Immunoglobulin fab fragments. Medical search

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).

Immunoglobulin preparations used in intravenous infusion, containing primarily IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. They are used to treat a variety of diseases associated with decreased or abnormal immunoglobulin levels including pediatric AIDS; primary HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA; SCID; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS infections in transplant recipients, LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC; Kawasaki syndrome, infection in neonates, and IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

One of the types of light chains of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.

That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

One of the types of light chain subunits of the immunoglobulins with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa.

The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. They have a molecular weight of approximately 72 kDa and they contain about 57 amino acid residues arranged in five domains and have more oligosaccharide branches and a higher carbohydrate content than the heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

An immunoglobulin which accounts for less than 1% of plasma immunoglobulin. It is found on the membrane of many circulating B LYMPHOCYTES.

The domains of the immunoglobulin molecules that are invariable in their amino acid sequence within any class or subclass of immunoglobulin. They confer biological as well as structural functions to immunoglobulins. One each on both the light chains and the heavy chains comprises the C-terminus half of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN FAB FRAGMENT and two or three of them make up the rest of the heavy chains (all of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN FC FRAGMENT)

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Abnormal immunoglobulins characteristic of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Heavy chains of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G having a molecular weight of approximately 51 kDa. They contain about 450 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component covalently bound to the Fc fragment constant region. The gamma heavy chain subclasses (for example, gamma 1, gamma 2a, and gamma 2b) of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G isotype subclasses (IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B) resemble each other more closely than the heavy chains of the other IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES.

Gene rearrangement of the B-lymphocyte which results in a substitution in the type of heavy-chain constant region that is expressed. This allows the effector response to change while the antigen binding specificity (variable region) remains the same. The majority of class switching occurs by a DNA recombination event but it also can take place at the level of RNA processing.

A 15 kD "joining" peptide that forms one of the linkages between monomers of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M in the formation of polymeric immunoglobulins. There is one J chain per one IgA dimer or one IgM pentamer. It is also involved in binding the polymeric immunoglobulins to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR which is necessary for their transcytosis to the lumen. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN JOINING REGION which is part of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Allelic variants of the immunoglobulin light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) or heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) encoded by ALLELES of IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES.

Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.

Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Specialized Fc receptors (RECEPTORS, FC) for polymeric immunoglobulins, which mediate transcytosis of polymeric IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN M into external secretions. They are found on the surfaces of epithelial cells and hepatocytes. After binding to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, the receptor-ligand complex undergoes endocytosis, transport by vesicle, and secretion into the lumen by exocytosis. Before release, the part of the receptor (SECRETORY COMPONENT) that is bound to IMMUNOGLOBULIN A is proteolytically cleaved from its transmembrane tail. (From Rosen et al., The Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chains, encoded by the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES in the J segment where, during the maturation of B-LYMPHOCYTES; the gene segment for the variable region upstream is joined to a constant region gene segment downstream. The exact position of joining of the two gene segments is variable and contributes to ANTIBODY DIVERSITY. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN J CHAINS; a separate polypeptide that serves as a linkage piece in polymeric IGA or IGM.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

A protein present in the cell wall of most Staphylococcus aureus strains. The protein selectively binds to the Fc region of human normal and myeloma-derived IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. It elicits antibody activity and may cause hypersensitivity reactions due to histamine release; has also been used as cell surface antigen marker and in the clinical assessment of B lymphocyte function.

Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Genes and gene segments encoding the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS. Gene segments of the heavy chain genes are symbolized V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining), and C (constant).

A programmed mutation process whereby changes are introduced to the nucleotide sequence of immunoglobulin gene DNA during development.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN D. They have a molecular weight of approximately 64 kDa and they contain about 500 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component covalently bound to the Fc fragment constant region.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

A site located in the INTRONS at the 5' end of each constant region segment of a immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene where recombination (or rearrangement) occur during IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS SWITCHING. Ig switch regions are found on genes encoding all five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOTYPES) of IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The class of heavy chains found in IMMUNOGLOBULIN A. They have a molecular weight of approximately 58 kDa and contain about 470 amino acid residues arranged in four domains and an oligosaccharide component bound covalently to their Fc fragment constant region.

Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The extracellular moiety of the POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR found alone or complexed with IGA or IGM, in a variety of external secretions (tears, bile, colostrum.) Secretory component is derived by proteolytic cleavage of the receptor during transcytosis. When immunoglobulins IgA and IgM are bound to the receptor, during their transcytosis secretory component becomes covalently attached to them generating SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A or secretory IMMUNOGLOBULIN M.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

Allelic variants of the gamma-immunoglobulin heavy chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN GAMMA-CHAINS) encoded by ALLELES of IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

A genus in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE causing influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. It contains many strains as well as antigenic subtypes of the integral membrane proteins hemagglutinin (HEMAGGLUTININS) and NEURAMINIDASE. The type species is INFLUENZA A VIRUS.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Specific molecular sites on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes which combine with IgEs. Two subclasses exist: low affinity receptors (Fc epsilon RII) and high affinity receptors (Fc epsilon RI).

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).

Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. III. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release response to Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans by immunoglobulins and complement. (1/2903)

In the absence of antiserum, rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) released lysosomal enzymes in response to Actinomyces viscosus (19246) but not to Streptococcus mutans (6715). Antibodies had a marked modulating influence on these reactions. PMN hydrolase release was significantly enhanced to both organisms when specific rabbit antiserum and isolated immunoglobulin G (IgG) were included in the incubations. Immune complex F(ab')2 fragments of IgG directed against S. mutans agglutinated bacteria. Immune complexes consisting of S. mutans and F(ab')2 fragments of IgG directed against this organism were not effective as bacteria-IgG complexes in stimulating PMN release. The intensity of the release response to bacteria-IgG complexes was also diminished when PMNs were preincubated with isolated Fc fragments derived from IgG. Fresh serum as a source of complement components had no demonstrable effect on PMN release either alone or in conjuction with antiserum in these experiments. These data may be relevant to the mechanisms and consequences of the interaction of PMNs and plaque bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. (+info)

Labeling of the internal pool of GP IIb-IIIa in platelets by c7E3 Fab fragments (abciximab): flow and endocytic mechanisms contribute to the transport. (2/2903)

Abciximab is a new antiplatelet therapeutic in ischemic cardiovascular disease. The drug, chimeric Fab fragments of a murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (c7E3), blocks GP IIb-IIIa function. However, its capacity to reach all receptor pools in platelets is unknown. Electron microscopy and immunogold labeling were used to localize abciximab in platelets of patients receiving the drug for up to 24 hours. Studies on frozen-thin sections showed that c7E3 Fab, in addition to the surface pool, also labeled the surface-connected canalicular system (SCCS) and alpha-granules. Analysis of gold particle distribution showed that intraplatelet labeling was not accumulative and in equilibrium with the surface pool. After short-term incubations of platelets with c7E3 Fab in vitro, gold particles were often seen in lines within thin elements of the SCCS, some of which appeared in contact with alpha-granules. Little labeling was associated with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia platelets, confirming that the channels contained bound and not free c7E3 Fab. Endocytosis of abciximab in clathrin-containing vesicles was visualized by double staining and constitutes an alternative mechanism of transport. The remaining free pool of GP IIb-IIIa was evaluated with the MoAb AP-2; flow cytometry showed it to be about 9% on the surface of nonstimulated platelets but 33% on thrombin-activated platelets. The ability of drugs to block all pools of GP IIb-IIIa and then to be associated with secretion-dependent residual aggregation must be considered when evaluating their efficiency in a clinical context. (+info)

Recognition of polynucleotides by antibodies to poly(I), poly(C). (3/2903)

The binding of anti poly(I). poly (C) Fab fragments to double or triple stranded polynucletides has been studied by fluorescence. Association constants were deduced from competition experiments. The comparison of the association constants leads to the conclusion that several atoms of the base residues do not interact with the amino acid residues of the binding site of Fab fragment while the hydroxyl groups of furanose rings interact. These results suggest that the Fab fragments do not bind to the major groove of the double stranded polynucleotides. An interaction between the C(2)O group of pyrimidine residues and Fab fragments cannot be excluded. Circular dichroism of poly(I). poly(C) or poly(I). poly(br5C)-Fab fragments complexes are very different from the circular dichroism of free polynucleotides which suggests a deformation of the polynucleotides bound to the Fab fragments. (+info)

Efficient IgG-mediated suppression of primary antibody responses in Fcgamma receptor-deficient mice. (4/2903)

IgG antibodies can suppress more than 99% of the antibody response against the antigen to which they bind. This is used clinically to prevent rhesus-negative (Rh-) women from becoming immunized against Rh+ erythrocytes from their fetuses. The suppressive mechanism is poorly understood, but it has been proposed that IgG/erythrocyte complexes bind to the inhibitory Fc receptor for IgG (FcgammaRIIB) on the B cell surface, thereby triggering negative signals that turn off the B cell. We show that IgG induces the same degree of suppression of the response to sheep erythrocytes in animals lacking the known IgG-binding receptors FcgammaRIIB, FcgammaRI + III, FcgammaRI + IIB + III, and FcRn (the neonatal Fc receptor) as in wild-type animals. Reinvestigation of the ability of F(ab')2 fragments to suppress antibody responses demonstrated that they were nearly as efficient as intact IgG. In addition, monoclonal IgE also was shown to be suppressive. These findings suggest that IgG inhibits antibody responses through Fc-independent mechanisms, most likely by masking of antigenic epitopes, thereby preventing B cells from binding and responding to antigen. In agreement with this, we show that T cell priming is not abolished by passively administered IgG. The results have implications for the understanding of in vivo regulation of antibody responses and Rh prophylaxis. (+info)

Head-to-tail dimers and interdomain flexibility revealed by the crystal structure of HIV-1 capsid protein (p24) complexed with a monoclonal antibody Fab. (5/2903)

The crystal structure of an intact molecule of HIV-1 capsid protein (p24) in complex with a monoclonal antibody fragment recognizing an epitope on the C-terminal domain has been determined at 3 A resolution. The helical N- and C-terminal domains of p24 are linked by an extended peptide forming a flexibly linked dumb-bell-shaped molecule 75 A in overall length. The p24 construct used is a variant with an N-terminal extension that mimics to some extent the Gag context of p24. We observed a novel head-to-tail dimer of p24 molecules which occurs through the formation of a substantial intermolecular interface between the N- and C-terminal domains. Comparison with previously observed p24 dimers shows that the same residues and secondary structural elements can partake in different interfaces revealing a remarkable stickiness and plasticity of the p24 molecule, properties which, combined with the inter-domain flexibility, are presumably important in the assembly and maturation of viral particles. Previous mutagenesis studies designed to test specific N-N and C-C homodimer interfaces do not discriminate fully against the possibility of the observed N-C interface. (+info)

Flexibility of the major antigenic loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus bound to a Fab fragment of a neutralising antibody: structure and neutralisation. (6/2903)

The interaction of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype C (clone C-S8c1) with a strongly neutralising monoclonal antibody (MAb) 4C4 has been studied by combining data from cryoelectron microscopy and x-ray crystallography. The MAb 4C4 binds to the exposed flexible GH-loop of viral protein 1 (VP1), which appears to retain its flexibility, allowing movement of the bound Fab. This is in striking contrast to MAb SD6, which binds to the same GH-loop of VP1 but exhibits no movement of the bound Fab when observed under identical conditions. However, MAbs 4C4 and SD6 have very similar neutralisation characteristics. The known atomic structure of FMDV C-S8c1 and that of the 4C4 Fab cocrystallised with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the GH-loop of VP1 were fitted to the cryoelectron microscope density map. The best fit of the 4C4 Fab is compatible only with monovalent binding of the MAb in agreement with the neutralisation data on 4C4 MAbs, Fab2s, and Fabs. The position of the bound GH-loop is related to other known positions of this loop by a hinge rotation about the base of the loop. The 4C4 Fab appears to interact almost exclusively with the G-H loop of VP1, making no other contacts with the viral capsid. (+info)

Analysis of the interaction of monoclonal antibodies with surface IgM on neoplastic B-cells. (7/2903)

In vitro studies identified three Burkitts lymphoma cell lines, Ramos, MUTU-I and Daudi, that were growth inhibited by anti-IgM antibody. However, only Ramos and MUTU-I were sensitive to monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing the Fc region of surface IgM (anti-Fc mu). Experiments using anti-Fc mu mAb (single or non-crossblocking pairs), polyclonal anti-mu Ab, and hyper-crosslinking with a secondary layer of Ab, showed that growth inhibition of B-cell lines was highly dependent on the extent of IgM crosslinking. This was confirmed by using Fab', F(ab')2 and F(ab')3 derivatives from anti-Fc mu mAb, where increasing valency caused corresponding increases in growth arrest and apoptosis, presumably as a result of more efficient BCR-crosslinking on the cell surface. The ability of a single mAb to induce growth arrest was highly dependent on epitope specificity, with mAb specific for the Fc region (C mu2-C mu4 domains) being much more effective than those recognizing the Fab region (anti-L chain, anti-Id and anti-Fd mu, or C mu1). Only when hyper-crosslinked with polyclonal anti-mouse IgG did the latter result in appreciable growth inhibition. Binding studies showed that these differences in function were not related to differences in the affinity, but probably related to intrinsic crosslinking capacity of mAb. (+info)

Structural details of proteinase entrapment by human alpha2-macroglobulin emerge from three-dimensional reconstructions of Fab labeled native, half-transformed, and transformed molecules. (8/2903)

Three-dimensional electron microscopy reconstructions of native, half-transformed, and transformed alpha2-macroglobulins (alpha2Ms) labeled with a monoclonal Fab Fab offer new insight into the mechanism of its proteinase entrapment. Each alpha2M binds four Fabs, two at either end of its dimeric protomers approximately 145 A apart. In the native structure, the epitopes are near the base of its two chisel-like features, laterally separated by 120 A, whereas in the methylamine-transformed alpha2M, the epitopes are at the base of its four arms, laterally separated by 160 A. Upon thiol ester cleavage, the chisels on the native alpha2M appear to split with a separation and rotation to give the four arm-like extensions on transformed alpha2M. Thus, the receptor binding domains previously enclosed within the chisels are exposed. The labeled structures further indicate that the two protomeric strands that constitute the native and transformed molecules are related and reside one on each side of the major axes of these structures. The half-transformed structure shows that the two Fabs at one end of the molecule have an arrangement similar to those on the native alpha2M, whereas on its transformed end, they have rotated. The rotation is associated with a partial untwisting of the strands and an enlargement of the openings to the cavity. We propose that the enlarged openings permit the entrance of the proteinase. Then cleavage of the remaining bait domains by a second proteinase occurs with its entrance into the cavity. This is followed by a retwisting of the strands to encapsulate the proteinases and expose the receptor binding domains associated with the transformed alpha2M. (+info)

... is made from the Fab fragments of an immunoglobulin that targets the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor on the platelet ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abciximab

1996). "Crystallization of a complex between the Fab fragment of a human immunoglobulin M (IgM) rheumatoid factor (RF-AN) and ... Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGLL1 gene. IGLL1 has also recently been ... 1989). "Immunoglobulin lambda light-chain-related genes 14.1 and 16.1 are expressed in pre-B cells and may encode the human ... 1991). "The immunoglobulin lambda-like gene cluster (14.1, 16.1 and F lambda 1) contains gene(s) selectively expressed in pre-B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGLL1

... immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.538.500 - immunoglobulin fc fragments MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.538. ... immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.124.790.651.538.500 - immunoglobulin fc fragments MeSH D12.776.124.790.651.538. ... immunoglobulin fragments MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.680.650 - immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.680.650.500 ... immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.797.590 - immunoglobulin joining region MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.900 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124)

DigiFab is a sterile, lyophilized preparation of digoxin-immune ovine Fab (monovalent) immunoglobulin fragments. It is prepared ... papain is used to cleave the antibody into Fab and Fc fragments) should not use ovine digoxin immune fab. Because it is ... digesting it with papain and isolating the digoxin-specific Fab fragments by affinity chromatography. These antibody fragments ... Digoxin immune fab or digoxin-specific antibody is an antidote for overdose of digoxin. It is made from immunoglobulin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin_immune_fab

The primary treatment of digoxin toxicity is digoxin immune fab, which is an antibody made up of anti-digoxin immunoglobulin ... "Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. Final report of ... Fab dose can be determined by two different methods. First method is based on the amount of digoxin ingested whereas the second ... Treatment of severe toxicity is with digoxin-specific antibody fragments. Its use is recommended in those who have a serious ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin_toxicity

The enzyme papain can be used to cleave an immunoglobulin monomer into two Fab fragments and an Fc fragment. Conversely, the ... two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment An antibody digested by pepsin yields two fragments: a F(ab')2 fragment and a pFc' ... which is only half the size of the Fab fragment, yet retains the original specificity of the parent immunoglobulin. Fabs have ... The F(ab')2 fragment can be split into two Fab' fragments by mild reduction. Heavy and light chains, variable and constant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_antigen-binding

Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 1 heavy chain ... Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 1 heavy chain ... Immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 is a immunoglobulin gene with symbol IGHA1. It encodes a constant (C) segment of ... Immunoglobulin A is an antibody that plays a critical role in immune function in the mucous membranes. IgA shows the same ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_constant_alpha_1

... fragments, such as Fab and nanobodies are not considered as antibody mimetics. Common advantages over antibodies are ... Each immunoglobulin domain has a similar structure, characteristic of all the members of the immunoglobulin superfamily: it is ... Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 1 heavy chain ... Somatic recombination of immunoglobulins, also known as V(D)J recombination, involves the generation of a unique immunoglobulin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

This type of antigen-binding fragment is called Fcab. Fcab fragments can be inserted into a full immunoglobulin by swapping the ... Antibody Fab region Protein tag Janeway, CA, Jr.; et al. (2001). Immunobiology (5th ed.). Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153- ... "Introducing antigen-binding sites in structural loops of immunoglobulin constant domains: Fc fragments with engineered HER2/neu ... The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_crystallizable_region

1992). "Crystal structure of a chimeric Fab' fragment of an antibody binding tumour cells". J. Mol. Biol. 227 (1): 253-64. doi: ... Immunoglobulin kappa constant, also known as IGKC, is a human gene that encodes the constant domain of kappa-type light chains ... 2001). "Structure of CD40 ligand in complex with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing humanized antibody". Structure. 9 (4): 321- ... The primary structure of a monoclonal immunoglobulin L-chain of kappa-type, subgroup 3 (Bence-Jones protein Ti). IV. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGKC

... two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment. An antibody can also be digested by pepsin to produce two fragments: a F(ab')2 fragment ... Whole antibody products consist of the entire antibody molecule, often immunoglobulin G (IgG), whereas antibody fragments are ... The fragment antigen-binding (Fab fragment) is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens, such as venoms. The molecular ... or Fab, is the selective antigen binding region. An antibody, such as IgG, can be digested by papain to produce three fragments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_antivenom

In an antibody, the Fab (fragment, antigen-binding) region is formed from the amino-terminal end of both the light and heavy ... "Immunoglobulins- antigen-antibody reactions and selected tests". Microbiology and Immunology. University of South Carolina ... chains of the immunoglobulin polypeptide. This region, called the variable (V) domain, is composed of amino acid sequences that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-antibody_interaction

"Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. IV. Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the ... Antibody fragments, such as Fab and nanobodies are not considered as antibody mimetics. Common advantages over antibodies are ... Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab), containing one VL, VH, CL, and CH1 ... Somatic recombination of immunoglobulins, also known as V(D)J recombination, involves the generation of a unique immunoglobulin ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

In parallel with this work, Huber solved the structures of several immunoglobulin fragments. He was the first to determine the ... which was also the first variable and the first constant domains in Fab-fragments. Huber's structure of citrate synthase ... Colman, P. M.; Deisenhofer, J; Huber, R (1976). "Structure of the human antibody molecule Kol (immunoglobulin G1): An electron ... "Crystallographic structure studies of an IgG molecule and an Fc fragment". Nature. 264 (5585): 415-20. Bibcode:1976Natur.264.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huber

... which is missing in the Fab fragment. In case the IgG immunoglobulin was more suitable for the treatment or some other ... Fab fragment antibodies can be used for detection of not bound drugs or free drugs in the serum. Fab antibodies have also been ... Both scFv and Fab fragment recombinant antibodies are routinely produced using the antibody phage display. From all the ... Structurally Fab fragments consist of two sets of variable and constant components, which create two polypetide chains. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_antibodies

1992). "Crystal structure of a chimeric Fab' fragment of an antibody binding tumour cells". J. Mol. Biol. 227 (1): 253-64. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: IGHG1 immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (G1m marker)". Ponstingl H, Hilschmann N (1977). "[The rule of ... 2001). "Structure of CD40 ligand in complex with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing humanized antibody". Structure. 9 (4): 321- ... Deisenhofer J (1981). "Crystallographic refinement and atomic models of a human Fc fragment and its complex with fragment B of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGHG1

"F(ab')₂ Fragment Secondary Antibodies - Jackson ImmunoResearch". www.jacksonimmuno.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29. "Fab Fragment ... yielding two monovalent Fab moieties. They can be used to block endogenous immunoglobulins on cells, tissues or other surfaces ... Papain digestion generates Fab fragments, which removes the entire Fc fragment including the hinge region, ... F(ab')2 fragments are generated by pepsin digestion to remove most of the Fc fragment, this avoids recognition by Fc receptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_antibodies

In one approach to overcome these limitations, recombinant binding fragments (Fab, Fv or scFv) or domains (VH, VHH) of ... Skrlec, K; Strukelj, B; Berlec, A (July 2015). "Non-immunoglobulin scaffolds: a focus on their targets". Trends Biotechnol. 33 ... Crivianu-Gaita, V; Thompson, M (November 2016). "Aptamers, antibody scFv, and antibody Fab' fragments: An overview and ... This strategy is also valid for antibody fragments. However, in the absence of specific structural data, other strategies must ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor

... the Fab (fragment-antigen binding) part can be separated from the Fc (fragment constant) part of the molecule. The Fab ... Omalizumab inhibits human immunoglobulin E (IgE) and is useful in moderate-to-severe allergic asthma. Alzheimer's disease (AD) ... Jefferis R, Lefranc MP (July-August 2009). "Human immunoglobulin allotypes: possible implications for immunogenicity". mAbs. 1 ... Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are large heterodimeric molecules, approximately 150 kDa and are composed of two kinds of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy

... immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.538.500 - immunoglobulin fc fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.538. ... immunoglobulin fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650 - immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650.500 ... immunoglobulin fab fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.797.590 - immunoglobulin joining region MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.900 - ... immunoglobulin fc fragments MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.660.249 - cd4 immunoadhesins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.660.500 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

Single chain variable fragments (scFv) and Fab fragments also bind to Protein L. Despite this wide binding range, Protein L is ... immobilize or detect immunoglobulins. Each of these immunoglobulin-binding proteins has a different antibody binding profile in ... Binding of mouse immunoglobulins is restricted to those having VκI light chains. Given these specific requirements for ... Unlike Protein A and Protein G, which bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulins (antibodies), Protein L binds antibodies through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_L

"Introducing antigen-binding sites in structural loops of immunoglobulin constant domains: Fc fragments with engineered HER2/neu ... This type of antibodies are therefore able to recognise two different antigens, one at their Fab region and a second one at the ... This antibody fragment is part of the modular antibody technology of F-star Biotechnology Ltd. Wozniak-Knopp G, Bartl S, Bauer ... Fcabs are antibodies fragments engineered from the constant region of an antibody (Fc). In naturally occurring antibodies (such ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fcab

... and Fab (the Ig fragment responsible for antigen recognition). The native state of the B domain, deviates a lot since its inter ... Protein A contains five highly homologous immunoglobulin (Ig)-binding domains in tandem (designated domains E, D, A, B and C), ... "Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab fragment of a human IgM antibody: ... It does this though SpAB binding to the Fc fragment of IgG. The B domain of SpA (SpAB) consists of three a-helices which are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpAB_protein_domain

... and even smaller than Fab fragments (~50 kDa, one light chain and half a heavy chain) and single-chain variable fragments (~25 ... these are called VHH fragments. Cartilaginous fishes also have heavy-chain antibodies (IgNAR, 'immunoglobulin new antigen ... A single-domain antibody (sdAb), also known as a nanobody, is an antibody fragment consisting of a single monomeric variable ... An alternative approach is to split the dimeric variable domains from common immunoglobulin G (IgG) from humans or mice into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-domain_antibody

Fab construction is a complex technique as Fab fragments contain both variable domains and constant regions. The same heavy and ... "Dextran as a Generally Applicable Multivalent Scaffold for Improving Immunoglobulin-Binding Affinities of Peptide and ... "Therapeutic anti-IgE monoclonal antibody single chain variable fragment (scFv) safety and immunomodulatory effects after one ... light variable chains used for scFv construction can be used in the construction of Fab. Construction of pre-made phage display ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Biolabs

When IgG molecules, specific for a certain antigen or surface component, bind to the pathogen with their Fab region (fragment ... Two types of FcεR are known: the high-affinity receptor FcεRI is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (it has two Ig-like ... Its name is derived from its binding specificity for a part of an antibody known as the Fc (fragment crystallizable) region. Fc ... It is composed of two extracellular Ig-like domains, and is a member of both the immunoglobulin superfamily and the multi-chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc_receptor

The ability to manipulate the antibody genes make it possible to generate new antibodies and antibody fragments, such as Fab ... Affimer binders have been produced to a large number of targets including ubiquitin chains, immunoglobulins and C-reactive ... Synthetic antibodies include recombinant antibodies, nucleic acid aptamers and non-immunoglobulin protein scaffolds. As a ... or from non-immunoglobulin protein scaffolds / peptide aptamers, into which hypervariable loops are inserted to form the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_antibody

It binds the heavy chain within the Fc region of most immunoglobulins and also within the Fab region in the case of the human ... Deisenhofer J (April 1981). "Crystallographic refinement and atomic models of a human Fc fragment and its complex with fragment ... "Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab fragment of a human IgM antibody: ... Protein A can bind with strong affinity to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin of certain species as shown in the below table. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_A

"Entrez Gene: FCAR Fc fragment of IgA, receptor for". Bakema JE, van Egmond M (November 2011). "The human immunoglobulin A Fc ... as shown by targeting FcαRI in transgenic mice models with anti-FcαRI Fab antibodies, which mimic the binding of monomeric IgA ... Fc fragment of IgA receptor (FCAR) is a human gene that codes for the transmembrane receptor FcαRI, also known as CD89 (Cluster ... Aleyd E, Heineke MH, van Egmond M (November 2015). "The era of the immunoglobulin A Fc receptor FcαRI; its function and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCAR

TNX-224, an anti-Factor D Fab, the antigen-binding fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting Factor D of the human ... an anti-immunoglobulin E chimeric monoclonal antibody, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 62 (6 ... an Fab fragment of a humanized antibody against Factor D of the human immune complement system to be tested for treating ... that pertained to the use of humanized antibodies for targeting immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgE-expressing B lymphocytes for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanox

... eye proteins fab immunoglobulin - facilitated diffusion - factor VIII - FADH - FADH2 - Fat - Fatty acid - fc immunoglobulin - ... peptide fragment - peptide initiation factor - peptide receptor - peptide termination factor - peripheral membrane protein - ... immunoglobulin - immunoglobulin joining region - immunoglobulin variable region - immunologic receptor - immunology - In vivo ... heavy-chain immunoglobulin - Hela cell - helminth protein - helper T cell - hemopexin - hemoglobin - herpes simplex virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

FAB) system that heavily relied on morphological assessment. The FAB system takes into account information on size, cytoplasm, ... This technology uses a single chain variable fragment (scFv) designed to recognize the cell surface marker CD19 as a method of ... next to the immunoglobulin heavy- or light-chain gene enhancers, leading to increased C-MYC expression and increased cell ... French-American-British (FAB) co-operative group". British Journal of Haematology. 33 (4): 451-8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1976. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

Universal Darwinism Work by Rodney Porter with the enzyme papain resulted in cleavage of the antibody into Fab and Fc fragments ... set of whole genome duplication events at the origin of vertebrates that gave rise to the entire super-family of immunoglobulin ... and heavy-chain fragments. Together, this work allowed the antibody structure to be sequenced and reconstructed, resulting in ... structure of the vertebrate antibody by cleaving the covalent disulfide bridges that join the component chain fragments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism

... juxtaposing the FAB and (FAB)2 fragments in the 4-chain IgG molecule, locating the bridge that links the half molecules, and ... Smyth, D.G. and Utsumi, S. (1967) Structure at the "hinge" region of rabbit immunoglobulin-G. Nature, 216, 232-235. Fanger, M.W ... Smyth, D.G., Snell, C.R. and Massey, D.E. (1978) Isolation of the C-fragment and C'-fragment of lipotropin from pig pituitary ... which they called the C-Fragment of lipotropin. … The most significant of the endorphins seems likely to be the C-Fragment. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_George_Smyth

Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by some B cells and are composed of two regions: an antigen-binding fragment (Fab), ... Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is a human immunoglobulin G1 kappa (IgG1κ) monoclonal antibody that blocks the interaction of programmed ... Anti-PD-1 drugs contain not only an Fab region that binds PD-1 but also an Fc region. Experimental work indicates that the Fc ... Antibodies are formed of a binding region (Fab) and the Fc region that can be detected by immune system cells via their Fc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy

An antibody digested by papain yields three fragments: two 50 kDa Fab fragments and one 50 kDa Fc fragment. The papain-digested ... In immunology, papain is known to cleave the Fc (crystallisable) portion of immunoglobulins (antibodies) from the Fab (antigen- ... the Fab fragment is still able to bind to and neutralize appropriate antigens, most commonly seen in the use of sheep anti- ... Crotalid toxin antibody preparations, known as CroFab and in Digibind, a similar sheep antiserum fragment, used to neutralize ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papain

Its Fab fragment was crystallized in complex with the ED3 domain of DENV2. Its epitope straddles β-strands A and G of ED3. The ... ED3 is a continuous polypeptide segment; its fold is compact and immunoglobulin-like. Dengue virus is transmitted by species of ... Its Fab fragment was crystallized in complex with the sE protein of DENV4. Its epitope is included in domain 1 (ED1) of the E ... Its Fab and scFv fragments were crystallized in complex with the ED3 domain of DENV1. Its epitope is located around β-strands C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_virus

A key feature of these models included the idea that the antigen binding domains of antibodies (Fab) include amino acids from ... Edelman and his colleagues used cyanogen bromide and proteases to fragment the antibody protein subunits into smaller pieces ... Cummingham, B.; Gottlieb, P.; Konigsberg, W.; Edelman, G. (1968). "The covalent structure of a human gamma G-immunoglobulin. V ... "The covalent structure of an entire gammaG immunoglobulin molecule". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the major type of antibody present in the serum. It is part of the adaptive immune system, but it ... The antibody binds to microbes with the variable Fab domain, and the Fc domain binds to Fc receptors (FcR) to induce ... They need to retain protein fragments of a suitable size for specific bacterial recognition, so the peptides are only partially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagosome

Eight monoclonal antibodies and their Fab fragments were tested for neutralization of canine parvovirus and feline ... Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments / immunology* * Immunoglobulin G / immunology * Leukemia Virus, Feline / immunology* * ... All Fabs reduced capsid binding of virus to purified feline TfR in vitro, but the highly neutralizing Fabs were more efficient ... Eight monoclonal antibodies and their Fab fragments were tested for neutralization of canine parvovirus and feline ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17217977/

Competent antigen-binding fragments (Fab) from secretory immunoglobulin a using streptococcus sanguis immunoglobulin a protease ... Competent antigen-binding fragments (Fab) from secretory immunoglobulin a using streptococcus sanguis immunoglobulin a protease ... Competent antigen-binding fragments (Fab) from secretory immunoglobulin a using streptococcus sanguis immunoglobulin a protease ... T1 - Competent antigen-binding fragments (Fab) from secretory immunoglobulin a using streptococcus sanguis immunoglobulin a ...

https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/competent-antigen-binding-fragments-fab-from-secretory-immunoglob

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments. Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors. Disclaimer: Information presented in this database is not meant ...

https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/abciximab.html

FRAGMENTS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. ... the immunoglobulin (Ig)M anti-Fc, anti-Fab′, and ... IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNE COMPLEXES IN CULTURE SUPERNATANTS CONTAINING HIDDEN ANTIBODIES REACTIVE WITH Fab′ FRAGMENTS OF ... Production of Antibodies Specific for Fc, Fab′, and Streptokinase-Streptodornase In Vitro by Peripheral Blood Cells from ... Production of Antibodies Specific for Fc, Fab′, and Streptokinase-Streptodornase In Vitro by Peripheral Blood Cells from ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/110443/scanned-page/83

Digoxin immune Fab is an immunoglobulin fragment with a specific and high affinity for both digoxin and digitoxin molecules. It ... Each vial contains 40 mg of purified digoxin-specific antibody fragments, which will bind approximately 0.6 mg of digoxin or ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/162007-113478/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-sympathomimetic-agents-or-vagolytic-agents-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-third-degree-atrioventricular-block-complete-heart-block

Description: igg-fab fragment of mouse monoclonal antibody ctm01. Class: immunoglobulin. Keywords: immunoglobulin, fab fragment ... Compound: igg ctm01 fab (heavy chain). Species: Mus musculus [TaxId:10090]. Database cross-references and differences (RAF- ... Compound: igg ctm01 fab (light chain). Species: Mus musculus [TaxId:10090]. Database cross-references and differences (RAF- ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1ae6

... intact immunoglobulin G (IgG) and ≥90% Fab and F(ab)2 immunoglobulin fragments; these fragments are created by the enzymatic ... Fab and F(ab)2 fragments are cleared from circulation more rapidly than intact IgG (2), and repeat HBAT dosing might be ... cleavage and removal of Fc immunoglobulin components in a process sometimes referred to as despeciation. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5910a4.htm

In some cases, such as those PDB entries containing immunoglobulin Fab fragments, each PDB chain may be linked to several ... This facility is needed, because these databases represent sequences for the various immunoglobulin domains as separate entries ...

https://www.iucr.org/resources/commissions/computing/schools/school96/the-protein-data-bank

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments (1) more .... Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Bra... (1) Life Sciences & Biomedicine Medical Research ...

https://beluga.sub.uni-hamburg.de/vufind/Primo/Search?lookfor=+Schwab%2C+U+&type=Author&filter%5B%5D=rtype%3A%22Articles%22&filter%5B%5D=topic%3A%22Medical+Sciences%22&filter%5B%5D=topic%3A%22Life+Sciences+%26+Biomedicine%22&filter%5B%5D=topic%3A%22Myelin%22&filter%5B%5D=jtitle%3A%22Acta+Neurochirurgica%22&filter%5B%5D=topic%3A%22Animals%22&dfApplied=1

Fab Fragments Fab Fragments, Immunoglobulin Fab Immunoglobulin Fragments Fragment Immunoglobulins, Fab Fragment, Fab Ig Fab ... Fab Fragment. Fab Fragment Immunoglobulins. Fab Fragment, Immunoglobulin. Fab Fragments. Fab Fragments, Immunoglobulin. Fab ... Fragment Immunoglobulins, Fab. Fragment, Fab. Ig Fab Fragments. Immunoglobulin Fab Fragment. Immunoglobulin Fragments, Fab. ... Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Entry term(s). Fab Fragment Fab Fragment Immunoglobulins Fab Fragment, Immunoglobulin ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=22214&filter=ths_exact_term&q=FAB+FRAGMENTS

"Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments", "type": "DefinedTerm" }, { "inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/", "name": "Kaplan- ... Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments 233. ″ rdf:type schema:DefinedTerm 234. Nfbf486568735468db112ea303c2fa0f5 schema:inDefinedTermSet ...

https://scigraph.springernature.com/pub.10.1186/s12968-016-0299-1

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments. dc.subject. Infant, Newborn. dc.subject. Membrane Proteins. dc.subject. Peptides. ...

https://repository.escholarship.umassmed.edu/handle/20.500.14038/43345?show=full

To facilitate cross-linking of Fab fragments, a chimeric B72.3 Fab fragment has been expressed with a hinge sequence ... Fragments such as F(ab)2, Fab, Fv and single chain Fv (scFv) offer faster blood clearance but also lower overall tumor doses ... These fragments, Fab delta Cys and scFv delta Cys were cross-linked with linkers containing two or three maleimide groups to ... cB72.3 90Y-labeled tri-Fab was found not to accumulate in the kidney or the bone, resulting in an attractive antibody fragment ...

https://www.well.ox.ac.uk/publications/171637/

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments 70% * B-Lymphocytes 63% * Antigens 52% 46 Scopus citations ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/elliot-frohman/publications/?page=3

AnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibody SpecificityAntiveninsEuropeHealth ResourcesImmunoglobulin Fab FragmentsSnake BitesTime ... Intravenous Vipera berus Venom-Specific Fab Fragments and Intramuscular Vipera ammodytes Venom-Specific F(ab)2 Fragments in ... ViperaTAb contains Fab fragments against the venom of V. berus. In 2014 the production of Zagreb antivenom was discontinued. ... ViperaTAb contains Fab fragments against the venom of V. berus. In 2014 the production of Zagreb antivenom was discontinued. ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/33805701/Comparison_of_Preclinical_Properties_of_Several_Available_Antivenoms_in_the_Search_for_Effective_Treatment_of_Vipera_ammodytes_and_Vipera_berus_Envenoming_

Human Immunoglobulin G Fab fragment purified from human serum Antibody Type. Polyclonal ... immunoglobulin, IGHG 1, IGHG 2, IGHG 3, IGHG 4, Immunoglobulin Gm3, Immunoglobulin Gm4, Immunoglobulin Gm2, Immunoglobulin Gm1 ... Human Immunoglobulin G (IgG-Fab) Antibody. Move your mouse over image or click to enlarge ...

https://www.universalbiologicals.com/human-immunoglobulin-g-igg-fab-antibody-igg-24133-05011

Fab Fragment Immunoglobulins use Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Fab Fragment, Immunoglobulin use Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments ... Fab Fragments, Immunoglobulin use Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Fab Immunoglobulin Fragments use Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments ... Fab Fragments use Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/DeCS2018_Alfab-F.htm

Immunoglobulin E. *Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments. *Immunoglobulin G. *Immunohistochemistry. *Immunoprecipitation. *In Situ Nick- ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/180451/Network/ResearchAreas

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/162007-113476/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antidotes-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-third-degree-atrioventricular-block-complete-heart-block

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments * Pregnancy * Pregnancy Outcome * Snake Bites Attention Stats. *About. *Support ... Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab was administered. The patient felt significantly better with improvement in swelling. She had ... This case supports the use of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for venomous snakebites in pregnant patients to prevent possible ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub1531948

The chains form two domains, the Fab (antigen binding) fragment and the Fc (constant) fragment. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the ... Immunoglobulin Am2; Immunoglobulin Heavy Constant Alpha 1; Immunoglobulin Heavy Constant Alpha 2 ... Immunoglobulins are four-chain, Y-shaped, monomeric structures comprised of two identical heavy chains and two identical light ... This MAb is specific to heavy chain of IgA and shows minimal cross-reaction with heavy chains of other immunoglobulins. It is ...

https://biotium.com/product/monoclonal-anti-iga-immunoglobulin-ia761/

Disposition of a monoclonal anti-phencyclidine Fab fragment of immunoglobulin G in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Sep;266(3): ... Antiphencyclidine monoclonal Fab fragments reverse phencyclidine-induced behavioral effects and ataxia in rats. J Pharmacol Exp ... Anti-phencyclidine monoclonal Fab fragments markedly alter phencyclidine pharmacokinetics in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994 ... Crystal structure of monoclonal 6B5 Fab complexed with phencyclidine. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 30;273(44):28576-82. PubMed PMID: ...

https://intervexion.com/publications/anti-phencyclidine-monoclonal-antibody/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments. * Integrin beta3. * Leukocytes. * Platelet Aggregation. * Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins. * P- ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/63930

Localization indices of the tumor in various organs revealed 1.3 to 4.1 in PR1A3 IgG-pretreated mice, 2.4 to 6.6 in fragment ... Tumors were localized using 125I-labeled MAbs: IgG, F(ab)(2) and Fab of PR1A3, and biparatopic MAb of PR1A3 and T84.66. ... fragments from PR1A3 and T84.66. Fifty-nine tumors from 2 human colorectal carcinoma cell lines with high (KM-12c) and low ( ... Biparatopic MAb was prepared by using cross-linking of reduced Fab ...

https://www.oncology.ox.ac.uk/publications/178096

We found that the use of Fab fragments or immunoglobulins from different species or reversal of the antibody pair led to either ... Also, the use of higher plasma dilutions or pre-clearing of plasma immunoglobulins were ineffective. Finally, we found that a ... Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Camundongos , Ativação de Neutrófilo , ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Brostjan,+Christine

Structures of the sugar chains of rabbit immunoglobulin G: occurrence of asparagine-linked sugar chains in Fab fragment.. 1985 ... Structures of asparagine linked oligosaccharides of immunoglobulins (IgY) isolated from egg-yolk of Japanese quail.. 1993. ... Comparative structural study of the N-linked oligosaccharides of human normal and pathological immunoglobulin G.. 1987. ...

http://www.unicarbkb.org/structure/2101

IMMUNOGLOBULIN FAB FRAGMENTS 2.3 IMMUNOGLOBULIN DOMAIN 2.3 IMMUNOGLOBULIN 2.3 IMMUNE RESPONSE 2.3 HUMAN PODOPLANIN 2.3 FAB 2.3 ... IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIKE 6.2 HLA A2 6.2 5 OP RU 5.4 PROTEIN BINDING 5.4 MHC FOLD 5.4 IG FOLD 5.4 GLYCOLIPID ANTIGEN PRESENTATION 5.4 ... IMMUNOGLOBULIN FOLD 3.9 GLYCOPROTEIN 3.9 CROSS REACTIVITY 3.9 AUTOIMMUNITY 3.1 VIRULENCE FACTORS 3.1 TCR DMF5 3.1 TCR DMF4 3.1 ...

https://lcb.infotech.monash.edu/prosodic/scop95/topkeywds/c_0087_hifreq_phrases.html

Eight monoclonal antibodies and their Fab fragments were tested for neutralization of canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus. (nih.gov)
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
Fab fragment antibodies are generated by papain digestion of whole IgG antibodies to remove the entire Fc portion, including the hinge region. (jacksonimmuno.com)
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins containing antibody Fc fragment may tend to destabilize (e.g. unfold and aggregate), which leads to loss of functions and increase of adverse risks. (omicsdi.org)
Bispecific antibodies such as the BPCAM antibody are among the next-generation antibody therapeutics capable of binding two separate target antigens using the two components of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules. (lifestylesimplify.com)
Out of the existing antibodies, three Fab therapeutic fragments have been approved by FDA. (lifestylesimplify.com)
These three fragments of therapeutic antibodies are ReoPro® (abciximab) - an anti-gpIIb/IIIa Fab fragment meant to prevent blood clots in angioplasty. (lifestylesimplify.com)
An improvement in the development of antibodies expansion in structure and functions of immunoglobulin G gave space for the next generation antibodies fragments, which are in clinical testing. (lifestylesimplify.com)

When choosing a secondary antibody product, consideration must be given to species and immunoglobulin specificity, conjugate type, fragment and chain specificity, level of cross-reactivity, and host-species source and fragment composition. (rockland.com)
1990). The specificity of immunoglobulins depends upon the amino acidity sequences of three hypervariable loops of both heavy as well as the light chains of the variable site. (iassist2012.org)

1 One neutralizing unit is determined as the amount of the mixed monospecific Fab proteins necessary to neutralize one LD 50 of each of the four venoms, where the LD 50 is the amount of venom that would be lethal in 50% of mice. (druginserts.com)
The circulating monocytes are found to be deregulated in ALS regarding subtype constitution, function and gene expression and application of human immunoglobulins or fusion proteins containing only the human Fc, but not the Fab antibody fragment increased CNS invasion of peripheral monocytes and delayed the disease onset. (semanticscholar.org)
No antibody was detected against non-immunoglobulin serum proteins. (jacksonimmuno.com)
For this reason a ribosomal skipping sequence enabling the translation of two separate proteins from one open reading frame was genetically incorporated between the displayed antibody fragment and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) as reporter protein. (tu-darmstadt.de)

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. (bvsalud.org)
Formation of disulfide bonds between heavy and light chains is challenge for production of recombinant immunoglobulin G (IgG) and fragment antigen-binding (Fab). (elsevier.com)
Stabilisation of the Fc fragment of human IgG1 by engineered intradomain disulfide bonds. (omicsdi.org)
We report the stabilization of the human IgG1 Fc fragment by engineered intradomain disulfide bonds. (omicsdi.org)
Additionally, we have introduced the intradomain disulfide bonds into an IgG Fc fragment engineered in C-terminal loops of the CH3 domain for binding to Her2/neu, and observed an increase of the T(m) of the CH3 domain for 7.5°C for CysP4, 15.5°C for CysP2 and 19°C for the CysP2 and CysP4 disulfide bonds combined in one molecule. (omicsdi.org)
Comprehensive elucidation of the structural and functional roles of engineered disulfide bonds in antibody Fc fragment. (omicsdi.org)
Our results give a comprehensive elucidation of structural and functional effects caused by additional disulfide bonds in the Fc fragment, which is important for Fc engineering toward the desired clinical performance. (omicsdi.org)
The interchain disulfide bonds are preserved, the two Fab' fragments remain associated in a form called F(ab') 2 . (imgt.org)

cB72.3 90Y-labeled tri-Fab was found not to accumulate in the kidney or the bone, resulting in an attractive antibody fragment for tumor therapy. (ox.ac.uk)
Translation of the protein of interest and the ribosomal skipping sequence (called 2A peptide) results in release of the N-terminally located antibody fragment from the polypeptide chain and secretion to the cell surface. (tu-darmstadt.de)

Each monospecific antivenin is prepared by fractionating the immunoglobulin from the ovine serum, digesting it with papain, and isolating the venom specific Fab fragments on ion exchange and affinity chromatography columns. (druginserts.com)
Immunoglobulins: Types and Functions and the complement system Complement system Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of complement activation that creates the complement membrane attack complex. (lecturio.com)
IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. (lecturio.com)

Cimzia® (certolizumab pegol) - this antibody is a PEGylated anti-TNFα Fab fragment used for Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. (lifestylesimplify.com)

We have examined the tumor targeting of several novel fragments produced by chemical cross-linking of Fab' or scFv to dimeric and trimeric species. (ox.ac.uk)
1. To be eligible for risk-benefit assessment by WHO, an antivenom product must consist of a polyspecific antivenom immunoglobulin preparation, with claimed efficacy in treating envenoming by Bungarus caeruleus , Daboia russelii , Echis carinatus and Naja naja (sometimes referred to as the "big four" species)1. (who.int)
The antibody may cross-react with immunoglobulins from other species. (jacksonimmuno.com)

Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab was administered. (duke.edu)
This case supports the use of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab for venomous snakebites in pregnant patients to prevent possible maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. (duke.edu)
CROFAB [Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine)] is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, purified, lyophilized preparation of ovine Fab (monovalent) immunoglobulin fragments obtained from the blood of healthy sheep flocks immunized with one of the following North American snake venoms: Crotalus atrox (Western Diamondback rattlesnake), Crotalus adamanteus (Eastern Diamondback rattlesnake), Crotalus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake), and Agkistrodon piscivorus (Cottonmouth or Water Moccasin). (druginserts.com)

There was no specific correlation between Fab binding affinity and neutralization. (nih.gov)
Digoxin immune Fab is an immunoglobulin fragment with a specific and high affinity for both digoxin and digitoxin molecules. (medscape.com)

Pharmacokinetic mechanisms for obtaining high renal coelimination of phencyclidine and a monoclonal antiphencyclidine antigen-binding fragment of immunoglobulin G in the rat. (intervexion.com)
11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the anti-ILT4 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 19 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 14. (sumobrain.com)
15. The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the PD-1 antagonist is an anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof. (sumobrain.com)
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:9 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NON. (sumobrain.com)
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain of SEQ ID NO:5. (sumobrain.com)

This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN . (bvsalud.org)
The Fab fragments are the simplest form of antibody- p53 antibody , a derived molecule formed by proteolytic digestion. (lifestylesimplify.com)
Rat IgG F(ab')2 Fragment Peroxidase Conjugated is a proteolytic fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) obtained by limited digestion with the enzyme pepsin under controlled conditions of temperature, time and pH. (rockland.com)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) protease, a family of bacterial enzymes, cleaves human IgA I at a single bond generating distinct Fab and Fc fragments. (nyu.edu)
Deleted genes encoded the glycerol transport and metabolism systems GtsABCD and GlpOKF and the Mycoplasma Ig binding protein-Mycoplasma Ig protease (MIB-MIP) immunoglobulin cleavage system. (bvsalud.org)

To study antibody (Ab) biosynthesis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the immunoglobulin (Ig)M anti-Fc, anti-Fab′, and antistreptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were measured at intervals from 1 to 19 d in culture. (jci.org)

Structures of the sugar chains of rabbit immunoglobulin G: occurrence of asparagine-linked sugar chains in Fab fragment. (unicarbkb.org)
It also reacts with the light chains of other rat immunoglobulins. (jacksonimmuno.com)
IgM IgM A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (immunoglobulin mu-chains). (lecturio.com)
Solitary crystal SU1498 X-ray diffraction research show that antibody Fab fragments are multimeric protein comprising light (L) and weighty (H) polypeptide chains showing up as four homologous globular domains, structured SU1498 in pairs, that talk about a common 3-D set up. (iassist2012.org)

Furthermore, reactivity analysis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that anti-PT Fab IgG1 subtype showed the highest reactivity against target compound paclitaxel. (elsevier.com)

To investigate how amino acid sequences of the first heavy chain constant region (CH1) effect on assembly between heavy chain (VH-CH1 or Fd) and light chain (VL-CL), the CH1 gene sequence of an anti-paclitaxel fragment antigen-binding (anti-PT Fab IgG2a) was modified using the splicing by overlap extension-polymerase chain reaction (SOE-PCR) to be gene sequences encoding amino acid sequence of IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 subtypes. (elsevier.com)
To this end, yeast-displayed recombinant antibody libraries from splenic mRNA of chickens immunized with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were constructed as single chain variable fragments (scFv) by overlap extension polymerase chain reaction. (tu-darmstadt.de)

These fragments, Fab' delta Cys and scFv' delta Cys were cross-linked with linkers containing two or three maleimide groups to produce dimeric and trimeric molecules with increased avidity for antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
Fc fragments and whole IgG molecules have been removed. (jacksonimmuno.com)

This product possesses the F(ab')2 fragment, recognized by the two F(ab) fragments yielded from the digestion of the antibody below the disulfide bond hinge region followed by Peroxidase conjugation. (rockland.com)

these fragments are created by the enzymatic cleavage and removal of Fc immunoglobulin components in a process sometimes referred to as despeciation. (cdc.gov)

Zagreb antivenom comprises V. ammodytes-specific F(ab')2 fragments. (unboundmedicine.com)
The World Health Organization (WHO), acting through its Regulation and Prequalification Department, is now calling for applications from licensed manufacturers of snake antivenom immunoglobulin products who wish to have those products evaluated for potential listing by WHO as recommended for procurement. (who.int)

Viperfav is a polyspecific preparation based on F(ab')2 fragments against V. aspis, V. berus, and V. ammodytes venoms. (unboundmedicine.com)

Improved tumor targeting with chemically cross-linked recombinant antibody fragments. (ox.ac.uk)
Insufficient formation of the bond influences productive yield and quality of recombinant IgG and Fab. (elsevier.com)
The folding efficiency and reactivity of the anti-PT Fab was influenced by CH1 amino acid sequence, which raises the possibility that this modification can be applied to improve recombinant Fab production. (elsevier.com)

An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
The corresponding PDB (Protein Data Bank) format file is from Mike's immunoglobulin structure function site (http://www.umass.edu/microbio/rasmol/padlan.htm) . (imgt.org)

Fragments such as F(ab')2, Fab', Fv and single chain Fv (scFv) offer faster blood clearance but also lower overall tumor doses. (ox.ac.uk)
Biodistribution studies in the nude mouse LS174T xenograft model with scFv, di-scFv, and tri-scFv demonstrated that these fragments clear extremely rapidly from the circulation and give rise to only low levels of activity accumulated at the tumor. (ox.ac.uk)
Di-Fab (DFM) and tri-Fab (TFM) however, accumulated relatively high levels of activity at the tumor with high tumor:blood ratios generated, demonstrating improved targeting compared to IgG. (ox.ac.uk)
Localization indices of the tumor in various organs revealed 1.3 to 4.1 in PR1A3 IgG-pretreated mice, 2.4 to 6.6 in fragment MAbs of PR1A3-pretreated mice and 2 to 4.6 in biparatopic MAb-pretreated mice. (ox.ac.uk)

Structural research of idiotypic cascades have already been completed using specifically antibody fragments (evaluated in Mariuzza and Poljak, 1993, Skillet et al. (iassist2012.org)

All Fabs reduced capsid binding of virus to purified feline TfR in vitro, but the highly neutralizing Fabs were more efficient competitors. (nih.gov)

The molecular weight of Fab fragments is about 50 kDa. (jacksonimmuno.com)

Comparative structural study of the N-linked oligosaccharides of human normal and pathological immunoglobulin G. (unicarbkb.org)
Here, we describe HIV-1 Env Fab-dimerized glycan (FDG)-reactive bnAbs without VH-swapped domains from simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques. (bvsalud.org)

To facilitate cross-linking of Fab' fragments, a chimeric B72.3 Fab' fragment has been expressed with a hinge sequence containing a single cysteine residue. (ox.ac.uk)

The immunoglobulin fold includes two antiparallel -bedding shaped by three and four antiparallel strands in the continuous light (CL) and weighty (CH1) domains, and five and four antiparallel strands in adjustable light (VL) and weighty (VH) domains. (iassist2012.org)

The conservative method for Fab library generation relies on using a three-step protocol including individual heavy- and light chain sub-libraries generated in haploid yeast strains followed by chain combination using yeast mating. (tu-darmstadt.de)

Each vial contains 40 mg of purified digoxin-specific antibody fragments, which will bind approximately 0.6 mg of digoxin or digitoxin. (medscape.com)
CROFAB is a venom-specific Fab fragment of immunoglobulin G (IgG) that works by binding and neutralizing venom toxins, facilitating their redistribution away from target tissues and their elimination from the body. (druginserts.com)

2G12 is a broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) that targets a conserved glycan patch on Env of geographically diverse HIV-1 strains using a unique heavy-chain (VH) domain-swapped architecture that results in fragment antigen-binding (Fab) dimerization. (bvsalud.org)

Fab and F(ab') 2 fragments are cleared from circulation more rapidly than intact IgG ( 2 ), and repeat HBAT dosing might be indicated for some wound or intestinal colonization patients if in situ botulinum toxin production continues after clearance of antitoxin. (cdc.gov)

Crystal structure of monoclonal 6B5 Fab complexed with phencyclidine. (intervexion.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs78

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes45

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. III. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release response to Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans by immunoglobulins and complement. (1/2903)

Labeling of the internal pool of GP IIb-IIIa in platelets by c7E3 Fab fragments (abciximab): flow and endocytic mechanisms contribute to the transport. (2/2903)

Recognition of polynucleotides by antibodies to poly(I), poly(C). (3/2903)

Efficient IgG-mediated suppression of primary antibody responses in Fcgamma receptor-deficient mice. (4/2903)

Head-to-tail dimers and interdomain flexibility revealed by the crystal structure of HIV-1 capsid protein (p24) complexed with a monoclonal antibody Fab. (5/2903)

Flexibility of the major antigenic loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus bound to a Fab fragment of a neutralising antibody: structure and neutralisation. (6/2903)

Analysis of the interaction of monoclonal antibodies with surface IgM on neoplastic B-cells. (7/2903)

Structural details of proteinase entrapment by human alpha2-macroglobulin emerge from three-dimensional reconstructions of Fab labeled native, half-transformed, and transformed molecules. (8/2903)

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments

Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulin M

Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains

Immunoglobulin Light Chains

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Peptide Fragments

Genes, Immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulins, Intravenous

Immunoglobulin Fragments

Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments

Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains

Immunoglobulin Variable Region

Binding Sites, Antibody

Molecular Sequence Data

Immunoglobulin E

Amino Acid Sequence

Antibody Specificity

Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains

Immunoglobulin A, Secretory

Base Sequence

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Immunoglobulin mu-Chains

Epitopes

Immunoglobulin Isotypes

B-Lymphocytes

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic

Immunoglobulin D

Immunoglobulin Constant Regions

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Antibody Affinity

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

Myeloma Proteins

Antibodies

Cloning, Molecular

Antibodies, Bacterial

Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

Immunoglobulin gamma-Chains

Immunoglobulin Class Switching

Immunoglobulin J-Chains

Recombinant Proteins

Antibodies, Viral

Immunoglobulin Allotypes

Receptors, Fc

Immunoglobulin Idiotypes

Neutralization Tests

Escherichia coli

gamma-Globulins

Hybridomas

Cell Line

Protein Binding

Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin

Protein Conformation

Antibodies, Catalytic

Binding Sites

Immune Sera

Rabbits

Immunoglobulin Joining Region

Molecular Weight

Models, Molecular

Haptens

Kinetics

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Cross Reactions

Antigens, Surface

Peptide Library

Immunoelectrophoresis

Digoxin

DNA

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Crystallography, X-Ray

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Immunization, Passive

Staphylococcal Protein A

Plasmacytoma

Antibody Formation