Immunoglobulin heavy chains. Medical search

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

Genes and gene segments encoding the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS. Gene segments of the heavy chain genes are symbolized V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining), and C (constant).

Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. They have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and they contain about 57 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and have more oligosaccharide branches and a higher carbohydrate content than the heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G.

The larger subunits of MYOSINS. The heavy chains have a molecular weight of about 230 kDa and each heavy chain is usually associated with a dissimilar pair of MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS. The heavy chains possess actin-binding and ATPase activity.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

The domains of the immunoglobulin molecules that are invariable in their amino acid sequence within any class or subclass of immunoglobulin. They confer biological as well as structural functions to immunoglobulins. One each on both the light chains and the heavy chains comprises the C-terminus half of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN FAB FRAGMENT and two or three of them make up the rest of the heavy chains (all of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN FC FRAGMENT)

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

Heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G having a molecular weight of approximately 51 kDa. They contain about 450 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component covalently bound to the Fc fragment constant region. The gamma heavy chain subclasses (for example, gamma 1, gamma 2a, and gamma 2b) of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G isotype subclasses (IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B) resemble each other more closely than the heavy chains of the other IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES.

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN A. They have a molecular weight of approximately 58 kDa and contain about 470 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component bound covalently to their Fc fragment constant region.

A segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chains, encoded by the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES in the J segment where, during the maturation of B-LYMPHOCYTES; the gene segment for the variable region upstream is joined to a constant region gene segment downstream. The exact position of joining of the two gene segments is variable and contributes to ANTIBODY DIVERSITY. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN J CHAINS; a separate polypeptide that serves as a linkage piece in polymeric IGA or IGM.

Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Abnormal immunoglobulins characteristic of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

One of the types of light chains of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.

A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Allelic variants of the immunoglobulin light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) or heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) encoded by ALLELES of IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

A disorder of immunoglobulin synthesis in which large quantities of abnormal heavy chains are excreted in the urine. The amino acid sequences of the N-(amino-) terminal regions of these chains are normal, but they have a deletion extending from part of the variable domain through the first domain of the constant region, so that they cannot form cross-links to the light chains. The defect arises through faulty coupling of the variable (V) and constant (C) region genes.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Gene rearrangement of the B-lymphocyte which results in a substitution in the type of heavy-chain constant region that is expressed. This allows the effector response to change while the antigen binding specificity (variable region) remains the same. The majority of class switching occurs by a DNA recombination event but it also can take place at the level of RNA processing.

A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.

The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.

A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.

Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.

An immunoglobulin which accounts for less than 1% of plasma immunoglobulin. It is found on the membrane of many circulating B LYMPHOCYTES.

A 15 kD "joining" peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. There is one J chain per one IgA dimer or one IgM pentamer. It is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN JOINING REGION which is part of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

One of the types of light chain subunits of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.

The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene DNA during development.

A site located in the INTRONS at the 5' end of each constant region segment of a immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene where recombination (or rearrangement) occur during IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS SWITCHING. Ig switch regions are found on genes encoding all five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES) of IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN D. They have a molecular weight of approximately 64 kDa and they contain about 500 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component covalently bound to the Fc fragment constant region.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The heavy chain subunits of clathrin.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

A diverse superfamily of proteins that function as translocating proteins. They share the common characteristics of being able to bind ACTINS and hydrolyze MgATP. Myosins generally consist of heavy chains which are involved in locomotion, and light chains which are involved in regulation. Within the structure of myosin heavy chain are three domains: the head, the neck and the tail. The head region of the heavy chain contains the actin binding domain and MgATPase domain which provides energy for locomotion. The neck region is involved in binding the light-chains. The tail region provides the anchoring point that maintains the position of the heavy chain. The superfamily of myosins is organized into structural classes based upon the type and arrangement of the subunits they contain.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.

The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).

Allelic variants of the gamma-immunoglobulin heavy chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN GAMMA-CHAINS) encoded by ALLELES of IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the kappa or lambda IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the second stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

Genes that cause the epigenotype (i.e., the interrelated developmental pathways through which the adult organism is realized) to switch to an alternate cell lineage-related pathway. Switch complexes control the expression of normal functional development as well as oncogenic transformation.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN E. They have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and they contain about 550 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and about three times more carbohydrate than the heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.

Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.

The process by which the V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) segments of IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES or T-CELL RECEPTOR GENES are assembled during the development of LYMPHOID CELLS using NONHOMOLOGOUS DNA END-JOINING.

Exons that are created in vivo during LYMPHOCYTE maturation from the V, D, and J gene segments of immunoglobulin superfamily genes (e.g., the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES, or the T-CELL RECEPTOR BETA GENES or T-CELL RECEPTOR GAMMA GENES ) by the VDJ RECOMBINASE system.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The common name for all members of the Rajidae family. Skates and rays are members of the same order (Rajiformes). Skates have weak electric organs.

Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.

Specialized forms of antibody-producing B-LYMPHOCYTES. They synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. They are found only in lymphoid organs and at sites of immune responses and normally do not circulate in the blood or lymph. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989, p169 & Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p20)

A group of disorders having a benign course but exhibiting clinical and histological features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Pseudolymphoma is characterized by a benign infiltration of lymphoid cells or histiocytes which microscopically resembles a malignant lymphoma. (From Dorland, 28th ed & Stedman, 26th ed)

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A transcription factor that is essential for CELL DIFFERENTIATION of B-LYMPHOCYTES. It functions both as a transcriptional activator and repressor to mediate B-cell commitment.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Lymphocyte progenitor cells that are restricted in their differentiation potential to the B lymphocyte lineage. The pro-B cell stage of B lymphocyte development precedes the pre-B cell stage.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A malignant disease of the B-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow and/or blood.

Recombinases involved in the rearrangement of immunity-related GENES such as IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES and T-CELL RECEPTOR GENES.

A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious.

Conditions characterized by the presence of M protein (Monoclonal protein) in serum or urine without clinical manifestations of plasma cell dyscrasia.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Any cell, other than a ZYGOTE, that contains elements (such as NUCLEI and CYTOPLASM) from two or more different cells, usually produced by artificial CELL FUSION.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

An immunolglobulin light chain-like protein composed of an IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION-like peptide (such as light chain like lambda5 peptide) and an IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGION-like peptide (such as Vpreb1 peptide). Surrogate light chains associate with MU IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS in place of a conventional immunoglobulin light chains to form pre-B cell receptors.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Isoforms of MYOSIN TYPE II, specifically found in the ventricular muscle of the HEART. Defects in the genes encoding ventricular myosins result in FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A protein tyrosine kinase that is required for T-CELL development and T-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR function.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Specialized Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) for polymeric immunoglobulins, which mediate transcytosis of polymeric IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN M into external secretions. They are found on the surfaces of epithelial cells and hepatocytes. After binding to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, the receptor-ligand complex undergoes endocytosis, transport by vesicle, and secretion into the lumen by exocytosis. Before release, the part of the receptor (SECRETORY COMPONENT) that is bound to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A is proteolytically cleaved from its transmembrane tail. (From Rosen et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.

Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the gamma-chain of antigen receptors.

A family of cellular proteins that mediate the correct assembly or disassembly of polypeptides and their associated ligands. Although they take part in the assembly process, molecular chaperones are not components of the final structures.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The region of DNA which borders the 3' end of a transcription unit and where a variety of regulatory sequences are located.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A family of North American freshwater CATFISHES. It consists of four genera (Ameiurus, Ictalurus, Noturus, Pylodictis,) comprising several species, two of which are eyeless.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.

Large cells, usually multinucleate, whose presence is a common histologic characteristic of classical HODGKIN DISEASE.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A replication-defective strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) capable of transforming lymphoid cells and producing a rapidly progressing lymphoid leukemia after superinfection with FRIEND MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; MOLONEY MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; or RAUSCHER VIRUS.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is crucial for tumorigenicity. The human c-myc gene is located at 8q24 on the long arm of chromosome 8.

Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.

A transmembrane glycoprotein subunit that can dimerize with a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS). This protein subunit serves a diverse array of functions including amino acid transport and cell fusion. Its function is altered depending which of the light chain subunits it interacts with.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

DNA sequences encoding the gamma chain of the T-cell receptor. The human gamma-chain locus is organized similarly to the TcR beta-chain locus.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The activated center of a lymphoid follicle in secondary lymphoid tissue where B-LYMPHOCYTES are stimulated by antigens and helper T cells (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER) are stimulated to generate memory cells.

The smaller subunits of MYOSINS that bind near the head groups of MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS. The myosin light chains have a molecular weight of about 20 KDa and there are usually one essential and one regulatory pair of light chains associated with each heavy chain. Many myosin light chains that bind calcium are considered "calmodulin-like" proteins.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

Parts of the myosin molecule resulting from cleavage by proteolytic enzymes (PAPAIN; TRYPSIN; or CHYMOTRYPSIN) at well-localized regions. Study of these isolated fragments helps to delineate the functional roles of different parts of myosin. Two of the most common subfragments are myosin S-1 and myosin S-2. S-1 contains the heads of the heavy chains plus the light chains and S-2 contains part of the double-stranded, alpha-helical, heavy chain tail (myosin rod).

An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).

Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the beta-chain of antigen receptors.

Serum proteins that have the most rapid migration during ELECTROPHORESIS. This subgroup of globulins is divided into faster and slower alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-globulins.

The extracellular moiety of the POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR found alone or complexed with IGA or IGM, in a variety of external secretions (tears, bile, colostrum.) Secretory component is derived by proteolytic cleavage of the receptor during transcytosis. When immunoglobulins IgA and IgM are bound to the receptor, during their transcytosis secretory component becomes covalently attached to them generating SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or secretory IMMUNOGLOBULIN M.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Remnant of a tumor or cancer after primary, potentially curative therapy. (Dr. Daniel Masys, written communication)

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.

Repertoire of human antibodies against the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. (1/3464)

We examined the repertoire of antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae 6B capsular polysaccharide induced with the conventional polysaccharide vaccine in adults at the molecular level two ways. In the first, we purified from the sera of seven vaccinees antipneumococcal antibodies and determined their amino acid sequences. Their VH regions are mainly the products of VH3 family genes (candidate genes, 3-23, 3-07, 3-66, and 3-74), but the product of a VH1 family gene (candidate gene, 1-03) is occasionally used. All seven individuals have small amounts of polyclonal kappa+ antibodies (Vkappa1 to Vkappa4 families), although kappa+ antibodies are occasionally dominated by antibodies formed with the product of the A27 Vkappa gene. In contrast, lambda+ anti-6B antibodies are dominated by the antibodies derived from one of 3 very similar Vlambda2 family genes (candidate genes, 2c, 2e, and 2a2) and Clambda1 gene product. The Vlambda2(+) antibodies express the 8.12 idiotype, which is expressed on anti-double-stranded-DNA antibodies. In one case, Vlambda is derived from a rarely expressed Vlambda gene, 10a. In the second approach, we studied a human hybridoma (Dob1) producing anti-6B antibody. Its VH region sequence is closely related to those of the 3-15 VH gene (88% nucleotide homology) and JH4 (92% homology). Its VL region is homologous to the 2a2 Vlambda2 gene (91%) and Jlambda1/Clambda1. Taken together, the V region of human anti-6B antibodies is commonly formed by a VH3 and a Vlambda2 family gene product. (+info)

Insertion of excised IgH switch sequences causes overexpression of cyclin D1 in a myeloma tumor cell. (2/3464)

Oncogenes are often dysregulated in B cell tumors as a result of a reciprocal translocation involving an immunoglobulin locus. The translocations are caused by errors in two developmentally regulated DNA recombination processes: V(D)J and IgH switch recombination. Both processes share the property of joining discontinuous sequences from one chromosome and releasing intervening sequences as circles that are lost from progeny cells. Here we show that these intervening sequences may instead insert in the genome and that during productive IgH mu-epsilon switch recombination in U266 myeloma tumor cells, a portion of the excised IgH switch intervening sequences containing the 3' alpha-1 enhancer has inserted on chromosome 11q13, resulting in overexpression of the adjacent cyclin D1 oncogene. (+info)

Analysis of V(H)-D-J(H) gene transcripts in B cells infiltrating the salivary glands and lymph node tissues of patients with Sjogren's syndrome. (3/3464)

OBJECTIVE: In patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), B lymphocytes have been found to infiltrate salivary glands, resulting in sialadenitis and keratoconjunctivitis. The disease is frequently associated with benign and neoplastic lymphoproliferation. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether clonal B cell expansion takes place in lymphocytic infiltrations of salivary glands under (auto- [?]) antigen stimulation, by analyzing in more detail the variable part (V(H)-D-J(H)) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes expressed in these B cells. METHODS: Biopsies of the labial salivary glands and lymph nodes were performed on 2 female patients with SS. The Ig gene rearrangements in these tissues were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. RESULTS: A total of 94 V(H)-D-J(H) transcripts were cloned and sequenced. Our data suggest a polyclonal origin of the B cell infiltrates. In 92 of the transcripts, V(H) genes were modified by somatic mutation. Further analysis showed counterselection for replacement mutations within the framework regions, suggesting that those B cells were stimulated and selected for functional expression of a surface Ig. In labial salivary glands from both patients, clonally related B cells became evident. Members of 1 particular clone were found in both the lip and lymph node material. CONCLUSION: These data provide evidence, on the nucleotide sequence level, that an antigen-triggered clonal B cell expansion takes place in the salivary glands of patients with SS who do not have histologic evidence of developing lymphoma. It may be speculated that those B cell clones expand during disease progression, resulting in lymphomagenesis. (+info)

The role of homophilic binding in anti-tumor antibody R24 recognition of molecular surfaces. Demonstration of an intermolecular beta-sheet interaction between vh domains. (4/3464)

The murine antibody R24 and mouse-human Fv-IgG1(kappa) chimeric antibody chR24 are specific for the cell-surface tumor antigen disialoganglioside GD3. X-ray diffraction and surface plasmon resonance experiments have been employed to study the mechanism of "homophilic binding," in which molecules of R24 recognize and bind to other molecules of R24 though their heavy chain variable domains. R24 exhibits strong binding to liposomes containing disialoganglioside GD3; however, the kinetics are unusual in that saturation of binding is not observed. The binding of chR24 to GD3-bearing liposomes is significantly weaker, suggesting that cooperative interactions involving antibody constant regions contribute to R24 binding of membrane-bound GD3. The crystal structures of the Fabs from R24 and chR24 reveal the mechanism for homophilic binding and confirm that the homophilic and antigen-binding idiotopes are distinct. The homophilic binding idiotope is formed largely by an anti-parallel beta-sheet dimerization between the H2 complementarity determining region (CDR) loops of two Fabs, while the antigen-binding idiotope is a pocket formed by the three CDR loops on the heavy chain. The formation of homophilic dimers requires the presence of a canonical conformation for the H2 CDR in conjunction with participation of side chains. The relative positions of the homophilic and antigen-binding sites allows for a lattice of GD3-specific antibodies to be constructed, which is stabilized by the presence of the cell membrane. This model provides for the selective recognition by R24 of cells that overexpress GD3 on the cell surface. (+info)

Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. I. Iso-electric focusing characteristics of the IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG and their heavy and light chains. (5/3464)

Human IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies have been isolated from the serum of an individual with Felty's syndrome. These were initially noted as soluble circulating serum complexes by analytical ultracentrifugation. Isolation was accomplished by solid phase immunoadsorption and each of the three antibody populations obtained was shown to be of restricted heterogeneity by liquid and polyacrylamide gel electrofocussing methods. Type kappa light chains were obtained from each protein. Co-isoelectric focusing experiments of all possible pairs of these light chains showed them to have identical net charge characteristics. Heavy chains obtained from each protein were also monoclonal and of differing isoelectric point. The availability of this serum provides a human model with which to study the changes which may occur in autoantibodies during the autoimmune response. (+info)

Ialpha exon-replacement mice synthesize a spliced HPRT-C(alpha) transcript which may explain their ability to switch to IgA. Inhibition of switching to IgG in these mice. (6/3464)

Antibody class switching is regulated by transcription of unrearranged C(H) genes to produce germline (GL) transcripts which direct the choice of isotype and are required for switching. However, their role is unknown. GL transcripts are initiated at the I exons located upstream of each switch region. Although deletion of the I exon by gene targeting prevents switch recombination to that CH gene, the Ialpha exon can be replaced by an entirely different DNA segment, a minigene driven by the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter and encoding hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), oriented in the sense direction, without reducing antibody class switching to IgA. To understand why HPRT substitution of the Ialpha exon does not disrupt switch recombination, we have analyzed the structure of the transcript from the targeted allele in these mice. We identify a spliced transcript in which the HPRT exons are spliced to the C(alpha) gene segments, resulting in a structure similar to normal GL transcripts. The abundance of this transcript is similar to that of the normal alpha GL RNA. We also demonstrate that switching to the four IgG subclasses in B cells from these mice is reduced in comparison to wild-type mice. We discuss the possibility that the strong PGK promoter inserted at the Ig alpha locus may interfere with interaction of the promoters for gamma GL transcripts with the 3' IgH enhancer. (+info)

Induction of Ig light chain gene rearrangement in heavy chain-deficient B cells by activated Ras. (7/3464)

During B cell development, rearrangement and expression of Ig heavy chain (HC) genes promote development and expansion of pre-B cells accompanied by the onset of Ig light chain (LC) variable region gene assembly. To elucidate the signaling pathways that control these events, we have tested the ability of activated Ras expression to promote B cell differentiation to the stage of LC gene rearrangement in the absence of Ig HC gene expression. For this purpose, we introduced an activated Ras expression construct into JH-deleted embryonic stem cells that lack the ability to assemble HC variable region genes and assayed differentiation potential by recombination activating gene (RAG) 2-deficient blastocyst complementation. We found that activated Ras expression induces the progression of B lineage cells beyond the developmental checkpoint ordinarily controlled by mu HC. Such Ras/JH-deleted B cells accumulate in the periphery but continue to express markers associated with precursor B cells including RAG gene products. These peripheral Ras/JH-deleted B cell populations show extensive Ig LC gene rearrangement but maintain an extent of kappa LC gene rearrangement and a preference for kappa over lambda LC gene rearrangement similar to that of wild-type B cells. We discuss these findings in the context of potential mechanisms that may regulate Ig LC gene rearrangement. (+info)

Predominant VH genes expressed in innate antibodies are associated with distinctive antigen-binding sites. (8/3464)

Antibodies to phosphatidylcholine (PtC), a common constituent of mammalian and bacterial cell membranes, represent a large proportion of the natural antibody repertoire in mice. Previous studies of several mouse strains (e.g., C57BL/6) have shown that anti-PtC antibodies are mainly encoded by the VH11 and VH12 immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene families. We show here, however, that VH11 and VH12 encode only a small proportion of the anti-PtC antibodies in BALB/c mice. Instead, VHQ52-encoded antibodies predominate in this strain. In addition, two-thirds of the cells expressing VHQ52 family genes use a single gene (which, interestingly, has been previously shown to predominate in the anti-oxazolone response). We also show here that in anti-PtC antibodies from all strains, the distinctive antigen-binding sites associated with VHQ52 differ substantially from those associated with VH11 and VH12. That is, VHQ52-containing transcripts preferentially use the joining region JH4 rather than JH1 and exhibit more diverse complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) junctions with more N-region nucleotide additions at the gene segment junctions. Thus, the VH gene family that predominates in the anti-PtC repertoire differs among mouse strains, whereas the distinctive VHDJH rearrangements (CDR3, JH) associated with each VH gene family are similar in all strains. We discuss these findings in the context of a recent hypothesis suggesting that CDR3 structure, independent of VH framework, is sufficient to define the specificity of an antibody. (+info)

These heavy chain types vary between different animals. All heavy chains contain a series of immunoglobulin domains, usually ... The heavy chain doesn't always have to bind to a light chain. Pre-B lymphocytes can synthesize heavy chain in the absence of ... Heavy chains α and γ have approximately 450 amino acids. Heavy chains μ and ε have approximately 550 amino acids. Each heavy ... heavy chain that is present in all jawed fish and is the heavy chain for what is thought to be the primordial immunoglobulin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_chain

... immunoglobulin). A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains. There are two ... a functional heavy-chain homodimeric antibody-like molecule referred to as IgNAR (immunoglobulin new antigen receptor). IgNAR ... chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin kappa locus ([email protected]) on chromosome 2 (locus: 2p11.2) lambda (λ) chain, encoded by the ... but lack the light chains usually paired with each heavy chain. Sharks also possess, as part of their adaptive immune systems, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_light_chain

Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene IGH; g) enzyme genes TTL (adds and removes tyrosine residues on α-tubulin), GOT1 (an Aspartate ... "IGH immunoglobulin heavy locus (human )". Entrez Gene. "TTL tubulin tyrosine ligase (human)". Entrez Gene. "CHIC2 cysteine rich ... transaminase), and ACSL6 (a Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase); h) transporter gene ARNT (binds to ligand-bound aryl hydrocarbon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETV6

Ig heavy chain V-III region VH26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the [email protected] gene. IGHV is the immunoglobulin heavy ... [email protected] Walter MA, Dosch HM, Cox DW (Aug 1991). "A deletion map of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region". J Exp ... Boursier L, Su W, Spencer J (2003). "Imprint of somatic hypermutation differs in human immunoglobulin heavy and lambda chain ... 2005). "CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma consists of germline cases and hypermutated cases in the immunoglobulin heavy chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]

2006). "Reconsidering the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus: 1. An evaluation of the expressed human IGHD gene repertoire ... "Entrez Gene: IGHD immunoglobulin heavy constant delta". Shin SU, Wei CF, Amin AR, et al. (1992). "Structural and functional ... 1982). "Amino acid sequence of the first constant region domain and the hinge region of the delta heavy chain of human IgD". ... White MB, Shen AL, Word CJ, Tucker PW, Blattner FR (May 1985). "Human immunoglobulin D: genomic sequence of the delta heavy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGHD

"A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene ... "Transcriptional enhancer elements in the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain locus". Science. 221 (4611): 663-665. Bibcode:1983Sci ... "Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain". Proceedings of the National Academy ... These were delimited by regions containing stop signals, the messages to terminate construction of the polypeptide chain, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_gene_theory

Immunoglobulins are composed of light chains and heavy chains. The light chain (λ or κ) is a protein of ~220 amino acids, ... composed of one light chain, denoted L, and one heavy chain, denoted µ. The heavy and light chains are held together both by ... Early in ontogeny, B cells express both the µ and the δ heavy chains; co-expression of these two heavy chains, each bearing the ... As in the case of other immunoglobulins, the domains of the µ heavy chain have the characteristic overlying β-sheets comprising ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M

Rajaiya J, Nixon JC, Ayers N, Desgranges ZP, Roy AL, Webb CF (Jun 2006). "Induction of immunoglobulin heavy-chain transcription ... "Bright/ARID3A contributes to chromatin accessibility of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer". Molecular Cancer. 6: 23. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARID3A

"Expression and regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene transfected into lymphoid cells". The EMBO Journal. Wiley. 2 (8): ... Di Noia, Javier; Neuberger, Michael S. (31 July 2002). "Altering the pathway of immunoglobulin hypermutation by inhibiting ... "Immunoglobulin Isotype Switching Is Inhibited and Somatic Hypermutation Perturbed in UNG-Deficient Mice". Current Biology. ... "AID Is Essential for Immunoglobulin V Gene Conversion in a Cultured B Cell Line". Current Biology. Elsevier BV. 12 (5): 435-438 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Neuberger

Clonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin genes (heavy and light chains) are frequently seen. The deletion 7q21-32 is seen in ... Dunn-Walters DK, Boursier L, Spencer J, Isaacson PG (June 1998). "Analysis of immunoglobulin genes in splenic marginal zone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_marginal_zone_lymphoma

"Organization of the constant-region gene family of the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain". Cell. 28 (3): 499-506. doi:10.1016/ ... He succeeded in cDNA clonings of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines involved in class switching and IL-2 receptor alpha chain in 1986, and ... a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death". The EMBO Journal. 11 (11): 3887-3895. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo

FcαRI binds the heavy-chain constant region of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies. FcαRI is present on the cell surface of ... FcR γ-chain). Though FcαRI is part of the Fc receptor immunoglobulin superfamily, the protein's primary structure is similar to ... "Functional association between the human myeloid immunoglobulin A Fc receptor (CD89) and FcR gamma chain. Molecular basis for ... However, this chain alone cannot perform signaling in response to IgA binding, and FcαRI must associate with a dimeric form of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCAR

... constitutes a variant form of class switch recombination that eliminates all immunoglobulin heavy chain constant genes. It thus ... "AID-Driven Deletion Causes Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus Suicide Recombination in B Cells". Science. American Association ... Acton, Q.A. (2013). Immunoglobulins-Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition. ScholarlyEditions. p. 866. ISBN 978-1- ... terminates immunoglobulin and B-cell receptor (BCR) expression in B-lymphocytes and results in B-cell death since survival of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_suicide_recombination

... of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain and light chain genes in B cells forms the genetic basis for the presence ... "Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable, Diversity, and Joining Region Gene Rearrangement". National Cancer Institute Thesaurus. ... Pelanda R (April 2014). "Dual immunoglobulin light chain B cells: Trojan horses of autoimmunity?". Current Opinion in ... The allelic exclusion of light chain genes Igκ and Igλ is a process that is controlled by the monoallelic initiation of V(D)J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelic_exclusion

Krawinkel U, Rabbitts TH (1984). "Comparison of the hinge-coding segments in human immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain genes and ... Ellison J, Hood L (Mar 1982). "Linkage and sequence homology of two human immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain constant region ... Milstein C, Frangione B (Jan 1971). "Disulphide bridges of the heavy chain of human immunoglobulin G2". The Biochemical Journal ... "Entrez Gene: IGHG2 immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2 (G2m marker)". Connell GE, Parr DM, Hofmann T (Jun 1979). "The amino ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGHG2

The first discovery of a eukaryotic enhancer was in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in 1983. This enhancer, located in the ... Mercola M, Wang XF, Olsen J, Calame K (August 1983). "Transcriptional enhancer elements in the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain ... "A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene ... "A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer_(genetics)

Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. There are two classes of ... Boursier L, Su W, Spencer J (2003). "Imprint of somatic hypermutation differs in human immunoglobulin heavy and lambda chain ... that contains genes for the lambda light chains of antibodies (or immunoglobulins). Immunoglobulins recognize foreign antigens ... immunoglobulin lambda constant 1 (Mcg marker) IGLC2 - immunoglobulin lambda constant 2 (Kern-Oz- marker) IGLC3 - immunoglobulin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]

There is approximately 40% excess immunoglobulin light-chain production over immunoglobulin heavy-chain synthesis. Possibly ... Solomon A (1985). "[6] Light chains of human immunoglobulins". Light chains of human immunoglobulins. Methods in Enzymology. ... Immunoglobulin light chains that are circulating in serum in a free (unbound) state are called free light chains (FLCs). ... Each immunoglobulin light-chain molecule contains approximately 220 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain that is folded to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_free_light-chain_measurement

They are formed by light and heavy chain of the variable region of an immunoglobulin. The two chains are linked by a flexible ... They mostly consist of a heavy and light chain of the variable region of immunoglobulin. Recombinant antibodies have many ... "Assembly of functional antibodies from immunoglobulin heavy and light chains synthesised in E. coli". Nucleic Acids Research. ... day production of scFv was the successful assembly of recombinant antibodies from heavy and light chain of immunoglobulin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_antibodies

"Variable regions of heavy and light polypeptide chains of the same gammaG-immunoglobulin molecule". Proceedings of the National ... the larger heavy chains and the smaller light chains. Two light and two heavy chains are linked together by disulfide bonds to ... include amino acids from both the light and heavy protein subunits. The inter-chain disulfide bonds help bring together the two ... Cummingham, B.; Gottlieb, P.; Konigsberg, W.; Edelman, G. (1968). "The covalent structure of a human gamma G-immunoglobulin. V ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman

... immunoglobulin genes: Heavy chain alpha (IgA): IGHA1, IGHA2 Heavy chain gamma (IgG): IGHG1, IGHG2, IGHG3, IGHG4 Heavy chain ... Immunoglobulin heavy locus, also known as IGH, is a region on human chromosome 14 that contains a gene for the heavy chains of ... Each immunoglobulin molecule consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. This region represents the ... "Entrez Gene: IGH immunoglobulin heavy locus". "Gene Family: Immunoglobulin heavy locus at 14q32.33 (IGH)". HGNC: HUGO Gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[email protected]

"Variable regions of heavy and light polypeptide chains of the same gammaG-immunoglobulin molecule". Proceedings of the National ... The protein subunits of antibodies are of two types, the larger heavy chains and the smaller light chains. Gottlieb's ... "The covalent structure of a human gamma G-immunoglobulin. V. Partial amino acid sequence of the light chain". Biochemistry. 7 ( ... Gottlieb, Paul David (1972). "The variability of immunoglobulins". elibrary.ru: 1. Kobler, John (1977). The Rockefeller ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_David_Gottlieb

It encodes a constant (C) segment of Immunoglobulin A heavy chain. Immunoglobulin A is an antibody that plays a critical role ... Complete nucleotide sequences for the alpha-1 heavy chain constant region and the allelic alpha-2 heavy chain regions were ... IgA shows the same typical structure of other antibody classes, with two heavy chains and two light chains, and four distinct ... Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 is a immunoglobulin gene with symbol IGHA1. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_constant_alpha_1

Pascual, V.; Capra, J. D. (1991). Human immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region genes: Organization, polymorphism, and ... "Receptor revision of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genes in normal human B lymphocytes". The Journal of ... Hurley, C. K.; Shaw, S.; Nadler, L.; Schlossman, S.; Capra, J. D. (1982). "Alpha and beta chains of SB and DR antigens are ... Hasemann, C. A.; Capra, J. D. (1990). "High-level production of a functional immunoglobulin heterodimer in a baculovirus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Donald_Capra

Antibody (or immunoglobulin) structure is made up of two heavy-chains and two light-chains. These chains are held together by ... Here at this stage, Pre-B cell, mμ heavy chain and surrogate light chain are formed. The final rearrangement of the light chain ... a partial rearrangement of the heavy-chain gene occurs which is followed by complete rearrangement of heavy-chain gene. ... 1979). "Cloned pairs of variable region genes for immunoglobulin heavy-chains isolated from a clone library of the entire mouse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_and_expression_of_immunoglobulin_genes

V-set domains are found in diverse protein families, including immunoglobulin light and heavy chains; in several T-cell ... "Phosphocholine binding immunoglobulin Fab McPC603. An X-ray diffraction study at 2.7 A". J. Mol. Biol. 190 (4): 593-604. doi: ... Immunoglobulin V-set, subgroup InterPro: IPR003596 T-cell surface antigen CD2 InterPro: IPR013285 ACAM; ACAN; ADAMTSL1; AGC1; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_V-set_domain

Busslinger also contributed to the current knowledge of how the large locus encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) ... "Pax5 induces V-to-DJ rearrangements and locus contraction of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene". Retrieved 2019-01-08. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinrad_Busslinger

Toraño A, Putnam FW (Feb 1978). "Complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 2 heavy chain of a human IgA2 immunoglobulin of the ... Ellison J, Hood L (Mar 1982). "Linkage and sequence homology of two human immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain constant region ... Flanagan JG, Rabbitts TH (Dec 1982). "Arrangement of human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes implies ... "Entrez Gene: IGHA2 immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 2 (A2m marker)". Kerr MA (Oct 1990). "The structure and function of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGHA2

... light and heavy chain deposition disease, where both heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins are deposited, and heavy chain ... The immunoglobulin heavy chain in HCDD is frequently a truncated heavy chain. HCDD is the rarest subtype of MIDD. Serum protein ... Heavy Chain Deposition Disease (HCDD) features deposition of heavy chains only. Most commonly, this subtype is formed of ... where only immunoglobulin heavy chains are deposited. Light chain deposition disease (LCDD) is the most common of the three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_Immunoglobulin_Deposition_Disorder

1986). "Sequence of a human immunoglobulin gamma 3 heavy chain constant region gene: comparison with the other human C gamma ... "heavy chain disease" protein ZUC. Structure of the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G3". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71 (4): ... "Entrez Gene: IGHG3 immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (G3m marker)". Michaelsen TE, Frangione B, Franklin EC (1977). " ... Alexander A, Steinmetz M, Barritault D, Frangione B, Franklin EC, Hood L, Buxbaum JN (Sep 1982). "gamma Heavy chain disease in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGHG3

... free heavy chains of HLA class I, with a preference for free heavy chains of HLA-C alleles Cluster of differentiation "Human ... immunoglobulin-like transcript 6 (ILT-6), and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 4 (LIR-4) is a protein that in humans is ... Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 3 (LILR-A3) also known as CD85 antigen-like family member E (CD85e), ... Samaridis J, Colonna M (March 1997). "Cloning of novel immunoglobulin superfamily receptors expressed on human myeloid and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILRA3

Press's work provided the first evidence that immunoglobulin heavy chains had variable regions similar to those observed in ... Her research also pointed to evidence that at least two genes are involved in the synthesis of the heavy chain. "Elizabeth ( ... The structural studies on antibodies were essential in the chain of scientific discoveries which led to the development of ... Her studies on antibodies were important in determining the chain structure, and particularly the observation that more than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Press

... γ4 heavy chain (134-218') disulfide and a humanized mouse monoclonal κ light chain dimer (226-226:229-229)-bisdisulfide. It is ... Pembrolizumab is an immunoglobulin G4, with a variable region against the human PD-1 receptor, a humanized mouse monoclonal [ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrolizumab

"V-region and class specific RT-PCR amplification of human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes from B-cell lines". ... "V lambda and J lambda-C lambda gene segments of the human immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus are separated by 14 kb and ... Immunoglobulin lambda joining 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGLJ3 gene. "Human PubMed Reference:". National ... "Entrez Gene: Immunoglobulin lambda joining 3". Paul E, Iliev AA, Livneh A, Diamond B (December 1992). "The anti-DNA-associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGLJ3

... protein-related factor binding site is required for the deregulation of c-myc expression by the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYC

The same heavy and light variable chains used for scFv construction can be used in the construction of Fab. Construction of pre ... "Dextran as a Generally Applicable Multivalent Scaffold for Improving Immunoglobulin-Binding Affinities of Peptide and ... "Therapeutic anti-IgE monoclonal antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv) safety and immunomodulatory effects after one ... data Yeast two-hybrid screen Monoclonal antibodies such as mouse anti-human Duox2 monoclonal antibody S-40 Immunoglobulin Y ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Biolabs

Immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation studies help identify the type of immunoglobulin, the clonality of the light chain, ... and increased viscosity of the blood due to increased levels of a class of heavy proteins called macroglobulins. For a time, ... Results from characterization studies of urinary immunoglobulins indicate that light chains (Bence Jones protein), usually of ... The light chain of the monoclonal protein is usually the kappa light chain. At times, patients with Waldenström ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenström_macroglobulinemia

... heavy-chain immunoglobulin - Hela cell - helminth protein - helper T cell - hemopexin - hemoglobin - herpes simplex virus ... immunoglobulin - immunoglobulin joining region - immunoglobulin variable region - immunologic receptor - immunology - In vivo ... gamma-chain immunoglobulin - gamma-delta T-cell antigen receptor - gastrin - gastrointestinal hormone receptor - gastrula - gel ... kappa-chain immunoglobulin - karyoplasm - karyotype - kelvin - keratin - kinase - kinesin - kinetic energy - kinetic exclusion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

3. Kleinfield R, Hardy RR, Tarlinton, D (1986). 'Recombination between an expressed immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene and a ... They can avoid apoptosis by modifying the sequence of light chain V and J genes (components of the antigen receptor) so that it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_editing

Association of the CD79a/b heterodimer with the immunoglobulin heavy chain is required for surface expression of the BCR and ... The CD79a/b heterodimer associates non-covalently with the immunoglobulin heavy chain through its transmembrane region, thus ... forming the BCR along with the immunoglobulin light chain and the pre-BCR when associated with the surrogate light chain in ... Cluster of differentiation CD79A also known as B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain and MB-1 membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD79A

A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa

2000). "BCL-6 mutations are associated with immunoglobulin variable heavy chain mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H2A.Z

It binds the heavy chain within the Fc region of most immunoglobulins and also within the Fab region in the case of the human ... Protein A can bind with strong affinity to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin of certain species as shown in the below table. In ... It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins. It is composed of five homologous Ig- ... Its isolation by affinity chromatography and its use as an immunosorbent for isolation of immunoglobulins". FEBS Letters. 28 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A

"The HoxC4 homeodomain protein mediates activation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain 3' hs1,2 enhancer in human B cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXC4

"Altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged mu heavy chain gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thereza_Imanishi-Kari

Primary amyloidosis (AL) is caused by the deposition of excess immunoglobulin light chains which are secreted from plasma cells ... Plasmacytoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and plasma cell leukemia are malignant ... Plasma cells can only produce a single kind of antibody in a single class of immunoglobulin. In other words, every B cell is ... However, continued exposure to antigen through those low levels of immunoglobulin is important, as it partly determines the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cell

Polymorphic epitopes can be present on immunoglobulin constant regions on both heavy and light chains, differing between ... This means that divergent allotype of heavy chain of IgG antibody may be balanced by presence of this allotype on heavy chain ... The structure of immunoglobulin polypeptide chain is dictated and controlled by number of genes encoded in the germ line. ... For example, allotype expressed on constant region of heavy chain on IgG are designated by Gm which stands for 'genetic marker ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotype_(immunology)

... is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, TKPR) located in the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G (residues 289 ... the spleen enzyme tuftsin-endocarboxypeptidase nicks the heavy chain at the Arg-Glu bond (292-293). The arginine carboxy- ... Two enzymes are needed to release tuftsin from immunoglobulin G.First, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuftsin

... next to the immunoglobulin heavy- or light-chain gene enhancers, leading to increased C-MYC expression and increased cell ... The cDNA is sequenced and the sequence encoding the variable heavy and variable light chains of these antibodies are cloned ... This technology uses a single chain variable fragment (scFv) designed to recognize the cell surface marker CD19 as a method of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

... revealing a pair of two-domain light chains and four-domain heavy chains. Subsequent analysis revealed the terminal domains of ... set of whole genome duplication events at the origin of vertebrates that gave rise to the entire super-family of immunoglobulin ... and heavy-chain fragments. Together, this work allowed the antibody structure to be sequenced and reconstructed, resulting in ... both chains to be variable domains responsible for antigen recognition. The work of Porter and Edelman revealed the molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism

Mues A, van der Ven PF, Young P, Fürst DO, Gautel M (May 1998). "Two immunoglobulin-like domains of the Z-disc portion of titin ... "The Chain-like Elasticity of Titin". Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, University of Illinois. Archived from the ... titin mechanical strength appears to decrease through the loss of disulfide bonds as the organism becomes heavier. Titin A-band ... More specifically the I-band contains two regions of tandem type II immunoglobulin domains on either side of a PEVK region that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titin

The two heavy chains are linked to each other and to a light chain each by disulfide bonds. The resulting tetramer has two ... IgG antibodies are large globular proteins made of four peptide chains; two identical γ (gamma) heavy chains of about 50 kDa ... The Fc regions of IgGs bear a highly conserved N-glycosylation site at asparagine 297 in the constant region of the heavy chain ... Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G

... of bone Extraosseous plasmacytoma Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases Primary amyloidosis Light chain and heavy chain ... gammopathy of undetermined significance Heavy chain diseases Mu heavy chain disease Gamma heavy chain disease Alpha heavy chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumors_of_the_hematopoietic_and_lymphoid_tissues

MYBPC3 was thus the fourth gene for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, following MYH7, encoding β-myosin heavy chain, TNNT2 and TPM1 ... an additional immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain on the N-terminus, (2) a linker region between the second and third Ig domains, ... "Double heterozygosity for mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain and in the cardiac myosin binding protein C genes in a ... "A molecular screening strategy based on beta-myosin heavy chain, cardiac myosin binding protein C and troponin T genes in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin_binding_protein_C,_cardiac

... (or derivative) may refer to: Igh (trigraph), used in Irish orthography Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH), the large ... the Immunoglobulin heavy locus, in biology Institut IGH, a Croatian company Internal geared hubs, used on bicycles Inver Grove ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGH

... immunoglobulin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.350 - immunoglobulin alpha-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705. ... immunoglobulin j-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750 - immunoglobulin light chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.750.530 - ... immunoglobulin delta-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705.500.370 - immunoglobulin epsilon-chains MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.705. ... myosin heavy chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.200 - myosin light chains MeSH D12.776.210.500.600.300 - myosin subfragments MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

... surface B27 heavy chains and dimers can bind to regulatory immune receptors such as members of the killer cell immunoglobulin- ... Also, the HLA-B27 heavy chain homodimer formation hypothesis suggests that B27 heavy chains tend to dimerise and accumulate in ... One more misfolding theory, published in 2004, proposes that β2 microglobulin-free heavy chains of HLA-B27 undergo a facile ... Three previously noted features of HLA-B27, which distinguish it from other heavy chains, underlie the hypothesis: (1) HLA-B27 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-B27

"Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0-9 ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/browse?authority=Immunoglobulin+Heavy+Chains&type=mesh

"Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0-9 ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Immunoglobulin+Heavy+Chains&type=mesh

Immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma constant domain 1, CH1-gamma ... Protein Immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma constant domain 1, CH1 ... Lineage for Protein: Immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma constant domain 1, CH1-gamma. *Root: SCOP 1.71 *. Class b: All beta ... part of metal chelatase catalytic Fab 7G12; germline antibody; chain identifiers are probably mixed up. complexed with mmp. ... part of Fab CNJ206; H-chains in this entry seem to be mistraced in VH region. ...

https://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=88574&ver=1.71

The association of immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein with unassembled immunoglobulin heavy chains occurs within the ... The translation in vitro of mRNA for immunoglobulin heavy chains. The translation in vitro of mRNA for immunoglobulin heavy ... Contributions of heavy and light chains of rabbit immunoglobulin G to antibody activity. I. Binding studies on isolated heavy ... Joint-derived T cells in rheumatoid arthritis react with self-immunoglobulin heavy chains or immunoglobulin-binding proteins ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/044/767/044767747.php

Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene expression in peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Chichi Huang, A. Keith Stewart, Robert S. ... Dive into the research topics of Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene expression in peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Together they ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/immunoglobulin-heavy-chain-gene-expression-in-peripheral-blood-b-/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Ansari NA, Owais M, Usha . Immunoglobulin heavy and light chain isotypes in multiple myeloma patients. Asian Pacific Journal of ... The frequency of expression of immunoglobulin (Ig) light and heavy chain isotypes was analyzed in myeloma proteins (M-proteins ... Both kappa and lambda light chains were associated with the heavy chain isotypes. We recommend the triangular combination for ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/37841

Regulation of the replication of the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus: Evaluation of the role of the 3 regulatory ... Regulation of the replication of the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus: Evaluation of the role of the 3 regulatory ...

https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01593097

Heavy chain amyloidosis (AH). In a few cases, immunoglobulin chain amyloidosis fibrils contain only heavy-chain sequences ... Light chain amyloidosis (AL). The precursor protein is a clonal immunoglobulin light chain or light chain fragment. AL is a ... Immunoglobulin light and heavy chain amyloidosis AL/AH: renal pathology and differential diagnosis. Contrib Nephrol. 2007. 153: ... the fibril protein is an immunoglobulin light chain or light chain fragment (abbreviated L); thus, patients with these ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/335414-106009/what-is-calcitonin-amyloid-acal

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335414

These results show that an open chromatin structure around the heavy chain enhancer is necessary but insufficient for ... Cell lineage specificity of chromatin configuration around the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer. ... Cell lineage specificity of chromatin configuration around the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer. ... These results show that an open chromatin structure around the heavy chain enhancer is necessary but insufficient for ...

https://www.rdm.ox.ac.uk/publications/1267594

Nature Webinar: Using long-read sequencing to characterize population diversity at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus ... studying the genetic background of immune response by characterizing population diversity at the immunoglobulin heavy chain ...

https://www.pacb.com/videos/nature-webinar-using-long-read-sequencing-to-characterize-population-diversity-at-the-immunoglobulin-heavy-chain-locus/

An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA: VH, D and JH. ... Sequences of the joining region genes for immunoglobulin heavy chains and their role in generation of antibody diversity ... Structural evidence for independent joining region gene in immunoglobulin heavy chains from anti-galactan myeloma proteins and ... Two types of somatic recombination are necessary for the generation of complete immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36296681

PDB Compounds: (K:) immunoglobulin heavy chain. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d1hzhk3:. Sequence; same for both SEQRES and ATOM ... d1hzhk3 b.1.1.2 (K:239-359) Immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma constant domain 2, CH2-gamma {Human (Homo sapiens) [TaxId: 9606]} ... Protein Immunoglobulin heavy chain gamma constant domain 2, CH2-gamma [88584] (4 species). ... d1hzhk4 in context of chain. View in 3D. Domains from same chain:. (mouse over for more information). d1hzhk1, d1hzhk2, d1hzhk4 ...

https://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=61443

... are heavy chain counterparts of the variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments of immunoglobulin light chains. The VH gene ... are heavy chain counterparts of the variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments of immunoglobulin light chains. The VH gene ... are heavy chain counterparts of the variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments of immunoglobulin light chains. The VH gene ... are heavy chain counterparts of the variable (V) and joining (J) gene segments of immunoglobulin light chains. The VH gene ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/an-immunoglobulin-heavy-chain-variable-region-gene-is-generated-f

immunoglobulin heavy chain 4 (serum IgG1). *immunoglobulin heavy chain V region. Gene Ontology Provided by MGI Function. ... immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (G1m marker)); IGHG2 (immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2 (G2m marker)); and IGHG3 ( ... immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (G1m marker)provided by MGI. Primary source. MGI:MGI:96446 See related. IMGT/GENE-DB: ... Ighg1 immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (G1m marker) [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ] Gene ID: 16017, updated on 27-Sep-2022 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/16017

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains / genetics * Immunotherapy, Active * Influenza A virus / immunology* * Influenza A virus / ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20305659/

Heavy-Chain. Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains. Immunoglobulins, J-Chain. Immunoglobulin J-Chains. Immunoglobulins, Light-Chain. ... Immunoglobulin Light Chains. Immunoglobulins, alpha-Chain. Immunoglobulin alpha-Chains. Immunoglobulins, delta-Chain. ... Immunoglobulin delta-Chains. Immunoglobulins, epsilon-Chain. Immunoglobulin epsilon-Chains. Immunoglobulins, gamma-Chain. ... Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains. Immunoglobulins, kappa-Chain. Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains. Immunoglobulins, lambda-Chain. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/rep_i2006.htm

We detected immunoglobulin M by using a μ heavy chain-specific conjugate. Only an acute serum sample was collected from each ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/10/08-1507

Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) sequence accession identifiers. Supplementary Table 13. Immunoglobulin light chain (IgL) ... 3 Genomic organization of bowfin immunoglobulin and TCR genes.. (a) The immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) chain and T cell receptor ( ... d) The Ig light (IgL) chain kappa locus is present on Aca scaf11. (e) The IgL chain sigma loci are encoded on Aca scaf22. ... Mirete-Bachiller, S., Olivieri, D. N. & Gambon-Deza, F. Immunoglobulin T genes in Actinopterygii. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 108, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-021-00914-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c5de95d5-7160-424c-bdee-124622032908

BALDR: a computational pipeline for paired heavy and light chain immunoglobulin reconstruction in single-cell RNA-seq data. ... BALDR: a computational pipeline for paired heavy and light chain immunoglobulin reconstruction in single-cell RNA-seq data ... that accurately reconstructs the paired heavy and light chain immunoglobulin gene sequences from Illumina single-cell RNA-seq ...

https://bmc.altmetric.com/details/34627626

Home/2019 Publications, Featured Publications, Publications/Establishment of Immunoglobulin Heavy (IGH) Chain Clonality Testing ... Establishment of Immunoglobulin Heavy (IGH) Chain Clonality Testing by Next-Generation Sequencing for Routine Characterization ... Establishment of Immunoglobulin Heavy (IGH) Chain Clonality Testing by Next-Generation Sequencing for Routine Characterization ...

https://invivoscribe.com/establishment-of-immunoglobulin-heavy-igh-chain-clonality-testing-by-next-generation-sequencing-for-routine-characterization-of-b-cell-and-plasma-cell-neoplasms/

VH1-46 Is the Dominant Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Segment in Rotavirus-Specific Memory B Cells Expressing the Intestinal ... Analysis of the heavy chain repertoire of human peripheral B cells using single-cell polymerase chain reaction. J. Immunol. ... VH1-46 Is the Dominant Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Segment in Rotavirus-Specific Memory B Cells Expressing the Intestinal ... The human heavy chain Ig V region gene repertoire is biased at all stages of B cell ontogeny, including early pre-B cells. J. ...

https://journals.aai.org/jimmunol/article/174/6/3454/8485/VH1-46-Is-the-Dominant-Immunoglobulin-Heavy-Chain

Heavy and Light Chains of Immunoglobulin: Heavy chain - mu. Light chain - not determined. Specificity: Hybridoma tissue culture ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=%27indoor%2Bair%27%2Bor%2B%27building%2Bair%27%2Bor%2B%27indoor%2Benvironment%2A%27%2Bor%2Biaq%2Bor%2Bieq&f1=%2A&Startyear=&B1=Search&terms=3&Adv=1&Limit=500&Sort=DP%2BDESC&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=45&RecNo=443&View=f&

Molecular characterization of immunoglobulins A, G, and M heavy chains in the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus ... Molecular characterization of immunoglobulins A, G, and M heavy chains in the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. ... Post a Comment for Molecular characterization of immunoglobulins A, G, and M heavy chains in the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, ... Molecular characterization of immunoglobulins A, G, and M heavy chains in the Atlantic bottlenose... ...

http://digital.library.musc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/medica/id/175/rec/1

... of immunoglobulin lambda constant region 7 on its association with ME/CFS with sr-IBS whilst IGHV3-23/30 and immunoglobulin ... revealed a significant association between ME/CFS and the immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) region 3-23/30. Stratifying the ... Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: Clinical clustering of immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoires. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2009;42: ... immunoglobulin heavy variable, IGLC: immunoglobulin lambda constant, IGKV: immunoglobulin kappa variable. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0236148

The immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus (IgH), present in the genome of all naive IgM+ B cells, contains all the genetic ... end of the IgH locus encodes the antigen-combining regions of a mature immunoglobulin heavy chain. This is followed by widely ... JH cassette is moved into a location adjacent to the exons encoding constant domains of immunoglobulin heavy chains (isotype ... Rolink, A, Melchers, F, Andersson, J. The SCID but not the RAG-2 gene product is required for Sυ-Sε heavy chain class switching ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/8205/version/1

Mutational status of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGVH). *Deletion 17p (FISH) and/or TP53 mutation ... Additionally, they also express extremely low levels of a single immunoglobulin light chain (kappa or lambda). ... CLL B-lymphocytes express extremely low levels of surface membrane immunoglobulin, most often immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgM/IgD ... Raanani P, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Ben-Bassat I, Leibovici L, Shpilberg O. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis in chronic lymphocytic ...

https://reference.medscape.com/article/199313-overview

... with this gene fusion and eosinophilic cytokine comes under control of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. This entity need ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_eosinophilic_leukemia

Expression of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain VH6 gene element by fetal B lymphocytes. Scand J Immunol (1997) 46(3):292-7. ... and a 40 kDa heavy chain (p40). It is produced by activated monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, microglia, and dendritic cells ... Saji F, Samejima Y, Kamiura S, Koyama M. Dynamics of immunoglobulins at the feto-maternal interface. Rev Reprod (1999) 4(2):81- ... Purkerson J, Isakson P. A two-signal model for regulation of immunoglobulin isotype switching. FASEB J (1992) 6(14):3245-52. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00457/full

Cows, specifically Bos taurus, show a variation on the general mammalian theme in which the heavy chain CDR H3 region has adapted to produce a divergent repertoire of antibodies which present a "stalk and knob" antigen interaction surface instead of the more familiar bivalent tip surface. (wikipedia.org)
The resulting antibodies are designated IgW (also called IgX or IgNARC) and IgNAR (immunoglobulin new antigen receptor). (wikipedia.org)
The latter type is a heavy-chain antibody, an antibody lacking light chains, and can be used to produce single-domain antibodies, which are essentially the variable domain (VNAR) of an IgNAR. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies (also called Immunoglobulins (Ig) ) are special proteins. (juliantrubin.com)
There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess. (juliantrubin.com)
Antibodies may be monoclonal antibodies or single chain antibodies or humanized antibodies. (justia.com)
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are heavy (~150 k Da ) proteins of about 10 nm in size, [7] arranged in three globular regions that roughly form a Y shape. (wikipedia.org)
[10] In between them is a hinge region of the heavy chains, whose flexibility allows antibodies to bind to pairs of epitopes at various distances, to form complexes ( dimers , trimers, etc.), and to bind effector molecules more easily. (wikipedia.org)
This variant terminology fell out of use due to the correspondence being inexact and due to confusion with γ heavy chains which characterize the IgG class of antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
This test looks for signs of antibodies called immunoglobulins in your blood. (rochester.edu)
Primary antibodies are immunoglobulins that bind to a specific antigen of interest. (antibodies-online.com)
If you buy Antibodies supplied by genways they should be stored frozen at - 24°C for long term storage and for short term at + 5°C.Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. (igganti.com)
Immunoglobulin gamma, IgG, mouse monoclonal H&L chain clones or rabbit, goat polyclonal antibodies have 4 parts. (igganti.com)
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are membrane-bound or secreted glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes. (nih.gov)
Plasma cells also make immunoglobulins (antibodies). (medlineplus.gov)
An immunoglobulins test measures the levels of certain antibodies in your. (modegame.online)
COVID-19 Coronavirus Antibody Serology Test This bucket a blood test It is designed to detect antibodies immunoglobulins IgG and IgM against the coronavirus. (modegame.online)

Pre-B lymphocytes can synthesize heavy chain in the absence of light chain, which then can allow the heavy chain to bind to a heavy-chain binding protein. (wikipedia.org)
To examine the anti-cancer mechanisms of autophagic inhibition, we used colon cancer cell lines harboring different p53 gene statuses, as well as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting Atg5 and immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP), a chaperone to aid folding of unfolded proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
These include heat shock protein GRP78 (glucose regulated protein 78, also called BiP, immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein) and three ER transmembrane proteins PERK (protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA-like ER kinase), IRE1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1) and ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). (biomedcentral.com)

These results show that an open chromatin structure around the heavy chain enhancer is necessary but insufficient for initiating transcription from unrearranged IgH genes and further suggests this region may be in an open or accessible configuration prior to lineage commitment and closed following adoption of the myeloid lineage. (ox.ac.uk)
Gene conversion: some implications for immunoglobulin genes. (wikidata.org)
Two types of somatic recombination are necessary for the generation of complete immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. (wikidata.org)
Single-cell based high-throughput sequencing of full-length immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. (mpg.de)
Cloning of immunoglobulin genes from HA-specific B cells isolated from a single human subject demonstrates that vaccination with H5N1 influenza virus can elicit B cells expressing stem monoclonal Abs (MAbs). (elsevier.com)
Mutations at A/T bases within immunoglobulin genes have been shown to be generated by a repair pathway involving the DNA-binding moiety of the mismatch repair complex constituted by the MSH2-MSH6 proteins, together with DNA polymerase η (pol η). (rupress.org)
Thus, CLL with hyper-mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgH V H ) genes (mutated [M]-CLL) show a more favorable prognosis than those with unmutated IgH V H genes (unmutated [U]-CLL). (haematologica.org)
Some other genes are also regulated, including those for immunoglobulin light and heavy chains (Oct-2) [ ( PUBMED:1967834 ) ( PUBMED:1967821 ) ], and trophic hormone genes, such as those for prolactin and growth hormone (Pit-1). (embl.de)
Immunoglobulin constant heavy G chain genes as risk factors in childhood allergies. (cdc.gov)

Based on these observations, we propose a model for variable region gene rearrangement mediated by proteins which recognize the same conserved sequences adjacent to both light and heavy chain immunoglobulin gene segments. (wustl.edu)
The frequency of expression of immunoglobulin (Ig) light and heavy chain isotypes was analyzed in myeloma proteins (M-proteins) from sera of 40 Indian patients with clinically established multiple myeloma. (who.int)
Additionally, several classes of proteins, including immunoglobulins (Igs), the complement system, and anti-microbial proteins and peptides (APPs), aid in the innate response to invading microorganisms and display age-dependent maturation (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Light chains are also called Bence Jones proteins. (rochester.edu)
Monoclonal proteins can be either intact monoclonal immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin light chains (Bence Jones proteins) found in the blood and/or urine. (lls.org)
In healthy individuals, plasma cells produce proteins called "polyclonal immunoglobulins. (lls.org)
When excreted in large amounts, Bence Jones proteins (free light chains) can sometimes make the urine appear foamy and they can cause injury to the kidneys. (lls.org)
Light chains are proteins made by plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. (medlineplus.gov)

rarely, it may involve monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), or λ light chain restriction. (medscape.com)
In light chain (LC) diseases, monoclonal immunoglobulin LCs are abundantly produced with the consequence in some cases to form deposits of a fibrillar or amorphous nature affecting various organs, such as heart and kidney. (peerj.com)
In myeloma, large amounts of a single antibody are noted as a "monoclonal immunoglobulin spike" or "monoclonal spike" (M spike), indicating that the protein came from cells that originally started as single, malignant cell. (lls.org)

Galcanezumab-gnlm is composed of two identical immunoglobulin kappa light chains and two identical immunoglobulin gamma heavy chains and has an overall molecular weight of approximately 147 kDa. (rxlist.com)
Each hemoglobin molecule contains one pair of alpha globin family chains (including alpha and zeta globin chains) and one pair of beta-globin family chains (including beta, gamma, delta and epsilon globin chains). (imrpress.com)

Dependent on the type of the underlying B-cell disorder, they may reflect a monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS), a smoldering or full blown multiple myeloma (MM) with exclusive (Bence Jones MM) or substantial light chain secretion in addition to the complete immunoglobulin. (peerj.com)

Melissa Laird Smith from Icahn Institute at Mt. Sinai reviews her work studying the genetic background of immune response by characterizing population diversity at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. (pacb.com)
[4] with this gene fusion and eosinophilic cytokine comes under control of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. (wikipedia.org)
We are testing in vitro and in vivo key YY1 mutants that ablate specific YY1 functions such as transcriptional activation, Polycomb recruitment, self-association, and DNA binding, for their impact on chromatin structure, long-distance DNA interactions, and immunoglobulin locus contraction needed for V(D)J rearrangement. (upenn.edu)
Class switch recombination (CSR) at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus is associated with the formation of R-loop structures over switch (S) regions. (ox.ac.uk)
This translocation involves the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene on chromosome 14 and the BCL1 locus on chromosome 11. (medscape.com)

Cell lineage specificity of chromatin configuration around the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer. (ox.ac.uk)
In S107, these nucleotides encode amino acids 102-106, which form part of the third hypervariable region and consequently influence the antigen-binding specificity of the immunoglobulin molecule. (wustl.edu)

Molecular investigations for immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement revealed the presence of a clonal population of B cells. (medicaljournals.se)
Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement IGHV3-48 is a predictive marker of histological transformation into aggressive lymphoma in follicular lymphomas. (cdc.gov)

We have determined the sequences of separate germline genetic elements which encode two parts of a mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region. (wustl.edu)
In addition, we have partially determined the V H coding sequences of the S107 and M167 heavy chain mRNAs. (wustl.edu)
Here we describe a bioinformatic pipeline, BALDR (BCR Assignment of Lineage using De novo Reconstruction) that accurately reconstructs the paired heavy and light chain immunoglobulin gene sequences from Illumina single-cell RNA-seq data. (altmetric.com)
The deduced amino acid sequences of the dolphin immunoglobulins show greatest similarity to ex and y of evolutionarily-related artiodactyl species (pig , sheep , and cow) . (musc.edu)

Identifying key characteristics like genetic aberrations (17p, 11q, and 13q deletions and trisomy 12) as well as immunoglobulin gene mutational status has helped in not only prognostication but also therapeutic decision-making. (medpagetoday.com)
1 These new tests include: immunoglobulin variable-region heavy chain mutational status, cytogenetic abnormalities assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and Z-chain-associated protein kinase 70 expression (ZAP-70) 2 . (yourcancercare.com)

Similar to the situation observed for bony fish, three distinct Ig heavy chain isotypes have been identified in cartilaginous fish. (wikipedia.org)
With the exception of μ, these Ig heavy chain isotypes appear to be unique to cartilaginous fish. (wikipedia.org)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Immunoglobulin heavy and light chain isotypes in multiple myeloma patients. (who.int)
Both kappa and lambda light chains were associated with the heavy chain isotypes. (who.int)
It does not crossreact with other immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes. (bdbiosciences.com)

Thus, each immunoglobulin has two antigen binding sites with remarkable affinity for a particular antigen. (nih.gov)

In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. (nih.gov)
Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (PubMed:22158414, PubMed:20176268). (nih.gov)

Overnight cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained with purified anti-human Ig Light Chain λ (clone, 1-155-2) (upper panel) or purified mIgG1, κ isotype control (bottom) followed by anti-mouse IgG FITC then stained with CD19 APC. (biolegend.com)
Overnight cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained with purified anti-human Ig Light Chain λ (clone 1-155-2) followed by anti-mouse IgG FITC and then Brilliant Violet™ 421 ant-human kappa (clone MHK-49). (biolegend.com)

An intact immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule is composed of two larger pieces (heavy chains) and two smaller pieces (light chains) that are attached to each other. (lls.org)

[ 1 ] Donath-Landsteiner hemolytic anemia is also caused by a cold-reacting immunoglobulin, but most cases are due to polyclonal IgG. (medscape.com)

Several different types of heavy chain exist that define the class or isotype of an antibody. (wikipedia.org)
This heavy chain, identified in both rainbow trout (τ) and zebrafish (ζ), could potentially form a distinct antibody isotype (IgT or IgZ) that may precede IgM in evolutionary terms. (wikipedia.org)
AbFlex ® N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) antibody was expressed as full-length IgG with mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chains (IgG2a isotype) in mammalian 293 cells. (activemotif.com)
In general, the monoclonal free light chains of either kappa or lambda isotype are the secreted product of monoclonal plasma cells residing in the bone marrow. (peerj.com)

Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene mutation, cell of origin, Myc/Bcl-2 double expression and MYC/BCL2/BCL6 double-/triple-hit status were not associated with OS. (haematologica.org)
ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (cancerconnect.com)
In IgVH testing, immunoglobulin gene mutation status is checked for the expression in CLL cells. (powerfulpatients.org)

Logistic regression models, with both linear and quadratic terms of the protein levels as independent variables, revealed a significant association between ME/CFS and the immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) region 3-23/30. (plos.org)
Nineteen (37%) had 17p deletion, and 75% had unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgHV). (ascopost.com)
3 cm), unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene ( IGHV ), del(17p), TP53 mutation, NOTCH1 mutation, and stereotyped B-cell receptor (BCR). (haematologica.org)

One test that has been associated with the aggressiveness of CLL is the expression of part of a gene referred to as an unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region gene (IgVH). (cancerconnect.com)
Rai stage and lack of mutation in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgVH) were also strong predictors of progression. (cllglobal.org)

Because recombinant antibody production involves sequencing the antibody light and heavy chains, it is a highly controlled and reliable process. (cellsignal.com)

responses were similar regardless of genomic features (presence of del(11)(q22.3), del(17)(p13.1), complex karyotype, or immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain mutation status). (elsevier.com)

An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA: VH, D and JH. (wikidata.org)
Dive into the research topics of 'An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA: V H , D and J H '. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (wustl.edu)
The 24-month progression-free survival was 89% with ibrutinib (97% and 89% in patients with del[11q] and unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene, respectively). (bournemouth.ac.uk)

HSPA5 Mouse Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 659 amino acids (20-655 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 72.9kDa. (prospecbio.com)

Malignant plasma cells in bone marrow produce an immunoglobulin, usually monoclonal IgG or IgA or, less commonly, immunoglobulin light chains [1]. (who.int)

M2 BM (5%-24% lymphoblasts): by morphology with confirmatory testing consisting of at least one of the following: flow cytometry lymphoblasts ≥5%, or BCR-ABL1 fluorescence in situ hybridization, or ≥10-2 leukemic clone identified by immunoglobulin heavy chain-T-cell receptor polymerase chain reaction, OR ii. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Twenty-seven case-patients had polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evidence of hantavirus ribonucleic acid in frozen lung tissue and/or positive immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed tissue for hantavirus antigen, in addition to compatible pathologic findings. (cdc.gov)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), in its secretory form, is the main effector of the mucosal immune system and provides an important first line of defense against most pathogens that invade the body at a mucosal surface [1] . (invivogen.com)
Secretory IgA (SIgA) represents the most abundant immunoglobulin of body secretions such as saliva, tears, colostrum and gastrointestinal secretions. (invivogen.com)
Very rarely IgD [2] or both IgG and IgA, or even no immunoglobulins are produced (non-secretory MM) [1,3]. (who.int)

The more free light chains in your blood, the more plasma cells you have. (rochester.edu)
Results are given in milligrams per liter (mg/L). The test measures the levels of specific types of free light chains, known as kappa and lambda, and also the ratio between the two. (rochester.edu)
A particular class of such protein deposition disorders is represented by the light chain diseases, which are characterized by the occurrence of monoclonal free light chains in blood and urine ( Edelman & Gally, 1962 ). (peerj.com)
Some of these patients can be followed with a newer blood test that measures serum free light chains, which are a small fragment of the larger intact M protein. (lls.org)
Unattached, "free" light chains enter the blood and are excreted rapidly in the urine. (lls.org)
What is a free light chains test? (medlineplus.gov)
These unlinked chains are known as free light chains. (medlineplus.gov)
A free light chains test measures the amount of lambda and kappa free light chains in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
If the amount of free light chains is higher or lower than normal, it can mean you have a disorder of the plasma cells. (medlineplus.gov)
A free light chains test is used to help diagnose or monitor plasma cell disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
Why do I need a free light chains test? (medlineplus.gov)
You don't need any special preparations for a free light chains test. (medlineplus.gov)
Are there any risks to a free light chains test? (medlineplus.gov)
Your results will show amounts for lambda and kappa free light chains. (medlineplus.gov)
Is there anything else I need to know about a free light chains test? (medlineplus.gov)
A free light chains test is often ordered with other tests, including an immunofixation blood test , to help confirm or rule out a diagnosis. (medlineplus.gov)

The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) is the large polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). (wikipedia.org)

Cold agglutinins commonly have variable heavy-chain regions encoded by VH, with a distinct idiotype identified by the 9G4 rat murine monoclonal antibody. (medscape.com)

We performed detailed biochemical and biophysical investigations of light chains extracted and purified from the urine of a group of 20 patients with light chain disease. (peerj.com)
When the whole immunoglobulin is present in the urine, it is usually at a low level. (lls.org)

Enables antigen binding activity and immunoglobulin receptor binding activity. (nih.gov)

If the heavy chain is able to bind to a surrogate light chain and move to the plasma membrane, then the developing B cell can begin producing its light chain. (wikipedia.org)
The heavy chain doesn't always have to bind to a light chain. (wikipedia.org)
When you have more light chains than heavy chains, those extra light chains are called "free" because they don't bind to the heavy chains. (rochester.edu)
Normally, plasma cells make a small amount of extra light chains that don't bind with heavy chains. (medlineplus.gov)

We term this postulated genetic element the D gene segment, referring to its role in the generation of heavy chain diversity. (wustl.edu)

The cloning and characterization of dolphin immunoglobulins will be useful in developing immunological reagents for assessment of dolphin health as well as in understanding the dolphin immune system and its evolutionary implications . (musc.edu)

chain variable region-binding peptide includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21 with substitution of one or more amino acid residues at the 15th position, the 16th position, the 17th position or the 18th position, wherein an acid dissociation pH thereof is shifted to a neutral side. (justia.com)
The amino acid sequence, together with potential post-translational modifications and in interplay with the local conditions in the organism, such as local pH or presence of proteases, determines the in vivo behavior of the light chain. (peerj.com)

This Ser~Gly shift may interfere with the interaction between the J.1TM and the CD79a1b chains andultimately affect the efficiency of signal transduction and activation of B cells in the primary Immune response . (musc.edu)

Treatment and prognosis of immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis and light and heavy chain deposition diseases. (symptoma.com)

The landscape of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene repertoire and its clinical relevance in LPL/WM. (cdc.gov)

Each heavy chain has two regions: a constant region (which is the same for all immunoglobulins of the same class but differs between classes). (wikipedia.org)
Heavy chains γ, α and δ have a constant region composed of three tandem (in a line next to each other) immunoglobulin domains but also have a hinge region for added flexibility. (wikipedia.org)
Heavy chains μ and ε have a constant region composed of four domains. (wikipedia.org)
Stratifying the ME/CFS group based on self-reported irritable bowel syndrome (sr-IBS) status revealed a significant quadratic effect of immunoglobulin lambda constant region 7 on its association with ME/CFS with sr-IBS whilst IGHV3-23/30 and immunoglobulin kappa variable region 3-11 were significantly associated with ME/CFS without sr-IBS. (plos.org)
The G7-26 monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes the constant region of human Immunoglobulin E (IgE). (bdbiosciences.com)
2007. Non-Human Transgenic Mammal for the Constant Region of the Class a Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain and Applications Thereof. (invivogen.com)
Constant region of immunoglobulin heavy chains. (nih.gov)

2002. Multiple functions of immunoglobulin A in mucosal defense against viruses: an in vitro measles virus model. (invivogen.com)

Anatomy29

Organisms13

Diseases26

Chemicals and Drugs92

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes81

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Repertoire of human antibodies against the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. (1/3464)

Insertion of excised IgH switch sequences causes overexpression of cyclin D1 in a myeloma tumor cell. (2/3464)

Analysis of V(H)-D-J(H) gene transcripts in B cells infiltrating the salivary glands and lymph node tissues of patients with Sjogren's syndrome. (3/3464)

The role of homophilic binding in anti-tumor antibody R24 recognition of molecular surfaces. Demonstration of an intermolecular beta-sheet interaction between vh domains. (4/3464)

Human triclonal anti-IgG gammopathy. I. Iso-electric focusing characteristics of the IgG, IgA and IgM anti-IgG and their heavy and light chains. (5/3464)

Ialpha exon-replacement mice synthesize a spliced HPRT-C(alpha) transcript which may explain their ability to switch to IgA. Inhibition of switching to IgG in these mice. (6/3464)

Induction of Ig light chain gene rearrangement in heavy chain-deficient B cells by activated Ras. (7/3464)

Predominant VH genes expressed in innate antibodies are associated with distinctive antigen-binding sites. (8/3464)

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains

Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain

Genes, Immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulin Variable Region

Immunoglobulin G

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain

Immunoglobulin mu-Chains

Myosin Heavy Chains

Immunoglobulin M

Immunoglobulin Constant Regions

Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains

Immunoglobulin Light Chains

B-Lymphocytes

Immunoglobulin alpha-Chains

Immunoglobulin Joining Region

Plasmacytoma

Base Sequence

Myeloma Proteins

Gene Rearrangement

Molecular Sequence Data

Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14

Immunoglobulin Allotypes

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte

Heavy Chain Disease

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Immunoglobulin Class Switching

Translocation, Genetic

Immunoglobulin Isotypes

Lymphoma, B-Cell

Immunoglobulins, Intravenous

Immunoglobulin D

Immunoglobulin J-Chains

Amino Acid Sequence

Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains

Antibody Diversity

Immunoglobulin Fragments

Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulin Switch Region

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Immunoglobulin delta-Chains

Genes

Clathrin Heavy Chains

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Immunoglobulin E

Myosins

Cell Line

Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell

Immunoglobulin A, Secretory

Binding Sites, Antibody

Complementarity Determining Regions

Immunoglobulin Gm Allotypes

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain

Genes, Switch

Recombination, Genetic

DNA

Chromosomes, Human, 13-15

Clone Cells

Lymphoma

Cloning, Molecular

Blotting, Southern

Immunoglobulin epsilon-Chains

Mutation

Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments

Hybridomas

Multiple Myeloma

Burkitt Lymphoma

Lymphoma, Follicular

V(D)J Recombination

VDJ Exons

RNA, Messenger

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Skates (Fish)

Immunoglobulin Idiotypes

Plasma Cells

Pseudolymphoma