Immunogenetics
Genes, T-Cell Receptor
HLA Antigens
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Systems Integration
Genes, Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulins
Receptors, KIR
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Databases, Factual
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Haplotypes
Alleles
Polymorphism, Genetic
HLA-DPB1*0501-associated opticospinal multiple sclerosis: clinical, neuroimaging and immunogenetic studies. (1/246)
In order to clarify the relationship between the clinical phenotype and the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) in multiple sclerosis in Asians, 93 Japanese patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis underwent clinical MRI and HLA-DPB1 gene typing studies. According to a neurological examination, 29 patients were classified as opticospinal multiple sclerosis, 17 as spinal multiple sclerosis and 47 as Western type multiple sclerosis showing the involvement of multiple sites in the CNS including either the cerebrum, cerebellum or brainstem. The opticospinal multiple sclerosis showed a significantly higher age of onset, higher expanded disability status scale scores and higher CSF cell counts and protein content than the Western type multiple sclerosis. On brain and spinal cord MRI, the opticospinal multiple sclerosis showed a significantly lower number of brain lesions, but a higher frequency of gadolinium-enhancement of the optic nerve and a higher frequency of spinal cord atrophy than in Western type multiple sclerosis. The frequency of the HLA-DPB1*0501 allele was found to be significantly greater in opticospinal multiple sclerosis (93%) than in healthy controls (63%, corrected P value = 0.0091 and relative risk = 7.9), but not in Western type multiple sclerosis (66%) or spinal multiple sclerosis (82%). The marked differences in the clinical and MRI findings as well as in the immunogenetic backgrounds between the opticospinal multiple sclerosis and Western-type multiple sclerosis together suggest that HLA-DPB1*0501-associated opticospinal multiple sclerosis is a distinct subtype of multiple sclerosis. (+info)Immunogenetic analysis suggests different pathogenesis for obese and lean African-Americans with diabetic ketoacidosis. (2/246)
OBJECTIVE: When presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), lean and obese patients differ in their subsequent clinical course. Although lean patients tend to remain insulin dependent, most obese patients recover endogenous insulin secretion and discontinue insulin therapy. The aim of this study was to determine whether obese African-American patients with DKA could be determined to have type 1 or type 2 diabetes based on insulin secretion or the presence of immunological and genetic markers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a prospective study that analyzed the clinical characteristics, insulin secretion indices, immunological markers (islet cell, GAD, ICA512, and insulin autoantibodies), and HLA susceptibility genes (DR/DQ) in 131 patients with DKA (77 obese and 54 lean), 51 obese patients with hyperglycemia but no DKA, and 25 nondiabetic subjects. All subjects were African-American. Beta-cell function was evaluated by the C-peptide response to glucagon (1 mg i.v.) within 48 h of resolution of DKA or hyperglycemia. RESULTS: The acute C-peptide response was lower in obese DKA patients (1.0+/-0.1 ng/ml) than in obese patients with hyperglycemia (1.7+/-0.2 ng/ml, P < 0.01), but was higher than that in lean DKA patients (0.2+/-0.1 ng/ml, both P < 0.01). The overall prevalence of autoantibodies in obese subjects with DKA (17%) and obese subjects with hyperglycemia (16%) was lower than that in lean subjects with DKA (65%, P < 0.01). Obese patients with hyperglycemia and positive autoantibodies had lower rates of insulin secretion than those without antibodies. Regardless of body weight, all DKA patients with GAD autoantibodies carried the DQB1*0201 allele. However, there were no significant differences in HLA distribution between the three patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that most obese African-American patients with DKA have type 2 diabetes characterized by higher insulin secretion, the absence of autoimmune markers, and a lack of HLA genetic association. In contrast, most lean African-American patients with DKA have metabolic and immunological features of type 1 diabetes. At presentation, assessment of beta-cell function and determination of autoimmune markers allow for correct classification of diabetes in African-Americans with hyperglycemic crises. (+info)Slow evolutionary loss of the potential for interspecific hybridization in birds: a manifestation of slow regulatory evolution. (3/246)
Birds have lost the potential for interspecific hybridization slowly. This inference emerges from protein comparisons made on 36 pairs of bird species capable of hybridization. Micro-complement fixation tests show that hybridizable pairs of bird species differ by an average of 12 units of albumin immunological distance and 25 units of transferrin immunological distance. As these proteins evolve at a known and rather steady rate, it is inferred that the average hybridization species pair diverged from a common ancestor about 22 million years ago. The corresponding period for frog species pairs capable of hybridization is about 21 million years, while for hybridizable placental mammals it is only 2 to 3 million years. Thus birds resemble frogs in having lost the potential for interspecific hybridization about 10 times as slowly as have mammals. Birds have also been evolving very slowly at the anatomical level, particularly within the last 25 million years, according to Simpson, Romer, and many other vertebrate zoologists. In this respect they resemble frogs and differ from placental mammals, which have been undergoing unusually rapid anatomical evolution. Chromosomal evolution is also thought to have proceeded very slowly in both birds and frogs, relative to mammals. The above observations are consistent with the hypothesis that evolutionary changes in regulatory systems, that is, changes in the patterns of gene expression, provide the basis for both anatomical evolution and the evolutionary loss of hybridization potential. (+info)Ontology for immunogenetics: the IMGT-ONTOLOGY. (4/246)
MOTIVATION: IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database (http:@imgt.cines.fr:8104), created by M.-P. Lefranc, is an integrated database specializing in antigen receptors (immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of all vertebrate species. IMGT accurate immunogenetics data are based on the standardization of the biological knowledge provided by the 'ImMunoGeneTics' IMGT-ONTOLOGY. The IMGT-ONTOLOGY describes the classification and specification of terms needed for immunogenetics and bioinformatics. IMGT-ONTOLOGY covers four main concepts: 'IDENTIFICATION', 'DESCRIPTION', 'CLASSIFICATION' and 'OBTENTION'. These concepts allow an extensive and standardized description and characterization of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor data. The controlled vocabulary and the annotation rules are indispensable to ensure accuracy, consistency and coherence in IMGT. IMGT-ONTOLOGY allows scientists and clinicians to use, for the first time, identical terms with the same meaning in immunogenetics. It provides a semantic repository that will improve interoperability between specialist and generalist databases. (+info)Immunogenetics: changing the face of immunodeficiency. (5/246)
Tables 1 and 2 highlight the enormous advances that have been made in the definition of the molecular defects underlying primary immunodeficiencies in the past decade. The identification of SAP as the gene defective in XLP now completes the molecular bases of all the recognised X linked syndromes. Of the autosomally inherited syndromes, only the genes for DiGeorge syndrome, hyper-IgE, and perhaps most importantly, common variable immunodeficiency remain to be elucidated. The major clinical benefits of this information have primarily been in offering more accurate and rapid molecular diagnoses. The ability to make a molecular diagnosis also increases the options for earlier definitive treatments such as bone marrow transplantation and somatic gene therapy. Finally, as illustrated by the studies on the functions of WASP and the gamma c/JAK-3 pathway, identification of the gene defect is the first step to understanding the molecular pathogenesis of the immunological abnormalities. (+info)Permanent hapten-specific tolerance in B lymphocytes. (6/246)
Tolerance to the hapten TNP was induced in mice congenic with CBA but bearing the Ig-b allotype (Ig-b mice). To induce a high degree of tolerance it was necessary to give five injections of TNP-sulphonate followed by an immunogenic challenge (alum precipitate of TNP-BSA with pertussis adjuvant). Lymph node or spleen cells from these mice were transferred, with or without an equal number of non-tolerant CBA spleen cells, to irradiated CBA recipients and these were challenged with a different TNP-protein conjugate. Anti-TNP antibody bearing the Ig-b allotype was then assayed separately from total anti-TNP, as a measure of the contributions made by tolerant and non-tolerant B-cell populations respectively. Tolerant lymph node cell did not depress the response of normal cells, nor did the normal cells 'break' the tolerance of the Ig-b population even when the latter had been treated with anti-T-cell serum and complement. No response was obtained from tolerant lymph node cells when the recipients were challenged at different time up to 12 weeks after transfer. By this time the control non-tolerant lymph node cells had also lost the capacity to respond. It is concluded that: (1) effectively permanent tolerance, which is not maintained by afferent mechanisms, can be induced in lymph node B cells; (2) B-cell tolerance can be greatly enhanced by immunogenic challenge; (3) spleen may contain a distinct population of B cells which is less susceptible to tolerance; and (4) the life-span of virgin lymph node B cells is probably less than 12 weeks. (+info)Interactions of Fc receptors with antibodies against Ia antigens and other cell surface components. (7/246)
Two Fc receptor-dependent tests were investigated to study the question of a relationship between Fc receptors and known cell surface antigens, in particular I region-associated (Ia) antigens: (a) a rosette assay with antibody-coated erythrocytes (EA) as indicator cells and normal mouse lymphoid cells as source of rosette-forming cells, and (b) a cytotoxicity test with antibody-coated erythrocytes as target cells and normal mouse spleen cells as a source of cytotoxic cells (K cells). EA rosettes were specifically inhibited by antibodies reacting with Ia antigens. Various other antisera reacting with antigens on B lymphocytes, like anti-Ly 4.2 (raised in H-2 identical mice), rabbit antimouse B-cell serum, or rabbit antimouse immunoglobulin, also specifically inhibited the rosettes. No inhibition occurred in the presence of allogeneic or xenogeneic antisera reacting with T lymphocytes. K-cell cytotoxicity was specifically inhibited by each of the antisera (reacting with either B cells or T cells). F(ab')2 fragments of anti-Ia antibodies could still specifically inhibit EA rosettes but they could not inhibit K-cell cytotoxicity. Similar results were obtained with F(ab')2 fragments of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. These results indicate that the mechanism of inhibition of Fc receptors in the two tests was different. In neither of the tests could we find any evidence for a unique association between the Fc receptors and Ia antigens. The Fc receptors on K cells did not seem to be associated at all with Ia antigens. (+info)Genetic control of the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in neonatally thymectomized high and low responder rats. (8/246)
The immune response to poly (Glu52Lys33Tyr15) is under polygenic control and linked to the major histocompatibility complex of the rat. Aggregation of this antigen with methylated bovine serum albumin (MeBSA) eliminates the expression of genetic control by increasing the response of low responders and decreasing that of high responders. Humoral and cellular aspects of the immune response to both unaggregated and aggregated poly (Glu52Lys33Tyr15) were investigated in neonatally thymectomized high-responder ACI and low-responder F344 rats. T cells are necessary for responses to unaggregated poly (Glu52Lys33Tyr15) since thymectomy significantly decreased numbers of antibody-forming cells and serum antibody levels, and delayed hypersensitivity responses and antigen-induced in vitro proliferation. However, thymectomy had no significant effect on these parameters of immune responsiveness in either ACI or F344 rats immunized with poly (Glu52Lys33Tyr15)/MeBSA. Aggregation also increased IgG production and delayed hypersensitivity and antibody affinity in low responders. (+info)Immunogenetics is the study of the genetic basis of immune responses. It involves the investigation of the genetic factors that control the development, function, and regulation of the immune system, as well as the genetic mechanisms underlying immune-mediated diseases such as autoimmune disorders, allergies, and transplant rejection. This field combines immunology, genetics, and molecular biology to understand how genes contribute to immune response variability among individuals and populations.
Immunogenetics is the study of all aspects of the genetic basis of immune responses. It involves the investigation of the genetic factors that control the immune response and the role of genetics in immune-mediated diseases. Immunogenetic phenomena refer to the observable characteristics or traits related to the immune system that are influenced by an individual's genetic makeup.
These phenomena can include variations in immune function, susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and immune-related adverse reactions to medications. They can also encompass histocompatibility antigens, which are proteins found on the surface of cells that play a critical role in the body's ability to recognize and respond to foreign substances, such as viruses and transplanted organs.
Immunogenetic phenomena are complex and can be influenced by multiple genes, as well as environmental factors. Understanding these phenomena is important for developing personalized approaches to disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
T-cell receptors (TCRs) are proteins found on the surface of T cells, which are a type of white blood cell in the immune system. They play a critical role in adaptive immunity, allowing T cells to recognize and respond to specific targets such as infected or cancerous cells.
A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein. In the case of TCRs, there are two types of genes involved: TCR alpha (TRAV) and TCR beta (TRB) genes. These genes are located in a region of the human genome called the T-cell receptor locus.
During T-cell development, a process called V(D)J recombination occurs, which randomly assembles different segments of the TRAV and TRB genes to create a unique TCR alpha and TCR beta chain, respectively. This results in a vast diversity of TCRs, allowing the immune system to recognize a wide variety of targets.
The assembled TCR alpha and beta chains then form a heterodimer that is expressed on the surface of the T cell. When a TCR recognizes its specific target, it triggers a series of events that ultimately leads to the destruction of the targeted cell.
Immunogenetics is a branch of medicine that deals with the genetic factors associated with immune responses. It involves the study of the genetic mechanisms that control the development, activation, and regulation of the immune system, as well as the genetic basis of immune-mediated diseases such as autoimmune disorders, allergies, and transplant rejection.
Immunogenetic processes refer to the series of events that occur at the molecular level when the immune system encounters a foreign substance (antigen) and mounts an immune response. These processes include antigen presentation, T-cell activation, antibody production, and immune cell regulation, among others.
Understanding immunogenetic processes is crucial for developing new therapies and treatments for immune-related diseases, as well as improving the success of organ transplantation and cancer immunotherapy.
HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) antigens are a group of proteins found on the surface of cells in our body. They play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between "self" and "non-self." HLA antigens are encoded by a group of genes located on chromosome 6, known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
There are three types of HLA antigens: HLA class I, HLA class II, and HLA class III. HLA class I antigens are found on the surface of almost all cells in the body and help the immune system recognize and destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells. They consist of three components: HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C.
HLA class II antigens are primarily found on the surface of immune cells, such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. They assist in the presentation of foreign particles (like bacteria and viruses) to CD4+ T cells, which then activate other parts of the immune system. HLA class II antigens include HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR.
HLA class III antigens consist of various molecules involved in immune responses, such as cytokines and complement components. They are not directly related to antigen presentation.
The genetic diversity of HLA antigens is extensive, with thousands of variations or alleles. This diversity allows for a better ability to recognize and respond to a wide range of pathogens. However, this variation can also lead to compatibility issues in organ transplantation, as the recipient's immune system may recognize the donor's HLA antigens as foreign and attack the transplanted organ.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a group of cell surface proteins in vertebrates that play a central role in the adaptive immune system. They are responsible for presenting peptide antigens to T-cells, which helps the immune system distinguish between self and non-self. The MHC is divided into two classes:
1. MHC Class I: These proteins present endogenous (intracellular) peptides to CD8+ T-cells (cytotoxic T-cells). The MHC class I molecule consists of a heavy chain and a light chain, together with an antigenic peptide.
2. MHC Class II: These proteins present exogenous (extracellular) peptides to CD4+ T-cells (helper T-cells). The MHC class II molecule is composed of two heavy chains and two light chains, together with an antigenic peptide.
MHC genes are highly polymorphic, meaning there are many different alleles within a population. This diversity allows for better recognition and presentation of various pathogens, leading to a more robust immune response. The term "histocompatibility" refers to the compatibility between donor and recipient MHC molecules in tissue transplantation. Incompatible MHC molecules can lead to rejection of the transplanted tissue due to an activated immune response against the foreign MHC antigens.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Systems Integration" is not a medical term per se. It is a term more commonly used in the fields of engineering, computer science, and information technology. However, I can provide you with a general definition:
Systems Integration refers to the process of combining different sub-systems or components into a single, cohesive system to allow seamless communication and data exchange between them. This integration aims to improve efficiency, performance, and overall functionality by unifying various standalone systems into an interconnected network that behaves as a unified whole.
In the context of healthcare, systems integration can be applied to merge different electronic health record (EHR) systems, medical devices, or other healthcare technologies to create a comprehensive, interoperable healthcare information system. This facilitates better care coordination, data sharing, and decision-making among healthcare providers, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances such as pathogens or toxins. They are composed of four polypeptide chains: two heavy chains and two light chains, which are held together by disulfide bonds. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain loops that form the antigen-binding site, allowing each Ig molecule to recognize a specific epitope (antigenic determinant) on an antigen.
Genes encoding immunoglobulins are located on chromosome 14 (light chain genes) and chromosomes 22 and 2 (heavy chain genes). The diversity of the immune system is generated through a process called V(D)J recombination, where variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments are randomly selected and assembled to form the variable regions of the heavy and light chains. This results in an enormous number of possible combinations, allowing the immune system to recognize and respond to a vast array of potential threats.
There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each with distinct functions and structures. For example, IgG is the most abundant class in serum and provides long-term protection against pathogens, while IgA is found on mucosal surfaces and helps prevent the entry of pathogens into the body.
Immunoglobulins (Igs), also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by the immune system's B cells in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. These Y-shaped proteins play a crucial role in identifying and neutralizing pathogens and other antigens, thereby protecting the body against infection and disease.
Immunoglobulins are composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. The variable regions of these chains form the antigen-binding sites, which recognize and bind to specific epitopes on antigens. Based on their heavy chain type, immunoglobulins are classified into five main isotypes or classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has distinct functions in the immune response, such as providing protection in different body fluids and tissues, mediating hypersensitivity reactions, and aiding in the development of immunological memory.
In medical settings, immunoglobulins can be administered therapeutically to provide passive immunity against certain diseases or to treat immune deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions that may benefit from immunomodulation.
KIR (Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors) are a group of receptors found on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells and some T-cells. These receptors play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system's response to virally infected or cancerous cells.
KIR receptors can be further classified into two main groups: inhibitory receptors and activating receptors. Inhibitory KIR receptors recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of healthy cells, transmitting an inhibitory signal that prevents NK cells from attacking these cells. Activating KIR receptors, on the other hand, recognize viral or stress-induced ligands and transmit an activating signal, leading to the destruction of infected or abnormal cells.
The interaction between KIR receptors and their ligands is critical for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. Variations in KIR genes and their MHC class I ligands can influence susceptibility to various diseases, including viral infections, cancer, and pregnancy-related complications.
1. Receptors: In the context of physiology and medicine, receptors are specialized proteins found on the surface of cells or inside cells that detect and respond to specific molecules, known as ligands. These interactions can trigger a range of responses within the cell, such as starting a signaling pathway or changing the cell's behavior. There are various types of receptors, including ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
2. Antigen: An antigen is any substance (usually a protein) that can be recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies or T-cells, as foreign and potentially harmful. Antigens can be derived from various sources, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or even non-living substances like pollen, chemicals, or toxins. An antigen typically contains epitopes, which are the specific regions that antibodies or T-cell receptors recognize and bind to.
3. T-Cell: Also known as T lymphocytes, T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity, a part of the adaptive immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. There are several types of T-cells, including CD4+ helper T-cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). T-cells recognize antigens presented to them by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via their surface receptors called the T-cell receptor (TCR). Once activated, T-cells can proliferate and differentiate into various effector cells that help eliminate infected or damaged cells.
A factual database in the medical context is a collection of organized and structured data that contains verified and accurate information related to medicine, healthcare, or health sciences. These databases serve as reliable resources for various stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, students, and patients, to access evidence-based information for making informed decisions and enhancing knowledge.
Examples of factual medical databases include:
1. PubMed: A comprehensive database of biomedical literature maintained by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It contains citations and abstracts from life sciences journals, books, and conference proceedings.
2. MEDLINE: A subset of PubMed, MEDLINE focuses on high-quality, peer-reviewed articles related to biomedicine and health. It is the primary component of the NLM's database and serves as a critical resource for healthcare professionals and researchers worldwide.
3. Cochrane Library: A collection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses focused on evidence-based medicine. The library aims to provide unbiased, high-quality information to support clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.
4. OVID: A platform that offers access to various medical and healthcare databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. It facilitates the search and retrieval of relevant literature for researchers, clinicians, and students.
5. ClinicalTrials.gov: A registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies conducted around the world. The platform aims to increase transparency and accessibility of clinical trial data for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients.
6. UpToDate: An evidence-based, physician-authored clinical decision support resource that provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical conditions. It serves as a point-of-care tool for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and improve patient care.
7. TRIP Database: A search engine designed to facilitate evidence-based medicine by providing quick access to high-quality resources, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and practice recommendations.
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC): A database of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related documents developed through a rigorous review process. The NGC aims to provide clinicians, healthcare providers, and policymakers with reliable guidance for patient care.
9. DrugBank: A comprehensive, freely accessible online database containing detailed information about drugs, their mechanisms, interactions, and targets. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of pharmacology and drug discovery.
10. Genetic Testing Registry (GTR): A database that provides centralized information about genetic tests, test developers, laboratories offering tests, and clinical validity and utility of genetic tests. It serves as a resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and patients to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing.
Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.
A haplotype is a group of genes or DNA sequences that are inherited together from a single parent. It refers to a combination of alleles (variant forms of a gene) that are located on the same chromosome and are usually transmitted as a unit. Haplotypes can be useful in tracing genetic ancestry, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and developing personalized medical treatments.
In population genetics, haplotypes are often used to study patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. By comparing haplotype frequencies across populations, researchers can infer historical events such as migrations, population expansions, and bottlenecks. Additionally, haplotypes can provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and genomic regions.
In clinical genetics, haplotypes can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or to predict an individual's response to certain medications. For example, specific haplotypes in the HLA gene region have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, while other haplotypes in the CYP450 gene family can affect how individuals metabolize drugs.
Overall, haplotypes provide a powerful tool for understanding the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases, as well as for developing personalized medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.
An allele is a variant form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.
Each person typically inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, a person is said to be homozygous for that trait. If the alleles are different, the person is heterozygous.
For example, the ABO blood group system has three alleles, A, B, and O, which determine a person's blood type. If a person inherits two A alleles, they will have type A blood; if they inherit one A and one B allele, they will have type AB blood; if they inherit two B alleles, they will have type B blood; and if they inherit two O alleles, they will have type O blood.
Alleles can also influence traits such as eye color, hair color, height, and other physical characteristics. Some alleles are dominant, meaning that only one copy of the allele is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, meaning that two copies of the allele are needed to express the trait.
Genetic polymorphism refers to the occurrence of multiple forms (called alleles) of a particular gene within a population. These variations in the DNA sequence do not generally affect the function or survival of the organism, but they can contribute to differences in traits among individuals. Genetic polymorphisms can be caused by single nucleotide changes (SNPs), insertions or deletions of DNA segments, or other types of genetic rearrangements. They are important for understanding genetic diversity and evolution, as well as for identifying genetic factors that may contribute to disease susceptibility in humans.
Immunogenetics
Immunogenetics (journal)
European Federation for Immunogenetics
LILRA3
GNLY
HSPA1B
CD278
IGLJ3
MAL (gene)
PSMB3
FCER1A
CD79B
CodonCode Aligner
CLEC7A
FCRL1
TSPAN7
LY9
CD79A
Pantetheine hydrolase
FOXP3
CD8A
Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1
LILRB3
Thyroid peroxidase
Death receptor 4
Antithyroid autoantibodies
MAGEA2
Glutamate-rich protein 4
Allotype (immunology)
ULBP1
Immunogenetics - Wikipedia
Immunogenetics Group - Inflammatory Cell Recruitment
immunogenetics | Blogs | CDC
Laboratory of Immunogenetics | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIH Guide: PROGRAM PROJECTS ON TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOGENETICS
IMGT/LIGM-DB: A Systematized Approach for ImMunoGeneTics Database Coherence and Data Distribution Improvement - AAAI
Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, Genomics and Immunity Section | NIAMS
The Immunogenetics of Psoriasis - PubMed
Call of interest for one postdoctoral researcher position in the Immunobiology-Immunogenetics Division - Position Opportunities...
Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis
Publications - Immunogenetics.nl
Macedonian Society of Immunogenetics » IUIS
International Journal of Immunogenetics - SCI Journal
bioinformatics | 18th International HLA & Immunogenetics Workshop
Nhs Bt Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics Laboratory - Atto Gentaur
Center for Immunogenetics | The Children's Hospital at Montefiore
Immunogenetics | Global Events | USA | Europe | Middle East | Asia Pacific
Request to Participate | 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop
Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology - Immumohematology Made Easy
Report from the Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) component of the 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics...
Progress Report: Immunogenetics of Salmonella - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine
Host and microbial factors related to dental caries development. - Immunogenetics.nl
BAG Diagnostics at 37th European Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Conference 2022 - Home
LILRA3 - Wikipedia
GNLY - Wikipedia
Chapter 10 | HuGE 2010 | CDC
Laboratory of Immunogenetics Pathology Core | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Human Genetics: What is it? Chromosomes, Fertilization, Immunogenetics, Antibodies and Blood - Scope Heal
Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics4
- Since 1972, numerous H&I (histocompatibility and immunogenetics) organizations have been founded specializing in research activities on a large number of different questions in immunogenetics. (wikipedia.org)
- The HCT working group is comprised of experts in the fields of histocompatibility and immunogenetics, hematopoietic cell transplantation, and outcomes research. (ihiw18.org)
- The Immunogenetics Laboratory offers a Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Fellowship. (chop.edu)
- A review of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (BSHI) "Guideline for selection and HLA matching of related, adult unrelated donors and umbilical cord units for haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation" was undertaken by a BSHI appointed writing committee. (bvsalud.org)
Immunology6
- Immunogenetics or immungenetics is the branch of Medical Immunology and Medical Genetics that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics. (wikipedia.org)
- The term immunogenetics is based on the two words immunology and genetics, and is defined as "a sub discipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (immunity)" according to MeSH. (wikipedia.org)
- Robert McMaster II Immunogenetics and Molecular Immunology. (ubc.ca)
- Recent trends and emerging topics on molecular and applied immunology as well as immunogenetics will be discussed. (iuis.org)
- Why choosing Fundación Valle del Lili's Laboratory of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics service? (valledellili.org)
- Are you interested in receiving information about Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics at La Fundación Valle del Lili? (valledellili.org)
European Immunogenetics1
- BRISBANE, Calif.-(BUSINESS WIRE)-CareDx, Inc. (Nasdaq: CDNA), a leading precision medicine company focused on the discovery, development, and commercialization of clinically differentiated, high-value healthcare solutions for transplant patients and caregivers - today announced that it will showcase the latest developments across its AlloSeq®* portfolio during the 36th European Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility Conference taking place April 26-29 in Nantes, France. (portada-online.com)
Rheumatoid arthritis2
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- Immunogenetics;73(1): 53-63, 2021 02. (bvsalud.org)
Autoimmune10
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- 21Zinn and Bowersox, free immunogenetics of autoimmune in wurde 3. (robinsonfarm.de)
Laboratory3
- A post-doctoral position is available in Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, to study cellular mechanism of HIV infection-induced host cell signaling for potential development of antiviral therapies. (vanderbilt.edu)
- Immunogenetics Laboratory CIA# 46D0679773 417 Jakarta Way, Suite 3220 Salt Lake. (uslegalforms.com)
- Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics Laboratory. (uslegalforms.com)
ASHI1
- Fellows will be registered with the American College of Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics (ACHI) for a two-year "director-in-training" fellowship to become an American Society for Immunogenetics (ASHI) approved director. (chop.edu)
Processes1
- The term immunogenetics comprises all processes of an organism, which are, on the one hand, controlled and influenced by the genes of the organism, and are, on the other hand, significant with regard to the immunological defense reactions of the organism. (wikipedia.org)
Research2
- The research in our Immunogenetics group is highly interdisciplinary. (academictransfer.com)
- real free immunogenetics dass research, open? (robinsonfarm.de)
Journal1
- The International Journal of Immunogenetics was formerly known as the European Journal of Immunogenetics. (bioxbio.com)
International1
- EFI International Accreditation (European Federation for Immunogenetics). (valledellili.org)
Form1
- Testing is requested via a RFT- HLA/Immunogenetics Form . (bloodworksnw.org)
Field2
- The first Nobel Prize in the field of immunogenetics was awarded to Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell in 1980 for discovering genetically determined cellular surface structures, which control immunological reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- We are committed to advancing the field of immunogenetics and histocompatibility and take great pride in supporting this important event as a platinum sponsor. (portada-online.com)
Department1
- The Immunogenetics group requires and thrives on close collaboration between the affiliated postdocs, PhD-students, technicians, and internship students internally and on collaborations within the Department and externally. (academictransfer.com)
Events1
- We believe that adversomics (the immunogenetics and immunogenomics of vaccine adverse events at the individual and population level, respectively) is critical to understanding and preventing serious adverse vaccine-related events, developing the next generation of vaccines, and to improving public confidence in vaccine safety. (blogspot.com)
Companies2
- A Pharmacist in immunogenetics earns between $1.844 and $8.845 per month, with an average monthly salary of $3.772 and a median salary of $3.181 according to an Averwage.com salary survey along with to data of professionals hired and fired by companies in the labor market. (averwage.com)
- The free immunogenetics of of und is at the simultaneously limited diploma of the wird Babylon and is its und traditionally toward the liefir of other companies made in according the view. (robinsonfarm.de)
IMGT1
- IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database (http://imgt.cnusc.fr:8104), created by Marie-Paule Lefranc, Montpellier, France, is an integrated database specializing in antigen receptors and MHC of all vertebrate species. (aaai.org)
Antibodies1
- Tremendous effort has been expended over the past two and a half decades to understand many aspects of camelid heavy chain antibodies, from their biology, evolution, and immunogenetics to their potential applications in various fields of research and medicine. (frontiersin.org)
Workshop2
- Report from the Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) component of the 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop. (pacb.com)
- The goals of the KIR component of the 17th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop (IHIW) were to encourage and educate researchers to begin analyzing KIR at allelic resolution, and to survey the nature and extent of KIR allelic diversity across human populations. (pacb.com)
Genes1
- The term immunogenetics comprises all processes of an organism, which are, on the one hand, controlled and influenced by the genes of the organism, and are, on the other hand, significant with regard to the immunological defense reactions of the organism. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular1
- The Immunogenetics Group uses genetic, immunologic and microscopic imaging approaches to understand molecular mechanisms underlying allergic responses to inhaled allergens. (nih.gov)
Disease1
- Immunogenetics factors in chronic beryllium disease. (cdc.gov)
Position1
- He got a position of assistant Professor on Immunogenetics in Tunisian Universities between 2005-2012. (longdom.org)
