Immunization. Medical search

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.

Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.

A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.

A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.

The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the prevention of diphtheria; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN is for treatment.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).

Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.

The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.

Resistance to a disease agent resulting from the production of specific antibodies by the host, either after exposure to the disease or after vaccination.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Administration of a vaccine to large populations in order to elicit IMMUNITY.

An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.

An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.

Techniques where DNA is delivered directly into organelles at high speed using projectiles coated with nucleic acid, shot from a helium-powered gun (gene gun). One of these techniques involves immunization by DNA VACCINES, which delivers DNA-coated gold beads to the epidermis.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing antigenic polysaccharides from Haemophilus influenzae and designed to prevent infection. The vaccine can contain the polysaccharides alone or more frequently polysaccharides conjugated to carrier molecules. It is also seen as a combined vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.

An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.

A live vaccine containing attenuated poliovirus, types I, II, and III, grown in monkey kidney cell tissue culture, used for routine immunization of children against polio. This vaccine induces long-lasting intestinal and humoral immunity. Killed vaccine induces only humoral immunity. Oral poliovirus vaccine should not be administered to immunocompromised individuals or their household contacts. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.

A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.

Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Vaccines used to prevent POLIOMYELITIS. They include inactivated (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, INACTIVATED) and oral vaccines (POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, ORAL).

The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.

Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.

Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.

Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

An acute infectious disease caused by the RUBELLA VIRUS. The virus enters the respiratory tract via airborne droplet and spreads to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.

The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

Delivery of a drug or other substance into the body through the epithelium lining of MUCOUS MEMBRANE involved with absorption and secretion.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.

A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with VIBRIO CHOLERAE. The original cholera vaccine consisted of killed bacteria, but other kinds of vaccines now exist.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat ALZHEIMER DISEASE.

An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

An antitoxin used for the treatment of TETANUS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.

A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent and treat RABIES. The inactivated virus vaccine is used for preexposure immunization to persons at high risk of exposure, and in conjunction with rabies immunoglobulin, for postexposure prophylaxis.

Organized services to provide health care for children.

A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Groups set up to advise governmental bodies, societies, or other institutions on policy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

Suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).

Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

Systems used to prompt or aid the memory. The systems can be computerized reminders, color coding, telephone calls, or devices such as letters and postcards.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat TUBERCULOSIS.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent SAIDS; (SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME); and containing inactivated SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS or type D retroviruses or some of their component antigens.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

A type of H. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype I. Prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis.

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

A formulation for presenting an antigen to induce specific immunologic responses. It consists of an assembly of antigens in multimeric form. The assembly is attached to a matrix with a built-in adjuvant, saponin. ISCOMs induce strong serum antibody responses, and are used as highly immunogenic forms of subunit vaccines.

A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The product of meiotic division of zygotes in parasitic protozoa comprising haploid cells. These infective cells invade the host and undergo asexual reproduction producing MEROZOITES (or other forms) and ultimately gametocytes.

Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.

A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated.

Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.

Suppression of Moloney sarcoma virus immunity following sensitization with attenuated virus. (1/7909)

Murine sarcoma virus (Moloney strain) (MSV-M)-induced tumors are unusual in that they regularly appear less than 2 weeks after virus inoculation, progress for 1 to 2 weeks, and are rejected by normal adult BALB/c mice. Rejectio leaves the animals immune to tumor induction. In the present study, presensitization of normal adult BALB/c mice with attenuated MSV-M resulted in an altered pattern of tumor immunity. Injection of active MSV-M into the presensitized animals resulted in tumor induction and rejection similar to that observed in normal animals, but rejection failed to produce protection against the secondary inoculation with MSV-M. After the second inoculation with active MSV-M, tumors appeared and progressed but ultimately were rejected. Over 80% of the mice died, 25% after the primary challenge and the remainder after the secondary challenge. At death, all mice had histological evidence of leukemia which was the probable cause of death. The animals that died following the secondary challenge also had evidence of disseminated MSV-M. Solid tumor nodules were found in skeletal muscle distant from the original site of inoculation, and active MSV-M was isolated from spleen and lungs. The possibility that the results were produced by specific suppression of MSV-Moloney leukemia virus immunity is discussed. (+info)

Transcutaneous immunization with bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins as antigens and adjuvants. (2/7909)

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a new technique that uses the application of vaccine antigens in a solution on the skin to induce potent antibody responses without systemic or local toxicity. We have previously shown that cholera toxin (CT), a potent adjuvant for oral and nasal immunization, can induce both serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA and protect against toxin-mediated mucosal disease when administered by the transcutaneous route. Additionally, CT acts as an adjuvant for coadministered antigens such as tetanus and diphtheria toxoids when applied to the skin. CT, a member of the bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxin (bARE) family, is most potent as an adjuvant when the A-B subunits are present and functional. We now show that TCI induces secondary antibody responses to coadministered antigens as well as to CT in response to boosting immunizations. IgG antibodies to coadministered antigens were also found in the stools and lung washes of immunized mice, suggesting that TCI may target mucosal pathogens. Mice immunized by the transcutaneous route with tetanus fragment C and CT developed anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies and were protected against systemic tetanus toxin challenge. We also show that bAREs, similarly organized as A-B subunits, as well as the B subunit of CT alone, induced antibody responses to themselves when given via TCI. Thus, TCI appears to induce potent, protective immune responses to both systemic and mucosal challenge and offers significant potential practical advantages for vaccine delivery. (+info)

Zonula occludens toxin is a powerful mucosal adjuvant for intranasally delivered antigens. (3/7909)

Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) is produced by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae and has the ability to reversibly alter intestinal epithelial tight junctions, allowing the passage of macromolecules through the mucosal barrier. In the present study, we investigated whether Zot could be exploited to deliver soluble antigens through the nasal mucosa for the induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. Intranasal immunization of mice with ovalbumin (Ova) and recombinant Zot, either fused to the maltose-binding protein (MBP-Zot) or with a hexahistidine tag (His-Zot), induced anti-Ova serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers that were approximately 40-fold higher than those induced by immunization with antigen alone. Interestingly, Zot also stimulated high anti-Ova IgA titers in serum, as well as in vaginal and intestinal secretions. A comparison with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) revealed that the adjuvant activity of Zot was only sevenfold lower than that of LT. Moreover, Zot and LT induced similar patterns of Ova-specific IgG subclasses. The subtypes IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b were all stimulated, with a predominance of IgG1 and IgG2b. In conclusion, our results highlight Zot as a novel potent mucosal adjuvant of microbial origin. (+info)

Noncompetitive expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for different antigens during bacterial infection. (4/7909)

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterium that elicits complex cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in infected mice. The responses of CTL populations that differ in antigen specificity range in magnitude from large, dominant responses to small, subdominant responses. To test the hypothesis that dominant T-cell responses inhibit subdominant responses, we eliminated the two dominant epitopes of L. monocytogenes by anchor residue mutagenesis and measured the T-cell responses to the remaining subdominant epitopes. Surprisingly, the loss of dominant T-cell responses did not enhance subdominant responses. While mice immunized with bacteria lacking dominant epitopes developed L. monocytogenes-specific immunity, their ability to respond to dominant epitopes upon rechallenge with wild-type bacteria was markedly diminished. Recall responses in mice immunized with wild-type or epitope-deficient L. monocytogenes showed that antigen presentation during recall infection is sufficient for activating memory cells yet insufficient for optimal priming of naive T lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that T-cell priming to different epitopes during L. monocytogenes infection is not competitive. Rather, T-cell populations specific for different antigens but the same pathogen expand independently. (+info)

Ovine MHC class II DRB1 alleles associated with resistance or susceptibility to development of bovine leukemia virus-induced ovine lymphoma. (5/7909)

For the further characterization of bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-induced leukemogenesis, we investigated the association between polymorphism of ovine leukocyte antigen (OLA)-DRB1 gene and tumor development after infection of sheep with BLV. We infected 28 sheep with BLV and cloned exon 2 of the OLA-DRB1 gene from asymptomatic animals and from animals with lymphoma Sequence analysis revealed that, among 12 healthy sheep without any evidence of tumor, ten (83.3%) carried DRB1 alleles encoding Arg-Lys (RK) at positions beta70/71 as compared with only 6 (37.5%) of the 16 sheep with lymphoma, which suggested that alleles encoding the RK motif might protect against development of tumors after infection by BLV. By contrast, alleles encoding Ser-Arg (SR) at positions beta70/71 were present at a significantly elevated frequency in sheep with lymphoma as compared with the healthy carriers, which indicated that OLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the SR motif might be positively related to susceptibility to tumor development. The two amino acids in these motifs line a pocket that accommodates the side chain of a bound peptide according to a model of the crystal structure of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR1. To analyze immunoreactions of sheep with alleles that encoded RK or SR at beta70/71, we selected sheep with either the RK/SR genotypes or the SR/SR genotypes and immunized them with a mixture of multiple synthetic antigenic peptides that corresponded to T-helper, T-cytotoxic, and B-cell epitopes of the BLV envelope glycoprotein gp51. Two weeks after the last immunization, all of the sheep were challenged with BLV. Sheep with the RK/SR genotype produced neutralizing antibodies against BLV; they eliminated BLV completely within 28 weeks of the BLV challenge, and they gave strong lymphocyte-proliferative responses to the peptides used for immunization. Moreover, such animals did not develop lymphoma. By contrast, sheep with the SR/SR genotype continued to produce BLV throughout the experimental period and developed terminal disease. Our results indicate that the differences in immunoresponse were due to differences in major histocompatibility complex class II alleles and reflected the risk of BLV-induced leukemogenesis. In addition, it appears that susceptibility to tumor development may be determined to some extent by polymorphic residues binding to antigenic peptides directly within the binding cleft of the OLA-DR molecule. (+info)

Immunosurveillance and the evaluation of national immunization programmes: a population-based approach. (6/7909)

Mass vaccination can change the epidemiological dynamics of infectious diseases. It may result in a limited persistence of natural and vaccine-induced immunity and a higher mean age of infection, which may lead to a greater risk of complications. The epidemiological situation should be monitored and immunosurveillance based on the assessment of specific antibodies against vaccine-preventable diseases in human serum is one of the tools. In order to estimate the immunity of the Dutch population reliably, a large-scale, population-based, collection of serum samples was established (8359 sera in a nation-wide sampling and 1589 sera from municipalities with low vaccine coverage). In contrast to collecting residual sera from laboratories, this approach gains extensive information by means of a questionnaire regarding the determinants of the immune status and the risk factors for the transmission of infectious diseases in general. The population-based approach gives a better guarantee that the data are representative than collecting sera from laboratories does. (+info)

Rubella immunisation and contraception--a case for re-examining the policy of the Department of Health and Social Security. (7/7909)

Now that immunisation against rubella is available, it would at first sight seem reasonable to identify all potential mothers susceptible to this disease and immunise them. Preliminary screening, however, carried out in order to restrict vaccination to seronegative subjects, not only serves no useful purpose, but is counter-productive. (+info)

Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. (8/7909)

Chlamydia infections are epidemiologically linked to human heart disease. A peptide from the murine heart muscle-specific alpha myosin heavy chain that has sequence homology to the 60-kilodalton cysteine-rich outer membrane proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae, C. psittaci, and C. trachomatis was shown to induce autoimmune inflammatory heart disease in mice. Injection of the homologous Chlamydia peptides into mice also induced perivascular inflammation, fibrotic changes, and blood vessel occlusion in the heart, as well as triggering T and B cell reactivity to the homologous endogenous heart muscle-specific peptide. Chlamydia DNA functioned as an adjuvant in the triggering of peptide-induced inflammatory heart disease. Infection with C. trachomatis led to the production of autoantibodies to heart muscle-specific epitopes. Thus, Chlamydia-mediated heart disease is induced by antigenic mimicry of a heart muscle-specific protein. (+info)

Immunization[edit]. The question of how to immunize efficiently scale free networks which represent realistic networks such as ... Y. Chen, G. Paul, S. Havlin, F. Liljeros, H.E. Stanley (2008). "Finding a Better Immunization Strategy". Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 ( ... For such cases the method of acquaintance immunization has been developed.[23] In this case, which is quite efficient one ... R. Cohen, S. Havlin, D. Ben-Avraham (2003). "Efficient immunization strategies for computer networks and populations". Phys. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale-free_network

Immunization[edit]. An animal's exposure to the antigens of a different member of the same or similar species is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_rejection

Immunization experiments. At the German concentration camps of Sachsenhausen, Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, ... and immunization were excluded under all circumstances if "the human subject was a minor or not competent for other reasons", ... scientists tested immunization compounds and serums for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases, including malaria ... experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp in order to investigate immunization for treatment of malaria. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation

Immunizations[edit]. Pharmacists are approved to administer vaccinations in all 50 states. In 2009, pharmacists throughout the ... and immunizations as the most common services provided. Challenges Faced by Independent Community Pharmacies Independent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_pharmacy

in: Immunisation Against Infectious Disease, 2006 (PDF). Edinburgh: Stationery Office. pp. 313-29. ISBN 978-0-11-322528-6. . ... Passive immunization. In 1950, William Hammon at the University of Pittsburgh purified the gamma globulin component of the ... In Syria difficulties in executing immunization programs in the ongoing civil war led to a return of polio, probably in 2012,[ ... The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. Archived (PDF) from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliomyelitis

"Immunization". UNICEF.. *^ Palmer, Guy H.; McElwain, Terry F. (1995). "Molecular basis for vaccine development against ... The use of simple molecules such as toxoids for immunization tends to produce a low response by the immune system, and thus ... Figures from "The Search for Immunisation", In Our Time, BBC Radio 4 (2006). ... Immunisation article in Ganfyd, the online collaborative textbook of medicine. http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Artificial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity

At the prenatal and neonatal stages of life, the presence of antibodies is provided by passive immunization from the mother. ... other foreign antigen exposure or passive immunization. These antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway leading ... "Immunization". Immunology - Chapter 14. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 18 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

"Child, Adolescent & "Catch-up" Immunization Schedules". Immunization Schedules. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ... Routine immunization of children is recommended in many countries.[10] Immunization within three days of exposure may improve ... A second dose is recommended five years after the initial immunization.[36] A vaccinated person is likely to have a milder case ... It is part of the routine immunization schedule in the US.[38] Some European countries include it as part of universal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health's extensive immunization ... 10-984 School Immunizations; Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases". Pennsylvania Department of Health (2014). "School ... Immunization Requirements". Pennsylvania Department of Health (2014). "Mandated School Health Screenings". York Dispatch ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville_Area_High_School

Tapiainen T, Heininger U (June 2005). "Fever following immunization". Expert Review of Vaccines. 4 (3): 419-27. doi:10.1586/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect_

10-984 School Immunizations; Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases". Pennsylvania General Assembly (2015). "CHAPTER 23. ... SCHOOL HEALTH". Pennsylvania Department of Health (2014). "School Immunization Requirements". Pennsylvania Department of Health ... can be excluded from school unless they comply with all of the Pennsylvania Department of Health's extensive immunization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connellsville_Area_Career_and_Technology_Center

"Vaccine Safety , Immunization Facts For Parents , Immunization Safety - Mollen Immunization". Flushotsusa.com. 2008-03-03. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Holtorf

Z24) Need for immunization against certain single viral diseases. *(Z25) Need for immunization against other single viral ... Z26) Need for immunization against other single infectious diseases. *(Z27) Need for immunization against combinations of ... Z23) Need for immunization against single bacterial diseases. *( ... Z28) Immunization not carried out. *(Z29) Need for other ... to receive prophylactic immunization; to discuss a problem other than a disease or injury; and for a situation or problem that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10_Chapter_XXI:_Factors_influencing_health_status_and_contact_with_health_services

North Carolina Immunization portal. Retrieved 2010-02-09 *^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "HIV/AIDS and the Flu" ... "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). January 17, 2014 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_season

"STEERING GROUP ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF JET INJECTION FOR IMMUNIZATION" (PDF). asknod.org. Retrieved October 23, 2016.. ... 1961: The Department of the Army made multi-use nozzle jet injectors the standard for administering immunizations.[36] ... 1951: The Commission on Immunization of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board requested the Army Medical Service Graduate ... Benenson, AS (1959). "Mass immunization by jet injection. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium of Immunology, Opatija ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_injector

a b c Doja A, Roberts W. Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature. Can J Neurol Sci. 2006;33(4):341-346. doi: ... National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Thimerosal: updated statement. An Advisory Committee Statement. Can Commun Dis Rep ... Immunization safety review: vaccines and autism; 2004 [archived 2007-06-23; Retrieved 2007-06-13]. ... Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. Autistic spectrum disorder: No causal relationship ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autism

National immunization program is the priority 1 (P1) program. Since the inception of immunization program to the date it has ... Immunization services can be obtained at free of cost from EPI clinics in hospitals, other health centers, mobile and outreach ... Though coverage of immunization addressing the equity gap, still inequities exist in Nepal. Nevertheless, the trents in last ... "Increased immunization coverage addresses the equity gap in Nepal". WHO. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Multi-sector Nutrition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Nepal

"Birth-18 Years Immunization Schedule - Shell , CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-07. http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p3085. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose_(biochemistry)

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (2011). "General recommendations on immunization - recommendations of ... Wolfe, R. M. (2012). "Update on adult immunizations". The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 25 (4): 496-510. ... Munoz, F. M. (2013). "Maternal immunization: An update for pediatricians". Pediatric Annals. 42 (8): 153-8. doi:10.3928/ ... McGirr, A; Fisman, D. N. (2015). "Duration of Pertussis Immunity After DTaP Immunization: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 135 (2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity

"Protection of mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through adenovirus-based immunization". J. Virol. 80 (4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_research

Immunizations for travel. *Tick-borne illness, malaria and tropical diseases. *Parasites and protozoal infections in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_medicine_

Ghaffer A. Immunization. Immunology - Chapter 14. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. 2006-03-26 [2007-06-06]. （原始 ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/抗体

Russell ML, Injeyan HS, Verhoef MJ, Eliasziw M (2004). "Beliefs and behaviours: understanding chiropractors and immunization". ... Wardle, Jon; Frawley, Jane; Steel, Amie; Sullivan, Elizabeth (2016). "Complementary medicine and childhood immunisation: A ... chiropractors found that about a third believed there was no scientific proof that immunization prevents disease.[27] The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractors

They can give oral hygiene instruction to classes and can communicate with other health care providers i.e. Immunisation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_therapist

Immunization Safety Review Committee (2004). Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. The National Academies Press. doi ... Orenstein WA, Hinman AR (October 1999). "The immunization system in the United States - the role of school immunization laws". ... Vaccination at Curlie "Immunizations, vaccines and biologicals". World Health Organization. "Vaccines & immunizations". Centers ... "Immunization". CDC. August 30, 2018. Zhou F, Santoli J, Messonnier ML, Yusuf HR, Shefer A, Chu SY, Rodewald L, Harpaz R ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

"Immunization". www.adventist.org. Ghiabi, Maziyar; Maarefvand, Masoomeh; Bahari, Hamed; Alavi, Zohreh (June 2018). "Islam and ... and promotes vaccination and immunization. Smoking and alcohol are considered haram (unlawful). The Muslim nations of Turkey ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_drugs

"Immunization". Retrieved 2009-03-10.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine

ORT is one of the principal elements of the UNICEF "GOBI FFF" program (growth monitoring; ORT; breast feeding; immunization; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy

Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory committee (ACIP)". MMWR Recomm Rep. 40 (RR-10): 1-28. doi:10.1542/peds. ... Infection can be prevented by immunization with the tetanus vaccine.[1] In those who have a significant wound and less than ... three doses of the vaccine, both immunization and tetanus immune globulin are recommended.[1] The wound should be cleaned and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus

View or print CDC official immunization schedule for adults (those 19 years and older). ... Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2021. For vaccine recommendations for ... Vaccines in the Adult Immunization Schedule. adult vaccine schedule. Vaccines. Abbreviations. Trade names. ... The comprehensive summary of the ACIP recommended changes made to the adult immunization schedule can be found in the February ...

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/easy-to-read/adult.html

They can be provided by a variety of recognised immunisation providers. If youre eligible, you can get the measles vaccine for ... Immunisation Measles immunisation service Measles vaccines are given as a needle and are only available as a combination ... Your immunisation provider can give you more information.. What are the possible side effects of measles immunisation?. All ... Measles immunisation is recommended for:. *children aged 12 months and 18 months, for free under the National Immunisation ...

https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/immunisation/immunisation-services/measles-immunisation-service

CDC official immunization schedules for children, preteens, teens, and adults for health care professionals, parents, and the ...

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html

Report Immunization. The Health Unit does not receive reports of immunizations from healthcare providers or schools. It is the ... By Mail or In Person: Send or take a photocopy of your childs immunization record to:. HKPR District Health Unit. 200 Rose ... Students without complete records or a valid exemption on file at the Health Unit may be suspended as per the Immunization of ... Youth over the age of 16 years are responsible for updating their own immunization records. ...

http://www.hkpr.on.ca/InfoSet/Youth/Immunization/ReportImmunizations.aspx

Health professionals and immunisation practitioners can keep up to date with developments in the field and updates to the Green ... Immunisation against infectious disease: the green book front cover and contents page * 17 December 2013 ... Immunisation by nurses and other health professionals: the green book, chapter 5 * 20 March 2013 ... Immunisation of individuals with underlying medical conditions: the green book, chapter 7 * 29 September 2016 ...

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book

Immunisation & Vaccination Skills for Health Learn about the practical and legal implications of immunisations and vaccinations ... Immunisation Update for Nurses and AHPs M&K Update Ltd This one day updater course is in accordance with the National Minimum ... Initial Immunisation for HCAs Humber, Coast and Vale Excellence Centre Please "view course" to see organisations that provide ... Immunisation Update for HCAs Humber, Coast and Vale Excellence Centre Please "view course" to see organisations that provide ...

https://www.skillsplatform.org/health/immunisation-vaccination-training

Immunizations may be obtained at no cost at the Manchester Health Department during its immunization clinics. ... A child shall be excused from immunization for religious reasons upon signing of a notarized form by the parent/guardian ... A child shall be exempted from these immunization requirements if s/he presents written documentation from his/her physician ... of students transferring into the District must present proof within thirty days of entrance of meeting all immunization ...

https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1OnyIE3ssjFbcCZAT0R730WPRvXSJFuUNu6vcH7CX-vs

... the AAP brought together many of the nations leading medical and immunization advocacy groups to form the Immunization ... The Latest on Immunizations. *. Immunization Initiatives Newsletter. Check out our newsletter for the latest on immunizations. ... Immunization Alliance. . In 2008, the AAP brought together many of the nations leading medical and immunization advocacy ... California Immunization Coalition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Every Child By Two. GAVI Alliance Immunization ...

https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/immunizations/Pages/Immunization-Alliance.aspx

Additional Immunization Resources. *CDC: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). *US DHHS -- National Vaccine ... Partnership for Prevention -- Strengthening Adult Immunization: A Call to Action. *AAP: Childhood Immunization Support Program ... Featured Adult Immunization Articles. * Meningococcal Disease: The Good News and the Bad News Are college students really at ... Featured Pediatric Immunization Articles. * Meningococcal Disease: The Good News and the Bad News Are college students really ...

https://www.medscape.com/resource/vaccines

... or immunization-related issues, and to the prevention of untoward effects of the vaccine or immunization ― is a critical ... Immunization highlights: 2011. Ensuring safe vaccines of assured quality Chinese national regulatory authority meets ... This includes, in particular, immunization programme and national regulatory authorities strengthening together with the ... and middle-income countries focuses on how national and international immunization players can better collaborate to address ...

http://www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/highlights/2011/en/index7.html

WHO: working to ensure global quality, safety and standards in immunization. * WHO/IVB/07.08. 27 September 2007. Procedure for ... Aide-memoire: Adverse events following immunization (AEFI): causality assessment. * WHO/V&B/03.17. 9 May 2003. Report on the ... Immunization safety documents. * Correlates of vaccine-induced protection: methods and implications. 3 June 2013. ... "First, do no harm" : introducing auto-disable syringes and ensuring injection safety in immunization systems of developing ...

http://www.who.int/immunization/documents/safety/en/

Click on the map or in the box below to access the state/city/island immunization or public health website. ...

https://cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/awardee-imz-websites.html

Award-winning news and culture, features breaking news, in-depth reporting and criticism on politics, business, entertainment and technology.

https://www.salon.com/topic/immunization

IMMUNIZATIONS Immunization is the induction of immunity against an infectious disease by a means other than experiencing the ... Immunizations Encyclopedia of Public Health COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. IMMUNIZATIONS. Immunization is the induction of ... Immunization Child Development COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. IMMUNIZATION. Immunization is recognized as one of the ... www.immunisation.nhs.uk The NHS immunization website Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/divisions-diagnostics-and-procedures/medicine/immunization

... research and other resources to assist reporters in their research on immunization. ... Media-Kit-Immunization AAP.org > About the AAP > News Room > AAP Press Room Media Center > Media Kit: Immunization ... AAP.org , English , About the AAP , News Room , AAP Press Room Media Center , Media Kit: Immunization ... Influenza Immunization for All Health Care Personnel: Keep It Mandatory; AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics, Oct ...

https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/aap-press-room-media-center/Pages/Media-Kit-Immunization.aspx

Significant findings in the report, Adult Immunization: Shots to Save Lives, include:. *40,000 to 50,000 adults die annually ... Millions of adults living in the U.S. are not up to date on their needed immunizations, leaving them at risk for preventable ... According to the report, key reasons for the low immunization rates include a lack of knowledge about the safety and ... The CDCs National Immunization Program offers an interactive vaccine scheduler health departments may find valuable in their ...

https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2010/02/adult-immunization.html

Current: School Immunization Data. School Immunization Data. The ISDH Immunization Division has created two publicly available ... If you need this data in another format or are looking for additional Indiana immunization data, please contact the ... presents statewide data for kindergarten and 6th grade compliance with and exemptions from Indiana school immunization ... reports highlighting immunization data from the state.. The first, the "School Coverage Assessment Data," ...

http://in.gov/isdh/26683.htm

Public Health England: Consultant in Public Health - Screening & Immunisation Lead Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation ... Immunization Confusion. Br Med J 1958; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5063.158-c (Published 18 January 1958) Cite this as ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/1/5063/158.4

... also called immunizations or inoculations, can prevent many life-threatening diseases. Learn about how they protect you and ... What are immunization and vaccination?. Immunization is the process of becoming protected against a disease. But it can also ... Article: Analysis of immunization errors in pregnant women. * Article: Risk prediction of covid-19 related death and hospital ... Vaccinations for Adults with Diabetes (Immunization Action Coalition) - PDF * Vaccine Safety: MedlinePlus Health Topic ( ...

https://medlineplus.gov/vaccines.html

Immunization Schedules. Br Med J 1968; 4 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.4.5625.253 (Published 26 October 1968) Cite this as: ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/4/5625/253.2

The annual immunization survey is administered by the Immunization Program of the Department of Public Health in collaboration ... Annual Immunization SurveyChild care providers continue to play an instrumental role in assuring that Connecticut children are ... Annual Immunization Survey. Annual Immunization Survey. Child care providers continue to play an instrumental role in assuring ... The annual immunization survey is administered by the Immunization Program of the Department of Public Health in collaboration ...

http://www.ct.gov/oec/cwp/view.asp?A=4638&Q=589892

With immunization one of the most cost-effective public health interventions, UNICEF is helping Viet Nam protect children from ... Immunization With immunization one of the most cost-effective public health interventions, UNICEF is helping Viet Nam protect ... Immunization is also a wise financial investment - with every $1 invested in immunization returning an estimated $16 in ... Measles and Rubella immunizations at health care centre in Oc Eo district town, Thoai Son, An Giang province. ...

https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/immunization

This program is an immunization education campaign designed to increase the publics knowledge of immunizations while raising ... APhA-ASP encourages participants to continually increase community awareness of immunization information and advise patients on ... where they can obtain the proper immunizations year-round. ...

https://www.etsu.edu/pharmacy/current_students/student_life/organizations/apha_asp/operation_immunization/default.php

Although this early immunization is the most effective way to protect against flu, it is not too late to receive the vaccine in ... Immunization does not always prevent the flu and the degree of protection may vary between individuals, but people who do get ... Other people who should avoid immunization include the following:. *People who have ever experienced a severe allergic reaction ... Various side effects are associated with flu immunization. Possible mild side effects include the following:. *Swelling, ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Influenza-Immunization.aspx

ZAGURY, D., LÉONARD, R., FOUCHARD, M. et al. Immunization against AIDS in humans. Nature 326, 249-250 (1987). https://doi.org/ ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/326249a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7cc03ac5-6a63-4787-ab70-42c9c5edd836

And if it turns out you missed one or more of the required immunizations, you can still get them from your doctor - its never ... Girls who are pregnant can benefit from some immunizations (like the Tdap or flu shot) but should talk to a doctor or health ... But its impossible to escape the fact that some immunizations are just best given as shots. And its completely normal to feel ... Since vaccines can take a while to start working, ask your doctor well in advance which immunizations youll need. If youre ...

http://kidshealth.org/CookChildrens/en/teens/immunizations.html

The anti-vaccine lobby has only grown more powerful as measles spreads across the U.S. Unless congressional action is taken, other vaccine-preventable diseases are likely to rise ...

https://www.newsweek.com/topic/immunizations

The National Adult Immunization Plan (NAIP) provides an overview of actions needed to be undertaken by federal and nonfederal ... National Adult Immunization Plan (NAIP)has sub items, National Adult Immunization Plan (NAIP)*Goal 1: Strengthen the Adult ... The National Adult Immunization Plan (NAIP) provides an overview of actions needed to be undertaken by federal and nonfederal ... Tell us how you or your organization are working to uphold the goals of the National Adult Immunization Plan or the Path to ...

https://www.hhs.gov/nvpo/national-adult-immunization-plan/index.html?language=en

The Centers for Disease Controls advisory committee on immunization met Wednesday in an emergency session to set priorities ...

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/tag/immunization/page/2

Use this immunization schedule as a handy reference. ... Common Questions About Immunizations. *Who Should Get the Flu ... This schedule of recommended immunizations may vary depending upon where you live, your childs health, the type of vaccine, ... Hib: This third dose may be needed, depending on the brand of vaccine used in previous Hib immunizations. ... RV: This third dose may be needed, depending on the brand of vaccine used in previous RV immunizations. ...

https://www.kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/parents/immunization-chart.html?WT.ac=p-ra

Booster Shots 2017 are immunization education workshops for healthcare providers, nurses and office staff. (eventbrite.com)
The Medline and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published up to January 2017 on the topic of immunization in pregnancy. (nih.gov)

The country's national Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), with UNICEF support, has led to the successful eradication of polio, elimination of neonatal tetanus and control of measles. (unicef.org)
polio was included in the Expanded Program on Immunization, launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1974, and by 1989 the proportion of children being immunized rose to some 67 percent. (britannica.com)
Elimination of polio from North America in 1991 provided further proof that immunization is a powerful weapon for combating infectious diseases. (encyclopedia.com)
MALABO, Equatorial Guinea , April 17, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The Secretary of State for Public Health in Equatorial Guinea , Práxedes Rabat Macambo, led an informational meeting from the country's continental region (also known as Rio Muni or Mbini) to brief healthcare providers on the polio immunization campaign that will be launched next week. (prnewswire.com)
A cornerstone of the polio eradication strategy is the need to ensure high (more than 80%) immunization coverage of children in the first year of life, with at least three doses of oral polio vaccine as part of national routine immunization schedules. (polioeradication.org)
While routine immunization alone cannot eradicate the disease, good routine oral polio vaccine coverage increases population immunity, reduces the incidence of polio and makes eradication feasible. (polioeradication.org)
According to WHO/UNICEF immunization coverage estimates, 86% of infants received three doses of oral polio vaccine in 2010, compared with 75% in 1990. (polioeradication.org)
Polio-free countries must continue to ensure high levels of immunization coverage to prevent the re-establishment of poliovirus through importations from other countries. (polioeradication.org)
An increasing number of industrialized, polio-free countries are using inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in routine immunization schedules. (polioeradication.org)
3] Throughout the twentieth century and thus far throughout the beginning of the 21st century, the effective active immunization associated with the Polio vaccination has contributed to the disease almost being eradicated worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
4] A lot of the concern and pushback which has prevented the effective distribution of the Polio active immunization throughout parts of Nigeria and elsewhere have not only been terrorist activity and the killing of aid workers, but also false and rumored sterilization initiatives from Western physicians. (wikipedia.org)

ACIP 2019 Adult Schedule: What You Need to Know Dr Sandy Fryhofer, an internist and liaison to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, reviews key changes in the 2019 adult immunization schedule. (medscape.com)
In the United States , recommendations for vaccine use are made by the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, in conjunction with the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Practice, American College of Physicians (representing adult medicine specialists), and other professional organizations. (encyclopedia.com)
To protect the health of the public, all individuals should be immunized against vaccine-preventable diseases according to the best and most current evidence outlined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (nursingworld.org)
In October 2015, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended considering the use of either vaccine for adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 23 years. (medscape.com)
The following guidelines are presented for the purpose of meeting the established recommendations for control of vaccine-preventable diseases, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to the United States Public Health Service (ACIP), and the American College Health Association (ACHA). (lsu.edu)
The CDC\u2019s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices now recommends this vaccine for shingles. (aarp.org)

Students who are not in compliance with the immunization requirements may be excluded from school until the required vaccinations are obtained. (google.com)

The first, the "School Coverage Assessment Data," presents statewide data for kindergarten and 6th grade compliance with and exemptions from Indiana school immunization requirements in school year 2014-2015. (in.gov)

Vaccine pharmacovigilance ― defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and communication of adverse events following immunization and other vaccine- or immunization-related issues, and to the prevention of untoward effects of the vaccine or immunization ― is a critical component in global immunization activities that requires further strengthening. (who.int)
This erosion in public confidence commonly occurs after rare cases of 'adverse events following immunization', with negative media stories erroneously linking cases of child deaths to immunization without the full facts. (unicef.org)
This outreach is critically important to build and retain public trust to combat 'vaccine hesitancy', especially during cases of 'adverse events following immunization' and media misreporting. (unicef.org)

The Alliance is committed to raising levels of immunization in the United States. (aap.org)
Call to Action: This document stated the Alliance's commitment to ensure adequate levels of immunization in the U.S. and called on health professionals, the public, the media and the government to support this goal. (aap.org)
As the current measles outbreak in Alberta shows, eradicating a communicable disease requires an on-going commitment to very high levels of immunization in the population and, if individuals are not vaccinated, there is potential risk to themselves, their families and their communities. (newswire.ca)

Find specific immunisation and vaccination elearning materials using our search function, located in the top right of this page. (skillsplatform.org)

Also addressed are the potential legal implications of immunisation and vaccination, including diligent record-keeping, and compliance with vaccination schedules. (skillsplatform.org)
Children are given pendant necklaces with an embedded QR code that works in sync with a smartphone app to provide vaccination schedules and immunization records. (yankodesign.com)
Gives recommendations/schedules for immunizations for adults and children. (associationdatabase.com)

Active immunization involves administration of an antigenic substance that then induces development of protective antibodies by the person immunized. (encyclopedia.com)
Substances used for active immunization include vaccines and toxoids. (encyclopedia.com)
Active immunization is the process of inducing immunity without causing disease. (encyclopedia.com)
Therefore, by exposing an animal to an immunogen in a controlled way, its body can learn to protect itself: this is called active immunization. (wikipedia.org)
Active immunization can occur naturally when a person comes in contact with, for example, a microbe. (wikipedia.org)
Active immunization is the induction of immunity after exposure to an antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Active immunization can occur naturally when a microbe or other antigen is received by a person who has not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defense. (wikipedia.org)
Artificial active immunization is where the microbe is injected into the person before they are able to take it in naturally. (wikipedia.org)
A common example of this form of active immunization is vaccinations, which have led to several controversies in the past and even present regarding their safety. (wikipedia.org)

The Centers for Disease Control's advisory committee on immunization met Wednesday in an emergency session to set priorities for who should receive the H1N1 influenza vaccine now in development. (pbs.org)
The effects of maternal immunization on the prevention of maternal and infant disease have been demonstrated in observational and prospective studies of influenza and pertussis disease in the United States and worldwide. (nih.gov)
Immunizations with HBV, tetanus and influenza vaccines were determined from computerized medical records. (immunizationinfo.org)

Providers are not required to obtain any documentation or communication from SCDHEC regarding Immunization Registry Reporting for Program Year 2019 of the Medicaid Promoting Interoperability Program. (scdhec.gov)

One of the things I like most about spring is that my 52-week-a-year job gets extra attention for one full week: World Immunization Week. (cnn.com)
As five African countries prepare to celebrate World Immunization Week (24-30 April) with the impending introduction of new vaccines, the GAVI Alliance is finalising plans to build on its successes with a major drive to increase access to vaccines and the impact of immunisation programmes by 2020. (euractiv.com)

Revaxis® is a combined vaccine offering immunisation for diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis. (skillsplatform.org)
In 2001, only 77.2% of US toddlers 19 to 35 months of age had received their basic immunization series of 4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, 3 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine, 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, and 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine. (aappublications.org)
Louisiana law (R.S. 17:170 - Schools of Higher Learning) requires proof of dates of immunization against measles, mumps, rubella, and tetanus-diphtheria for all first-time LSU students born on or after January 1, 1957, and for reentering students (born on or after January 1, 1957) who have been out of school for one semester or longer. (lsu.edu)

Attached are the current immunization requirements for the 2018-19 school year. (google.com)

Every student must have documented proof of immunization, laboratory evidence of immunity, or a written exemption on file yearly (religious, medical, or philosophical) for school attendance. (google.com)
Immunization is the induction of immunity against an infectious disease by a means other than experiencing the natural infection. (encyclopedia.com)
Passive immunization refers to temporary immunity resulting from antibodies developed by someone else, either through administration of immune globulin (e.g., gamma globulin , rabies immune globulin) or through the natural transfer across the placenta of antibodies developed by the mother, which provide protection to the newborn infant. (encyclopedia.com)
Homoeopathy and Immunization explains the argument against immunization, pointing out the ill effects and dangers, and offers safe homoeopathic solutions that use the body's built-in immunity system, strengthened by good food and satisfactory living conditions. (penguin.co.uk)
5] Immunization Vaccination Passive immunity Miller, Elizabeth (2015). (wikipedia.org)

This schedule of recommended immunizations may vary depending upon where you live, your child's health, the type of vaccine, and the vaccines available. (kidshealth.org)
It is the responsibility of parents to update their child's immunization record or provide a valid exemption form to the Health Unit. (hkpr.on.ca)
Enter your child's information to get a personalized immunization schedule. (babycenter.com)
Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Your Child's Immunization in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
REMEMBER to have your child's immunization records up-to-date in time for the new school year. (aacps.org)

The MGH Travel & Immunization Center is also a Member of the Heading Home Healthy Program, also supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and coordinated by Mass General. (massgeneral.org)
April 29, 2008 -- Fewer children in the United States are getting the immunizations they need, putting themselves and others at much greater risk of contracting and spreading vaccine-preventable diseases, new research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests. (go.com)
This clinical report focuses on increasing adherence to the universally recommended vaccines in the annual adolescent immunization schedule of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (aappublications.org)

This tool is based on the 2020 immunization schedule published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and is intended for general education purposes only. (babycenter.com)

1 The 1995 AAP policy statement "Implementation of the Immunization Policy" supported specific guidelines to improve the vaccine delivery system and increase immunization rates. (aappublications.org)
In this video Dr. Marie Brown and Sandra R. discuss steps they have incorporated in their intake and rooming process that have resulted in increase immunization rates in their office. (acponline.org)

The ISDH Immunization Division has created two publicly available reports highlighting immunization data from the state. (in.gov)

For vaccine recommendations for persons 18 years of age or younger, see the Recommended Child/ Adolescent Immunization Schedule . (cdc.gov)
With the expansion of the adolescent immunization schedule during the past decade, immunization rates notably vary by vaccine and by state. (aappublications.org)
It has been suggested that the adolescent immunization schedule would draw even more adolescents to the pediatrician's office, where additional necessary screening and preventive services could be performed. (aappublications.org)
An overview of the epidemiology, current recommendations, and barriers associated with the adolescent immunization schedule is discussed in a separate clinical report, "The Need to Optimize Adolescent Immunization" ( www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2016-4186 ). (aappublications.org)

Proof of immunization for 2 measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) is required for all students. (astate.edu)
The measles vaccine is part of the measles-mumps-rubella immunizations (MMR) given at 12 to 15 months of age and again at 4 to 6 years of age. (news24.com)

Students must have documentation of having received the Tdap immunization after their 10th birthday or an exemption on file. (google.com)
This study calculated the costs of vaccinating adolescents and adults with Tdap vaccine and the benefits that would result from such immunizations in terms of cases of pertussis prevented and lives saved ( cost-benefit analysis ). (immunizationinfo.org)

The Health Unit does not receive reports of immunizations from healthcare providers or schools. (hkpr.on.ca)
Students without complete records or a valid exemption on file at the Health Unit may be suspended as per the Immunization of School Pupils Act. (hkpr.on.ca)
Health professionals and immunisation practitioners can keep up to date with developments in the field and updates to the Green Book through regular Vaccine Update newsletters. (www.gov.uk)
Information for public health professionals on immunisation. (www.gov.uk)
A child shall be exempted from these immunization requirements if s/he presents written documentation from his/her physician that immunization will be detrimental to his/her health. (google.com)
Immunizations may be obtained at no cost at the Manchester Health Department during its immunization clinics. (google.com)
Click on the map or in the box below to access the state/city/island immunization or public health website. (cdc.gov)
Millions of adults living in the U.S. are not up to date on their needed immunizations, leaving them at risk for preventable illnesses and even death, according to a new report released by Trust for America's Health (TFAH), the Infectious Diseases Society and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (rwjf.org)
The CDC's National Immunization Program offers an interactive vaccine scheduler health departments may find valuable in their efforts to educate providers and communities about adult immunizations. (rwjf.org)
The annual immunization survey is administered by the Immunization Program of the Department of Public Health in collaboration with the Child Care Licensing Program of the Connecticut Office of Early Childhood. (ct.gov)
With immunization one of the most cost-effective public health interventions, UNICEF is helping Viet Nam protect children from illness and disability. (unicef.org)
We also work closely with partners to equip parents and communities with the knowledge they need to protect their children, with training of frontline health workers on how to inform families about the benefits of immunization. (unicef.org)
The National Adult Immunization Plan (NAIP) provides an overview of actions needed to be undertaken by federal and nonfederal partners to protect public health and achieve optimal prevention of infectious diseases and their consequences through vaccination of adults. (hhs.gov)
A record of immunization may be a baby book, Health Passport, family Bible, other states' official immunization documents, International Health Certificate, immunization records, physician record, school health records, or other similar documents or history. (hslda.org)
This form should be filed along with the affidavit by parents who are conducting a home education program and claiming a religious exemption from immunizations and/or health and medical services for their children. (hslda.org)
The Indiana State Department of Health Immunization Program strives to prevent disease, disability and death in children, adolescents and adults through vaccination. (in.us)
The goal is to reduce the burden and costs of office visits, give Hoosiers another tool to better manage their health care and increase childhood immunization rates. (in.us)
For instance, you will no longer have to refer an uninsured child to a public health center for immunizations. (houstontx.gov)
Leslie Speight was the owner and director of Homeopathic Publishing Company and later of Health Science Press, through which he published several of his own works on homoeopathic medicine including, Homeopathy and Immunisation and Sports Injuries and their Treatment by Homeopathy and Acupressure, as well as many titles by his wife, Phyllis Speight. (penguin.co.uk)
Public health interventions and an enhanced immunization program could improve health for Inuit children and lower healthcare costs, Canadian researchers say. (redorbit.com)
2)(a) The form presented on or after July 22, 2011, must include a statement to be signed by a health care practitioner stating that he or she provided the signator with information about the benefits and risks of immunization to the child. (wa.gov)
All health care personnel (HCP), including registered nurses (RNs), should be vaccinated according to current recommendations for immunization of HCP by the CDC and Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC). (nursingworld.org)
Maternal immunization has the potential to improve the health of mothers and young infants and therefore, other diseases of relevance during this period are now targets of active research and vaccine development, including group B streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus. (nih.gov)
More specific information regarding any & all immunizations can be obtained at The Student Health Center. (astate.edu)
The goal of VIIS is to support individuals, families and clinicians in making the best health decisions by providing a statewide, readily accessible and reliable Immunization Information System. (virginia.gov)
VIIS is the best information system for health care providers to obtain proof of immunization. (virginia.gov)
Disease prevention by immunization is a public health priority for both pediatricians and society as a whole. (aappublications.org)
Comprehensive and timely immunization of young children has been a major goal of pediatric health care, as evidenced by the first American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement on immunization in 1977, which called for universal childhood immunization. (aappublications.org)
Childhood immunization rates are one of the 10 leading health indicators used to assess the health of the nation as part of Healthy People 2010 . (aappublications.org)
Each year, the World Health Organization uses the last week of April to turn attention to saving lives through immunization. (cnn.com)
In 1798, Edward Jenner (1749-1823) proved the effectiveness of vaccination as a strategy in preventing smallpox, and in 1956, the World Health Organization (WHO) in conjunction with national governments began a immunization program to eradicate smallpox from the world. (encyclopedia.com)
Massachusetts State Law requires registered full-time, part-time, full-time health science, and part-time visa-carrying students to show proof of required immunizations. (bc.edu)
Yet, strikingly, up to 65% of parents reported not receiving a recommendation from a health care provider for immunizations. (aappublications.org)
This week is the World Health Organisation's 10th annual European Immunisation Week. (euractiv.com)
A medical exemption must be completed if you are unable to get the required immunizations because these immunizations would endanger your life or your health or are medically contraindicated because of another medical condition. (csbsju.edu)
You can review with your provider your current health, your current immunizations and talk with him/her about any issues you are concerned about as you enter this next stage of your life. (csbsju.edu)
The LSU Student Health Center (SHC) will automatically receive immunization information for in-state students. (lsu.edu)
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) declares readiness for the Immunization Registry Measure 1 of Objective 8 for Stage 3 of Meaningful Use upon the deployment of the new Immunization Information System (IIS), which will be known as Statewide Immunization Online Network (SIMON). (scdhec.gov)
The Meaningful Use program offers an Immunization Registry Reporting measure under the Public Health Reporting objective. (scdhec.gov)
The following documents provide guidance for health care organizations seeking to send Immunization Registry messages to DHEC. (scdhec.gov)
Immunization of health care workers each decade would prevent 20,000 100,000 cases of pertussis and would save $30 million to $151 million. (immunizationinfo.org)
Because it could impact the immunizations recommended to maintain your health, please review the behaviors listed below and check those that are applicable. (riteaid.com)
Ohio's Statewide Immunization Information System - The Immunization registry is provided with the support and assistance of the Ohio Health Care Community, the Ohio Department of Health has developed a web-based application to link the state's immunization registry to your practice. (associationdatabase.com)
The Health Ministry's National Immunization Program has a long history of success. (ap.org)
Topics in this issue include information about federal lobbying restrictions, administrative preparedness, reduction of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, billing for immunization programs, the role of public health law in accreditation, use of zoning laws to promote health equity, and opioid prescribing guidelines. (constantcontact.com)
I Raise the Rates is a collaborative, data-driven campaign to support patients, physicians, health care teams, systems, and communities in raising adult immunization rates and reducing vaccine preventable diseases. (acponline.org)

Routine immunization of infants and young children with pertussis-containing vaccines in the 1940s led to a dramatic decline in the number of cases and deaths due to pertussis. (immunizationinfo.org)
This has prompted consideration of booster pertussis immunizations for older age groups. (immunizationinfo.org)
It particularly favors the immunization of adolescents 10-19 years of age because they have a higher incidence of pertussis and its complications than the other groups. (immunizationinfo.org)
In addition to increasing pertussis immunization levels for all children, new strategies such as adolescent pertussis immunization are needed to prevent infection in very young infants. (immunizationinfo.org)

Traditionally, the government has measured immunization noncompliance by tallying up only missed doses of a vaccine. (go.com)
In this new research, the CDC recalculated immunization compliance to include vaccine lapses in addition to missed doses. (go.com)

The companion document, the National Adult Immunization Plan: A Path to Implementation facilitates action on the goals outlined in the NAIP by identifying 8 implementation priorities and suggesting potential activities to support each priority. (hhs.gov)
The NAIP outlines ways we can work together to overcome barriers to adult immunization, strengthen infrastructure and improve adult vaccination rates. (hhs.gov)
Many stakeholders play a role in improving the adult immunization system. (hhs.gov)
Tell us how you or your organization are working to uphold the goals of the National Adult Immunization Plan or the Path to Implementation guidance! (hhs.gov)
The Travelers' Advice and Immunization Practices specialize in the care of the routine adult and pediatric traveler, as well as care of the long-term, high-risk, specialty, immunocompromised, pediatric or pregnant traveler. (massgeneral.org)
c) A written certification signed by any parent or legal guardian of the child or any adult in loco parentis to the child that the signator has either a philosophical or personal objection to the immunization of the child. (wa.gov)
All students may utilize the First Care Clinic on Parker Road for adult immunizations, call (870) 972-8181 for an appointment. (astate.edu)
I Raise the Rates initiative provides important resources as well as vaccine information to help clinicians increase adult immunization in their practices. (acponline.org)
This resource hub was developed as part of ACP's I Raise the Rates initiative to assist physicians and their teams to assess, understand and improve adult immunization rates and patient outcomes in their clinical settings. (acponline.org)

This includes, in particular, immunization programme and national regulatory authorities strengthening together with the development of national expert advisory bodies. (who.int)

These course materials explain the mechanism of immunisation and how this works to prevent the spread of potentially lethal diseases within the UK. (skillsplatform.org)
Immunisation and vaccination training for the NHS and private healthcare sector further provides current information on vaccine-preventable diseases, and their associated medications. (skillsplatform.org)
Many of these children are not receiving the complete series of immunizations required to protect them from vaccine-preventable diseases. (houstontx.gov)
It's really important that parents understand how important it is to get their kids vaccinated on time and within the recommended guidelines," lead study investigator Elizabeth Luman of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases said. (go.com)
This home-study has been approved by the Ohio State Board of Pharmacy as a supplemental course for pharmacists who were previously trained to administer immunizations, but whose training did not include these diseases and vaccines. (associationdatabase.com)
Mission -- The mission of the Houston Immunization Bureau is to improve immunization coverage levels and protect Houston communities from vaccine-preventable diseases. (houstontx.gov)
Immunization not only protects children against deadly diseases but also helps in developing children's immune systems. (wikipedia.org)
Through the use of immunizations, some infections and diseases have almost completely been eradicated throughout the United States and the World. (wikipedia.org)

This program is an immunization education campaign designed to increase the public's knowledge of immunizations while raising the number of adults receiving immunizations. (etsu.edu)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunization is recommended for all infants, children, adolescents, and high-risk adults in the United States for protection from serious liver disease including liver cancer. (immunizationinfo.org)
Immunization Quiz: What Vaccines Do Older Adults Need? (aarp.org)

Based on these new criteria, the CDC found that immunization compliance was actually 9 percentage points lower than previous estimates, dropping the compliance rate from 81 percent to 72 percent. (go.com)
Please submit the UNF immunization form to the medical compliance office. (unf.edu)
Refer to the Immunization Compliance Form for requirements. (lsu.edu)

The new 2016 recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents includes guidance for use of the two recently licensed meningococcal B vaccines and the 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine. (medscape.com)
Cite this: New Vaccines in 2016 Pediatric Immunization Schedule - Medscape - Feb 01, 2016. (medscape.com)

Experts also blamed the president, a far-right former army captain, for fueling anti-vaccine sentiment in Brazil, compromising the mass immunization effort. (ap.org)

and slideshows of global immunization campaigns, past and present. (houstontx.gov)

This will be accomplished by (1) examining strategies that heighten confidence in immunizations and address patient and parental concerns to promote adolescent immunization and (2) exploring how best to approach the adolescent and family to improve immunization rates. (aappublications.org)

Stage 3 Objective 8, Measure 1 (immunization registry reporting) Exclusion #3: "Any EP who operates in a jurisdiction where no immunization registry or immunization information system has declared readiness to receive immunization data as of 6 months prior to the start of the EHR reporting period. (scdhec.gov)

To help achieve this, we are working to build and maintain a strong national immunization supply chain system to ensure the quality and supply of vaccines through effective evaluation and management. (unicef.org)

Despite many recent advances in vaccine delivery, the goal for universal immunization set in 1977 has not been reached. (aappublications.org)

The PINs can be used by individuals to log in to a secure website and check immunization history for themselves and their children as it is recorded in the Indiana Children and Hoosiers Immunization Registry Program (CHIRP). (in.us)
The Virginia Immunization Information System (VIIS) is a free statewide registry system which combines immunization histories for persons of all ages from both the public and the private sector. (virginia.gov)
Data exchange is a method of transferring immunization data from an existing electronic system and into the Virginia Immunization Registry System (VIIS). (virginia.gov)
As SCDHEC's Immunization Registry has not declared readiness to accept transmissions in the requirements set forth in Meaningful Use Stage 3. (scdhec.gov)
The Immunization Registry for the State of South Carolina is mandated in the SC Code Section 44-29-40 (B) Regulation 61-120. (scdhec.gov)
As such, the Immunization Registry consolidates the vaccination history for patients who visit multiple providers and protects the public from over- or under-immunization. (scdhec.gov)
DHEC currently accepts Immunization Registry messages from all certified immunization providers. (scdhec.gov)
For additional information or questions regarding the Immunization Registry, please send an email to [email protected] . (scdhec.gov)
See if the state of Texas has an online registry for immunizations, most states do. (medhelp.org)

Immunization is the best way to protect children and families. (aap.org)
The recommended schedule of immunizations in the year 2000 for infants and young children is shown in Figure 1. (encyclopedia.com)
In Viet Nam, immunization has saved millions of lives and protected countless children from illness and disability. (unicef.org)
Home-schooled children are still permitted to forgo immunization. (newsweek.com)
UNICEF provides urgently needed basic items for children in transit camps and host communities as well as vaccines to support the ongoing immunization of Syrian children. (unicef.org)
I'm going through my tickler file of children late for immunizations and am using VIIS before I send out letters. (virginia.gov)
Children who are members of a racial or ethnic minority, who are poor, or who live in inner-city or rural areas have lower immunization rates than do children in the general population. (aappublications.org)
Pediatricians should work individually and collectively at local and national levels to ensure that all children receive all childhood immunizations on time. (aappublications.org)
2 Many of the 1995 recommendations have been achieved, including the improvement of immunization financing through the Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program, 3 production of parent-friendly vaccine information statements (VIS), promotion of the Standards for Child and Adolescent Immunization Practices, 4 and development of safer and combined vaccines. (aappublications.org)
6 Therefore, almost one quarter of America's children lack at least 1 of the basic childhood immunizations. (aappublications.org)
This year, the week's theme is Close the Immunization Gap, centering on the need to reach the 1.5 million children who still don't receive the life-saving vaccines they need. (cnn.com)
Hepatitis B is endemic in Africa, which is why routine immunisation of children has been introduced fairly recently. (news24.com)
If uniformly high immunization coverage is not maintained, pockets of non-immunized children build up, favouring continued spread and outbreaks of the poliovirus. (polioeradication.org)

If you're eligible, you can get the measles vaccine for free under the National Immunisation Program (NIP). (health.gov.au)
Code §§ 23.81 through 23.87 require that parents conducting a home education program submit a Certificate of Immunization or a record of immunization to school officials as proof of immunization. (hslda.org)
The Travel & Immunization Center is a Member of the Global TravEpiNet Program . (massgeneral.org)
RCW 28A.210.090: Immunization program-Exemptions. (wa.gov)
Immunization program - Exemptions. (wa.gov)
The Expanded Program on Immunization begun in 1974 by the WHO provides similar support worldwide for childhood vaccination. (encyclopedia.com)
The program seeks to assist interprofessional teams in both understanding the immunization rates of their patients and making practice changes that promote immunizations and reduce disparities. (acponline.org)

If you need this data in another format or are looking for additional Indiana immunization data, please contact the Immunization division at 1-800-701-0704 or [email protected] . (in.gov)

For human papillomavirus immunization, the new vaccine nomenclature has been changed to "9vHPV," to denote Merck's Gardasil 9 , which was licensed in December 2014 to replace the prior 4-valent version. (medscape.com)

The success of the smallpox campaign proved that effective immunization strategies could eradicate disease. (encyclopedia.com)
The result was the upcoming immunization campaign. (prnewswire.com)
Americans should anticipate a massive immunization campaign in late September. (washingtontimes.com)
An immunization campaign could start in late September, Mrs. Sebelius said. (washingtontimes.com)

A vaccine, or immunization, schedule lists which vaccines are recommended for different groups of people. (medlineplus.gov)
Each record also features the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's ACIP Immunization Schedule so parents can plan for future immunizations. (in.us)
In "Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0 through 18 Years," the order of the vaccines was changed to group them by the recommended age of administration. (medscape.com)

They're calling it "passive immunization," and it could be the next step on the path to a cure. (extremetech.com)
Passive immunization is direct introduction of these elements into the body, instead of production of these elements by the body itself. (wikipedia.org)
Immunization can be achieved in an active or passive manner: vaccination is an active form of immunization. (wikipedia.org)

Immunization of adolescents 10-19 years of age would be expected to prevent 0.4-1.8 million cases among the adolescents, saving $1.3-1.6 billion. (immunizationinfo.org)

Immunization and billing resources for healthcare providers and patients. (associationdatabase.com)

Parents of students transferring into the District must present proof within thirty days of entrance of meeting all immunization requirements. (google.com)
Some jobs also require proof of immunization - for example, if you are working or volunteering in a hospital. (kidshealth.org)
Through MyVaxIndiana, Hoosiers will have the ability to download, fax, or print official proof of immunization, which can be used for school, travel or other purposes. (in.us)
You may either provide proof of vaccination or opt to sign the waiver on our immunization form. (unf.edu)

Religious or medical contraindication exemptions must be filed with the Vincennes University Immunizations, WAB1. (vinu.edu)

Despite these achievements, the EPI today faces newly emerging challenges to protect these hard-won gains and reach communities with low immunization rates. (unicef.org)

Youth over the age of 16 years are responsible for updating their own immunization records. (hkpr.on.ca)
HSLDA members may use one of these forms, either to submit their immunization records or file religious exemption. (hslda.org)
MyVaxIndiana is a user friendly concept which allows Hoosiers to directly access immunization records from any computer through the use of a personal identification number (PIN). (in.us)
Copies of your immunization records are acceptable as long as they are signed by the clinician or have a school or clinic stamp on the copy. (astate.edu)
When we are reviewing immunization records at the start of the year for students new to the county it is great to see if they are there instead of calling parents or doctor offices! (virginia.gov)
Please upload your immunization records. (unf.edu)
The immunization records were not verified, however. (immunizationinfo.org)
I had my MMR shots when I was a child and I am trying to enroll in a college now, and they need a copy of my immunization records. (medhelp.org)

Alliance members have met with high-ranking HHS officials to discuss ways to help the government's H1N1 flu immunization efforts nationally. (aap.org)
The government's COVID-19 immunization plan, finally released on Dec. 16, lacked essential details: How many doses would be sent to each state and how would they be refrigerated and delivered? (ap.org)

One of the most important benefits is removing barriers to immunizations. (houstontx.gov)

Adhere to stringent regulations surrounding immunisation and vaccination training procedures by ensuring your staff have access to adequate training and up-to-date information on best practices. (skillsplatform.org)
Our Travelers' Advice and Immunization Practices provide complete pre-travel medical evaluation, including education about prevention of illness (food and water precautions, mosquito precautions, precautions for altitude sickness) and immunizations and prophylaxis. (massgeneral.org)
These workshops are held throughout Idaho and provide updates and education about immunization best practices. (eventbrite.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms25

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs111

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes26

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science3

Named Groups2

Health Care11

Geographicals2

Suppression of Moloney sarcoma virus immunity following sensitization with attenuated virus. (1/7909)

Transcutaneous immunization with bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxins as antigens and adjuvants. (2/7909)

Zonula occludens toxin is a powerful mucosal adjuvant for intranasally delivered antigens. (3/7909)

Noncompetitive expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for different antigens during bacterial infection. (4/7909)

Ovine MHC class II DRB1 alleles associated with resistance or susceptibility to development of bovine leukemia virus-induced ovine lymphoma. (5/7909)

Immunosurveillance and the evaluation of national immunization programmes: a population-based approach. (6/7909)

Rubella immunisation and contraception--a case for re-examining the policy of the Department of Health and Social Security. (7/7909)

Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. (8/7909)

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Immunization

Immunization Programs

Immunization Schedule

Immunization, Secondary

Immunization, Passive

Vaccination

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Vaccines

Vaccines, Synthetic

Vaccines, DNA

Antibody Formation

Immunoglobulin G

Administration, Intranasal

Antibodies, Bacterial

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Viral Vaccines

Antibodies, Viral

Tetanus Toxoid

Measles Vaccine

Immunity, Mucosal

Influenza Vaccines

Tetanus

Immunoglobulin A

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine

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Vaccines, Inactivated

Measles

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

Hepatitis B Vaccines

Diphtheria Toxoid

Immunity, Cellular

Injections, Intramuscular

Immunoglobulin A, Secretory

Immunity, Maternally-Acquired

Spleen

Vaccines, Combined

Antigens, Bacterial

Epitopes

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Pertussis Vaccine

AIDS Vaccines

Cholera Toxin

Injections, Intradermal

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Cross Reactions

Rubella Vaccine

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Vaccines, Conjugate

Diphtheria

Poliomyelitis

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CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

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Administration, Oral

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Interferon-gamma

Haemophilus Vaccines

Pneumococcal Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Malaria Vaccines

Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic

Ovalbumin

Injections, Subcutaneous

Alum Compounds

Hypersensitivity, Delayed

Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral

Immunologic Memory