Immunoglobulin light chains. Medical search

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.

One of the types of light chains of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.

One of the types of light chain subunits of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.

Genes and gene segments encoding the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS. Gene segments of the light chain genes are designated as V (variable), J (joining), and C (constant).

A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the second stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

An abnormal protein with unusual thermosolubility characteristics that is found in the urine of patients with MULTIPLE MYELOMA.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).

That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.

The domains of the immunoglobulin molecules that are invariable in their amino acid sequence within any class or subclass of immunoglobulin. They confer biological as well as structural functions to immunoglobulins. One each on both the light chains and the heavy chains comprises the C-terminus half of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN FAB FRAGMENT and two or three of them make up the rest of the heavy chains (all of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN FC FRAGMENT)

An immunolglobulin light chain-like protein composed of an IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION-like peptide (such as light chain like lambda5 peptide) and an IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGION-like peptide (such as Vpreb1 peptide). Surrogate light chains associate with MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in place of a conventional immunoglobulin light chains to form pre-B cell receptors.

Abnormal immunoglobulins characteristic of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.

A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.

A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chains, encoded by the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES in the J segment where, during the maturation of B-LYMPHOCYTES; the gene segment for the variable region upstream is joined to a constant region gene segment downstream. The exact position of joining of the two gene segments is variable and contributes to ANTIBODY DIVERSITY. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN J CHAINS; a separate polypeptide that serves as a linkage piece in polymeric IGA or IGM.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)

A 15 kD "joining" peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. There is one J chain per one IgA dimer or one IgM pentamer. It is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN JOINING REGION which is part of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. They have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and they contain about 57 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and have more oligosaccharide branches and a higher carbohydrate content than the heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.

A hereditary or acquired form of generalized dysfunction of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE without primary involvement of the KIDNEY GLOMERULUS. It is usually characterized by the tubular wasting of nutrients and salts (GLUCOSE; AMINO ACIDS; PHOSPHATES; and BICARBONATES) resulting in HYPOKALEMIA; ACIDOSIS; HYPERCALCIURIA; and PROTEINURIA.

Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.

Electrophoresis applied to BLOOD PROTEINS.

A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).

Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.

Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.

A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, coccoid bacteria that is part of the normal flora of humans. Its organisms are opportunistic pathogens causing bacteremias and soft tissue infections.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

An immunoglobulin which accounts for less than 1% of plasma immunoglobulin. It is found on the membrane of many circulating B LYMPHOCYTES.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G having a molecular weight of approximately 51 kDa. They contain about 450 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component covalently bound to the Fc fragment constant region. The gamma heavy chain subclasses (for example, gamma 1, gamma 2a, and gamma 2b) of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G isotype subclasses (IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B) resemble each other more closely than the heavy chains of the other IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES.

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

Allelic variants of the immunoglobulin light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) or heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) encoded by ALLELES of IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES.

Gene rearrangement of the B-lymphocyte which results in a substitution in the type of heavy-chain constant region that is expressed. This allows the effector response to change while the antigen binding specificity (variable region) remains the same. The majority of class switching occurs by a DNA recombination event but it also can take place at the level of RNA processing.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A phosphoprotein phosphatase that is specific for MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. It is composed of three subunits, which include a catalytic subunit, a myosin binding subunit, and a third subunit of unknown function.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

Induction of Ig light chain gene rearrangement in heavy chain-deficient B cells by activated Ras. (1/1652)

During B cell development, rearrangement and expression of Ig heavy chain (HC) genes promote development and expansion of pre-B cells accompanied by the onset of Ig light chain (LC) variable region gene assembly. To elucidate the signaling pathways that control these events, we have tested the ability of activated Ras expression to promote B cell differentiation to the stage of LC gene rearrangement in the absence of Ig HC gene expression. For this purpose, we introduced an activated Ras expression construct into JH-deleted embryonic stem cells that lack the ability to assemble HC variable region genes and assayed differentiation potential by recombination activating gene (RAG) 2-deficient blastocyst complementation. We found that activated Ras expression induces the progression of B lineage cells beyond the developmental checkpoint ordinarily controlled by mu HC. Such Ras/JH-deleted B cells accumulate in the periphery but continue to express markers associated with precursor B cells including RAG gene products. These peripheral Ras/JH-deleted B cell populations show extensive Ig LC gene rearrangement but maintain an extent of kappa LC gene rearrangement and a preference for kappa over lambda LC gene rearrangement similar to that of wild-type B cells. We discuss these findings in the context of potential mechanisms that may regulate Ig LC gene rearrangement. (+info)

Characterization of an immunoglobin cDNA clone containing the variable and constant regions for the MOPC 21 kappa light chain. (2/1652)

Nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction endonuclease mapping have been used to characterize a cDNA copy of immunoglobulin MOPC 21 Kappa mRNA clones in the bacterial plasmid pMB9. Three regions of the inserted cDNA of plasmid pL21-1 have been sequenced and match the known protein sequence at amino acid residues 1-24, 128-138 and 171-179. With these sequences to provide absolute correlations between the restriction map and the structural gene sequence it has been possible to exactly deduce the positions of all 11 of the insert restriction sites mapped within the structural gene. The pL21-1 insert contains the complete variable and constant regions as well as parts of the 3' untranslated and polypeptide leader coding sequences. (+info)

Recombinant DNA clones constructed from immunoglobulin kappa light chain messenger RNA. (3/1652)

Recombinant DNA clones have been generated from mouse myeloma MOPC 21 immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized on kappa light chain mRNA by reverse transcriptase was made double stranded and inserted into the bacterial plasmid vector, pMB9. Approximately 70 tetracycline-resistant transformed colonies containing kappa light chain mRNA sequences were identified by colony hybridization. Five of these recombinant clones were selected and characterized. Three clones contain both kappa light chain constant and variable region sequences. Two of these three recombinant clones have been shown to include all of the kappa light chain constant and variable region coding sequences. Another of the five selected recombinant clones contain kappa light chain constant region sequences. The remaining characterized clone appears to be derived from sequences at the 5'-end of kappa light chain mRNA, possibly extending to the terminal cap structure. (+info)

Novel mechanisms control the folding and assembly of lambda5/14.1 and VpreB to produce an intact surrogate light chain. (4/1652)

Surrogate light chain, which escorts the mu heavy chain to the cell surface, is a critical component of the pre-B cell receptor complex. The two proteins that comprise the surrogate light chain, VpreB and lambda5/14.1, contain both unique regions and Ig-like domains. The unique regions have been postulated to function in the assembly of the surrogate light chain. However, by using transient transfection of COS7 cells, we show that deletion of the unique regions of both proteins did not inhibit the assembly of surrogate light chain. Instead, in vivo folding studies showed that the unique region of lambda5/14.1 acts as an intramolecular chaperone by preventing the folding of this protein when it is expressed in the absence of its partner, VpreB. The Ig domains of both lambda5/14.1 and VpreB are atypical. The one in VpreB lacks one of the canonical beta strands whereas the one in lambda5/14.1 has an extra beta strand. Deletion of the extra beta strand in lambda5/14.1 completely abrogated the formation of the surrogate light chain, demonstrating that complementation of the incomplete Ig domain in VpreB by the extra beta strand in lambda5/14.1 was necessary and sufficient for the folding and assembly of these proteins. Our studies reveal two novel mechanisms for regulating surrogate light chain formation: (i) the presence of an intramolecular chaperone that prevents folding of the unassembled subunit but that remains part of the mature assembled protein, and (ii) splitting an Ig domain between two proteins to control their folding and assembly. (+info)

Assignment of genes for immunoglobulin kappa and heavy chains to chromosomes 6 and 12 in mouse. (5/1652)

Using somatic cell hybrids from fusions of lymphocytes of two different mouse stocks with the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8, we have assigned genes for the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa-type light chains to chromosomes 12 and 6, respectively. The two mouse stocks exhibit karyotypes consisting of nine pairs of metacentric chromosomes as a result of centric fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in different combinations. In the hybrid cells these metacentric chromosomes can be distinguished from the acrocentric chromosomes of myeloma origin, permitting correlation of Ig chain expression with mitotic loss of individual metacentric chromosomes. (+info)

The structure of an entire noncovalent immunoglobulin kappa light-chain dimer (Bence-Jones protein) reveals a weak and unusual constant domains association. (6/1652)

Monoclonal free light chains secreted in immunoproliferative disorders are frequently involved in renal complications, including a specific proximal tubule impairment, Fanconi's syndrome. The latter is characterized in most cases by intracellular crystallization including a light-chain variable-domain fragment which resists lysosomal proteases. Bence-Jones protein (BJP) DEL was isolated from a patient with myeloma-associated Fanconi's syndrome. The crystal structure of this human kappa immunoglobulin light-chain noncovalent dimer was determined using molecular replacement with the structure of molecule REI, as the variable domain, and that of BJP LOC as the constant domain. To our knowledge, DEL is the first complete kappa BJP structure described to date. The R-factor is 20.7% at 2.8 A resolution. The BJP DEL dimer was compared with other light-chain dimers and with Fab fragments with a kappa light chain. Although the domain-folding pattern was similar, the relative positions of the constant domains differed. BJP DEL showed a noncanonical quaternary structural arrangement which may be attributable to the poor CL-CL affinity and lack of an interchain disulfide bridge, combined with the conformational editing effect of the crystal-packing forces. Our results suggest that, in the absence of a disulfide bridge, most BJP CLs are probably mobile in solution. This may explain their high susceptibility to proteases and the absence of naturally occurring crystals for these dimers. Furthermore, these findings of an unusual quaternary structure of an immunoglobulin light-chain association extend our knowledge about the large and highly diverse structures of the immunoglobulin superfamily. (+info)

Physicochemical consequences of amino acid variations that contribute to fibril formation by immunoglobulin light chains. (7/1652)

The most common form of systemic amyloidosis originates from antibody light chains. The large number of amino acid variations that distinguish amyloidogenic from nonamyloidogenic light chain proteins has impeded our understanding of the structural basis of light-chain fibril formation. Moreover, even among the subset of human light chains that are amyloidogenic, many primary structure differences are found. We compared the thermodynamic stabilities of two recombinant kappa4 light-chain variable domains (V(L)s) derived from amyloidogenic light chains with a V(L) from a benign light chain. The amyloidogenic V(L)s were significantly less stable than the benign V(L). Furthermore, only the amyloidogenic V(L)s formed fibrils under native conditions in an in vitro fibril formation assay. We used site-directed mutagenesis to examine the consequences of individual amino acid substitutions found in the amyloidogenic V(L)s on stability and fibril formation capability. Both stabilizing and destabilizing mutations were found; however, only destabilizing mutations induced fibril formation in vitro. We found that fibril formation by the benign V(L) could be induced by low concentrations of a denaturant. This indicates that there are no structural or sequence-specific features of the benign V(L) that are incompatible with fibril formation, other than its greater stability. These studies demonstrate that the V(L) beta-domain structure is vulnerable to destabilizing mutations at a number of sites, including complementarity determining regions (CDRs), and that loss of variable domain stability is a major driving force in fibril formation. (+info)

Cells with clonal light chains are present in peripheral blood at diagnosis and in apheretic stem cell harvests of primary amyloidosis. (8/1652)

In primary systemic amyloidosis, small numbers of bone marrow plasma cells secrete monoclonal light chains that form extracellular fibrils (amyloid) in various organs. Evidence limited to a few cases suggests that rare clonal elements can also be found in the peripheral blood (PB), and this may be relevant in PB stem cell autotransplantation. Since up to 40% of amyloid clones do not synthesize heavy chains, in order to detect tumor cells with high specificity and sensitivity we developed a seminested allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction for tumor light chains. Clone-related sequences were detected in DNA and/or cDNA from the PB cells of eight of 10 patients at diagnosis and from apheretic collections of three of four cases undergoing PB progenitor autotransplantation. Since there are experimental data suggesting that circulating tumor cells may be involved in the growth of the amyloidogenic clone and may be chemoresistant, these findings are relevant to the use of leukapheresis purging strategies for PB progenitor autotransplantation in amyloidosis. (+info)

There are several types of amyloidosis, each with different causes and symptoms. The most common types include:

1. Primary amyloidosis: This type is caused by the production of abnormal proteins in the bone marrow. It mainly affects older adults and can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.
2. Secondary amyloidosis: This type is caused by other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, or inflammatory bowel disease. It can also be caused by long-term use of certain medications, such as antibiotics or chemotherapy.
3. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy: This type is inherited and affects the nerves in the body, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, and pain.
4. Localized amyloidosis: This type affects a specific area of the body, such as the tongue or the skin.

The symptoms of amyloidosis can vary depending on the organs affected and the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

1. Fatigue
2. Weakness
3. Pain
4. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
5. Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
6. Difficulty with speech or swallowing
7. Seizures
8. Heart problems
9. Kidney failure
10. Liver failure

The diagnosis of amyloidosis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to measure the levels of certain proteins in the body, as well as biopsies to examine tissue samples under a microscope. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans, may be used to evaluate the organs affected by the condition.

There is no cure for amyloidosis, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options may include:

1. Medications to control symptoms such as pain, swelling, and heart problems
2. Chemotherapy to reduce the production of abnormal proteins
3. Autologous stem cell transplantation to replace damaged cells with healthy ones
4. Dialysis to remove excess fluids and waste products from the body
5. Nutritional support to ensure adequate nutrition and hydration
6. Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility
7. Supportive care to manage pain, improve quality of life, and reduce stress on the family.

In conclusion, amyloidosis is a complex and rare group of diseases that can affect multiple organs and systems in the body. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to managing the symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. It is important for patients with suspected amyloidosis to seek medical attention from a specialist, such as a hematologist or nephrologist, for proper evaluation and treatment.

Plasmacytoma is a type of plasma cell dyscrasia, which is a group of diseases that affect the production and function of plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infections. In plasmacytoma, the abnormal plasma cells grow and multiply out of control, leading to a tumor.

There are several subtypes of plasmacytoma, including:

* solitary plasmacytoma: A single tumor that occurs in one location.
* multiple myeloma: A type of cancer that affects the bones and is characterized by an overgrowth of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow.
* extramedullary plasmacytoma: A tumor that occurs outside of the bone marrow, such as in soft tissue or organs.

Plasmacytoma is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and biopsy. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to destroy the abnormal cells. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the tumor.

Plasmacytoma is a relatively rare cancer, but it can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if left untreated. It is important for patients with symptoms of plasmacytoma to seek medical attention as soon as possible to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Multiple myeloma is the second most common type of hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancer deaths worldwide. It is more common in older adults, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.

The exact cause of multiple myeloma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the plasma cells. There are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma, including:

1. Family history: Having a family history of multiple myeloma or other plasma cell disorders increases the risk of developing the disease.
2. Age: The risk of developing multiple myeloma increases with age, with most patients being diagnosed over the age of 65.
3. Race: African Americans are at higher risk of developing multiple myeloma than other races.
4. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.
5. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals has been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma.

The symptoms of multiple myeloma can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

1. Bone pain: Pain in the bones, particularly in the spine, ribs, or long bones, is a common symptom of multiple myeloma.
2. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak is another common symptom of the disease.
3. Infections: Patients with multiple myeloma may be more susceptible to infections due to the impaired functioning of their immune system.
4. Bone fractures: Weakened bones can lead to an increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, or ribs.
5. Kidney problems: Multiple myeloma can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to problems such as kidney failure or proteinuria (excess protein in the urine).
6. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
7. Increased calcium levels: High levels of calcium in the blood can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and confusion.
8. Neurological problems: Multiple myeloma can cause neurological problems such as headaches, numbness or tingling in the arms and legs, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

The diagnosis of multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include:

1. Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC can help identify abnormalities in the numbers and characteristics of different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the blood, including immunoglobulins (antibodies) and abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells.
3. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP): This test measures the levels of different proteins in the urine.
4. Immunofixation: This test is used to identify the type of antibody produced by myeloma cells and to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
5. Bone marrow biopsy: A bone marrow biopsy involves removing a sample of tissue from the bone marrow for examination under a microscope. This can help confirm the diagnosis of multiple myeloma and determine the extent of the disease.
6. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be used to assess the extent of bone damage or other complications of multiple myeloma.
7. Genetic testing: Genetic testing may be used to identify specific genetic abnormalities that are associated with multiple myeloma and to monitor the response of the disease to treatment.

It's important to note that not all patients with MGUS or smoldering myeloma will develop multiple myeloma, and some patients with multiple myeloma may not have any symptoms at all. However, if you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above or have a family history of multiple myeloma, it's important to talk to your doctor about your risk and any tests that may be appropriate for you.

There are several types of paraproteinemias, including:

1. Multiple myeloma: This is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of immunoglobulins.
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): This is a condition in which there is an abnormal increase in the level of immunoglobulins in the blood, but the cause cannot be determined.
3. Waldenström macroglobulinemia: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow and leads to an overproduction of immunoglobulins.
4. Primary amyloidosis: This is a condition in which abnormal proteins called amyloids accumulate in the organs, leading to damage and dysfunction.
5. Secondary amyloidosis: This is a condition in which abnormal proteins called amyloids accumulate in the organs due to another underlying condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus.

The symptoms of paraproteinemias can vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, infections, kidney damage, and bone pain. Treatment options for paraproteinemias depend on the specific type of disorder and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or medications to reduce protein production.

There are several different types of pseudolymphoma, including:

1. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma: This type of pseudolymphoma affects the skin and can appear as a rash or lump.
2. Nodular pseudolymphoma: This type of pseudolymphoma affects the lymph nodes and can cause swelling in the neck, armpits, or groin.
3. Extranodal pseudolymphoma: This type of pseudolymphoma can occur outside of the lymph nodes and can affect other organs, such as the spleen or liver.
4. Lymphomatoid papulosis: This is a rare type of pseudolymphoma that can cause recurring episodes of swelling in the lymph nodes or skin.

The exact cause of pseudolymphoma is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal response of the immune system. Treatment for pseudolymphoma typically involves surgery to remove the affected tissue, as well as radiation therapy and chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, the condition may go into remission on its own without treatment.

The disease is named after the Swedish physician Jan G. Waldenström, who first described it in 1944. It is also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or IgM multoculullarity.

The exact cause of Waldenström macroglobulinemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur in the plasma cells. The condition usually affects older adults and is more common in males than females.

Symptoms of Waldenström macroglobulinemia can include:

* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Enlargement of the liver and spleen
* Swelling in the legs, ankles, and hands
* Pain in the bones or joints
* Increased risk of infections
* Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet

The diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia is based on a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options include chemotherapy, immunomodulatory drugs, and stem cell transplantation. The prognosis for the disease varies depending on the severity of the symptoms and the response to treatment.

Overall, Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare and complex condition that requires careful management by a team of healthcare professionals. With appropriate treatment, many patients with this condition can experience long-term remission and improved quality of life.

The symptoms of Fanconi Syndrome can vary in severity and may include:

* Diarrhea
* Dehydration
* Abdominal pain
* Failure to gain weight or grow at the expected rate
* Increased risk of infections
* Poor blood sugar control
* High levels of amino acids in the urine
* Abnormal kidney function

Fanconi Syndrome is usually diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the condition typically involves managing the symptoms and addressing any underlying complications. This may include:

* Nutritional support to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients
* Hydration to prevent dehydration
* Antibiotics to prevent or treat infections
* Medications to manage diarrhea and abdominal pain
* Monitoring of blood sugar levels
* Kidney function tests to monitor for any kidney damage

There is no cure for Fanconi Syndrome, but with proper management, individuals with the condition can lead relatively normal lives. It is important for individuals with Fanconi Syndrome to receive regular medical care and follow a carefully planned diet to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

There are several causes of hypergammaglobulinemia, including:

1. Chronic infections: Prolonged infections can cause an increase in the production of immunoglobulins to fight off the infection.
2. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis can cause the immune system to produce excessive amounts of antibodies.
3. Cancer: Some types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, can cause an increase in immunoglobulin production.
4. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic conditions, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia, can lead to a deficiency or excess of immunoglobulins.
5. Medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and chemotherapy drugs, can suppress the immune system and reduce the production of immunoglobulins.

Symptoms of hypergammaglobulinemia can include:

1. Infections: Recurring infections are a common symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the excessive amount of antibodies can make it difficult for the body to fight off infections effectively.
2. Fatigue: Chronic infections and inflammation can cause fatigue and weakness.
3. Weight loss: Recurring infections and chronic inflammation can lead to weight loss and malnutrition.
4. Swollen lymph nodes: Enlarged lymph nodes are a common symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the body tries to fight off infections.
5. Fever: Recurring fevers can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the body tries to fight off infections.
6. Night sweats: Excessive sweating at night can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia.
7. Skin rashes: Certain types of skin rashes can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, such as a rash caused by allergic reactions to medications or infections.
8. Joint pain: Pain and stiffness in the joints can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, particularly if the excessive amount of antibodies is causing inflammation in the joints.
9. Headaches: Chronic headaches can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, particularly if the excessive amount of antibodies is causing inflammation in the brain or other parts of the body.
10. Swollen liver and spleen: Enlarged liver and spleen can be a symptom of hypergammaglobulinemia, as the body tries to filter out excess antibodies and fight off infections.

It is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other medical conditions, so it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare professional may perform blood tests and other diagnostic procedures to determine the underlying cause of the symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment for hypergammaglobulinemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as infections, allergies, or autoimmune disorders, and may include medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.

There are several subtypes of lymphoma, B-cell, including:

1. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): This is the most common type of B-cell lymphoma and typically affects older adults.
2. Follicular lymphoma: This type of lymphoma grows slowly and often does not require treatment for several years.
3. Marginal zone lymphoma: This type of lymphoma develops in the marginal zone of the spleen or other lymphoid tissues.
4. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of B-cell lymphoma that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are abnormal cells that can be identified under a microscope.

The symptoms of lymphoma, B-cell can vary depending on the subtype and the location of the tumor. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Treatment for lymphoma, B-cell usually involves chemotherapy, which is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be recommended.

Prognosis for lymphoma, B-cell depends on the subtype and the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In general, the prognosis is good for patients with early-stage disease, but the cancer can be more difficult to treat if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Prevention of lymphoma, B-cell is not possible, as the exact cause of the disease is not known. However, avoiding exposure to certain risk factors, such as viral infections and pesticides, may help reduce the risk of developing the disease. Early detection and treatment can also improve outcomes for patients with lymphoma, B-cell.

Lymphoma, B-cell is a type of cancer that affects the immune system and can be treated with chemotherapy and other therapies. The prognosis varies depending on the subtype and stage of the disease at diagnosis. Prevention is not possible, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

There are several types of lymphoma, including:

1. Hodgkin lymphoma: This is a type of lymphoma that originates in the white blood cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. It is characterized by the presence of giant cells with multiple nucleoli.
2. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): This is a type of lymphoma that does not meet the criteria for Hodgkin lymphoma. There are many subtypes of NHL, each with its own unique characteristics and behaviors.
3. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of lymphoma affects the skin and can take several forms, including cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
4. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma: This is a rare type of lymphoma that develops in the brain or spinal cord.
5. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): This is a type of lymphoma that develops in people who have undergone an organ transplant, often as a result of immunosuppressive therapy.

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common symptoms include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Itching

Lymphoma is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT scans or PET scans), and biopsies. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on the type and stage of the cancer, and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Overall, lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. While it can be challenging to diagnose and treat, advances in medical technology and research have improved the outlook for many patients with lymphoma.

In LLCB, the B cells undergo a mutation that causes them to become cancerous and multiply rapidly. This can lead to an overproduction of these cells in the bone marrow, causing the bone marrow to become crowded and unable to produce healthy red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.

LLCB is typically a slow-growing cancer, and it can take years for symptoms to develop. However, as the cancer progresses, it can lead to a range of symptoms including fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes.

LLCB is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment options for LLCB include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, stem cell transplantation.

Overall, while LLCB is a serious condition, it is typically slow-growing and can be managed with appropriate treatment. With current treatments, many people with LLCB can achieve long-term remission and a good quality of life.

The different types of familial amyloidosis include:

1. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP): This is the most common type of familial amyloidosis and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the nerves, leading to progressive nerve damage and loss of sensation.
2. Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC): This type of amyloidosis affects the heart and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the heart muscle, leading to progressive heart failure.
3. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP): This type of amyloidosis affects the nerves and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the nerves, leading to progressive nerve damage and loss of sensation.
4. Primary amyloidosis (AL): This is a type of amyloidosis that is not inherited and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in various organs and tissues throughout the body.

The symptoms of familial amyloidosis can vary depending on the specific type and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

* Nerve damage and loss of sensation
* Heart failure
* Weakness and fatigue
* Pain
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Constipation
* Weight loss

The diagnosis of familial amyloidosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Laboratory tests may include:

* Blood tests to measure the level of amyloid fibers in the blood
* Urine tests to measure the level of amyloid fibers in the urine
* Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the organs and tissues.

Treatment for familial amyloidosis is aimed at managing the symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. Treatment options may include:

* Medications to manage pain, nausea, and vomiting
* Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility
* Dietary modifications to manage weight loss and malnutrition
* Heart failure medications to manage heart failure
* Kidney dialysis or transplantation to manage kidney failure
* Stem cell transplantation to slow the progression of the disease.

The prognosis for familial amyloidosis is generally poor, and the disease can be fatal within a few years after diagnosis. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some people with familial amyloidosis may experience a better quality of life and longer survival time. It is important to note that there is currently no cure for familial amyloidosis, and research is ongoing to develop new and more effective treatments for the disease.

Types of Kidney Diseases:

1. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): A sudden and reversible loss of kidney function that can be caused by a variety of factors, such as injury, infection, or medication.
2. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): A gradual and irreversible loss of kidney function that can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
3. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD): A severe and irreversible form of CKD that requires dialysis or a kidney transplant.
4. Glomerulonephritis: An inflammation of the glomeruli, the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste products.
5. Interstitial Nephritis: An inflammation of the tissue between the tubules and blood vessels in the kidneys.
6. Kidney Stone Disease: A condition where small, hard mineral deposits form in the kidneys and can cause pain, bleeding, and other complications.
7. Pyelonephritis: An infection of the kidneys that can cause inflammation, damage to the tissues, and scarring.
8. Renal Cell Carcinoma: A type of cancer that originates in the cells of the kidney.
9. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): A condition where the immune system attacks the platelets and red blood cells, leading to anemia, low platelet count, and damage to the kidneys.

Symptoms of Kidney Diseases:

1. Blood in urine or hematuria
2. Proteinuria (excess protein in urine)
3. Reduced kidney function or renal insufficiency
4. Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet (edema)
5. Fatigue and weakness
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Abdominal pain
8. Frequent urination or polyuria
9. Increased thirst and drinking (polydipsia)
10. Weight loss

Diagnosis of Kidney Diseases:

1. Physical examination
2. Medical history
3. Urinalysis (test of urine)
4. Blood tests (e.g., creatinine, urea, electrolytes)
5. Imaging studies (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, ultrasound)
6. Kidney biopsy
7. Other specialized tests (e.g., 24-hour urinary protein collection, kidney function tests)

Treatment of Kidney Diseases:

1. Medications (e.g., diuretics, blood pressure medication, antibiotics)
2. Diet and lifestyle changes (e.g., low salt intake, increased water intake, physical activity)
3. Dialysis (filtering waste products from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly)
4. Kidney transplantation ( replacing a diseased kidney with a healthy one)
5. Other specialized treatments (e.g., plasmapheresis, hemodialysis)

Prevention of Kidney Diseases:

1. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
2. Monitoring blood pressure and blood sugar levels
3. Avoiding harmful substances (e.g., tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption)
4. Managing underlying medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, high blood pressure)
5. Getting regular check-ups and screenings

Early detection and treatment of kidney diseases can help prevent or slow the progression of the disease, reducing the risk of complications and improving quality of life. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of kidney diseases and seek medical attention if they are present.

... heavy chains and two Ig light chains. There are two types of light chain in humans: kappa (κ) chain, encoded by the ... thus the two light chains of an individual antibody are identical. Each light chain is composed of two tandem immunoglobulin ... The immunoglobulin light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). A typical antibody is composed ... Other types of light chains can be found in lower vertebrates, such as the Ig-Light-Iota chain of Chondrichthyes and Teleostei ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_light_chain

... then the developing B cell can begin producing its light chain. The heavy chain doesn't always have to bind to a light chain. ... A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains. Several different types of ... Pre-B lymphocytes can synthesize heavy chain in the absence of light chain, which then can allow the heavy chain to bind to a ... Fish heavy chain and light chain genes[full citation needed] Archived March 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Bengtén, Eva; Clem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_chain

The key observation by César Milstein and colleagues was that immunoglobulin light chains were produced in a higher molecular ... Milstein C, Brownlee GG, Harrison TM, Mathews MB (September 1972). "A possible precursor of immunoglobulin light chains". ... I. Presence of proteolytically processed and unprocessed nascent immunoglobulin light chains on membrane-bound ribosomes of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_peptidase

I. Presence of proteolytically processed and unprocessed nascent immunoglobulin light chains on membrane-bound ribosomes of ... particularly immunoglobulin light chains; and bovine preprolactin. Newly synthesized proteins in eukaryotes carry N-terminal ... "A possible precursor of immunoglobulin light chains". Nature. 239 (91): 117-20. doi:10.1038/newbio239117a0. PMID 4507519. ... SRP then targets this entire complex (the ribosome-nascent chain complex) to the protein-conducting channel, also known as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_recognition_particle

Hasib Sidiqi M, Gertz MA (May 2021). "Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis diagnosis and treatment algorithm 2021". Blood ... Amyloid light chains deposition in shoulder joint causes enlarged shoulders, also known as "shoulder pad sign". Amyloid light ... "Systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 4 (1): 38. doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0034-3. ... such as with overproduction of immunoglobulin light chains (termed AL amyloidosis), or with continuous overproduction of acute ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloidosis

Solomon A (1985). "[6] Light chains of human immunoglobulins". Light chains of human immunoglobulins. Methods in Enzymology. ... Immunoglobulin light chains that are circulating in serum in a free (unbound) state are called free light chains (FLCs). ... There is approximately 40% excess immunoglobulin light-chain production over immunoglobulin heavy-chain synthesis. Possibly ... so under normal conditions no light chains pass beyond the proximal tubules. If immunoglobulin light chains are produced in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_free_light-chain_measurement

September 2006). "Immunoglobulin free light chains and solitary plasmacytoma of bone". Blood. 108 (6): 1979-83. doi:10.1182/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmacytoma

... of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain and light chain genes in B cells forms the genetic basis for the presence ... Pelanda R (April 2014). "Dual immunoglobulin light chain B cells: Trojan horses of autoimmunity?". Current Opinion in ... The allelic exclusion of light chain genes Igκ and Igλ is a process that is controlled by the monoallelic initiation of V(D)J ... "Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable, Diversity, and Joining Region Gene Rearrangement". National Cancer Institute Thesaurus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelic_exclusion

For light chain amyloidosis, serum immunoglobulin free light chain assay can be used for diagnosis and following of the ... Pathogenesis of this form is due to the aggregation of immunoglobulin lambda light chains. These chains are created by an ... Light chain (AL-CM) Prognosis: For light-chain amyloidosis early detection leads to best possibility of therapies prolonging ... the major goal of treatment is the reduction in concentration of light chains. For light-chain amyloidosis, the use of FLC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_amyloidosis

Immunoglobulins are composed of light chains and heavy chains. The light chain (λ or κ) is a protein of ~220 amino acids, ... composed of one light chain, denoted L, and one heavy chain, denoted µ. The heavy and light chains are held together both by ... "Immunoglobulin M an secretory immunoglobulin A: presence of common polypeptide chain different from light chains". Science. 171 ... J chain is a small (~137 amino acids), acidic protein. As shown, J chain joins two µ chains via disulfide bonds involving ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M

The light chains can be immunoglobulin fragments or single homogeneous immunoglobulins. They are found in urine as a result of ... The proteins are immunoglobulin light chains (paraproteins) and are produced by neoplastic plasma cells. They can be kappa ( ... amyloidosis or from the light chains themselves.[citation needed] The light chains have historically been detected by heating a ... Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine, with a molecular weight ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein

Kenny TP, Semrad TJ, Malyj W, Robbins DL (2001). "Mutational analysis of immunoglobulin germline derived Vlambda4B light chains ... Wang X, Stollar BD (1999). "Immunoglobulin VH gene expression in human aging". Clin. Immunol. 93 (2): 132-42. doi:10.1006/clim. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPC1

These plasmablasts express IgM-immunoglobulin light chains, most often of lambda subtype. These plasmablasts can give rise to a ... The plasmablasts do not show rearranged immunoglobulin genes,: 380 : 513 and typically lack EBV infection. The disease ... 380 It has variable CD20 expression and unmutated immunoglobulin variable region genes.: 380 : 513 Castleman disease (CD) is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_B-cell_lymphoma_arising_in_HHV8-associated_multicentric_Castleman's_disease

Kappa light chains are the second of the two classes of light chains present on mammalian immunoglobulins. One immunoglobulin ... Lambda light chains are one of the two classes of light chains present on mammalian immunoglobulins. They are found in ... To detect all human antibodies, anti-human kappa and lambda light chain antibodies are available. Anti-human immunoglobulin ... Anti-lambda light chain antibodies can nonspecifically bind to multiple isotypes of immunoglobulins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-immunoglobulin

Binding of mouse immunoglobulins is restricted to those having VκI light chains. Given these specific requirements for ... In humans and mice, most antibody molecules contain kappa (κ) light chains and the remainder have lambda (λ) light chains. ... Akerström B, Björck L (November 1989). "Protein L: an immunoglobulin light chain-binding bacterial protein. Characterization of ... were found to be responsible for the interaction with Ig light chains.[2] In addition to Protein L, other immunoglobulin- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_L

Both alpha and beta chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. This gene encodes the CD8 alpha ... The functional coreceptor is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a heterodimer composed of one alpha and one ... Nakayama K, Tokito S, Okumura K, Nakauchi H (1989). "Structure and expression of the gene encoding CD8 alpha chain (Leu-2/T8 ... Human T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain) at the PDBe-KB. Overview of all the structural information available in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8A

Clonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin genes (heavy and light chains) are frequently seen. The deletion 7q21-32 is seen in ... Dunn-Walters DK, Boursier L, Spencer J, Isaacson PG (June 1998). "Analysis of immunoglobulin genes in splenic marginal zone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma

... other potential candidates include anti-CD20 and immunoglobulin light chains. Further suggestions from clinical trials such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_adoptive_immunotherapy

Modified proteins such as immunoglobulin light chains abnormally accumulate between cells, forming fibrils. Multiple folds of ... Similarly, light modulators modulate the intensity of light through electrically induced birefringence of polarized light ... Natural light, so-called unpolarized light, consists of equal amounts of energy in any two orthogonal polarizations. Even ... Light from the source is polarized in the x direction after passing through the first polarizer, but above the specimen is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence

Badar T, D'Souza A, Hari P (2018). "Recent advances in understanding and treating immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis". ... In immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis), chemotherapy can be used to lower the number of the blood cells ... that make the light chain protein that forms amyloid in various bodily organs. Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis (ATTR) results ... and that all amyloids show birefringence in cross-polarized light after staining with the dye Congo red, as well as a fibrillar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinopathy

Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. There are two classes of ... that contains genes for the lambda light chains of antibodies (or immunoglobulins). Immunoglobulins recognize foreign antigens ... Combriato G, Klobeck HG (1991). "V lambda and J lambda-C lambda gene segments of the human immunoglobulin lambda light chain ... Hieter PA, Korsmeyer SJ, Waldmann TA, Leder P (1981). "Human immunoglobulin kappa light-chain genes are deleted or rearranged ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGL@

They are formed by light and heavy chain of the variable region of an immunoglobulin. The two chains are linked by a flexible ... They mostly consist of a heavy and light chain of the variable region of immunoglobulin. Recombinant antibodies have many ... "Assembly of functional antibodies from immunoglobulin heavy and light chains synthesised in E. coli". Nucleic Acids Research. ... day production of scFv was the successful assembly of recombinant antibodies from heavy and light chain of immunoglobulin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_antibodies

"Variable regions of heavy and light polypeptide chains of the same gammaG-immunoglobulin molecule". Proceedings of the National ... the larger heavy chains and the smaller light chains. Two light and two heavy chains are linked together by disulfide bonds to ... V. Partial amino acid sequence of the light chain". Biochemistry. 7 (5): 1983-1994. doi:10.1021/bi00845a049. PMID 5650389. ... include amino acids from both the light and heavy protein subunits. The inter-chain disulfide bonds help bring together the two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman

Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. This region represents the ... immunoglobulin genes: Heavy chain alpha (IgA): IGHA1, IGHA2 Heavy chain gamma (IgG): IGHG1, IGHG2, IGHG3, IGHG4 Heavy chain ... Immunoglobulin heavy locus, also known as IGH, is a region on human chromosome 14 that contains a gene for the heavy chains of ... Buluwela L, Rabbitts TH (1989). "A VH gene is located within 95 Kb of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGH@

"The covalent structure of a human gamma G-immunoglobulin. V. Partial amino acid sequence of the light chain". Biochemistry. 7 ( ... The protein subunits of antibodies are of two types, the larger heavy chains and the smaller light chains. Gottlieb's ... "Variable regions of heavy and light polypeptide chains of the same gammaG-immunoglobulin molecule". Proceedings of the National ... contribution was to determine a considerable part of the molecular structure of the light chains. He was a postdoc at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_David_Gottlieb

Gertz MA (December 2014). "Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide

Antibody (or immunoglobulin) structure is made up of two heavy-chains and two light-chains. These chains are held together by ... Here at this stage, Pre-B cell, mμ heavy chain and surrogate light chain are formed. The final rearrangement of the light chain ... The light chain gene has three gene segments. These include: the light chain variable region (V), joining region (J), and ... The variable region of light is therefore encoded by the rearrangement of VJ segments. The light chain can be either kappa,κ or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_and_expression_of_immunoglobulin_genes

V-set domains are found in diverse protein families, including immunoglobulin light and heavy chains; in several T-cell ... "Phosphocholine binding immunoglobulin Fab McPC603. An X-ray diffraction study at 2.7 A". J. Mol. Biol. 190 (4): 593-604. doi: ... Immunoglobulin V-set, subgroup InterPro: IPR003596 T-cell surface antigen CD2 InterPro: IPR013285 ACAM; ACAN; ADAMTSL1; AGC1; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_V-set_domain

Bertocci B, De Smet A, Berek C, Weill JC, Reynaud CA (August 2003). "Immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene rearrangement is ... Whereas pol μ is important for heavy-chain rearrangements, pol λ seems to be more important for light-chain rearrangements. The ... and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase during immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination in vivo". Immunity. 25 (1): 31-41. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_lambda

Bertocci B, De Smet A, Berek C, Weill JC, Reynaud CA (August 2003). "Immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene rearrangement is ... but only during light chain rearrangements. This is distinct from pol λ, which is involved in heavy chain rearrangements. In ... and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase during immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination in vivo" (PDF). Immunity. 25 (1): 31-41. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_polymerase_mu

... provided the first evidence that immunoglobulin heavy chains had variable regions similar to those observed in light chains, ... The structural studies on antibodies were essential in the chain of scientific discoveries which led to the development of ... Her studies on antibodies were important in determining the chain structure, and particularly the observation that more than ... FLEISCHMAN, JB; PORTER, RR; PRESS, EM (August 1963). "THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE PEPTIDE CHAINS IN GAMMA-GLOBULIN". The Biochemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Press

... γ4 heavy chain (134-218') disulfide and a humanized mouse monoclonal κ light chain dimer (226-226:229-229)-bisdisulfide. It is ... Pembrolizumab is an immunoglobulin G4, with a variable region against the human PD-1 receptor, a humanized mouse monoclonal [ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrolizumab

High titers of either immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to Borrelia antigens indicate disease, but ... Light-colored clothing may make it easier to see ticks and remove them before they bite. Military and outdoor workers' uniforms ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for Lyme disease have also been developed to detect the genetic material (DNA) of the ... usually mild meningitis signs such as inability to flex the neck fully and intolerance to bright lights but typically no or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

"V lambda and J lambda-C lambda gene segments of the human immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus are separated by 14 kb and ... "V-region and class specific RT-PCR amplification of human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes from B-cell lines". ... Udey JA, Blomberg B (1987). "Human lambda light chain locus: organization and DNA sequences of three genomic J regions". ... and molecular properties of human lambda IV light chains". Journal of Immunology. 154 (7): 3256-65. PMID 7897210. v t e ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGLJ3

The same heavy and light variable chains used for scFv construction can be used in the construction of Fab. Construction of pre ... "Dextran as a Generally Applicable Multivalent Scaffold for Improving Immunoglobulin-Binding Affinities of Peptide and ... "Therapeutic anti-IgE monoclonal antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv) safety and immunomodulatory effects after one ... data Yeast two-hybrid screen Monoclonal antibodies such as mouse anti-human Duox2 monoclonal antibody S-40 Immunoglobulin Y ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Biolabs

Immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation studies help identify the type of immunoglobulin, the clonality of the light chain, ... The light chain of the monoclonal protein is usually the kappa light chain. At times, patients with Waldenström ... Results from characterization studies of urinary immunoglobulins indicate that light chains (Bence Jones protein), usually of ... It is characterized by having high levels of a circulating antibody, immunoglobulin M (IgM), which is made and secreted by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenström_macroglobulinemia

... heavy-chain immunoglobulin - Hela cell - helminth protein - helper T cell - hemopexin - hemoglobin - herpes simplex virus ... light reactions - Lineweaver-Burke-diagram - lipase - lipid - lipid anchored protein - lipid bilayer - lipoprotein - liquid - ... immunoglobulin - immunoglobulin joining region - immunoglobulin variable region - immunologic receptor - immunology - In vivo ... gamma-chain immunoglobulin - gamma-delta T-cell antigen receptor - gastrin - gastrointestinal hormone receptor - gastrula - gel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

They can avoid apoptosis by modifying the sequence of light chain V and J genes (components of the antigen receptor) so that it ... 3. Kleinfield R, Hardy RR, Tarlinton, D (1986). 'Recombination between an expressed immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_editing

... thus forming the BCR along with the immunoglobulin light chain and the pre-BCR when associated with the surrogate light chain ... Association of the CD79a/b heterodimer with the immunoglobulin heavy chain is required for surface expression of the BCR and ... The CD79a/b heterodimer associates non-covalently with the immunoglobulin heavy chain through its transmembrane region, ... Cluster of differentiation CD79A also known as B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain and MB-1 membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD79A

Using immunofluorescence and light microscopy, the investigators were determining the classification for the disease based on ... They then looked at the complement factors and immunoglobulin deposits to identify the underlying cause. The aims of this study ... Another mechanism involves antibodies formed against alpha-3 chain of collagen IV. Their deposition occurs in the sub- ... The other commonly associated disease is Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis can also be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_proliferative_nephritis

... immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) in serum. The company also produces PCRD and PCRD FLEX: lateral flow tests designed to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_Health

... expression can be quantified in a two-step polymerase chain reaction process of modified RT-PCR followed by ... light stress, or gamma radiation exposure. Viral microRNAs play an important role in the regulation of gene expression of viral ... cell-cell interactions in immune niches and the production and class-switching of immunoglobulins. MiRNAs influence B cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

... and immunoglobulin light chain) Matutes's CLL scoring system is very helpful for the differential diagnosis between classical ... In practice, this is inferred by the detection of only one of the mutually exclusive antibody light chains, kappa or lambda, on ... In light of new therapies such as targeted agents, the role of bone marrow transplants is decreasing. Bone marrow transplants ... Less commonly, the disease comes to light only after the cancerous cells overwhelm the bone marrow, resulting in low red blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia

Tropomyosin, arginine kinase, myosin light chain and sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein are widely present across shellfish ... Strong predictors for adult-persistence are anaphylaxis, high shellfish-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and robust ... myosin light chain and sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein. The allergic reaction to fish is to a different protein, ... skin prick test and measurement of shellfish-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE or sIgE). Confirmation is by double-blind, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish_allergy

Primary amyloidosis (AL) is caused by the deposition of excess immunoglobulin light chains which are secreted from plasma cells ... Plasma cells can only produce a single kind of antibody in a single class of immunoglobulin. In other words, every B cell is ... However, continued exposure to antigen through those low levels of immunoglobulin is important, as it partly determines the ... Plasma cells are large lymphocytes with abundant cytoplasm and a characteristic appearance on light microscopy. They have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell

Allergies occur when immunoglobulin E (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binds to food molecules. A protein in the food ... They can, however, confirm an allergy in light of a patient's history of reactions to a particular food. Non-IgE-mediated ... Best KP, Gold M, Kennedy D, Martin J, Makrides M (January 2016). "Omega-3 long-chain PUFA intake during pregnancy and allergic ... From two reviews, maternal intake of omega-3, long-chain fatty acids during pregnancy appeared to reduce the risks of medically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

Polymorphic epitopes can be present on immunoglobulin constant regions on both heavy and light chains, differing between ... The structure of immunoglobulin polypeptide chain is dictated and controlled by number of genes encoded in the germ line. ... A2m1/2) and kappa light chains constant region polymorphisms as Km (eg. Km1). Despite the fact, that there are multiple known ... This means that divergent allotype of heavy chain of IgG antibody may be balanced by presence of this allotype on heavy chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotype_(immunology)

... immunoglobulin lambda chain and lactotransferrin in tears of patients with diabetic retinopathy. The analysis did not ... Tears lubricate the lid and are important for the refraction of light. Tears also promote epithelial health. Only a small ... Syndecan-1 binds many growth factors through its long heparan sulfate side-chains. Yet, long heparan sulfate chains interfere ... and not the negatively charged heparan sulfate side-chains) was the main site of binding. Further analysis narrowed the site to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacritin

... next to the immunoglobulin heavy- or light-chain gene enhancers, leading to increased C-MYC expression and increased cell ... The cDNA is sequenced and the sequence encoding the variable heavy and variable light chains of these antibodies are cloned ... This technology uses a single chain variable fragment (scFv) designed to recognize the cell surface marker CD19 as a method of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

... revealing a pair of two-domain light chains and four-domain heavy chains. Subsequent analysis revealed the terminal domains of ... set of whole genome duplication events at the origin of vertebrates that gave rise to the entire super-family of immunoglobulin ... and heavy-chain fragments. Together, this work allowed the antibody structure to be sequenced and reconstructed, resulting in ... while work by Gerald Edelman lead to the reduction of the disulfide bridges so as to separate the molecule into light- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism

... long chain, deficiency of; 201460; ACADL Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, medium chain, deficiency of; 201450; ACADM Acyl-CoA ... dark/light hair; 611742; ASIP Slowed nerve conduction velocity, AD; 608236; ARHGEF10 Small patella syndrome; 147891; TBX4 SMED ... FOXP3 Immunoglobulin A deficiency 2; 609529; TNFRSF13B Inclusion body myopathy with early-onset Paget disease and ... TYMP Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II deficiency; 252011; SDHA Miyoshi muscular dystrophy 3; 613319; ANO5 Miyoshi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

The two heavy chains are linked to each other and to a light chain each by disulfide bonds. The resulting tetramer has two ... heavy chains of about 50 kDa and two identical light chains of about 25 kDa. The resulting tetrameric quaternary structure, ... Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most ... This repertoire of immunoglobulins is crucial for the newborns who are very sensitive to infections, especially within the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G

... of bone Extraosseous plasmacytoma Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases Primary amyloidosis Light chain and heavy chain ... gammopathy of undetermined significance Heavy chain diseases Mu heavy chain disease Gamma heavy chain disease Alpha heavy chain ... as malignant cells can show in characteristic ways on light microscopy. When there is lymphadenopathy, a biopsy from a lymph ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumors_of_the_hematopoietic_and_lymphoid_tissues

Furthermore, Streptococcus dysgalactiae possesses protein G, a virulence factor binding circulating immunoglobulins, and thus ... Streptococcus meaning chain forming (Streptos) rounded berry-like bodies (kokkos), referring to their usual appearance under a ... light-microscope. Dys (bad) galactiae (milk) alludes to their propensity to cause bovine mastitis. Equi (horse) similis (like) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_dysgalactiae

"Modulation of contractility in human cardiac hypertrophy by myosin essential light chain isoforms" (PDF). Cardiovascular ... an additional immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain on the N-terminus, (2) a linker region between the second and third Ig domains, ... MYBPC3 was thus the fourth gene for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, following MYH7, encoding β-myosin heavy chain, TNNT2 and TPM1 ... "Double heterozygosity for mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain and in the cardiac myosin binding protein C genes in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin_binding_protein_C,_cardiac

... immunoglobulin j-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750 - immunoglobulin light chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750.530 - ... immunoglobulin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.350 - immunoglobulin alpha-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705. ... immunoglobulin delta-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.370 - immunoglobulin epsilon-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705. ... myosin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.200 - myosin light chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.300 - myosin subfragments MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

... to the conformational freedom newly experienced by domain 3 of the heavy chain when there is no longer any bound light chain (i ... surface B27 heavy chains and dimers can bind to regulatory immune receptors such as members of the killer cell immunoglobulin- ... Also, the HLA-B27 heavy chain homodimer formation hypothesis suggests that B27 heavy chains tend to dimerise and accumulate in ... One more misfolding theory, published in 2004, proposes that β2 microglobulin-free heavy chains of HLA-B27 undergo a facile ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B27

A specially interesting method are free light chains (FLC), specially the kappa-FLCs (kFLCs). Several authors have reported ... 2015). "Lipid-specific immunoglobulin M bands in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with a reduced risk of developing ... Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are bands of immunoglobulins that are seen when a patient's blood serum, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ... OCBs are especially important for multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, normally only OCBs made of immunoglobulin G antibodies are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoclonal_band

"Immunoglobulin Light Chains". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0-9 ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Immunoglobulin+Light+Chains&type=mesh

Immunoglobulin light chain kappa constant domain, CL-kappa ... Protein Immunoglobulin light chain kappa constant domain, CL- ... Lineage for Protein: Immunoglobulin light chain kappa constant domain, CL-kappa. *Root: SCOPe 2.03 *. Class b: All beta ... Ig kappa chain V-V region T1) and Uniprot P01837 (Ig kappa chain C region) ! Uniprot P01837 # KAC_MOUSE Ig kappa chain C region ... SQ NA # humanized antibody ! Uniprot P01834 # KAC_HUMAN Ig kappa chain C region ! SQ P01834 # KAC_HUMAN Ig kappa chain C region ...

https://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=88566&ver=2.03

Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis diagnosis and treatment algorithm 2021. 15 May 2021 ... The serum-free light-chain testing is not advised in the routine; its relevance for the management of WM patients is currently ... Initial immunoglobulin M flare after rituximab therapy in patients diagnosed with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: an Eastern ... Serum protein electrophoresis and quantification of immunoglobulin levels (IgM, IgG and IgA) should be performed. Some patients ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/leu201336?error=cookies_not_supported&code=339b92c6-8ab1-4108-b93c-dc949309b335

Biosynthesis of immunoglobulins: the separate classes of polyribosomes synthesizing heavy and light chains. scientific article ... Biosynthesis of immunoglobulins: the separate classes of polyribosomes synthesizing heavy and light chains (English) ... Biosynthesis of Immunoglobulins. Free Light Chain as an Intermediate in the Assembly of γG-Molecules ... Variations in the heavy polypeptide chain structure of gamma myeloma immunoglobulins from an inbred strain of mice and a ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72236005

Light chain amyloidosis (AL). The precursor protein is a clonal immunoglobulin light chain or light chain fragment. AL is a ... In a few cases, immunoglobulin chain amyloidosis fibrils contain only heavy-chain sequences rather than light-chain sequences, ... the fibril protein is an immunoglobulin light chain or light chain fragment (abbreviated L); thus, patients with these ... Immunoglobulin light and heavy chain amyloidosis AL/AH: renal pathology and differential diagnosis. Contrib Nephrol. 2007. 153: ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335414-overview

Immunoglobulin analysis tool: A novel tool for the analysis of human and mouse heavy and light chain transcripts. ... A novel tool for the analysis of human and mouse heavy and light chain transcripts. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ... Dive into the research topics of Immunoglobulin analysis tool: ...

https://scholars.houstonmethodist.org/en/publications/immunoglobulin-analysis-tool-a-novel-tool-for-the-analysis-of-hum/fingerprints/

IMMUNOGLOBULIN IGG1 FAB, HEAVY CHAINIMMUNOGLOBULIN IGG1 FAB, LIGHT CHAINAcetate Ion ... Immunoglobulin Igg1 Fab, Light Chain. L. 1. Immunoglobulin Igg1 Fab, Heavy Chain ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/pdb/3HC0

Bence-Jones proteins are a part of regular antibodies called light chains. These proteins are not normally in urine. Sometimes ... when your body makes too many antibodies, the level of light chains also rises. Bence-Jones proteins are small enough to be ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003597.htm

Red Flag Presentations of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis in Patients With Multiple Myeloma. The ASCO Post is pleased to ... in the treatment of amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis and resistant multiple myeloma as well as the antibody-drug conjugate ... In this installment, the authors highlight the most common type of systemic amyloidosis in the United States: immunoglobulin ...

https://ascopost.com/search-results/?q=Syed+Abutalib%2C+MD

Diagnoses included MGUS (five persons), myeloma (four), WM (three), and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (one). All ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6623a5.htm

Thus, POEMS syndrome will occur when the monoclonal lambda light chain immunoglobulin is secreted following activation of one ... The mechanism of toxicity can be aggregation and/or deposit (light-chain amyloidosis, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition ... Restrictive usage of monoclonal immunoglobulin lambda light chain germline in POEMS syndrome. Blood. 2008;112:836-9. ... It is the monoclonal light chain immunoglobulin that is of particular importance in POEMS-in the vast majority of cases, a ...

https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/poems-syndrome-still-enigma

The antibody is an IgG1 kappa immunoglobulin containing murine light- and heavy-chain variable region sequences and human ... Goodpasture syndrome: Linear deposition of immunoglobulin G and C3 are observed on a renal biopsy specimen from a patient with ... Intravenous immunoglobulins for relapses of systemic vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/332622-171358/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antibiotics-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis-gpa-formerly-wegener-granulomatosis

It also reacts with the light chains of other rat immunoglobulins. No antibody was detected against non-immunoglobulin serum ... but it may cross-react with immunoglobulins from other species. ...

https://www.jacksonimmuno.com/catalog/products/712-175-150/Donkey-Rat-IgG-HL-Cyanine-Cy5

Exploiting endogenous and therapy-induced apoptotic vulnerabilities in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis with BH3 mimetics ... Less Intensive Pre-medications is Safe in Patients Treated With Subcutaneous Daratumumab for Multiple Myeloma and Light Chain ...

https://www.bumc.bu.edu/medicine/profile/frances-arters/

Diagnoses included MGUS (five persons), myeloma (four), WM (three), and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (one). All ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=surveillance%2A&f1=KW&Startyear=&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&whichdate=DP&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=100&RecNo=994&View=f&

Light chain multiple myeloma in whom only measurable disease is by serum free light chain (FLC) levels in the serum: Serum ... Multiple myeloma is characterized by the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) proteins or protein fragments (M proteins ... immunoglobulin FLC ,=10 mg/dL and abnormal serum immunoglobulin kappa lambda FLC ratio ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04133636

Correlation of serum immunoglobulin free light chain quantification with urinary Bence Jones protein in light chain myeloma. ... SSOL_L - Light chain MGUS. Variable Name: SSOL_L. SAS Label: Light chain MGUS. English Text: Light chain MGUS. Target: Both ... SSOL_H - Heavy chain MGUS. Variable Name: SSOL_H. SAS Label: Heavy chain MGUS. English Text: Heavy chain MGUS. Target: Both ... Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes3/38a/SSNH3OL.htm

... and ELISA this antibody reacts specifically with rabbit IgG and with light chains common to other rabbit immunoglobulins. No ... antibody was detected against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. Reduced cross-reactivity to bovine, chicken, horse, human, ...

https://www.abcam.com/products/secondary-antibodies/goat-rabbit-igg-hl-alexa-fluor-750-preadsorbed-ab175733.html

None; may react with immunoglobulins from other species and the light chains of other rabbit immunoglobulins ... Reacts with the heavy and light chains of rabbit IgG and the light chains of rabbit IgM ... Immunoglobulins were detected with serially diluted Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)-FITC (SB Cat. No. 6441-02). ... Ensuring timely antibody delivery in the face of supply chain challenges - contact us for solutions. ...

https://www.southernbiotech.com/donkey-anti-rabbit-igg-h-l-fitc-6441-02

Light chain amyloidosis involves the systemic deposition of fibrils in patients overproducing monoclonal immunoglobulin light ... Light chain amyloidosis involves the systemic pathologic deposition of monoclonal light chain variable domains of ... Effect of association state and conformational stability on the kinetics of immunoglobulin light chain amyloid fibril formation ... Elucidation of the molecular mechanism during the early events in immunoglobulin light chain amyloid fibrillation - Evidence ...

https://profiles.stanford.edu/sebastian-doniach

... immunoglobulin light chains [1]. Very rarely IgD [2] or both IgG and IgA, or even no immunoglobulins are produced (non- ... reported 18 cases of MM with CNS infiltration, of which 8 had IgG type MM, 5 had IgA, 3 had light-chain disease, 1 had biclonal ... had 11 patients with IgG type MM, 7 with IgA type, 3 with light-chain disease, 1 with non-secretory disease and 1 with biclonal ... "characterized by translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus and frequent 13q deletions" and that " ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-15-2009/volume-15-issue-6/review-multiple-myeloma-of-the-central-nervous-system-a-clinicopathological-review.html

... labeled goat anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig) G (heavy and light chains) was added to each well (100 μL/well at 1/5,000 dilution ... assay compared with indirect immunofluorescence test for detection of Pneumocystis carinii specific immunoglobulins G, M, and A ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/5/03-0497_article

... or light-chain immunoglobulin gene regulatory regions, leading to MYC overexpression [8,9]. The MYC gene encodes a leucine ... A historical review of cytogenetics in the light of todays knowledge. Leukemia 2009, 23, 225-234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][ ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/12/3/580

... conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody reacts with heavy chains on mouse IgG and light chains common in most mouse immunoglobulins ... chains on mouse IgG and the light (L) chains common in most mouse immunoglobulins. Use the polyclonal goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L ... Goat Anti-Mouse IgM (Heavy Chain) Antibody, P... Goat polyclonal antibody against mouse IgM (heavy chain) ... Goat Anti-Rat IgM (Heavy Chain) Antibody, Pol... Goat polyclonal antibody against rat IgM (heavy chain) ...

https://www.stemcell.com/goat-anti-mouse-igg-h-l-antibody-polyclonal.html

The basic structure of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules is a tetramer of two light chains and two heavy chains linked by ... There are two types of light chains: kappa and lambda, each composed of a constant domain (CL) and a variable domain (VL). ... X-RAY STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF TELOKIN, THE C-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN KINASE, AT 2.8 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION. ... Solution structure of the fourth Ig-like domain from myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle. ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=IGc2&START=89&END=151&E_VALUE=2.5e-11&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=GNITLTCQVEGGTRLVYQWRKSGKPISINSSHSFSPQNNTLWIVPVTKEDIGNYTCLVSNPVS

Surrogate light chains associate with MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in place of a conventional immunoglobulin light chains to ... An immunoglobulin light chain-like protein composed of an IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION-like peptide (such as light chain like ... HN - 2008 BX - Surrogate Immunoglobulin Light Chains BX - Surrogate Light Chains MH - Pre-B Cell Receptors UI - D054420 MN - ... IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES), will generate mu heavy chains that can pair with surrogate light chains. Thus formation of ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/dcsnew2008.txt

Light-Chain Light Chain Immunoglobulins Light Chain, Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Ig Light Chains, Immunoglobulin Light-Chain ... Chains, Immunoglobulin Light Ig Light Chains Immunoglobulin Light Chain Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Immunoglobulins, Light Chain ... Immunoglobulin Light Chain. Immunoglobulin Light-Chain. Immunoglobulins, Light Chain. Immunoglobulins, Light-Chain. Light Chain ... Light Chain, Immunoglobulin. Light Chains, Ig. Light Chains, Immunoglobulin. Light-Chain Immunoglobulins. Light-Chain, ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=30366&filter=ths_exact_term&q=CADEIAS+LEVES+DE+IMUNOGLOBULINA

CCND2 and CCND3 hijack immunoglobulin light-chain enhancers in cyclin D1- mantle cell lymphoma. Martín-Garcia, David; Navarro, ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/?lang=es&q=au:Beltran,+Sergi

... in its canonical form is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, ... a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by ... When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source.. a role that inheres in a material entity ... Note that an immunoglobulin complex has the function of antigen binding if a suitable antigen is available.. immunoglobulin ...

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/DIDEO/DIDEO/master/dideo.owl

... and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. ... A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is not actually a fragment of an antibody, but instead is a fusion protein of the ...

https://www.graffletopia.com/popular?sort=downloads&page=125

Diagnoses included MGUS (five persons), myeloma (four), WM (three), and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (one). (cdc.gov)
The mechanism of toxicity can be aggregation and/or deposit (light-chain amyloidosis, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease, crystal-storing histiocytosis, and type I cryoglobulinemia) or auto-antibody activity (chronic cold agglutinin disease, mixed cryoglobulinemia, xanthomatosis, and demyelinating peripheral neuropathies). (cancernetwork.com)
Exploiting endogenous and therapy-induced apoptotic vulnerabilities in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis with BH3 mimetics. (bu.edu)
Hughes DM, Henshaw L, Blevins F, Edwards C, Lerner A, Sloan JM, Sanchorawala V. Standard 30-minute Monitoring Time and Less Intensive Pre-medications is Safe in Patients Treated With Subcutaneous Daratumumab for Multiple Myeloma and Light Chain Amyloidosis. (bu.edu)
Background: Primary systemic (AL) amyloidosis is a rare plasma cell disorder characterized by soft-tissue deposition of monoclonal light chain fragments. (elsevier.com)
In patient 9, light-chain and pre-albumin (transthyretin) antibodies were related to arthritis and senile amyloidosis, respectively. (opendentistryjournal.com)
Recurrent mutations of MAPK pathway genes in multiple myeloma but not in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis. (cdc.gov)
Clarifying immunoglobulin gene usage in systemic and localized immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis by mass spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Genomic profiling in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis reveals mutation profiles associated with overall survival. (cdc.gov)
Left ventricular assessment in patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis: a 3-dimensional speckle tracking transthoracic echocardiographic study. (cdc.gov)

The syndrome also can be associated with a lymphoplasmacytic clone with an immunoglobulin M (IgM) gammopathy or with several other types of B monoclonal proliferation, including monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS). (cancernetwork.com)
It is the monoclonal light chain immunoglobulin that is of particular importance in POEMS-in the vast majority of cases, a lambda light chain derived from two variable (V)-region germline genes, IGLV1-44*01 and IGLV1-40*01 . (cancernetwork.com)
Conduct serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation analyses, and kappa and lambda free light chain (FLC) assays in serum, to determine the age-adjusted prevalence and monoclonal protein size distribution of MGUS by ethnic/racial group. (cdc.gov)
Malignant plasma cells in bone marrow produce an immunoglobulin, usually monoclonal IgG or IgA or, less commonly, immunoglobulin light chains [1]. (who.int)

Variations in the heavy polypeptide chain structure of gamma myeloma immunoglobulins from an inbred strain of mice and a hypothesis as to their origin. (wikidata.org)
The biopsy sample of patient 10, who was reported to have multiple myeloma, was positive for light chains and β2 microglobulin. (opendentistryjournal.com)

Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule. (bvsalud.org)

The antibody is an IgG1 kappa immunoglobulin containing murine light- and heavy-chain variable region sequences and human constant region sequences. (medscape.com)
IgG1 is the most abundant immunoglobulin found in the blood. (chxa.com)

It also reacts with the light chains of other rat immunoglobulins. (jacksonimmuno.com)
By immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA this antibody reacts specifically with rabbit IgG and with light chains common to other rabbit immunoglobulins. (abcam.com)
This goat polyclonal antibody reacts with the heavy (H) chains on mouse IgG and the light (L) chains common in most mouse immunoglobulins. (stemcell.com)

No antibody was detected against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. (jacksonimmuno.com)
The antibody has been tested by ELISA and/or solid-phase adsorbed to ensure minimal cross-reaction with bovine, chicken, goat, guinea pig, syrian hamster, horse, human, rabbit and sheep serum proteins, but it may cross-react with immunoglobulins from other species. (jacksonimmuno.com)
The normal reference range of 0.26 to 1.65 for the free-kappa-lambda ratio in the FLC assay reflects a higher serum level of free-lambda light chains than would be expected given the usual kappa-lambda ratio of two intact immuno¬globulins. (cdc.gov)
serum immunoglobulin characteristics classify leukaemia into different levels (Potapnev et al . (who.int)

Bence-Jones proteins are a part of regular antibodies called light chains. (medlineplus.gov)

The basic structure of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules is a tetramer of two light chains and two heavy chains linked by disulphide bonds. (embl.de)
This entry represents a subtype of the immunoglobulin domain, and is found in a diverse range of protein families that includes glycoproteins, fibroblast growth factor receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, interleukin-6 receptor, and neural cell adhesion molecules. (embl.de)

There are five types of heavy chains: alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma and mu, all consisting of a variable domain (VH) and three (in alpha, delta and gamma) or four (in epsilon and mu) constant domains (CH1 to CH4). (embl.de)
This study therefore, evaluated the plasma levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-) and immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE) in twenty-five (25) patients with acute leukaemia (AL) and twenty-five (25) apparently healthy controls. (who.int)

Malignant plasma cells in meningeal MM out of 2000 patients with bone marrow produce an immunoglobulin, MM, was reported was by Schluterman et al. (who.int)

There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. (bvsalud.org)
There are two types of light chains: kappa and lambda, each composed of a constant domain (CL) and a variable domain (VL). (embl.de)

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. (bvsalud.org)

Sometimes, when your body makes too many antibodies, the level of light chains also rises. (medlineplus.gov)

It consists of two separate measurements, one to detect free-kappa (normal range, 3.3-19.4 mg/L) and the other to detect free-lambda (normal range, 5.7-26.3 mg/L) light chains. (cdc.gov)
In addition to measuring the absolute levels of FLC, the test also allows the assessment of clonality based on the ratio of kappa-lambda light chain levels (normal reference range, 0.26-1.65). (cdc.gov)

A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is not actually a fragment of an antibody, but instead is a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins, connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. (graffletopia.com)

In light of the recent outbreaks in the Americas, the number of Zika virus disease cases among travelers visiting or returning to the United States is likely to increase. (cdc.gov)

Immunoglobulin-like domains that are related in both sequence and structure can be found in several diverse protein families. (embl.de)

Congo red staining of a cardiac biopsy specimen containing amyloid, viewed under polarized light. (medscape.com)

Immunoglobulins were detected with serially diluted Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)-FITC (SB Cat. (southernbiotech.com)

It is a glycoprotein consisting of two identical heavy chains (50 kDa each) and two identical light chains (25 kDa each), to give a combined mass of approximately 150 kDa. (chxa.com)

In the middle of each heavy chain is a relative variable portion called the "hinge region" that is unique to each IgG. (chxa.com)

In the present study, we applied the oral swab technique in combination with quantification of organism-specific DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to monitor the progression of infection in the rat model. (cdc.gov)

5. Evidence for the significant role of immunoglobulin light chains in antigen recognition and selection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (nih.gov)
In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. (nih.gov)
The antigen binding site is formed by the variable domain of one heavy chain, together with that of its associated light chain. (nih.gov)
Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. (nih.gov)

They are defined for immunoglobulin allotypes, which are allelic variants of antibody heavy and light chains. (nih.gov)

Surrogate light chains associate with MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in place of a conventional immunoglobulin light chains to form pre-B cell receptors. (nih.gov)

A discrepancy between the results of a urine dipstick test for protein and the findings from a test for 24-hour urine protein excretion should suggest the possibility of light-chain proteinuria. (medscape.com)
Light-chain proteins in the urine cannot be detected using Albustix or other dipstick methods. (medscape.com)

11. Lack of intraclonal diversification in Ig heavy and light chain V region genes expressed by CD5+IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells: a multiple time point analysis. (nih.gov)

The normal reference range of 0.26 to 1.65 for the free-kappa-lambda ratio in the FLC assay reflects a higher serum level of free-lambda light chains than would be expected given the usual kappa-lambda ratio of two intact immuno¬globulins. (cdc.gov)

The antibody is a biochemically purified IgG 2a immunoglobulin with a heavy chain of approximately 50,000 daltons and a light chain of approximately 25,000 daltons. (nih.gov)

A moderate degree of liver dysfunction may be observed because of the deposition of light chains in the liver or other organs. (medscape.com)
An unusual case of light chain proximal tubulopathy (LCPT) without any usual sign of tubular cell dysfunction apart from mild proteinuria, but with a complete abolishment of tubular secretion of creatinine has been reported. (medscape.com)

An immunolglobulin light chain-like protein composed of an IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION-like peptide (such as light chain like lambda5 peptide) and an IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGION-like peptide (such as Vpreb1 peptide). (nih.gov)

From UniProtKB: Constant region of immunoglobulin light chains. (nih.gov)

2. Nonstochastic pairing of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains expressed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells is predicated on the heavy chain CDR3. (nih.gov)
7. Selective influences in the expressed immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene repertoire in hairy cell leukemia. (nih.gov)

The Putnam heat test can help detect urinary light chains only when the concentration exceeds 150 mg/dL. (medscape.com)

Free light chains (FLC, quantitative assay) have been shown to be sensitive and specific for various light chain-associated disorders. (medscape.com)
Serum free light assay is mainly helpful in monitoring response to therapy. (medscape.com)

6. Similarities and differences between the light and heavy chain Ig variable region gene repertoires in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (nih.gov)
8. Immunoglobulin light chain repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (nih.gov)
9. Normal B cells express 51p1-encoded Ig heavy chains that are distinct from those expressed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. (nih.gov)

If needed, plasma cells can be identified with immunohistochemistry for human kappa light chains or immunoglobulins. (nih.gov)

The mutant ali/ali animals have a deletion in a key variable region gene in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus that is present in the related wild type 2R1/2R1. (nih.gov)

If a patient has a negative result from the Albustix test (which detects albumin) and a positive result from the SSA test, consider the possibility of light-chain proteinuria. (medscape.com)

Hypotheses include frequent zoonotic infections with limited subsequent human-to-human transmission chains and existence of a self-sustained epidemic in humans ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (PubMed:22158414, PubMed:20176268). (nih.gov)

2013 . Polyclonal free light chains: a biomarker of inflammatory disease or treatment target? (nih.gov)

Anatomy6

Organisms4

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Induction of Ig light chain gene rearrangement in heavy chain-deficient B cells by activated Ras. (1/1652)

Characterization of an immunoglobin cDNA clone containing the variable and constant regions for the MOPC 21 kappa light chain. (2/1652)

Recombinant DNA clones constructed from immunoglobulin kappa light chain messenger RNA. (3/1652)

Novel mechanisms control the folding and assembly of lambda5/14.1 and VpreB to produce an intact surrogate light chain. (4/1652)

Assignment of genes for immunoglobulin kappa and heavy chains to chromosomes 6 and 12 in mouse. (5/1652)

The structure of an entire noncovalent immunoglobulin kappa light-chain dimer (Bence-Jones protein) reveals a weak and unusual constant domains association. (6/1652)

Physicochemical consequences of amino acid variations that contribute to fibril formation by immunoglobulin light chains. (7/1652)

Cells with clonal light chains are present in peripheral blood at diagnosis and in apheretic stem cell harvests of primary amyloidosis. (8/1652)

Immunoglobulin Light Chains

Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains

Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains

Genes, Immunoglobulin Light Chain

Amyloidosis

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain

Bence Jones Protein

Immunoglobulins

Genes, Immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulin Variable Region

Immunoglobulin Constant Regions

Immunoglobulin Light Chains, Surrogate

Myeloma Proteins

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains

Plasmacytoma

Amyloid

Myosin Light Chains

Sharks

Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin M

Light

Multiple Myeloma

Antibody Diversity

Paraproteinemias

B-Lymphocytes

Immunoglobulin A

Amino Acid Sequence

Immunoglobulin Joining Region

Molecular Sequence Data

Pseudolymphoma

Immunoglobulin J-Chains

Immunoglobulin mu-Chains

Gene Rearrangement

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte

Base Sequence

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Immunoglobulin Fragments

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia

Fanconi Syndrome

Plasma Cells

Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase

Hypergammaglobulinemia

Blood Protein Electrophoresis

Lymphoma, B-Cell

Lymphoma

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Binding Sites, Antibody

Complementarity Determining Regions

Immunoglobulins, Intravenous

Nephelometry and Turbidimetry

Prealbumin

Myosins

Clone Cells

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Genes

Protein Conformation

Cell Line

RNA, Messenger

Chickens

Rabbits

Peptostreptococcus

Kinetics

DNA

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Isoelectric Focusing

Mutation

Circular Dichroism

Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Immunoglobulin E

Cloning, Molecular

Molecular Weight

Immunoglobulin A, Secretory

Molecular Chaperones

Bone Marrow

Flow Cytometry

Sequence Alignment

Amyloidosis, Familial

Lymphocytes

Immunoglobulin Isotypes