Immunohistochemistry. Medical search

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.

A cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of ADENOCARCINOMAS. It has extensive homology to and heterodimerizes with the EGF RECEPTOR, the ERBB-3 RECEPTOR, and the ERBB-4 RECEPTOR. Activation of the erbB-2 receptor occurs through heterodimer formation with a ligand-bound erbB receptor family member.

Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

The technique of using FIXATIVES in the preparation of cytologic, histologic, or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all the constituent elements.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Methods used for detecting the amplified DNA products from the polymerase chain reaction as they accumulate instead of at the end of the reaction.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.

A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.

Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.

Specific proteins found in or on cells of progesterone target tissues that specifically combine with progesterone. The cytosol progesterone-receptor complex then associates with the nucleic acids to initiate protein synthesis. There are two kinds of progesterone receptors, A and B. Both are induced by estrogen and have short half-lives.

Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.

A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

A family of highly acidic calcium-binding proteins found in large concentration in the brain and believed to be glial in origin. They are also found in other organs in the body. They have in common the EF-hand motif (EF HAND MOTIFS) found on a number of calcium binding proteins. The name of this family derives from the property of being soluble in a 100% saturated ammonium sulfate solution.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The erbB-2 gene is a proto-oncogene that codes for the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2), a protein with structural features similar to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Its name originates from the viral oncogene homolog (v-erbB) which is a truncated form of the chicken erbB gene found in the avian erythroblastosis virus. Overexpression and amplification of the gene is associated with a significant number of adenocarcinomas. The human c-erbB-2 gene is located at 17q21.2.

The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID.

Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication.

A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.

Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.

Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

The performance of dissections with the aid of a microscope.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A calbindin protein found in many mammalian tissues, including the UTERUS, PLACENTA, BONE, PITUITARY GLAND, and KIDNEYS. In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. Expression is regulated in some tissues by VITAMIN D.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

An endopeptidase that is structurally similar to MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 2. It degrades GELATIN types I and V; COLLAGEN TYPE IV; and COLLAGEN TYPE V.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the level of CELL DIFFERENTIATION in neoplasms as increasing ANAPLASIA correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm.

Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

A calbindin protein that is differentially expressed in distinct populations of NEURONS throughout the vertebrate and invertebrate NERVOUS SYSTEM, and modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and influences LONG-TERM POTENTIATION. It is also found in LUNG, TESTIS, OVARY, KIDNEY, and BREAST, and is expressed in many tumor types found in these tissues. It is often used as an immunohistochemical marker for MESOTHELIOMA.

Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.

Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.

Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)

Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is specific for STEM CELL FACTOR. This interaction is crucial for the development of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the expression of PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-KIT are associated with PIEBALDISM, while overexpression or constitutive activation of the c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated with tumorigenesis.

Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.

A secreted endopeptidase homologous with INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE, but which possesses an additional fibronectin-like domain.

Transplantation between animals of different species.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Non-human animals, selected because of specific characteristics, for use in experimental research, teaching, or testing.

A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-19 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.

The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.

RNA present in neoplastic tissue.

Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).

Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the URINARY BLADDER and the URETHRA. It secretes a substance that liquefies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the RECTUM.

A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. Calbindins possess a variable number of EF-HAND MOTIFS which contain calcium-binding sites. Some isoforms are regulated by VITAMIN D.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.

Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Level of retinoblastoma protein expression correlates with p16 (MTS-1/INK4A/CDKN2) status in bladder cancer. (1/66693)

Recent studies have shown that patients whose bladder cancer exhibit overexpression of RB protein as measured by immunohistochemical analysis do equally poorly as those with loss of RB function. We hypothesized that loss of p16 protein function could be related to RB overexpression, since p16 can induce transcriptional downregulation of RB and its loss may lead to aberrant RB regulation. Conversely, loss of RB function has been associated with high p16 protein expression in several other tumor types. In the present study RB negative bladder tumors also exhibited strong nuclear p16 staining while each tumor with strong, homogeneous RB nuclear staining were p16 negative, supporting our hypothesis. To expand on these immunohistochemical studies additional cases were selected in which the status of the p16 encoding gene had been determined at the molecular level. Absent p16 and high RB protein expression was found in the tumors having loss of heterozygosity within 9p21 and a structural change (mutation or deletion) of the remaining p16 encoding gene allele, confirming the staining results. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the RB nuclear overexpression recently associated with poor prognosis in bladder cancer is also associated with loss of p16 function and implies that loss of p16 function could be equally deleterious as RB loss in bladder and likely other cancers. (+info)

Decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Par-4 in renal cell carcinoma. (2/66693)

Par-4 is a widely expressed leucine zipper protein that confers sensitization to apoptosis induced by exogenous insults. Because the expression of genes that promote apoptosis may be down-regulated during tumorigenesis, we sought to examine the expression of Par-4 in human tumors. We present here evidence that Par-4 protein levels were severely decreased in human renal cell carcinoma specimens relative to normal tubular cells. Replenishment of Par-4 protein levels in renal cell carcinoma cell lines conferred sensitivity to apoptosis. Because apoptosis may serve as a defense mechanism against malignant transformation or progression, decreased expression of Par-4 may contribute to the pathophysiology of renal cell carcinoma. (+info)

Expression of Bcl-2 protein is decreased in colorectal adenocarcinomas with microsatellite instability. (3/66693)

Bcl-2 is known to inhibit apoptosis and is thought to play a role in colorectal tumour development. Studies of the promoter region of bcl-2 have indicated the presence of a p53 responsive element which downregulates bcl-2 expression. Since p53 is commonly mutated in colorectal cancers, but rarely in those tumours showing microsatellite instability (MSI), the aim of this study was to examine the relationship of bcl-2 protein expression to MSI, as well as to other clinicopathological and molecular variables, in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Expression of bcl-2 was analysed by immunohistochemistry in 71 colorectal cancers which had been previously assigned to three classes depending upon their levels of MSI. MSI-high tumours demonstrated instability in three or more of six microsatellite markers tested, MSI-low tumours in one or two of six, and MSI-null in none of six. Bcl-2 expression in tumours was quantified independently by two pathologists and assigned to one of five categories, with respect to the number of cells which showed positive staining: 0, up to 5%; 1, 6-25%; 2, 26-50%; 3, 51-75%; and 4, > or =76%. Bcl-2 negative tumours were defined as those with a score of 0. Bcl-2 protein expression was tested for association with clinicopathological stage, differentiation level, tumour site, age, sex, survival, evidence of p53 inactivation and MSI level. A significant association was found between bcl-2 expression and patient survival (P = 0.012, Gehan Wilcoxon test). Further, a significant reciprocal relationship was found between bcl-2 expression and the presence of MSI (P = 0.012, Wilcoxon rank sum test). We conclude that bcl-2 expressing colorectal cancers are more likely to be MSI-null, and to be associated with improved patient survival. (+info)

Immune responses to all ErbB family receptors detectable in serum of cancer patients. (4/66693)

Employing NIH3T3 transfectants with individual human ErbB receptor coding sequences as recombinant antigen sources, we detected by immunoblot analysis specific immunoreactivity against all four ErbB receptors among 13 of 41 sera obtained from patients with different types of epithelial malignancies. Overall, serum positivity was most frequently directed against ErbB2 followed by EGFR, ErbB3 and ErbB4. Specificity patterns comprised tumor patients with unique serum reactivity against ErbB2 or ErbB4. Moreover, approximately half of the positive sera exhibited concomitant reactivity with multiple ErbB receptors including EGFR and ErbB2, EGFR and ErbB4, ErbB2 and ErbB3 or EGFR, ErbB2 and ErbB3. Serum reactivity was confirmed for the respective ErbB receptors expressed by human tumor cells and corroborated on receptor-specific immunoprecipitates. Positive sera contained ErbB-specific antibodies of the IgG isotype. Representative immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissues suggested overexpression of ErbB receptors for which serum antibodies were detectable in five of six patients. These findings implicate multiple ErbB receptors including ErbB3 and ErbB4 in addition to EGFR and ErbB2 in primary human cancer. Heterogeneity of natural ErbB-specific responses in cancer patients warrants their evaluation in light of immunotherapeutic approaches targeting these receptors. (+info)

Detailed methylation analysis of the glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) gene in prostate cancer. (5/66693)

Glutathione-S-Transferases (GSTs) comprise a family of isoenzymes that provide protection to mammalian cells against electrophilic metabolites of carcinogens and reactive oxygen species. Previous studies have shown that the CpG-rich promoter region of the pi-class gene GSTP1 is methylated at single restriction sites in the majority of prostate cancers. In order to understand the nature of abnormal methylation of the GSTP1 gene in prostate cancer we undertook a detailed analysis of methylation at 131 CpG sites spanning the promoter and body of the gene. Our results show that DNA methylation is not confined to specific CpG sites in the promoter region of the GSTP1 gene but is extensive throughout the CpG island in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore we found that both alleles are abnormally methylated in this region. In normal prostate tissue, the entire CpG island was unmethylated, but extensive methylation was found outside the island in the body of the gene. Loss of GSTP1 expression correlated with DNA methylation of the CpG island in both prostate cancer cell lines and cancer tissues whereas methylation outside the CpG island in normal prostate tissue appeared to have no effect on gene expression. (+info)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B mediates membrane binding and directs sorting from the trans-Golgi network to secretory granules. (6/66693)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B (CgB), a regulated secretory protein with widespread distribution in neuroendocrine cells, is known to be essential for the sorting of CgB from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to immature secretory granules. Here we show that this loop, when fused to the constitutively secreted protein alpha1-antitrypsin (AT), is sufficient to direct the fusion protein to secretory granules. Importantly, the sorting efficiency of the AT reporter protein bearing two loops (E2/3-AT-E2/3) is much higher compared with that of AT with a single disulfide-bonded loop. In contrast to endogenous CgB, E2/3-AT-E2/3 does not undergo Ca2+/pH-dependent aggregation in the TGN. Furthermore, the disulfide-bonded loop of CgB mediates membrane binding in the TGN and does so with 5-fold higher efficiency if two loops are present on the reporter protein. The latter finding supports the concept that under physiological conditions, aggregates of CgB are the sorted units of cargo which have multiple loops on their surface leading to high membrane binding and sorting efficiency of CgB in the TGN. (+info)

A cytomegalovirus glycoprotein re-routes MHC class I complexes to lysosomes for degradation. (7/66693)

Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) early gene expression interferes with the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) pathway of antigen presentation. Here we identify a 48 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the MCMV early gene m06, which tightly binds to properly folded beta2-microglobulin (beta2m)-associated MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This association is mediated by the lumenal/transmembrane part of the protein. gp48-MHC class I complexes are transported out of the ER, pass the Golgi, but instead of being expressed on the cell surface, they are redirected to the endocytic route and rapidly degraded in a Lamp-1(+) compartment. As a result, m06-expressing cells are impaired in presenting antigenic peptides to CD8(+) T cells. The cytoplasmic tail of gp48 contains two di-leucine motifs. Mutation of the membrane-proximal di-leucine motif of gp48 restored surface expression of MHC class I, while mutation of the distal one had no effect. The results establish a novel viral mechanism for downregulation of MHC class I molecules by directly binding surface-destined MHC complexes and exploiting the cellular di-leucine sorting machinery for lysosomal degradation. (+info)

Expression of extracellular matrix proteins in cervical squamous cell carcinoma--a clinicopathological study. (8/66693)

AIM: To evaluate the intracellular and peritumoral expression of matrix proteins in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix using immunohistochemistry. METHODS: 71 squamous cell carcinomas and 10 controls were stained for laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV. Cytoplasmic staining in tumour cells and peritumoral deposition of matrix proteins were evaluated. The association between staining results and patient age, tumour stage, histological grade, and survival was studied. RESULTS: Positive cytoplasmic staining for laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV was observed in 17 (23.9%), 27 (38%), and 10 (14.1%) cases, respectively. Staining for laminin was most pronounced in the invasive front of tumour islands, while for fibronectin and collagen IV it appeared to be diffuse. Peritumoral staining for laminin and collagen IV was detected in 12 cases (16.9%). Early stage (Ia1-Ia2) tumours were uniformly negative for all three proteins. Cytoplasmic staining for laminin correlated with positive staining for fibronectin and collagen IV, and with the presence of a peritumoral deposition of collagen IV and laminin. There was no correlation with any of the three markers between staining results and patient age, stage, grade, or survival. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of extracellular matrix proteins in some cervical squamous cell carcinomas might reflect the enhanced ability of these tumours to modify the peritumoral stroma. This ability seems to be absent in early stage tumours. The correlation between intracytoplasmic and peritumoral expression of matrix proteins supports the evidence of their synthesis by tumour cells. However, this property did not correlate with disease outcome in this study. (+info)

Immunohistochemistry[edit]. The tumor cells in Burkitt lymphoma generally strongly express markers of B cell differentiation ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkitt's_lymphoma

... Staining Protocol. *. Burnett R, Guichard Y, Barale E (1997). "Immunohistochemistry for light microscopy ... Immunohistochemistry is also used for protein profiling in the most common forms of human cancer.[19][20] ... Immunohistochemistry is used to determine patients who may benefit from therapeutic antibodies such as Erbitux (cetuximab).[18] ... Immunohistochemistry can be used to assess which tumors are likely to respond to therapy, by detecting the presence or elevated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemical_staining

Immunohistochemistry. [20]. Prostate cancer. Over-expression. 33%. Immunohistochemistry. [21]. Non-small-cell lung cancer. Over ... Immunohistochemistry. [19]. Head and neck squamous cancers. Over-expression. 75%. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51

Immunohistochemistry: the use of antisera to label specific antigens. *Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate), a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining_

Wick MR, Hornick JL (2011). "Immunohistology of Soft Tissue and Osseous Neoplasms". Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry. Elsevier. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobin

"Anti-C15orf32 antibody produced in rabbit HPA041883". Immunohistochemistry. Retrieved 2020-05-03. "PSORT II server - GenScript ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncharacterized_protein_C15orf32

"What Is Immunohistochemistry (IHC)". Immunohistochemistry. Sino Biological Inc. Farwell AP, Dubord-Tomasetti SA (September 1999 ... During immunohistochemistry, which is the process that uses antibodies to identify antigens in cells, tissue sections are often ... Because BSA is a small, stable, moderately non-reactive protein, it is often used as a blocker in immunohistochemistry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_serum_albumin

... quantitative immunohistochemistry; array light microscopy; and digital pathology. Cancer research Weinstein studied mechanisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_S._Weinstein

"Anti-CCDC60 antibody produced in rabbit HPA039048". Immunohistochemistry, Western. Retrieved 2019-05-12. Emanuelsson O, Nielsen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ccdc60

"Anti-C16orf46 antibody produced in rabbit HPA041136". Immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence. Retrieved 2018-05-07. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16orf46

... of larger structures is called immunohistochemistry. There are two complex steps in the manufacture of antibody ... Ramos-Vara JA (July 2005). "Technical aspects of immunohistochemistry". Vet. Pathol. 42 (4): 405-26. doi:10.1354/vp.42-4-405. ... These types of antibodies would lead to poor results in immunoprecipitation or immunohistochemistry experiments, yet the ... Swanson PE (September 1988). "Foundations of immunohistochemistry. A practical review". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 90 (3): 333-9. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunolabeling

"Ber-EP4". e-immunohistochemistry.info. Retrieved 24 May 2017. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Test ID: BEREP - Ber-EP4 ... "The Use of BEREP4 Immunohistochemistry Staining for Detection of Basal Cell Carcinoma". Journal of Skin Cancer. 2017: 1-10. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerEp4

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 12 (2): 139-41. doi:10.1097/00129039-200406000-00007. PMID 15354739. S2CID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lawson_(Australian_doctor)

Lau SK, Luthringer DJ, Eisen RN (June 2002). "Thyroid transcription factor-1: a review". Applied Immunohistochemistry & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK2_homeobox_1

p16INK4a immunohistochemistry improves interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The ... "p16INK4a Immunohistochemistry Improves Interobserver... : The American Journal of Surgical Pathology". "Universitätsklinikum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_von_Knebel_Doeberitz

Chu PG, Arber DA (June 2001). "CD79: a review". Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 9 (2): 97-106. doi:10.1097 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD79

Immunohistochemistry: Basics and Methods. Springer Science & Business Media. 2010. pp. 92-3. ISBN 978-3-642-04609-4. Walton JD ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalloidin

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 11 (2): 113-5. doi:10.1097/00129039-200306000-00003. PMID 12777992. Miura ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAGE_(gene)

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 27 (6): e63-e64. doi:10.1097/PAI.0000000000000584. ISSN 1541-2016. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_ectomesenchymoma

Buchwalow, Igor B.; Böcker, Werner (2010). Immunohistochemistry: Basics and Methods. Springer. pp. 92. ISBN 978-3-642-04608-7. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeletal_drugs

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 9 (3): 276-80. doi:10.1097/00022744-200109000-00013. PMID 11556757. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSBP1

Immunohistochemistry Introduction AbD Serotec, Bio-Rad. "IHC Tip 1: Antigen retrieval - should I do PIER or HIER?". Bio-Rad ... Immunohistochemistry or IHC staining of tissue sections (or immunocytochemistry, which is the staining of cells), is perhaps ... The membrane can then be probed using antibodies using methods similar to immunohistochemistry, but without a need for fixation ... Ramos-Vara, JA (2005). "Technical Aspects of Immunohistochemistry". Vet Pathol. 42 (4): 405-426. doi:10.1354/vp.42-4-405. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunostaining

Using immunohistochemistry, calretinin can be demonstrated in both benign mesothelium and in malignant mesothelioma and can be ... Marchevsky AM (Mar 2008). "Application of immunohistochemistry to the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma". Archives of ... In Hirschsprung disease, calretinin immunohistochemistry offers additional diagnostic value in specimens with inadequate amount ... "Calretinin immunohistochemistry: a simple and efficient tool to diagnose Hirschsprung disease". Modern Pathology. 22 (10): 1379 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calretinin

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 25 (5): e30-e33. doi:10.1097/PAI.0000000000000405. PMID 27299190. S2CID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein–Barr_virus-associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases

Pillai, R.; Kannan, S.; Chandran, G. J. (1993-04-01). "The immunohistochemistry of solid tumours: potential problems for new ... Rao, I. Satish (2010-01-01). "Role of immunohistochemistry in lymphoma". Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. 31 ... Biopsy for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Imaging tests like X-ray, ultrasonography, computerised tomography (CT), ... Excision biopsy of lymph node for histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, and molecular studies. Blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology

Immunohistochemistry may aid the diagnosis. If the lesion is NS, there will be focal to absent immunoreactivity for p53, low ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_sialometaplasia

Immunohistochemistry can aid in diagnosis. Cells of a similar morphology observed in solid organs are observed in peripheral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatosplenic_T-cell_lymphoma

Immunohistochemistry of Paget cells and underlying breast cancer show a more aggressive, HER2-enriched, molecular subtype of ... Arain SA, Arafah M, Said Raddaoui EM, Tulba A, Alkhawaja FH, Al Shedoukhy A (March 2020). "Immunohistochemistry of mammary ... immunohistochemistry). CD138 and p53 can be used, both being positive in Paget's disease, and negative in Toker cells, which ... "Molecular subtyping of mammary Paget's disease using immunohistochemistry". Saudi Medical Journal. 40 (5): 440-446. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget's_disease_of_the_breast

Immunohistochemistry Protocols, Buffers and Troubleshooting. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_immunoperoxidase_assay

ImmunohistochemistryEdit. In cases where a metastasis from colorectal cancer is suspected, immunohistochemistry is used to ... Taliano RJ, LeGolvan M, Resnick MB (February 2013). "Immunohistochemistry of colorectal carcinoma: current practice and ... Immunohistochemistry can also be used to screen for Lynch syndrome, a genetic disorder with increased risk of colorectal and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer

Immunohistochemistry Staining Protocol. *. Burnett R, Guichard Y, Barale E (1997). "Immunohistochemistry for light microscopy ... Immunohistochemistry is also used for protein profiling in the most common forms of human cancer.[19][20] ... Immunohistochemistry is used to determine patients who may benefit from therapeutic antibodies such as Erbitux (cetuximab).[18] ... Immunohistochemistry can be used to assess which tumors are likely to respond to therapy, by detecting the presence or elevated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemical_staining

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods are a sensitive and specific means to detect rabies in formalin-fixed tissues. IHC uses ...

https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/diagnosis/immunohistochemistry.html

Immunohistochemistry may offer some guidance in these cases.11-19 Most uterine smooth muscle tumors express hormone receptors. ... Subsequently, sections of the uterine tumor were submitted for immunohistochemistry. The endometrial carcinoma was found to be ...

http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1252622/immunohistochemistry_in_gynecologic_pathology/

Immunohistochemistry can be applied judiciously in the delineation of tumoral histiogenesis and the extent of lesional ... Immunohistochemistry can be applied judiciously in the delineation of tumoral histiogenesis and the extent of lesional ... Cherpelis B.S., Frank Glass L., Hamill J.R., Fenske N.A. (2018) Immunohistochemistry Applications. In: Morgan M., Spencer J., ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-74847-4_19

Previous Issues - Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. *Previous Issues - Diagnostic Molecular Pathology (1992- ... Articles published in Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology are available to nonsubscribers online and/or in PDF ...

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... Recorded: Apr 10 2019 64 mins Brett Merritt. Did you know that the incidence of liver ... Liver Cancer & Immunohistochemistry. Did you know that the incidence of liver cancer has tripled since 1980? Have you wondered ... Liver Cancer & Immunohistochemistry Brett Merritt [[ webcastStartDate * 1000 , amDateFormat: MMM D YYYY h:mm a ]] 64 mins ... Immunohistochemistry has now been a staple in diagnostic pathology for decades. This is partially due to pathologist ...

https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/1238/351426?utm_campaign=channel-feed&

Immunohistochemistry is the technology of detecting cellular and infectious agent proteins in tissue with antibodies and then ... Basics of Immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry is the technology of detecting cellular and infectious agent proteins in ... Liver Cancer & Immunohistochemistry Recorded: Apr 10 2019 64 mins Brett Merritt. Did you know that the incidence of liver ... Immunohistochemistry has now been a staple in diagnostic pathology for decades. This is partially due to pathologist ...

https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/1238/307379

Previous Issues - Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. *Previous Issues - Diagnostic Molecular Pathology (1992- ...

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Immunohistochemical staining is a valuable tool for detecting specific antigens in tissues. This IHC protocol describes the application of peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase conjugates in the immunohistochemical labeling of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections.

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Immunohistochemistry is a technique for detecting molecules of interest within tissues using antibodies. (nature.com)
Immunohistochemistry is the technology of detecting cellular and infectious agent proteins in tissue with antibodies and then labeling those antibodies with a chromogen so that they are detectable under a light microscope. (brighttalk.com)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for detecting antigens or haptens in cells of a tissue section by using labeled antibodies to bind specifically to their antigens. (photonics.com)
When someone does an immunohistochemistry study, he or she introduces specialized antibodies to a sample of the tissue in question, which is usually prepared and fixed on a slide, although free floating samples may be analyzed as well. (wisegeek.com)
Immunohistochemistry, more commonly referred to as IHC, helps doctors and scientists differentiate between histological subtypes of mesothelioma through the use of antigens, which help to trigger the production of antibodies from the immune system. (mesotheliomasymptoms.com)
Immunohistochemistry is a method used for localizing specific antigens in tissues or cells using antibodies, enzyme conjugates and substrate chromogens. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)
Comparison of Antibodies for Immunohistochemistry-based Detection. (ingentaconnect.com)
The immunohistochemistry (IHC) test is a laboratory method that detects antibodies of prions (mis-shapen proteins thought to transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE or mad cow disease) by exposing a brain sample to a stain that appears as a specific color under a microscope. (wikipedia.org)
Immunohistochemistry is the use of specific antibodies to stain particular molecular species in situ. (elsevier.com)
Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues . (wikidoc.org)
The science of immunohistochemistry (IHC) is evolving, as evidenced by the development of increasingly sophisticated automated staining platforms, production of specific antibodies for a wide range of species and the availability of a range of novel biomarkers . (covance.com)
In short, what are the things to consider when choosing antibodies for immunohistochemistry? (protocol-online.org)
We found that most of the time (with our homemade antibodies) immunohistochemistry required about 10X the concentration required for western blot. (protocol-online.org)
Immunohistochemistry/cytology is the use of antibodies in light microscopy and EM. (nationaldiagnostics.com)
Immunohistochemistry is generally carried out in sectioned tissue, which allows the antibodies free access to the interior of the cells. (nationaldiagnostics.com)
I like going to www.e-immunohistochemistry.info - you can look up stuff on most antibodies as well as certain tumors and differentials. (studentdoctor.net)
Immunohistochemistry is a comprehensive phrase, integrating biochemical, immunological, and anatomical procedure to visualize and constrain individually separated constituents in tissues by interacting with the antibodies-antigen. (marketresearch.com)
Immunohistochemistry was performed with monoclonal antibodies for CD31 (clone JC70), CD34 (clone QBEnd/10), ERG (clone EPR3864) and PAX8 (clone MRQ-50). (unboundmedicine.com)

In Signal Transduction Immunohistochemistry: Methods and Protocols , IHC experts contribute detailed protocols addressing the numerous challenges of signal-transduction immunohistochemistry (ST-IHC). (springer.com)
Authoritative and practical, Signal Transduction Immunohistochemistry: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for novices and as a bastion of inspiring ideas to be exploited by experienced researchers on the lookout for new experimental tricks and hints. (springer.com)
Carry out immunohistochemistry protocols to demonstrate how proteins are distributed within a tissue section. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Our immunohistochemistry guide takes you through all the steps in the IHC workflow and includes links to some of our other IHC resources, such as protocols and webinars. (abcam.com)

The complex interactions of an antigen and antibody and how this impacts on immunohistochemistry reactions. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Discuss the interaction of an antigen and antibody and how this impacts on the immunohistochemistry reactions. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Visualising an antibody-antigen interaction can be accomplished in a number of ways, mainly either of the following: Chromogenic immunohistochemistry (CIH), wherein an antibody is conjugated to an enzyme, such as peroxidase (the combination being termed immunoperoxidase), that can catalyse a colour-producing reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method for demonstrating the distribution and localization of antigens (such as proteins) in tissue sections using antibody-antigen interactions. (abcam.com)
Unlike other antibody assays, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) allow researchers and pathologists to visualize exactly where proteins are localized within tissues, providing cellular identity within the context of the tissue. (prweb.com)
In this study, we compared immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a monoclonal antibody directed against the human Myc protein to the current method, FISH. (frontiersin.org)
Immunohistochemistry is the localization of antigens in tissue sections by the use of labeled antibody as specific reagents through antigen-antibody interactions that are visualized by a marker such as fluorescent dye, enzyme, radioactive element or colloidal gold. (ihcworld.com)
Since immunohistochemistry involves specific antigen-antibody reaction, it has apparent advantage over traditionally used special enzyme staining techniques that identify only a limited number of proteins, enzymes and tissue structures. (ihcworld.com)
Despite the widespread use of immunohistochemistry (IHC), there are no standardization guidelines that control for antibody probe variability. (aacrjournals.org)
Immunohistochemistry is the application of antibody/antigen interactions to provide information about biological systems. (nationaldiagnostics.com)
The first report of an immunohistochemistry technique was made in 1942 when Coons et al detected pneumococcal antigen using a fluorescently tagged antibody. (nationaldiagnostics.com)
Intracellular Immunohistochemistry requires that the antibody to the target antigen be able to penetrate the cell membrane and whatever cell wall may be present before it can attach to the antigen. (nationaldiagnostics.com)
Can antibody X be used for immunohistochemistry? (biolegend.com)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) cannot replace routine histology and is not required in most dermatopathology cases. (thefreelibrary.com)
Immunohistochemistry has allowed the identification of many more cell types than could be visualized by classical histology, particularly in the immune system and among the scattered hormone-secreting cells of the endocrine system. (elsevier.com)
The other analyzed factors related to histology and immunohistochemistry have no such impact as they are related to biological behavior and aggressiveness of malignant breast tumors, thus providing useful predictive and prognostic information. (srce.hr)

The latest market report published by Credence Research, Inc. " Global Immunohistochemistry Market - Growth, Future Prospects, Competitive Analysis, 2017 - 2025," the global immunohistochemistry market was valued at US$ 1,555.2 Mn in 2016, and is expected to reach US$ 2,986.4 Mn by 2025 expanding at a CAGR of 7.19% from 2017 to 2025. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)
Asia Pacific will be the fastest growing market throughout the forecast period 2017-2025, majorly due to factors such as high competition due to presence of existing and budding biopharmaceutical manufacturers involved in producing immunohistochemistry reagents and equipment in these regions and supportive regulatory environment for immunohistochemistry products. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)
The global immunohistochemistry market totaled $1.6 billion in 2017 and is estimated to reach $2.3 billion by 2022, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% for the period of 2017-2022. (bccresearch.com)

This has led to high demand of immunohistochemistry (IHC) products. (medindia.net)

There are numerous immunohistochemistry methods that may be used to localize antigens. (ihcworld.com)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method that allows detection of proteins or other antigens in tissue sections. (antibodies-online.com)

Immunohistochemistry can be applied judiciously in the delineation of tumoral histiogenesis and the extent of lesional involvement in frozen section pathology. (springer.com)
He is the Associate Editor of The Journal of Histochemistry and cytochemistry, he is on the Editoral Board of Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology and is also on the Overseas Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Pathology. (wiley.com)
Dr. Taylor is a world renowned expert in immunohistochemistry and clinical pathology. (wiley.com)
The Department of Pathology at Indiana University School of Medicine partners with Indiana Pathology Institute and IU Health hospitals to offer resources and support biomedical researchers through the Immunohistochemistry Core. (iu.edu)

Explore our wide range of immunohistochemistry (IHC) kits, reagents and accessories, which are designed to help you obtain sensitive and reproducible results. (abcam.com)

This report covers the different applications of immunohistochemistry in drugs and diagnostics. (bccresearch.com)
Antigen Retrieval Immunohistochemistry Based Research and Diagnostics discusses several scientific approaches to the standardization of quantifiable immunohistochemistry (IHC). (wiley.com)
Antigen Retrieval Immunohistochemistry Based Research and Diagnostics is intended for clinical pathologists, molecular cell biologists, basic research scientists, technicians, and graduate students who undertake tissue/cell morphologic and molecular analysis and wish to use and extend the power of immunohistochemistry. (wiley.com)
Therefore, immunohistochemistry has become a crucial technique and widely used in many medical research laboratories as well as clinical diagnostics. (ihcworld.com)
Anyone who has recieved the Roche Diagnostics Scholarship for Excellence in Standardization of Immunohistochemistry within the last 5 years is ineligible for this scholarship. (nsh.org)

Apply a sound theoretical approach to the application of immunohistochemistry within the work environment. (sheffield.ac.uk)

In 2016, North America held the largest revenue share mainly due to factors such as rising prevalence of chronic diseases, matured biotechnology market and increasing commercialization of the immunohistochemistry products and developed research and healthcare institutions. (mobilecomputingtoday.co.uk)
In this report, the global Immunohistochemistry market is valued at USD XX million in 2016 and is expected to reach USD XX million by the end of 2022, growing at a CAGR of XX% between 2016 and 2022. (reportsnreports.com)

In addition, you can do a literature search with the clone name and immunohistochemistry/paraffin/frozen to see what the protocol details are. (biolegend.com)

A consistent source of positive and negative reference material on one slide offering of an industry standard for development and quality control of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, directly improving the accuracy and reproducibility. (horizondiscovery.com)
Several research initiatives have started to harmonise the five PD-L1 immunohistochemistry assays that have been used in clinical trials. (nih.gov)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of EMT in patients with UIP on quantitative immunohistochemistry using pathological tissue sections. (nih.gov)
Here, we present micro-immunohistochemistry (μIHC), a method for staining tissue sections at the micrometre scale. (rsc.org)

Subsequently, sections of the uterine tumor were submitted for immunohistochemistry. (redorbit.com)
When a pathologist examines a specimen from a cancerous tumor , immunohistochemistry is very important. (wisegeek.com)
It makes sense that doctors use immunohistochemistry to figure out what kind of cells are in the tumor. (wisegeek.com)
Immunohistochemistry, a technique that detects differences in the staining of tumor cells based on proteins they express, is widely used by pathologists in tissues in both the clinical and research setting. (medgadget.com)
ASCP puts out Efficient Tumor Immunohistochemistry, which seems like it could be useful. (studentdoctor.net)

A quantitative microimmunohistochemistry assay based on the evolution of immunohistochemistry signals during tissue staining enhances the stratification of tumour samples. (nature.com)
Quantitative immunohistochemistry. (biomedsearch.com)
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lungs with usual interstitial pneumonia: quantitative immunohistochemistry. (nih.gov)
Our purpose here is to review and assess methods for multiplexed, quantitative, image analysis based approaches, using new multicolor immunohistochemistry methods, automated multispectral slide imaging, and advanced trainable pattern recognition software. (nih.gov)

This book discusses all aspects of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization technologies and the important role they play in reaching a cancer diagnosis. (elsevier.com)

Growth factor receptor HER3 ( ErbB3 ) lacks standardized immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based methods for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. (ingentaconnect.com)
The ARUP Immunohistochemistry Laboratory performs more than 175 stains on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues/cellblocks. (aruplab.com)

A prostatic core biopsy showing a focus of atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) suspicious for, but not diagnostic of, cancer (arrow, A). A repeat biopsy in the proximity of the same site shows another focus of crowded small-caliber glands (arrow, B), which, on immunohistochemistry with the basal cell marker 34βE12, reveals absence of basal cells, thereby confirming a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma Gleason 3+3 (arrow, C). (medscape.com)
Despite advances in flow cytometry and molecular methods, immunohistochemistry (IHC) remains an important, useful, and cost-effective component of the diagnostic evaluation of most bone marrow biopsies. (eurospanbookstore.com)
This work is supported with numerous diagnostic high quality illustrations for both histopathology and immunohistochemistry. (ozon.ru)
It has a special issue on diagnostic immunohistochemistry. (studentdoctor.net)
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunohistochemistry has become a mandatory diagnostic test in the treatment of lung cancer. (nih.gov)
Research to identify the diagnostic value of ALP immunohistochemistry in human OSA cases has not been widely reported in the literature. (thefreelibrary.com)

Cherpelis B.S., Frank Glass L., Hamill J.R., Fenske N.A. (2018) Immunohistochemistry Applications. (springer.com)

Are you new to immunohistochemistry or looking for a protocol refresher? (biolegend.com)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Market Size to Reach $3.1 Billion by 2025: Grand View Research, Inc. (medindia.net)

The antigen retrieval (AR) technique is used worldwide and has resulted in a revolution in immunohistochemistry (IHC). (whsmith.co.uk)

7 Recommendations from the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) Project, a collaboration between the College of American Pathologists and the ASCCP, state that Ki-67 should not be routinely added to p16 immunohistochemistry but may be considered in cases for which p16 staining is inconclusive or technically inadequate. (cap.org)

Then, for these cases a variety of techniques, including special staining methods, immunohistochemistry (IHC), electron microscopy and molecular methods are used for diagnosis and exclusion of other microorganisms. (omicsonline.org)

225 Pages Report] The immunohistochemistry market is projected to reach USD 2.12 billion by 2021, at a CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)

Dr. Taylor is Editor in Chief of Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology. (wiley.com)

In order to perform immunohistochemistry, it is necessary to have access to a laboratory along with a number of specialized products which will be used to prepare and test the sample. (wisegeek.com)
The Immunohistochemistry Laboratory has a menu of immunohistochemistry tests for which we will provide interpretation by one of our ARUP faculty pathologists. (aruplab.com)
The ARUP Immunohistochemistry Laboratory is an NSABP-approved laboratory for the testing of breast markers. (aruplab.com)

Myc overexpression that results from dysregulation in the cell cycle of the Myc protein can be assayed by Western blot or immunohistochemistry (IHC) ( 15 ). (frontiersin.org)

[3] Immunohistochemistry is also widely used in basic research to understand the distribution and localization of biomarkers and differentially expressed proteins in different parts of a biological tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the most widely used technique in histopathological diagnosis and research for detection of proteins in tissues and cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Significant rise in healthcare spending and shift in focus on value-based healthcare solutions can further impel growth of the immunohistochemistry market over the forecast period. (medindia.net)

OCN immunohistochemistry has been proven to be sensitive but lacks specificity [7-9]. (thefreelibrary.com)

However, rapid growth in the developing countries across APAC and Latin America and the increasing demand for personalized medicine offer significant growth opportunities in the immunohistochemistry market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
recognized to be the most influential factors driving the growth of the immunohistochemistry market. (medindia.net)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) combines biochemical, histological and immunological techniques into a powerful assay for the visualization of protein localization and distribution within cells in tissue. (2bscientific.com)

7. J. A. Ramos-Vara (2005) Technical Aspects of Immunohistochemistry. (ihcworld.com)

The science and technique behind immunohistochemistry are discussed in this webinar. (brighttalk.com)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique which can be used to identify specific types of cells within a given sample. (wisegeek.com)
I am planning a small study that will use the immunohistochemistry technique. (protocol-online.org)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used to analyze protein expression in the context of tissue morphology. (jove.com)

The immunohistochemistry market comprises several stakeholders such as raw material suppliers, processors, end-product manufacturers, distributors, and regulatory organizations in the supply chain. (marketsandmarkets.com)
Both top-down and bottom-up approaches were used to estimate and validate the total size of the immunohistochemistry market. (marketsandmarkets.com)
The growing geriatric population along with the augmenting healthcare expenditure are some of the key factors driving the global immunohistochemistry market. (marketresearch.com)
The global immunohistochemistry market comprises of four major regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and rest of world. (marketresearch.com)

3,4 Therefore, the immunohistochemistry procedure is highly automated and performed under standardized conditions. (sigmaaldrich.com)

New immunohistochemistry markers to determine presence of vas deferens in vasectomy specimen. (unboundmedicine.com)

Veterinary Immunohistochemistry Conference aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Veterinary Immunohistochemistry Conference. (waset.org)
It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners, and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Veterinary Immunohistochemistry Conference. (waset.org)

Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosing Ovarian Tumors. (ozon.ru)
Histopathology and immunohistochemistry in diagnosing ovarian tumors is a simply today s most comprehensive source of guidance on diagnosing ovarian neoplastic lesions. (ozon.ru)
The second most frequent group had tumors with so-called 'triple-negative' immunohistochemistry negative phenotype (ER-, PR-, HER-2). (srce.hr)

This course introduces the various techniques that are used in the preparation and evaluation of immunohistochemistry (IHC) slides. (medialab.com)

This information plays a vital role in planning the treatment for the disease, creating a demand for immunohistochemistry products. (medindia.net)

Anatomy38

Organisms11

Diseases41

Chemicals and Drugs76

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment56

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science5

Health Care12

Level of retinoblastoma protein expression correlates with p16 (MTS-1/INK4A/CDKN2) status in bladder cancer. (1/66693)

Decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Par-4 in renal cell carcinoma. (2/66693)

Expression of Bcl-2 protein is decreased in colorectal adenocarcinomas with microsatellite instability. (3/66693)

Immune responses to all ErbB family receptors detectable in serum of cancer patients. (4/66693)

Detailed methylation analysis of the glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1) gene in prostate cancer. (5/66693)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B mediates membrane binding and directs sorting from the trans-Golgi network to secretory granules. (6/66693)

A cytomegalovirus glycoprotein re-routes MHC class I complexes to lysosomes for degradation. (7/66693)

Expression of extracellular matrix proteins in cervical squamous cell carcinoma--a clinicopathological study. (8/66693)

Immunohistochemistry

Immunoenzyme Techniques

RNA, Messenger

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Tumor Markers, Biological

In Situ Hybridization

Blotting, Western

Tissue Array Analysis

Prognosis

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

Ki-67 Antigen

Disease Models, Animal

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Gene Expression

Up-Regulation

Adenocarcinoma

Cell Line, Tumor

Neoplasm Proteins

Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect

Biopsy

Breast Neoplasms

Cell Proliferation

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Paraffin Embedding

Apoptosis

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Rats, Wistar

Neoplasm Staging

Receptor, erbB-2

Neoplasm Invasiveness

Cells, Cultured

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Gene Expression Profiling

Time Factors

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

Disease Progression

Tissue Distribution

Tissue Fixation

In Situ Nick-End Labeling

Carcinoma

Gene Expression Regulation

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Epithelial Cells

Lymphatic Metastasis

Biological Markers

Staining and Labeling

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Keratins

Lung Neoplasms

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Brain

Colorectal Neoplasms

Receptors, Progesterone

Stomach Neoplasms

Signal Transduction

Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast

Neovascularization, Pathologic

Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

Epithelium

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Down-Regulation

Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic

Cell Count

Membrane Proteins

Receptors, Estrogen

Cell Differentiation

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

Antigens, CD

Endometrium

S100 Proteins

Kidney

Intestinal Mucosa

Neurons

Lung

Microscopy, Confocal

Immunoblotting

Kaplan-Meier Estimate