture from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture

One end of this chain was fastened to the Tower of Eugenius, in the modern suburb of Sirkeci, and the other in Galata, to a ... Nicholas Kanabos, which in 1597-1601 served as the cathedral of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Further down the coast was the ... In Buondelmonti's map, it is labelled Porta Piscaria, on account of the fishmarket that used to be held there, a name that has ... according to the Byzantine chroniclers and three inscriptions found in situ. It is at this date that the majority of scholars ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople

"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982" (PDF). " ... The end product below 0.8% carbon content is a pearlite-αFe mixture, and that above 0.8% carbon content is a pearlite-cementite ... https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198907761 Nicholas A. Barnes, Stephen M.Godfrey, Nicholas Ho, Charles A.McAuliffe, Robin G. ... "Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene using novel unsupported FeMoS catalysts prepared by in-situ activation from Fe (III)- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron

Apparently the park ends where military jurisdiction begins; after all, the best governmental agency to manage a naval base is ... De situ orbis. Vol. 2.7.12. Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 4.20.21. Stadiasmus Maris Magni 318. Smith, William, ed. (1854-1857 ... The eastern cape is always shown and is always labeled C. or Cauo Sal., Salmo, Sam. or such, even centuries after the Ptolemaic ... In another nearly 100 years the renowned "King's Geographer" of France, Nicolas Sanson, publishes his Ptolemaic map, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Sideros

The motion of the flagella sucks water through passages in the "cobweb" and expels it via the open ends of the bell-shaped ... Yahel G, Whitney F, Reiswig HM, Eerkes-Medrano DI, Leys SP (2007). "In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges ( ... doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00792.x. Butterfield NJ, Nicholas CJ (1996). "Burgess Shale-type preservation of both non- ... labeled Archaeata or Inferibionta. Since the 1990s archaeocyathids have been regarded as a distinctive group of sponges. = skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge

At the western end, surviving stone fragments of the structure show there was vaulting, at least at the western end. The ... The image is labelled in Greek merely as: Μήτηρ Θεοῦ, romanized: Mētēr Theou, lit. 'Mother of God', but in the Georgian ... After the first collapse of the vault, the broken dome was left in situ on the original Justinianic floor and a new floor was ... Patricios, Nicholas N. (27 March 2014). The sacred architecture of Byzantium: Art, liturgy and symbolism in early Christian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia

At the west end of the outer aisle, Burn added a new wall with a door and oriel window. Burn also replaced the window of the ... Three successive vicars of St Giles' in the 15th century - John Methven, Nicholas Otterbourne, and Thomas Bully - were noted ... the doorway was the only feature of the 12th century Romanesque church in situ. An illustration of 1799 shows the doorway as a ... and has released recordings on its own label, Aegidius. The current Choir was founded in 1879. This revived a tradition of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles'_Cathedral

Richards ended that section by noting that "had this reference been known to the author in 1968 no further description of the ' ... Manning, J. E.; Hershey, N. D.; Broker, T. R.; Pellegrini, M.; Mitchell, H. K.; Davidson, N. (1975). "A new method of in situ ... Cavanagh, John; Fairbrother, Wayne J.; Palmer, Arthur G. III; Skelton, Nicholas J. (2006). Protein NMR Spectroscopy: Principles ... Staros JV, Richards FM (1974). "Photochemical labeling of the surface proteins of human erythrocytes". Biochemistry. 13 (13): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_M._Richards

The fire had already spread to the aft end of the upper deck, and was blocking their way to the main deck, as the aft ladder ... Side-scan sonar was used to image the boat in situ and video was taken of the undisturbed wreckage prior to lifting. Divers ... Welsh, Nick; Yamamura, Jean (September 6, 2019). "22 Conception Victims Identified". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved ... with one labeled as reserved for crew. The lower deck also contained the shower area, anchor locker, engine room, and lazarette ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception

57-63 Rabinowitz, Nick. "Herodotus Timemap". Timemap.js - Open Source Javascript library. nickrabinowitz.com. Archived from the ... b. †Syria Palaestina Coinciding with either the precursors (129-130) or the end (135-136) of the Bar Kochba revolt, the name ... De situ orbis (Description of the World): "Syria holds a broad expanse of the littoral, as well as lands that extend rather ... The region is labelled "Palestine" in French and فلسطين أو أرض قدس ("Palestine or Holy Land") in Arabic 1801: Thomas Roberts ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine

A method is NHEJ, in which the cell polishes the two ends of broken DNA and seals them back together, often producing a frame ... Similarly, Nick Bostrom, an Oxford philosopher known for his work on the risks of artificial intelligence, proposed that "super ... Another screening technique, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) uses fluorescent probes which specifically bind to highly ... whereas there are still a number of limitations that keep the technique from being labelled as safe and efficient. During the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_baby

Several more were created by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in his star catalogue, published in 1756. By the end of the Ming dynasty ... The concept of fair trade has been around for over 40 years, but a formal labelling scheme emerged only in the 1980s. At the ... an alternative to sorting in situ (EWD-796a) (PDF). E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History, University of Texas at ... By the end of the 20th century, most countries used the Celsius scale rather than the Fahrenheit scale, though Canada retained ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_innovations

At Trani, Thomas de Fossa had been canonically elected to succeed Bishop Nicholas, but Pope Nicholas III quashed the election, ... Until the end of the tenth century Trani had certainly followed the Latin Rite, and Bishop Bernardo opposed the decree of the ... 8, labels one piece of evidence for Hubaldus, that of 1120, a forgery. On 4 July 1144 Bisantius was Bishop-elect. Archivio del ... situ Calabriae libros quinque, nunc primum ex autographo restitutos ac per capita distributos, prolegomena, additiones & notae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Trani-Barletta-Bisceglie

... to organic matter supply at abyssal depths revealed by an in situ dual stable isotope labeling experiment". Deep Sea Research ... As fossils of foraminifera have not been found prior to the very end of the Ediacaran, it is likely that most of these ... Zachos, James C.; Shackleton, Nicholas J.; Revenaugh, Justin S.; Pälike, Heiko; Flower, Benjamin P. (13 April 2001). "Climate ... The earliest known definite foraminifera appear in the fossil record towards the very end of the Ediacaran; these forms all ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraminifera

On the other end of the size scale, even relatively small molecules may pose challenges for the resolving power of X-ray ... Ex-situ measurements are carried out routinely for checking the crystal structure of materials or to unravel new structures. In ... Hence, William Hallowes Miller in 1839 was able to give each face a unique label of three small integers, the Miller indices ... The Danish scientist Nicolas Steno (1669) pioneered experimental investigations of crystal symmetry. Steno showed that the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

Although it has not been approved for these uses, MGA has been studied and/or used off-label for a variety of indications ... 317-. ISBN 978-0-7817-4984-8. Barry Kinzbrunner; Neil J. Weinreb; Joel S. Policzer (2002). 20 Common Problems: End-of-Life Care ... 135-137). Nicholas Vogelzang (2006). Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. ... "Histological effects of progestins on hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ of the endometrium". Cancer. 12 (6): 1106-22. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megestrol_acetate

Nicholas of Cusa wrote in 1440 that the Earth was "a brilliant star" like other celestial objects visible in space, which would ... The discussion ended without any conclusions. As of 2010, the UN doesn't have response mechanisms for the case of an ... I. In Situ Simulations". The Astrophysical Journal. 715 (2): 1050-1070. arXiv:1004.0971. Bibcode:2010ApJ...715.1050B. doi: ... This has led critics to label the equation a guesstimate, or even meaningless. Based on observations from the Hubble Space ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life

... observed positive TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) reaction around all laser channels in porcine hearts. ... Lutter et al.[1] observed positive TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) reaction around all laser channels in ... In Situ DNA Nick-End Labeling Positive Reaction around Laser Channels. J. T. Beranek1 ...

https://scite.ai/reports/in-situ-dna-nick-end-labeling-zKXYjx

In Situ Nick-End Labeling * Indoles / pharmacology * Kidney / metabolism * Kidney / pathology * Lipid Peroxidation ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25402683/?dopt=Abstract

PRIMED IN SITU LABELING. ETIQUETADO IN SITU PRIMED. MARCAÇÃO IN SITU DAS EXTREMIDADES CORTADAS. IN SITU NICK-END LABELING. ... ETIQUETADO CORTE-FIN IN SITU. MATERIAIS REVESTIDOS BIOCOMPATÍVEIS. COATED MATERIALS, BIOCOMPATIBLE. MATERIALES BIOCOMPATIBLES ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/decswebpage2p.htm

Apoptotic cell death was characterized by DNA nick end and single-stranded DNA labeling. In the Wt animals, early superoxide ... In situ labeling of DNA fragmentation. The experimental animals were killed at 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after 5 min of global ischemia/ ... terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) reaction] to detect the DNA-free 3′- ... In situ detection of superoxide anion production. The production of superoxide during cerebral ischemia was investigated by the ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/22/1/209

In Situ Nick-End Labeling Medicine & Life Sciences 80% * Interleukin-1 Medicine & Life Sciences 75% ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/clinical-pathological-study-on-%CE%B2-app-il-1%CE%B2-gfap-nfl-spectrin-ii-8

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In situ BrdU-Red DNA Fragmentation kit was used to ... Briefly, tumor crypts sections were deparaffinized, permeabilized using proteinase K, DNA strand breaks were end-labeled with ... We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of this combination in vivo using IP PDX models of luciferase-labelled LS174T cells. ... luciferase-labelled LS174T cells were treated with PBS alone (control), or celecoxib (C) alone (200 mg/kg b.w.), or orlistat (O ...

https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-01499-1

... hydroxy end labeling. A commercially available end-labeling kit (In situ Cell Death detection Kit, Fluorescein labeled, Roche, ... The slides were incubated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling mixture for 60 minutes at ... Apoptosis assays: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling/CD31PE double staining. Apoptotic cell death ... Different treatments did not have an effect on the pH of the perfusate and the pH at the end of the perfusion was 6.9 ± 0.1 for ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/65/10/4300/517950/Synergistic-Antitumor-Response-of-Interleukin-2

... as shown by in situ DNA nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, but clear morphological evidence for an apoptotic process in HD is ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150165

... terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelled) Kit (in situ cell death Detection Kit-TMR Red; Roche, Basel, ... Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelled. RNA isolation and quantitative real-time PCR. RNA was isolated ... Cardiomyocyte nuclei that underwent DNA synthesis during the labeling period were identified by 15N labeling. These cells ... non-labeled cardiomyocytes (large white arrows) can also be found in that section, as well as, two labeled non-cardiomyocytes ( ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04083-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=06da2d33-e215-434a-b550-1f7476bb2ee0

The in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to detect the ... The negative control sections were incubated with dH2O instead of TdT labeling reaction mix. Apoptotic germ cells were ... apoptosis cells in the seminiferous tubule (in situ apoptosis detection kit, ab206386, Abcam). ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2019/8453635/

In Situ Nick-End Labeling Medicine & Life Sciences 16% * Progesterone Medicine & Life Sciences 14% ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-new-hormonal-therapy-for-estrogen-receptor-negative-breast-canc-2

In Situ Nick-End Labeling Medicine & Life Sciences 18% View full fingerprint ...

https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/inhibition-of-n-linked-glycosylation-causes-apoptosis-in-hamster-

Apoptosis was observed with light and electron microscopes and detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS ... Keywords: Arrhythmia, Sinus - pathology, Atrial Fibrillation - pathology, Gene Expression Regulation, In Situ Nick-End Labeling ... Apoptosis was observed with light and electron microscopes and detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). ...

https://medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/895715

Apoptotic cells were visualized by the terminal deoxynucleotidetransferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay (In ... Immunofluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization was carried out after ... For the Cy3-labeled Chr2-Cen (BAC RP23-60E18) and Alexa488-labeled Chr4-Mid (Cosmid WI1-870P20) probes, slides were re-fixed in ... We used digoxigenin, Alexa488 and/or Cy3-labeled probes, prepared using a Nick Translation Kit (Roche), and hybridizations were ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/138/19/4207/44578/HP1-links-histone-methylation-marks-to-meiotic

Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling of DNA fragments (TUNEL ... in situ. Cell Death Detection Kit, Fluorescein (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN). Melanoma cells were seeded in ... in situ. hybridization (FISH) (p16 SpectrumOrange/ chromosome 9 centromeric probe (CEP9) SpectrumGreen Probe, Abbott Molecular ... Gerami, P., et al., Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as an ancillary diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of melanoma. Am ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/42240

... triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, the 4,6-diamidino-2- phenylindole technique, and immunofluorescent microscopic ... The following techniques were used: the in-situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated deoxyuridine- ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=respiratory&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=637&RecNo=6363&View=f&

... terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) assay was performed using an ApoTag in situ apoptosis ... end of μLCR and the 5-end of the PKLR gene. Aliquots of 0.5 μg of genomic DNA were amplified by PCR in 20-μL mixtures of 0.2 ... SfiI genomic DNA fragment of the human PKLR gene labeled with DIG-High Prime DNA Labeling and Detection Starter Kit II (Roche ... Pyruvate, the end product of the PK reaction is decreased in the mutant, and elevated to higher than control values in the ...

https://haematologica.org/article/view/4465

In Situ Nick-End Labeling 17% * Small Interfering RNA 13% 39 引文斯高帕斯（Scopus） ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/zh/organisations/graduate-institute-of-pharmacognosy-2/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&ordering=type&descending=true&page=8

In Situ Nick-End Labeling 27% * Tumor Burden 24% 40 Citations (Scopus) ...

https://manipal.pure.elsevier.com/en/organisations/department-of-nuclear-medicine-manipal-college-of-health-professi/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle

http://www2.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asbestos%2A&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=asbestos%2A&B1=Search&terms=3&Adv=1&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP%2BDESC&D1=75&EndYear=&PageNo=5&RecNo=368&View=f&

Cardiac fibrosis and staining by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling.. Cardiac tissues were ... assay using an ApopTag in situ detection kit (Boster, Wuhan, China). Apoptotic cell death was quantitatively analyzed under a ... Cardiac sections in paraffin were processed for a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL ... At the end of treatment, body weight (A), blood glucose (B), HbA1c (C), plasma total cholesterol (D) and triglyceride (E), ...

https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/62/7/2545/33821/A-Novel-Mechanism-by-Which-SDF-1-Protects-Cardiac?searchresult=1

In Situ Nick-End Labeling. Male. Microarray Analysis. Middle Aged. Neoplasm Staging. Prognosis. Reproducibility of Results. ... immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used with terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling ...

https://www.lenus.ie/handle/10147/207569

In Situ Nick-End Labeling 15% * Immunohistochemistry 14% 3 Scopus citations * Steroidogenesis in patients with adrenal ...

https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/persons/lynette-m-smith/publications/

In Situ Nick-End Labeling 34% * Nude Mice 30% 7 被引用数 (Scopus) ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/persons/yuukou-kitagawa/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&ordering=title&descending=false&page=4

Transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. TUNEL assay was carried out as described previously [23], for ... Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. In line with the recommendation of Ribo™ FISH Kit (C10910, Ribobio, Guangzhou ... Ribobio Company synthesized the LINC00992 probes, labeled by Cy3 fluorescent dye. Following the fixation by 4% paraformaldehyde ... probing DU145 and PC3 cell apoptosis with the assistance of an In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (11,684,795,910, Roche, ...

https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-020-07141-4

3). The degree of apoptosis and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling ... Intracellular nitric oxide concentration was measured by in situ by DAF-FM diacetate, and shown by the fluorescence in green ... The amount of apoptosis and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling ... The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling positive cells was counted in ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/114/5/1036/14209/Remifentanil-Preconditioning-Reduces-Hepatic

... and in situ DNA nick- end labeling of sperm nuclei. The percentages of apoptotic sperm quantitated by the flow cytometric assay ... and in situ DNA nick- end labeling of sperm nuclei. The percentages of apoptotic sperm quantitated by the flow cytometric assay ... and in situ DNA nick- end labeling of sperm nuclei. The percentages of apoptotic sperm quantitated by the flow cytometric assay ... and in situ DNA nick- end labeling of sperm nuclei. The percentages of apoptotic sperm quantitated by the flow cytometric assay ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/spermicidal-activity-of-oxovanadiumiv-complexes-of-110-phenanthro

In Situ Nick-End Labeling, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Multiprotein Complexes, Nuclear Proteins, ... By the time the nuclear DNA was susceptible to heavy label by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end ... By the time the nuclear DNA was susceptible to heavy label by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end ... article{pose_end_2012, title = {The end of innocence: flowering networks explode in complexity}, volume = {15}, issn = {1879- ...

https://www.upsc.se/researchers/5841-schmid-markus-regulation-of-plant-growth-development-by-the-environment.html

In Situ Nick-End Labeling Medicine & Life Sciences 15% * Formaldehyde Medicine & Life Sciences 13% ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/serum-markers-of-ovarian-reserve-and-ovarian-histology-in-adult-m

1] observed positive TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) reaction around all laser channels in porcine hearts. (scite.ai)
DVTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay with the In Situ Cell determined according to the manufacturer's protocol. (cdc.gov)
Apoptosis was observed with light and electron microscopes and detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). (medscimonit.com)
The following techniques were used: the in-situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated deoxyuridine- triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, the 4',6-diamidino-2- phenylindole technique, and immunofluorescent microscopic examination. (cdc.gov)
Immunohistochemical stainings for cytochrome c and caspase-3, and histochemical staining for a terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT)- mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling method (TUNEL) were examined in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. (elsevier.com)
The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL , assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION . (bvsalud.org)
In cultured rat primary myoblasts, Annexin V labeling was significantly increased at 12 h after TNF-α treatment, and this was followed by a significant increase in TUNEL reactivity at 48 h. (biomedcentral.com)
Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé la fragmentation de l'ADN nucléaire par apoptose avec la technique TUNEL fluorescente in situ et une estimation des aneuploïdies majeures par FISH multicouleur dans des embryons bloqués et/ou avec un retard de développement. (lesjta.com)
TUNEL - TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. (cell-stress.com)
TransDetect ® In Situ Fluorescein TUNEL Cell Apoptosis Detection Kit provides a precise, simple and low-toxicity way to detect and quantify apoptotic cell death at single cell level in cells and tissues. (transgenbiotech.com)
TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) reaction preferentially labels DNA strand breaks generated during apoptosis with fluorescein-labeled dUTP. (transgenbiotech.com)
Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and DNA fragmentation (ELISA). (duke.edu)
Cells containing these DNA strand breaks can be identified with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. (aatbio.com)
AAT Bioquest offers several fluorimetric TUNEL assays optimized for in situ apoptosis detection in live cells or fixed cells and tissue samples. (aatbio.com)
Using the TUNEL assay, the exposed 3'-OH termini of these breaks can be marked with modified dUTPs for subsequent visualization and quantification of apoptotic cells in situ . (aatbio.com)
Apoptosis was quantified in the jejunum by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), active caspase-3, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL), in situ oligoligation reaction (ISOL,) cytokeratin 18, and annexin V staining. (wustl.edu)

Multiple studies have used quantitative analyses of DNA isotope labeling to demonstrate a similar baseline rate of cardiomyogenesis in adult humans 4 , 5 and mice 3 . (nature.com)

To definitively address whether exercise increases the birth of cardiomyocytes, here we study the effects of monitored voluntary exercise in mice with or without ischemic injury by analyzing genomic 15 N-thymidine incorporation with MIMS, combined with cardiomyocyte nuclei tracing to assess nucleation and in situ hybridization to quantify ploidy. (nature.com)
In situ hybridization localized replicative Zika virus RNA in brains of 7 infants and in placentas of 9 women who had pregnancy losses during the first or second trimester. (cdc.gov)

The sperm-immobilizing activity of mono- and bis-ligated oxovanadium(IV) complexes was irreversible, since the treated sperm underwent apoptosis, as determined by the flow cytometric quantitation of mitochondrial membrane potential, surface Annexin V binding assay, and in situ DNA nick- end labeling of sperm nuclei. (umn.edu)
Método in situ para detectar áreas del ADN fragmentadas durante la apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS . (bvsalud.org)

Dual immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used with terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling probes and clusterin antibody to assess the degree of co localization. (lenus.ie)
MTT and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assays, in addition to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, were performed to investigate the protective effects of TFPS. (spandidos-publications.com)

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. (bvsalud.org)
By double labeling both leaner and wild-type cerebella with Fluoro-Jade and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated, deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling or Fluoro-Jade and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry we demonstrated that the relatively new stain, Fluoro-Jade, will label neurons that are dying secondary to a genetic mutation. (tamu.edu)
This well-established in situ staining method relies on the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to catalyze the incorporation of modified dUTPs to the 3'-hydroxyl termini of fragmented DNA. (aatbio.com)
Regardless of the labeling strategy, both require the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to catalyze the incorporation of the modified dUTPs to the 3'-OH termini. (aatbio.com)

Apoptotic cell death was characterized by DNA nick end and single-stranded DNA labeling. (jneurosci.org)

The fluorescein labeled DNA can be detected and quantified by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. (transgenbiotech.com)
The fluorescently-labeled DNA fragments can then be visualized directly by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or fluorescence-based microplate assays. (aatbio.com)

Traditionally, TUNELs assays require fixation and permeabilization of the sample to facilitate the entry of exogenous TdT and ensure successful labeling of DNA strand breaks. (aatbio.com)

Fluorescently labeled DNA strand breaks show intense fluorescent staining in SS-treated cells. (aatbio.com)

boundary-pushing Acne and ending QD: The free progress of important compounds, ' Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, October 12, 2001. (valleybay.com)

The new limbs had bone structure extended with features similar to a natural limb's bone structure, a richer complement of internal tissues (including neurons), and several "toes" grew from the end of the limb, although without the support of underlying bone. (regenerativemedicine.net)

The first stage of growth after loss of a limb is the formation of a mass of stem cells at the end of the stump called a blastema, which is used to gradually reconstruct the lost body part. (regenerativemedicine.net)

Extremely low toxicity, labeling solution is free of commonly used highly-toxic cacodylate. (transgenbiotech.com)

On pense qu'avec la technique de FISH classique où l'on cherche les aneuploïdies les plus observées en diagnostique prénatal, on n'analyse peut être pas les meilleurs chromosomes candidats au blocage embryonnaire précoce (chromosomes 1, 9, 14 et 15, 16, 22). (lesjta.com)

Higher levels of oxidized protein end-products were found in failing hearts compared with donor heart samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Failing hearts were obtained from 8 explanted end-stage failing hearts (NYHA class III-IV). (biomedcentral.com)

But the probe's holistic approach, using the combination of six remote sensing instruments and four in-situ instruments, puts it on a different level. (sustainablecommons.org)

Ccl2 expression was assessed by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. (biomedcentral.com)
In retinas injected with Ccl2 siRNA, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on retinal cryostat sections showed a substantial decrease in Ccl2 within Müller cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to this high specificity, less material is needed compared to radioactive labeling making the DIG system ideal for nucleic hybridization analysis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The result is a highly labeled, specific, and extremely sensitive hybridization probe. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The nonradioactive DIG system uses digoxigenin, a steroid hapten, to label DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotides for hybridization, and subsequent color or luminescence detection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The method of 'random primed' DNA labeling is based on the hybridization of a mixture of all possible hexanucleotides to the DNA template. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The resulting labeled product is a homogeneously labeled, sensitive hybridization probe capable of detecting as little as 0.10 - 0.03 pg target DNA. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These include desired detection method, hybridization type, resolution and sensitivity, the method chosen to incorporate a specific label, and stability achieved post labeling. (grandviewresearch.com)
For instance, RNA for blots, large DNA, plasmid DNA, and in-situ hybridization can be labeled via random labels that are coupled covalently. (grandviewresearch.com)
Chromosome dynamics studies in E. coli using either fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or fluorescent repressor proteins bound to arrays of operator sequences (FROS) have shown that there is a significant time delay between passage of the replication fork and separation of replicated sequences into two visible foci [1] - [6] . (prolekarniky.cz)
In situ hybridization showed that prep1.1 is expressed maternally and ubiquitously up to 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf), and restricted to the head from 48 hpf onwards. (biologists.com)
By combining retrograde labeling and quantitative in situ hybridization using RNAscope, we obtained evidence suggesting an increase in mRNA encoding TRPM3 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the inflamed paw. (elifesciences.org)
One branch of spatial transcriptomics approaches builds on the concept of RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), where probes are used to assay the number of molecules of a given gene present in a single cell [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In situ hybridization localized replicative Zika virus RNA in brains of 7 infants and in placentas of 9 women who had pregnancy losses during the first or second trimester. (cdc.gov)

GEC apoptosis was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay (by both agarose gel electrophoresis and end-labeling). (nih.gov)
After migration, the aphid flight muscles degenerated via programmed cell death, which is evidenced by a Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. (researchsquare.com)
The apoptotic effect was evaluated by IHC against B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma-2 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay by in situ apoptosis detection kit. (greenmedinfo.com)
Immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), using a monoclonal IgG2a antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and the transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, using the ApopTag Peroxidase In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit (Chemicon International, Temecula, CA), were used to measure proliferation and apoptosis. (asnjournals.org)
Apoptosis was determined using a terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling assay. (biomedcentral.com)
The in situ zymography, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay, and immunofluorescence study results showed that neuroprotective effects were achieved with combination therapy only. (e-cep.org)

In toto terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end-labeling analysis shows that the dorsal optic cup is the site of a spatiotemporally restricted apoptosis, which parallels the expression not only of Bmp4 but also of Msx1 and Msx2 , genes implicated in BMP4-mediated apoptosis. (jneurosci.org)
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA . (nih.gov)
Monocytes/microglia were counted on retinal cryostat sections immunolabeled with the markers ED1 and ionized calcium binding adaptor (IBA)1, and photoreceptor apoptosis was assessed using terminal dUTP nick end labeling. (biomedcentral.com)

The ApopTag® Peroxidase In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) was employed. (thefishsite.com)

Adjacent sections were processed for in situ end labeling (ISEL) nick translation to detect DNA fragmentation as a marker for cell injury and Fluoro-Jade B staining to detect degenerating cells. (medscape.com)

Immobilized nucleic acids are hybridized with a DIG-labeled probe and subsequent detection is performed using high affinity Anti-Digoxigenin antibodies , coupled either to alkaline phosphatase (AP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), fluorescein or rhodamine for colorimetric, and chemiluminescent or fluorescent detection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These labeled probes are especially suitable for single copy gene detection on genomic Southern blots, screening recombinant libraries, dot/slot blots, and northern blots. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The introduction of advanced product offerings pertaining to nucleic acid detection, along with the expanding pool of commercial manufacturers, strengthens the revenue generation capacity of the nucleic acid labeling industry. (grandviewresearch.com)
This meeting was the first in a series of regional meetings to explore issues that affect the ability of communities to provide cancer care--including prevention, education/communication, detection, treatment, diagnosis, rehabilitation, palliative, and end-of-life care--to people in the diverse neighborhoods of the Nation. (nih.gov)

PCR labeling is the preferred method for preparing DIG-labeled probes when the template is available in only limited amounts, is partially purified, or is very short. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The combination of nonradioactive labeling with PCR is a powerful tool for the analysis of PCR products, and for the preparation of labeled probes from small amounts of a respective target sequence. (sigmaaldrich.com)
These covalent probes display excellent sensitivity, whereas enzymatic labeling serves as an economically viable approach for laboratory professionals by multi labeling of the sample in PCR methods. (grandviewresearch.com)

After incubation, the concentrations of the pro-inflammatory end products of 15-LOX activity in hepatocytes (15-HETE, 12-HETE, 9-HODE, and 13-HODE) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and apoptosis, necrosis, and mitochondrial superoxide generation were measured using immunohistochemical methods. (fluoridealert.org)

The DIG System is the nonradioactive technology of choice to label and detect nucleic acids for multiple applications. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Example detecting DIG-labeled nucleic acids using chemiluminescence substrates. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The company develops 5' E' ndTag/3' E' ndTag kits that are designed for the attachment of an affinity tag or a single fluorochrome at the required end of nucleic acids. (grandviewresearch.com)

Nuclear export of mRNA composes one part of a larger network of molecular events that begin with transcription of the mRNA in the nucleus and end with its translation and degradation in the cytoplasm. (biomedcentral.com)

2002). Using in utero 5-bromo-2'-deoxyrudine (BrdU) injections to label early (embryonic day (E) 15) or late (E18 or E19) born RGCs, we now show that E15 RGCs with axons that enter the SC prenatally undergo programmed cell death earlier than late-born RGCs whose axons only reach the SC late in the first postnatal week. (ox.ac.uk)
To study if birth date also affects regenerative potential in adulthood, autologous peripheral nerve (PN) was grafted onto the cut optic nerve in mature BrdU labelled rats. (ox.ac.uk)
In BrdU incorporation experiments, more S-phase-labeled precursors appear within circumvallate taste buds at 1 day post-injection, the earliest time point examined. (biomedcentral.com)

5-Aminoallyl-UTP can be enzymatically incorporated into RNA for subsequent labeling with an amine-reactive fluorescent dye, biotin, or other hapten via conventional peptide coupling methods. (biotium.com)

CFSE-labeled cell division and cell cycle distribution were monitored by flow cytometry. (isharonline.org)

The nick translation method is based on the ability of DNase I to introduce randomly distributed nicks into DNA at low enzyme concentrations in the presence of Mg2+. (sigmaaldrich.com)
EN : Sorry kids, no English translation! (wordpress.com)

At present hepatocyte transplantation is a promising option for cellular therapy of end-stage liver diseases. (nih.gov)
After labeling with quantum nanocrystal dots and transplantation into the subretinal space of rd1 RD mice, differentiation and synapse formation by daughter cells of the eye-wall c-kit + /SSEA1 − cells were evaluated by immunochemistry and western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)
Solid organ transplantation is an important therapeutic option for children with a variety of end stage diseases. (stanford.edu)

These plants are the only natural source of digoxigenin, so the anti-DIG antibody does not bind to other biological material, ensuring specific labeling. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The dominance of reagents is attributed to the recurrent usage of these products in labeling protocols, followed by continuous developments in this area to further enhance the efficiency of these protocols. (grandviewresearch.com)

The labeled dUTP can be easily incorporated by enzymatic nucleic acid synthesis using DNA polymerases. (sigmaaldrich.com)
This is attributed to the high costs and routine usage of the same in both chemical and enzymatic labeling protocols. (grandviewresearch.com)

In the taste system, these sensory cells are located within end organs called taste buds, which are located in 3 distinct sets of papillae in the tongue epithelium, as well as on the palate and epiglottis. (biomedcentral.com)

It requires less optimization than other methods and produces a high yield of labeled probe. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The PCR DIG Probe Synthesis Kit requires less optimization than most labeling methods, because it contains the Expand High Fidelity Enzyme Blend. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Existing methods are limited by a reliance on pre-existing cell type labels or by difficulties in identifying markers of rare cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Succinimidyl esters are generally susceptible to hydrolysis, which can result in lower labeling efficiency. (biotium.com)
Contrastingly, the lack of skilled professionals in this sector unable to use the newly developed systems and equipment to their full potential is set to hamper the efficiency of results associated with nucleic acid labeling protocols, further hindering the market expansion. (grandviewresearch.com)

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS . (nih.gov)
This method should facilitate in situ studies of cell death by allowing for a more accurate quantification of total toxicity in monolayer cell cultures and perhaps further enhance our understanding of the different mechanisms of cell death as well. (northwestern.edu)
In this study tissue samples of 30 primary PSCCs and 4 CIS (carcinoma in situ) were investigated immunohistochemically using anti-KAI1/CD82, nm23-H1 polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies for caspases with streptavidin-biotin peroxidase immunostaining method. (uni-greifswald.de)

Unlike our findings that pPB cassette3short with brief TRDs at the ends results in a larger activity than its extended counterpart in HEK 293, attempts to transform D. melanogaster with p Bac EYFP consisting of 35 bp 3TRD and 63 bp 5TRD yielded transformation fre quencies far less than complete length piggyBac constructs. (mirnadatabase.com)
Cancer Care for All: Applying Research Results, Ensuring Access, Ending Disparities. (nih.gov)

The NIC had the capacity for virus isolation and PCR identification and performed reasonably until 2011 when support of the Naval American Medical Research Unit 3 was withdrawn. (who.int)

and whilst these are acknowledged with the claim that there are non-European forms of 'reason', 'science', 'progress' and 'freedom' (p. 77), we are not convinced that these decidedly European terms are the most suitable labels for them. (thedisorderofthings.com)

To that end, we analyzed IFN-γ-induced gene expression at the genome scale, followed by an analysis of the expression and function of specific genes associated with IFN-γ- and Fas-mediated signaling. (jimmunol.org)

The complementary strand is synthesized from the 3´ OH termini of the random hexanucleotide primer using Klenow enzyme, labeling grade. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Since each primer has a different six-base sequence, the labeled probe product will be a collection of fragments of variable length. (sigmaaldrich.com)

01). Conclusion: This study addresses the dynamics and feasibility of imaging non-small cell lung tumor apoptosis using 99m Tc-labeled C2A. (northwestern.edu)
A Phase 3, Open-label, Randomised Study of Datopotamab Deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) Versus Investigatorâ? (who.int)

Among these, both the type and size of the nucleic acid are pivotal to the selection of the correct labeling protocol/system. (grandviewresearch.com)
The hall, which is now divided by a partition into two rooms, is of three bays exclusive of the screens, and is lighted on the south side by three tall square-headed two-light transomed windows with cinquefoiled upper lights, and there is a smaller window of similar type, but without transom, at the west end. (british-history.ac.uk)

A list of new Publication Types appears at the end of this article with their scope notes. (nih.gov)

K19-positive HCC specimens exhibited a high MIB-1 labelling index, decreased E-cadherin expression, and high microvessel density around cancer foci. (biomedcentral.com)
Swimming exercise suppressed apoptosis, en-hanced neurogenesis, and increased serotonin expression. (e-jer.org)

Purpose: To evaluate the dynamics and feasibility of imaging non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) apoptosis induced by paclitaxel treatment using 99m Tc-labeled C2A domain of synaptotagmin I in a mouse model. (northwestern.edu)

Some kits have an expiration date printed on the kit box label, this is the guaranteed shelf life date calculated from the day that the product shipped from our facility. (biotium.com)
Storage conditions can be found on the product information sheet or product safety and data sheet, material safety data sheet, and on the product label. (biotium.com)

In random primed labeling, Klenow enzyme copies DNA template in the presence of hexamer primers and alkalilabile DIG-11-dUTP. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Manufacturers are focusing on designing kits that extend across varied applications, further increasing the introduction of cutting-edge nucleic acid labeling kits in the market. (grandviewresearch.com)

of ASCs in post-convalescent people and ends with 1? (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
The fourth post in our (already pretty popular) forum on Nick and Alex Williams' Inventing the Future , this time from Sophie Lewis and David M. Bell. (thedisorderofthings.com)

Anatomy23

Organisms16

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs64

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Fas and Fas ligand interaction induces apoptosis in inflammatory myopathies: CD4+ T cells cause muscle cell injury directly in polymyositis. (1/5854)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces Mdm2 and down-regulates p53, attenuating the myocyte renin-angiotensin system and stretch-mediated apoptosis. (2/5854)

p53- and ATM-dependent apoptosis induced by telomeres lacking TRF2. (3/5854)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters cardiovascular and craniofacial development and function in sac fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (4/5854)

Disrupted retinal development in the embryonic belly spot and tail mutant mouse. (5/5854)

Pulsatile shear stress leads to DNA fragmentation in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. (6/5854)

Ectopic bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 4 in the chicken forebrain lead to cyclopia and holoprosencephaly. (7/5854)

N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonists and apoptotic cell death triggered by head trauma in developing rat brain. (8/5854)

In Situ Nick-End Labeling

DNA Fragmentation

Apoptosis

In Situ Hybridization

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

Caspase 3

Carcinoma in Situ

Caspases

Immunohistochemistry

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

RNA, Messenger

Time Factors

Base Sequence

bcl-2-Associated X Protein

Annexin A5

Primed In Situ Labeling

Cell Survival

Cell Division

Blotting, Western

Cell Death

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Molecular Sequence Data

DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded

DNA Ligases

Disease Models, Animal

Antigens, CD95

DNA

Mice, Nude

Cell Proliferation

Cells, Cultured

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Caspase Inhibitors

Propidium

DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase

Fas Ligand Protein

Cell Line, Tumor

Electrophoresis, Agar Gel

Necrosis

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Microscopy, Electron

Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases

DNA Damage

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Cell Count

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Rats, Wistar

Staining and Labeling

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Flow Cytometry

Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Gene Expression

Bromodeoxyuridine

Antineoplastic Agents

Neurons

Neoplasm Transplantation

Caspase 9

Enzyme Inhibitors

Cell Line

Immunoenzyme Techniques

Caspase 8

Chromomycin A3

Cell Cycle

Endodeoxyribonucleases

Transplantation, Heterologous

Cell Nucleus

Enzyme Activation

Spermatozoa

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Ki-67 Antigen

Reperfusion Injury

Animals, Newborn

Amino Acid Sequence

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Signal Transduction

Endonucleases

Random Allocation