Immunity cellular. Medical search

Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).

Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.

Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.

The non-susceptibility to infection of a large group of individuals in a population. A variety of factors can be responsible for herd immunity and this gives rise to the different definitions used in the literature. Most commonly, herd immunity refers to the case when, if most of the population is immune, infection of a single individual will not cause an epidemic. Also, in such immunized populations, susceptible individuals are not likely to become infected. Herd immunity can also refer to the case when unprotected individuals fail to contract a disease because the infecting organism has been banished from the population.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

A large family of cell surface receptors that bind conserved molecular structures (PAMPS) present in pathogens. They play important roles in host defense by mediating cellular responses to pathogens.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.

Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Infections with bacteria of the genus LISTERIA.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Experimentally induced tumor that produces MELANIN in animals to provide a model for studying human MELANOMA.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Protection conferred on a host by inoculation with one strain or component of a microorganism that prevents infection when later challenged with a similar strain. Most commonly the microorganism is a virus.

The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.

CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.

Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.

Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.

An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.

An intracellular signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR and INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTORS signal transduction. It forms a signaling complex with the activated cell surface receptors and members of the IRAK KINASES.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Diseases of plants.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.

A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.

An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. It interacts with multiple ligands including PEPTIDOGLYCAN, bacterial LIPOPROTEINS, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of PORINS.

Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.

The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.

Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.

A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals.

Class I-restricted activation of CD8-POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES resulting from ANTIGEN PRESENTATION of exogenous ANTIGENS (cross-presentation). This is in contrast to normal activation of these lymphocytes (direct-priming) which results from presentation of endogenous antigens.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.

A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.

Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. This can include IMMUNIZATION or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances.

A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.

DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.

A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.

The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA.

The ability of tumors to evade destruction by the IMMUNE SYSTEM. Theories concerning possible mechanisms by which this takes place involve both cellular immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and humoral immunity (ANTIBODY FORMATION), and also costimulatory pathways related to CD28 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD28) and CD80 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD80).

A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Subset of helper-effector T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22. These cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.

Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: a clinical test of monocyte function. (1/7321)

The lack of a simple, rapid, and quantitative test of the functional activity of the monocyte has hampered studies of the contribution of this cell type to host defense and human disease. This report describes an assay of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which depends exclusively upon the monocyte as the effector cell and therefore provides a convenient test of monocyte function. In this system, mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque separation of whole blood are cytotoxic for 51Cr-labeled human erythrocyte targets coated with anti-blood group antibody. Removal of phagocytic monocytes from the MNL by iron ingestion, followed by exposure to a magnetic field, completely abolishes all cytotoxic activity from the remaining MNL population. Similarly, in severely mono-cytopenic patients with aplastic anemia, cytotoxic effector activity is absent. In normals and less severely monocytopenic aplastic anemia patients, cytotoxicity correlates significantly (p less than 0.001) with monocyte number. Application of this monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay to the study of patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome has revealed defective monocyte cytotoxic activity in spite of normal monocyte numbers, suggesting that this test may be useful for the assessment of monocyte function in a variety of clinical situations. (+info)

Possible suppression of host resistance by estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer.(2/7321)

(+info)

Cell-mediated immunity: dealing a direct blow to pathogens. (3/7321)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are essential for defence against viral infections. Recent data demonstrating direct killing of intracellular bacteria by granulysin, a protein released from the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, emphasize the contribution of these lymphocytes to the control of tuberculosis. (+info)

Antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express Fas ligand (FasL). (4/7321)

Fas ligand is a type II transmembrane protein which can induce apoptosis in Fas-expressing cells. Recent reports indicate that expression of FasL in transplanted cells may cause graft rejection and, on the other hand, tumor cells may lose their tumorigenicity when they are engineered to express FasL. These effects could be related to recruitment of neutrophils by FasL with activation of their cytotoxic machinery. In this study we investigated the antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express FasL. Fibroblasts engineered to express FasL (PA317/FasL) did not exert toxic effects on transformed liver cell line (BNL) or colon cancer cell line (CT26) in vitro, but they could abrogate their tumorigenicity in vivo. Histological examination of the site of implantation of BNL cells mixed with PA317/FasL revealed massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and mononuclear cells. A specific immune protective effect was observed in animals primed with a mixture of BNL or CT26 and PA317/FasL cells. Rechallenge with tumor cells 14 or 100 days after priming resulted in protection of 100 or 50% of animals, respectively. This protective effect was due to CD8+ cells since depletion of CD8+ led to tumor formation. In addition, treatment of pre-established BNL tumors with a subcutaneous injection of BNL and PA317/FasL cell mixture at a distant site caused significant inhibition of tumor growth. These data demonstrate that allogenic cells engineered with FasL are able to abolish tumor growth and induce specific protective immunity when they are mixed with neoplastic cells. (+info)

Giardia induces proliferation and interferon gamma production by intestinal lymphocytes. (5/7321)

BACKGROUND: Murine intraepithelial lymphocytes kill Giardia lambia; responses of human intestinal lymphocytes to this parasite are unknown. AIMS: To examine giardia induced proliferation, interferon gamma production, migration, and cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from the human intestine and peripheral blood. METHODS: Giardia were added to intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes, obtained from jejunal mucosa and blood of otherwise healthy patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation; frequency of proliferation precursors, by limiting dilution analysis; interferon gamma production, by ELISA; cytotoxicity, by 51Cr release of radiolabelled giardia and by release of serine esterases by effector lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxicity. RESULTS: The CD4+ T lymphocytes from intestine and blood proliferated in response to giardia. The stimulus by the parasite was mitogenic rather than antigenic due to the fact that the peak response was on day 3 rather than day 6, and the large number of precursors was in the range of that for mitogens. CD4+ T lymphocytes from both sites produced interferon gamma in response to giardia. Lymphocytes did not migrate towards or kill the parasite. CONCLUSIONS: Giardia induced the same degree of proliferation and interferon gamma production by CD4+ T lymphocytes in intestine and blood, but did not trigger cytotoxicity or migration. (+info)

From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. (6/7321)

A progression from viral myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy has long been hypothesized, but the actual extent of this progression has been uncertain. However, a causal link between viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy has become more evident than before with the tremendous developments in the molecular analyses of autopsy and endomyocardial biopsy specimens, new techniques of viral gene amplification, and modern immunology. The persistence of viral RNA in the myocardium beyond 90 days after inoculation, confirmed by the method of polymerase chain reaction, has given us new insights into the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Moreover, new knowledge of T-cell-mediated immune responses in murine viral myocarditis has contributed a great deal to the understanding of the mechanisms of ongoing disease processes. Apoptotic cell death may provide the third concept to explain the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy, in addition to persistent viral RNA in the heart tissue and an immune system-mediated mechanism. Beneficial effects of alpha1-adrenergic blocking agents, carteolol, verapamil, and ACE inhibitors have been shown clinically and experimentally in the treatment of viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Antiviral agents should be more extensively investigated for clinical use. The rather discouraging results obtained to date with immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of viral myocarditis indicated the importance of sparing neutralizing antibody production, which may be controlled by B cells, and raised the possibility of promising developments in immunomodulating therapy. (+info)

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency impairs cellular immunity. (7/7321)

Norepinephrine, released from sympathetic neurons, and epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla, participate in a number of physiological processes including those that facilitate adaptation to stressful conditions. The thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes are richly innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, and catecholamines are thought to modulate the immune response. However, the importance of this modulatory role in vivo remains uncertain. We addressed this question genetically by using mice that lack dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dbh-/- mice). dbh-/- mice cannot produce norepinephrine or epinephrine, but produce dopamine instead. When housed in specific pathogen-free conditions, dbh-/- mice had normal numbers of blood leukocytes, and normal T and B cell development and in vitro function. However, when challenged in vivo by infection with the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes or Mycobacterium tuberculosis, dbh-/- mice were more susceptible to infection, exhibited extreme thymic involution, and had impaired T cell function, including Th1 cytokine production. When immunized with trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, dbh-/- mice produced less Th1 cytokine-dependent-IgG2a antitrinitrophenyl antibody. These results indicate that physiological catecholamine production is not required for normal development of the immune system, but plays an important role in the modulation of T cell-mediated immunity to infection and immunization. (+info)

Genetic control of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses. I. Ir gene control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. (8/7321)

The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induced in vitro to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic cells to cross-reactively lyse a TNP allogeneic spleen target varies among inbred mouse strains. The cross-reactive CTL phenotype was found to be histocompatibility 2 (H-2) linked and to be dominant in F1 hybrid mice. All strains investigated demonstrated cross-reactivity except for some strains bearing portions of the H-2k haplotype. The gene(s) controlling this response maps to the K and/or I-A region of the H-2 complex. We have termed the immune response (Ir) gene responsible for controlling the specificity of CTL induced to TNP-modified syngeneic cells Ir-X-TNP. (+info)

Cellular immunity protects the body through: T-cell mediated immunity or T-cell immunity: activating antigen-specific cytotoxic ... Immune system Humoral immunity (vs. cell-mediated immunity) Immunity Janeway, Charles; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik ... Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation ... Cell-mediated immunity (Encyclopædia Britannica) Chapter 8:T Cell-Mediated Immunity Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

New York: Garland Pub., ISBN 0-8153-3642-X. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH (2003). Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 5th ed. ... The term is used almost synonymously for "passive immunity" in some situations, however, passive immunity acts among xenogeneic ... Adoptive immunity acts in a host after their immunological components are withdrawn, their immunological activity is modified ... 1993). "Adoptive immunity." [Dictionary of Terms in Immunoglogy], 3rd ed. Osaka: Saishin-Igakusha, Ltd., p. 510. ISBN 4-914909- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptive_immunity

The immune system is a host defense system consisting of anatomical physical barriers as well as physiological and cellular ... Immunity has been historically characterized in multicellular organisms as being controlled by the host immune system, where a ... The human immune system consists of two main types of immunity: innate and adaptive. The innate immune system is made of non- ... Activation of mucosal immunity and the intestinal microbiota may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease. Many bacteria cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_symbiosis_and_immunity

This cytokine is an important molecule controlling immunity of the gut and has been implicated in chronic inflammation ... Cellular Signalling. 25 (12): 2335-47. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.021. PMID 23917206. Angkasekwinai P, Park H, Wang YH, Wang ... Immunity. 42 (4): 692-703. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.008. PMC 5811222. PMID 25888259. Iwakura Y, Ishigame H, Saijo S, Nakae ... Infection and Immunity. 84 (12): 3328-3337. doi:10.1128/IAI.00180-16. PMC 5116711. PMID 27620722. N.J., Fallon, Padraic G. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_25

Gordon, Siamon (March 2016). "Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process". Immunity. 44 (3): 463-475. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02 ... Cellular Immunology. 240 (1): 1-4. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.05.008. PMID 16876776. ... Cellular processes, Articles containing video clips, Phagocytes). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis

"Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis cIAP1 and cIAP2 are required for innate immunity signaling by the pattern recognition ... The cellular localization of cIAP1 is diverse depending on the phase of the living cycle of the cell. In healthy cells the ... cIAP1 (also named BIRC2) is the abbreviation for a human protein, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1. It belongs to the ... MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array os stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_Inhibitor_of_Apoptosis_Protein_1

ITIMs recruit SH2 domain-containing phosphatases, which inhibit cellular activation. ITIM-containing receptors often serve to ... Immunity. 11 (2): 141-51. doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80089-8. PMID 10485649. (Immune system). ... Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2 (6): 427-32. PMID 16426492. Nishimura H, Nose M, Hiai H, Minato N, Honjo T (August 1999). " ... Cellular Signalling. 16 (4): 435-56. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.08.013. PMID 14709333. Ulaganathan VK (May 2020). "TraPS-VarI: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoreceptor_tyrosine-based_inhibitory_motif

Stark, George R.; Darnell, James E. (2012). "The JAK-STAT Pathway at Twenty". Immunity. 36 (4): 503-514. doi:10.1016/j.immuni. ... Zhuang, Shougang (2013). "Regulation of STAT signaling by acetylation". Cellular Signalling. 25 (9): 1924-1931. doi:10.1016/j. ... Casanova, Jean-Laurent; Holland, Steven M.; Notarangelo, Luigi D. (2012). "Inborn Errors of Human JAKs and STATs". Immunity. 36 ... Malek, Thomas R.; Castro, Iris (2010). "Interleukin-2 Receptor Signaling: At the Interface between Tolerance and Immunity". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway

A.H.Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia. Bui, Jack D. and Schreiber, Robert R., 2001. Cancer ... Induction of tumor immunity by removing CD25+CD4+ T cells: a common basis between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. J. Immunol. ... and that mice deficient in either showed greatly reduced antitumor immunity. IFN-γ null mice showed virtually no immunity, ... Immunity 12:6, pp. 677-686 Qiu et al., 1999 G. Qiu, J. Goodchild, R.E. Humphreys and M. Xu, Cancer immunotherapy by antisense ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4 _T_cells_and_antitumor_immunity

Allen, Christopher D. C.; Okada, Takaharu; Cyster, Jason G. (2007-08-24). "Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics ... Immunity. 27 (2): 190-202. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC 2242846. PMID 17723214. Mak, Tak W.; Saunders ... Allen, Christopher D. C.; Okada, Takaharu; Cyster, Jason G. (2007-08-24). "Germinal-Center Organization and Cellular Dynamics ... ". Immunity. 27 (2): 190-202. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC 2242846. PMID 17723214. Boulianne, Bryant; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroblast

Cellular immunity. An intact sympathetic nervous system is required to maintain full cellular immunoregulation as denervated ... The brain controls immunity both indirectly through HPA glucocorticoid secretions from the pituitary, and by various direct ... The brains of animals can anticipatorily learn to control cell level physiology such as immunity through Pavlovian conditioning ... Left? Right!". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 22 (5): 630-638. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.01.005. hdl:1822/61458. PMID 18281193. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_top–down_control_of_physiology

Together with IL-12 it mediates cellular immunity. It binds to the IL-18Rα receptor. It is produced by monocytes, macrophages, ... IL-36ra acts as a non-specific inhibitor of inflammation and innate immunity. It inhibits IL-36α induced NF-κB activation. IL- ... IL-37 non-specifically inhibits the inflammatory response and innate immunity. IL-1F7 has also been found in the nucleus where ... DAMPs, also known as alarmins, are recognized by innate immunity cells by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and function as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-1_family

Rosser EC, Mauri C (April 2015). "Regulatory B cells: origin, phenotype, and function". Immunity. 42 (4): 607-12. doi:10.1016/j ... Cellular Immunology. 179 (2): 126-37. doi:10.1006/cimm.1997.1149. PMID 9268496. Vitale G, Mion F, Pucillo C (Nov-Dec 2010). " ... Immunity. 28 (5): 639-50. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.017. PMID 18482568. Schaut RG, Lamb IM, Toepp AJ, Scott B, Mendes-Aguiar ... Immunity. 10 (4): 451-61. doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80045-x. PMID 10229188. Douglas RS, Woo EY, Capocasale RJ, Tarshis AD, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_B_cell

See cellular immunity). High concentrations of N-acetylcysteine have been used to enhance growth of these cells. This method is ... Interferons are cellular signalling factors produced in response to viral infection. Research into the use of interferons to ... The authors concluded that resistance to flu symptoms was associated with a shift in cell mediated immunity from anergy toward ... "Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term N-acetylcysteine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_treatment

This receptor was identified as a cellular mediator of herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry. Binding of HSV viral envelope ... Immunity. 8 (1): 21-30. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80455-0. PMID 9462508. Lee CH, Chinpaisal C, Wei LN (November 1998). "Cloning ... TNF-Related Cytokines in Immunity". In Paul, William (ed.). Fundamental Immunology (Book) (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott ... and characterization of mouse RIP140, a corepressor for nuclear orphan receptor TR2". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (11): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesvirus_entry_mediator

Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28 (18): 5777-84. doi:10.1128/MCB.00106-08. PMC 2546939. PMID 18644867. Carmi-Levy I, Motzik A ... Immunity. 20 (2): 145-51. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00020-2. PMID 14975237. Lee YN, Razin E (Oct 2005). "Nonconventional ... Molecular and Cellular Biology. 31 (10): 2111-21. doi:10.1128/MCB.01159-10. PMC 3133347. PMID 21402779. Kleiman L, Halwani R, ... Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (20): 8904-12. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.20.8904-8912.2005. PMC 1265770. PMID 16199869. Rual JF, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KARS_(gene)

Okajima F (November 2013). "Regulation of inflammation by extracellular acidification and proton-sensing GPCRs". Cellular ... Immunity. 14 (5): 561-71. doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00145-5. PMID 11371358. Weng Z, Fluckiger AC, Nisitani S, Wahl MI, Le LQ, ... and can alter cellular function as a consequence of these changes. Subsequently, G2A was suggested to be a receptor for ... Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 36 (2): 195-210. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2007.06.010. PMID 17720533. S2CID 38351962.> Radu CG, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR132

"Active escape of Orientia tsutsugamushi from cellular autophagy". Infection and Immunity. 81 (2): 552-559. doi:10.1128/IAI. ... An infected individual may develop a short-term immunity but that disappears after a few months, and immunity to one strain ... There is no lasting immunity to O. tsutsugamushi infection. Antigenic variation prevents the development of cross immunity to ... But in humans, immunity declines after one year, and disappears within two years. This article was submitted to WikiJournal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi

IL-2 promotes either immunity or tolerance in a concentration dependent fashion by acting on T helper cells, CTL and NK cells. ... Eisenbarth GS (2004). "Type 1 diabetes: molecular, cellular and clinical immunology". Adv Exp Med Biol. 552: 306-10. PMID ... May 2008). "Central role of defective interleukin-2 production in the triggering of islet autoimmune destruction". Immunity. 28 ... "Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes". Nature. 455 (7216): 1109-13. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOD_mice

... is a molecular and cellular biologist. He is currently on the faculty of the SBP Medical Discovery Institute in La ... Marth's early studies of glycosylation and glycan linkages revealed a profound effect on immunity and contributed to the ... Marth's laboratory has also taken a close look at the molecular and cellular bases of Type 2 diabetes and the role that protein ... Marth, J.D.; Grewal, P.K. (2008). "Mammalian glycosylation in immunity". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8 (11): 874-887. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamey_Marth

Genes and Immunity. 4 (4): 245-50. doi:10.1038/sj.gene.6363950. PMID 12761559. Koprak S, Matheravidathu S, Springer M, Gould S ... Cellular Immunology. 223 (1): 1-12. doi:10.1016/S0008-8749(03)00130-8. PMID 12914753. Shimaoka T, Nakayama T, Fukumoto N, Kume ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR6

... and Immunity. ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-246-5. University of Leicester, Virus Immunopathology Notes Antibody-Dependent+Cell+ ... Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), also referred to as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, is a ... There are also enzymatic-based assays in which the contents of the lysed cells includes cellular enzymes like GAPDH that remain ... Wang, W; Erbe, AK; Hank, JA; Morris, ZS; Sondel, PM (2015). "NK Cell-Mediated Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity

Cellular Immunology 252:91-110. Kelley, K.W. and R.H. McCusker. 2014. Getting nervous about immunity. Seminars in Immunology. ... Norman Cousins Lecture: From hormones to immunity: The physiology of immunology. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 18:95-113. ... Molecular and Cellular Biology 19:6229-6239 Zhou, J.H., S.R. Broussard, K. Strle, G.G. Freund, R.W. Johnson, R. Dantzer and K.W ... Molecular and Cellular Biology 19:6229-6239. Kelley, K.W., S. Brief, H.J. Westly, J. Novakofski, P.J. Bechtel, J. Simon and E.B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_W._Kelley

Lichtman, Andrew H.; Pillai, Shiv; Abbas, Abdul K. (2021). "Chapter 16: Immunity to Microbes". Cellular and Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease

Zlotnik A, Yoshie O (May 2012). "The chemokine superfamily revisited". Immunity. 36 (5): 705-16. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05. ... Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 1 (2): 95-104. PMID 16212895. Graham GJ, Locati M (January 2013). "Regulation of the immune ... or guide cells to tissues that provide specific signals critical for cellular maturation. Other chemokines are inflammatory and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine

Seoane PI, May RC (February 2020). "Vomocytosis: What we know so far". Cellular Microbiology. 22 (2): e13145. doi:10.1111/cmi. ... Infection and Immunity. 79 (6): 2136-44. doi:10.1128/iai.00044-11. PMC 3125833. PMID 21422181. Johnston SA, May RC (March 2013 ... Vomocytosis (sometimes called non-lytic expulsion) is the cellular process by phagocytes expel live organisms that they have ... The membrane composition and cellular state are implicated in vomocytosis as vomocytosis has been shown to decrease with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomocytosis

Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR (2017). "Influence of Microbes on Neutrophil Life and Death". Frontiers in Cellular and ... Hickey MJ, Kubes P (May 2009). "Intravascular immunity: the host-pathogen encounter in blood vessels". Nature Reviews. ... In leukocytes responding to a chemoattractant, the cellular polarity is regulated by activities of small Rho guanosine ... Infection and Immunity: IAI.00551-21. doi:10.1128/IAI.00551-21. ISSN 0019-9567. PMID 34871043. Gupta AK, Hasler P, Holzgreve W ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil

Anderson MS, Venanzi ES, Chen Z, Berzins SP, Benoist C, Mathis D (August 2005). "The cellular mechanism of Aire control of T ... Immunity. 41 (5): 753-61. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.011. PMID 25464854. Ohigashi I, Zuklys S, Sakata M, Mayer CE, Hamazaki Y ... Immunity. 41 (2): 257-69. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.005. PMC 4148705. PMID 25148026. Wong K, Lister NL, Barsanti M, Lim JM, ... Immunity. 24 (2): 165-77. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.12.011. PMID 16473829. Aichinger M, Wu C, Nedjic J, Klein L (February 2013 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_thymic_epithelial_cells

Heyman, B (2013). Antibody mediated regulation of humoral immunity. in Nimmerjahn, F. (ed.) Molecular and cellular mechanisms ... Fcα/µ-R can mediate endocytosis, and its expression in the gut suggests a role in mucosal immunity. Fcµ-R (formerly known as ... "Natural antibody and complement mediate neutralization of influenza virus in the absence of prior immunity". Journal of ... Toso/Faim3) binds IgM exclusively and can mediate cellular uptake of IgM-conjugated antigen. Inactivation of the corresponding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M

"Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium". Boissan M, Dabernat S, Peuchant E, Schlattner U, Lascu I, Lacombe ML ... Sep 2009). "The mammalian Nm23/NDPK family: from metastasis control to cilia movement". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME4

"A multitope SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provides long-lasting B cell and T cell immunity against Delta and Omicron variants". Journal of ... "Characterising proteolysis during SARS-CoV-2 infection identifies viral cleavage sites and cellular targets with therapeutic ... to attempt to induce broad immunity. Solodovnikov, Alexey; Arkhipova, Valeria (2021-07-29). "Достоверно красиво: как мы сделали ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein

Fang CT, Kuo HH, Pan TS, Yu FC, Yih LH (October 2016). "HSP70 regulates the function of mitotic centrosomes". Cellular and ... Immunity. 39 (2): 272-285. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.006. PMC 3817295. PMID 23973223. Seo JH, Park JH, Lee EJ, Vo TT, Choi H ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA1B

... although the precise mechanism of how this confers immunity is unclear. Coronaviruses evade innate immunity during the first ... Another cellular enzyme, RNAse L-also induced by interferon action-destroys RNA within the cells to further reduce protein ... ISBN 978-981-02-3148-4. Tan YH, Armstrong JA, Ke YH, Ho M (September 1970). "Regulation of cellular interferon production: ... Journal of Innate Immunity. 6 (5): 563-74. doi:10.1159/000360084. PMC 6741612. PMID 24751921. Espinosa V, Dutta O, McElrath C, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

Many viroporins also have additional effects on cellular metabolism and homeostasis mediated by protein-protein interactions ... a protein complex associated with activation of innate immunity which, when overactive, can cause disease symptoms. The human ... Viroporins are small and usually hydrophobic multifunctional viral proteins that modify cellular membranes, thereby ... protein trafficking of viral proteins or protect the proteins from the low pH they would otherwise encounter in these cellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroporin

This receptor functionally interacts with toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to mediate cellular response to gram-positive bacteria, ... December 2009). "Recognition of lipopeptide patterns by Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 heterodimer". Immunity. 31 (6 ... Genes and Immunity. 14 (7): 420-6. doi:10.1038/gene.2013.34. PMC 3791179. PMID 23823019. Lien E, Ingalls RR (January 2002). " ... family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_6

4) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/1889) European Molecular Biology Laboratory (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/1890) ... Telecom Securicor Cellular Radio Limited) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/954) Travellers' Allowances Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/955) Gaming ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Statutory_Instruments_of_the_United_Kingdom,_1994

However, immunity from the vaccines has been found to wane over time, requiring people to get booster doses of the vaccine to ... S1 determines the virus-host range and cellular tropism via the receptor-binding domain. S2 mediates the membrane fusion of the ... A COVID‑19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( ... maintain immunity against COVID‑19. The COVID‑19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the spread of COVID‑19 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

Wilson, G. S. (1955). Topley and Wilson's principles of bacteriology and immunity. London, England: Edward Arnold Publishers ... Cellular Microbiology. 7 (5): 687-98. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00502.x. PMID 15839898. S2CID 41751352. Lagier, A; Brown, S ... Infection and Immunity. 67 (8): 4041-7. doi:10.1128/IAI.67.8.4041-4047.1999. PMC 96697. PMID 10417172. Boschiroli, ML; Ouahrani ... Infectious immunity 69 (2001): 4528-4535. Kemp, Jeffrey M. and Miller, Lowell A. "Oral vaccination and immunocontraception of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella_suis

"Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity" (PDF). The Journal of ... "Galectin-9 as a regulator of cellular adhesion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines". International Journal of ... "The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity". Nature Immunology. 6 (12): 1245-52. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galectin-9

Immunity, 2007;26: 593 †Leavenworth JW, †Schellack C, †Kim H-J, Lu L, Spee P, and Cantor H. Analysis of the cellular mechanism ... Immunity 15:137-147. McCarty N, Paust S, Ikizawa K, Dan I, Li X, Cantor H. Signaling by MINK plays an essential role in ... Immunity 29: 68-78. † equal contributors Dana-Farber Cancer Institute profile [1] Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC) ... 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Huber B, Devinsky O, Gershon RK, Cantor H. Cell-mediated immunity: Delayed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Cantor

... cellular biologist credited with the discovery of stem cell with James Till Frances Gertrude McGill (1882-1959) - pioneering ... Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity Peter A ... cellular biologist who, with James Till, demonstrated the existence of stem cells Maud Menten (1879-1960) - medical scientist, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians

A major part of Polish resistance activity was clandestine and involved cellular intelligence networks; while Nazi Germany used ... The post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity. Circulating Sections established ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6

"Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium". Le Coniat M, Soulard M, Della Valle V, Larsen CJ, Berger R (Mar 1992 ... Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (21): 7437-47. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.21.7437-7447.2003. PMC 207616. PMID 14559993. Brill LM, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBMX

... alter cellular and humoral immunity, obstruction of the airways, and damaged lung tissue. Bacteria involved in aspiration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia

Ebner M, Lučić I, Leonard TA, Yudushkin I. PI(3,4,5)P3 Engagement Restricts Akt Activity to Cellular Membranes. Mol Cell. 2017; ... Inhibitor and activator: dual functions for SHIP in immunity and cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci. (2011) 1217:1-17. 10.1111/j.1749- ... 1997;7(4). Ebner M, Lučić I, Leonard TA, Yudushkin I. PI(3,4,5)P3 Engagement Restricts Akt Activity to Cellular Membranes. Mol ... Ebner M, Lučić I, Leonard TA, Yudushkin I. PI(3,4,5)P3 Engagement Restricts Akt Activity to Cellular Membranes. Mol Cell. 2017; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,4-bisphosphate

For this deal, Pérez received a five-year prison sentence as well as immunity from further prosecution of misconduct short of ... The action thriller movie Cellular (2004) featured a plot involving corrupt LAPD cops. Though it was not a serious crime drama ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_scandal

... covering both humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. McKenzie's research investigates how the innate immune system and ... subscription required) McKenzie, Andrew Neil James (1988). Cellular and humoral aspects of the immune response of the larval ... "Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity". Nature. 464 (7293): 1367-1370. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_N._J._McKenzie

In clinical trials involving more than 10,000 people, the vaccine was found to confer protective immunity to Lyme disease in 76 ... Auwaerter PG, Aucott J, Dumler JS (January 2004). "Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease): molecular and cellular pathobiology and ... Pachner AR, Steiner I (June 2007). "Lyme neuroborreliosis: infection, immunity, and inflammation". The Lancet. Neurology. 6 (6 ... Molecular and Cellular Probes. 31: 22-27. doi:10.1016/j.mcp.2016.08.003. PMID 27523487. Stanek G, Reiter M (April 2011). "The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

When studying plant immunity, 125I is used as the radiolabel in tracking ligands to determine which plant pattern recognition ... The internal conversion and Auger electrons from the radioisotope have been found in one study to do little cellular damage, ... unless the radionuclide is directly incorporated chemically into cellular DNA, which is not the case for present ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-125

"Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping (3i) Consortium". "OBCD Consortium". Human AGAP1 genome location and AGAP1 gene ... Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (7): 2476-88. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.7.2476-2488.2003. PMC 150724. PMID 12640130. Nie Z, Boehm M ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTG2

In innate immunity, the MyD88 plays a pivotal role in immune cell activation through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which belong ... TLRs are located either on the cellular surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) or within endosomes (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9) ... Abbas A, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (10 March 2017). Cellular and molecular immunology (Ninth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 978-0-323 ... and Immunity. 61: 326-339. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.012. PMC 5453178. PMID 28007523. Wesche H, Gao X, Li X, Kirschning CJ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYD88

He carried out the most exact quantitative analysis of tolerance hitherto attempted in a cellular system and proved that ... Mitchison discovered the transference of transplantation immunity by sensitised cells, thereby providing evidence relating ... transplantation immunity to hypersensitivity reactions of the 'delayed' type. He devised a method for revealing mixtures of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrion_Mitchison

Cellular and Molecular Therapy. 5 (2): 87-95. PMID 10515681. Ihle JN, Pepersack L, Rebar L (June 1981). "Regulation of T cell ... Immunity. 50 (4): 796-811. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.022. ISSN 1074-7613. PMID 30995500. Delves, Peter J.; Roitt, Ivan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_3

... organ-specific auto-immunity Eva Engvall (1940-), one of the scientists who invented ELISA in 1971. Anthony Fauci (1940-) ... "for discovering the cellular origins of retroviral oncogenes" 1996 Peter C. Doherty (1940-) and Rolf M. Zinkernagel (1944-), " ... innate immunity Lorne Babiuk (1946-) Mike Belosevic (1951-) Kiril Bratanov (1911-1986), pioneer in the area of immunology of ... "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" 2018 James P. Allison (1948-) and Tasuku Honjo (1942 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immunologists

BIK1 is described as a critical component of ET signaling and PAMP-triggered immunity to pathogens. For cellular processes that ... Non-pathogenic cellular functions occur independently. In terms of non-pathogenic cellular functions, ... Dodds, Peter N.; Rathjen, John P. (August 2010). "Plant immunity: towards an integrated view of plant-pathogen interactions". ... and PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell. 23 (8): 2831-2849. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.087122. PMC 3180795. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytis–induced_kinase_1

Kerr WG (January 2011). "Inhibitor and activator: dual functions for SHIP in immunity and cancer". Annals of the New York ... This phosphatase is important for the regulation of cellular activation. Not only catalytic but also adaptor activities of this ... Contribution of Shc PTB and SH2 domains". Cellular Signalling. 12 (3): 183-94. doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(99)00088-1. PMID 10704825 ... Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (8): 2743-54. doi:10.1128/mcb.20.8.2743-2754.2000. PMC 85490. PMID 10733577. Dunant NM, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INPP5D

Many different cells of the innate immune system express a myriad of CLRs which shape innate immunity by virtue of their ... Cellular Microbiology. 16 (2): 185-194. doi:10.1111/cmi.12249. PMC 4016756. PMID 24330199. Hardison SE, Brown GD (September ... Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002). Innate Immunity. Schroder K, Tschopp J (March 2010). "The ... Loo YM, Gale M (May 2011). "Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors". Immunity. 34 (5): 680-692. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

Cellular and Molecular Biology". Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 11 (5): 405-406. doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.64. PMC 4197211. PMID ... Billingham, R. E.; Brent, L.; Medawar, P. B. (1956). "Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively ... Simpson, E. (2015). "Medawar's legacy to cellular immunology and clinical transplantation: a commentary on Billingham, Brent ... from one that attempts to deal with the fully developed immunity mechanism to one that attempts to alter the immunity mechanism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Medawar

Mayer MP, Bukau B (Mar 2005). "Hsp70 chaperones: cellular functions and molecular mechanism". Cellular and Molecular Life ... One treatment, a Hsp72/AFP recombined vaccine, elicited robust protective immunity against AFP-expressing tumors in mice ... Lim MY, Davis N, Zhang JY, Bose HR (Mar 1990). "The v-rel oncogene product is complexed with cellular proteins including its ... "Entrez Gene: HSPA8 heat shock 70kDa protein 8". Mayer MP, Bukau B (Mar 2005). "Hsp70 chaperones: cellular functions and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA8

Technical Workshop on Cellular Mediated Immunity to Human Papillomavirus : Prospects for Vaccine Development : Geneva, ... Proceedings of the Fogarty/WHO International Conference on Cellular Mechanisms in Malaria Immunity, Bethesda, MD., USA, April 3 ... Fogarty/WHO International Conference on Cellular Mechanisms in Malaria Immunity (‎1990: Bethesda, Maryland)‎; Perlmann, Peter; ... Cell-mediated immunity and resistance to infection : report of a WHO scientific group [‎meeting held in Geneva from 19 to 23 ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/browse?authority=Immunity%2C+Cellular&type=mesh

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Immunity%2C+Cellular&type=mesh

... recent clinical and basic research is leading novel insights into the cellular and molecular biological underlying pathways. ... Role of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune skin diseases Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 Jan-Feb;24(1 Suppl 40):S14-9 ... Furthermore, leukocyte recruitment is a key event in immunity and a better understanding of the signals involved in autoimmune ... recent clinical and basic research is leading novel insights into the cellular and molecular biological underlying pathways. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16466620/?dopt=Abstract

Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-Confirmed Infection but with Undetectable SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG Sina ... Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-Confirmed Infection but with Undetectable SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/1/20-3772-f1

... and case-control studies have reported that psychological distress and depression are associated with reduced cellular immune ... Psychological distress, depressive symptoms, and cellular immunity among healthy individuals: a 1-year prospective study.. ... Age-groups; Cell-biology; Cellular-reactions; Immune-reaction; Immune-system; Immunochemistry; Immunology; Lymphocytes; ... and case-control studies have reported that psychological distress and depression are associated with reduced cellular immune ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20039172.html

What is Cellular immunity? Definition: Cellular immunity is the process by which various immune cells are activated to respond ... Herd immunity is when most of the individuals of a population are immune to a particular pathogen. ... Difference Between Cellular Immunity and Herd Immunity Cellular immunity is when cells of the immune system react and respond ... Table comparing Cellular immunity and Herd immunity. Summary of Cellular Immunity Vs. Herd immunity *Cellular immunity and herd ...

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-cellular-immunity-and-herd-immunity/

... Sep 1 ...

https://www.cun.es/en/research/scientific-publications/cellular-immunity-hepatitis-c-virus-core-protein-response-interferon-patients-chronic-hepatitis-c

We identified nine conserved, distinct cellular neighborhoods (CNs)-a collection of components characteristic of the CRC iTME. ... This study provides a framework for interrogating how complex biological processes, such as antitumoral immunity, occur through ... Expression of selected markers per cell were manually gated in CellEngine (https://cellengine.com). Cellular neighborhoods were ... Coordinated cellular neighborhoods orchestrate antitumoral immunity at the colorectal cancer invasive front. Published:. 13 ...

https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/mpjzbtfgfr

... Details Research 31 January 2022 A highly ... Vaccines Elicit Highly Conserved Cellular Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron.. Nature. 2022 Jan 31. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04465-y ... "Given the role of CD8+ T cells in clearance of viral infections, it is likely that cellular immunity contributes substantially ... However, a new study by researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) demonstrated that cellular immunity - or ...

https://www.pharmanews.eu/research/2721-current-covid-19-vaccines-induce-robust-cellular-immunity-against-omicron-variant

HIV-1MN recombinant glycoprotein 160 vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immunity boosted by HIV-1MN recombinant glycoprotein ... HIV-1MN recombinant glycoprotein 160 vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immunity boosted by HIV-1MN recombinant glycoprotein ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub805410

Cellular metabolic basis of altered immunity in the lungs of patients with COVID-19, Shuangyan Li ... this preliminary study revealed a possible cellular metabolic basis for the altered innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and ... Cellular metabolic basis of altered immunity in the lungs of patients with COVID-19. ... Metabolic pathways drive cellular behavior. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes lung ...

https://www.imedpub.com/articles/cellular-metabolic-basis-of-altered-immunity-in-the-lungs-of-patients-with-covid19.php?aid=45868

Vaccine Vectors Derived from a Large Collection of Simian Adenoviruses Induce Potent Cellular Immunity Across Multiple Species ... Vaccine Vectors Derived from a Large Collection of Simian Adenoviruses Induce Potent Cellular Immunity Across Multiple Species ...

https://www.jenner.ac.uk/publications/222386

Cellular immunity continues to protect from severe COVID-19 disease despite the Omicron variants evasion of neutralising ... Cellular immunity continues to protect from severe COVID-19 disease despite the Omicron variants evasion of neutralising ... "Given the role of CD8+ T cells in clearance of viral infections, it is likely that cellular immunity contributes substantially ... Current COVID vaccines induce robust protection through cellular immunity against Omicron: Study. ...

https://www.news9live.com/health/current-covid-vaccines-induce-robust-protection-through-cellular-immunity-against-omicron-study-150759

Delayed-type hypersensitivity testing helps evaluate the memory response of cellular immunity to a previously encountered ... Infection and immunity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Oct. 75(10):1039-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... This occurs because of intestinal lymphatic blockade with resulting leakage of lymphatic fluid and cellular components into the ... Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: A Molecular & Cellular Approach. 2nd ed. USA: Oxford University Press; 2006. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/136471-169503/what-is-the-role-of-prenatal-testing-in-the-workup-of-hypogammaglobulinemia

Immunity 1997. 6:379-388. View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar ... IgE in asthma and atopy: cellular and molecular connections. Hans C. Oettgen and Raif S. Geha Division of Immunology, ... Cellular and cytokine feedback loops promoting IgE production in the allergic respiratory mucosa. APCs, preformed IgE, and a ... Immunity 1996. 5:319-330. View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/8205/version/1

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/136471-workup

Abrol SK, Shinghal RN, Saha K. Cellular immunity & prognosis of human mammary carcinoma. Indian Journal of Medical Research. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/16845

Great Immunity with CRT. 1 Comment / Immunity / By Douglas Paul Lehrer CRT helps immunity and COVID-19 prevention and recovery. ...

https://askdrdougnow.com/category/immunity-cellular-resonance/

The Immune system : a course on the molecular and cellular basis of immunity / [edited by] I. McConnell, A. Munro, H. Waldmann ... Cellular mechanisms in malaria immunity.Availability: Items available for loan: WHO HQ (2)Call number: WC 750 90FO, ... ... by Fogarty/WHO International Conference on Cellular Mechanisms in Malaria Immunity (1990: Bethesda, Maryland) , Perlmann, Peter ... Proceedings of the Fogarty/WHO International Conference on Cellular Mechanisms in Malaria Immunity, Bethesda, MD., USA, April 3 ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BImmunity%2C%20Cellular%7D

Ni L, Ye F, Cheng ML, Feng Y, Deng YQ, Zhao H, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID- ... Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-Confirmed Infection but with Undetectable SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG On This ... Cellular immunity toward any of the SARS-CoV-2 antigens was detectable in 7/9 (78%) participants who had an antibody ratio ,1.1 ... Cellular immunity was determined from day 24 to day 154 after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms, parallel to antibody testing ( ...

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/1/20-3772_article

Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cellular growth and differentiation; Immunity and inflammation; Nutrient metabolism. ... Blood pressure regulation; Immunity and inflammation; Metabolism of free radicals/Oxidative stress; Nutrient metabolism. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/population/genvar/genetic_variants_t1.htm

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences; Cellular Reprogramming; Clinical Interventions in Aging; Current Pharmacogenomics and ... Personalized Medicine; European Journal of Medical Research; Gene; Genomics; Immunity and Ageing; International Journal of ... 2006: PhD in Cellular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Palermo ... 2002-05: Scholarship at the Department of Cellular and developmental Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural ...

https://www.ior.it/en/ricerca-e-innovazione/daniele-bellavia-phd

CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunities are durable at least until one year after disease onset. ... and even more pivotal for ultimately achieving population-level immunity. To better understand the features of immune memory in ... The longitudinal antigen-specific immunity in COVID-19 convalescents is crucial for long-term protection upon individual re- ... One-year sustained cellular and humoral immunities of COVID-19 convalescents. Zhang J., Lin H., Ye B., Zhao M., Zhan J., Dong S ...

https://www.ovg.ox.ac.uk/publications/1199015

Our research group "Cellular immunity in inflammation and cancer" is located at the newly established Translational Research ... Surgical ResearchMolecular and Experimental SurgeryCellular immunity in inflammation and cancer ...

https://www.chirurgie.uk-erlangen.de/en/research-teaching/cellular-immunity-in-inflammation-and-cancer/

As a download immunity each of the two smokers of unique cells is a term. At the certain P450 cell the two essentials have the ... download immunity cancer and chemotherapy basic relationship on the cellular level of writing set or noted by Venture Capital ... He postulated download immunity cancer and chemotherapy basic relationship on the cellular of its first abuse( 1057). Giovanni ... Download Immunity Cancer And Chemotherapy Basic Relationship On The Cellular Level. by Freda 4.7 ...

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What is the difference between cellular and humoral immunity quizlet?. Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and ... Humoral immunity works independently, but cellular immunity relies on components of humoral immunity. ... Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity? Cellular immunity ... cellular immunity destroys pathogens inside the cell, whereas humoral immunity destroys pathogens outside the cell. ...

https://mystylit.com/essay-writing-tips/what-are-two-difference-between-cellular-and-humoral-immunity/

Primary defects of cellular immunity. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003302.htm

Magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular immunity. The level of SARS-CoV-2 specific cell-mediated immunity was gauged using an ... Cellular immunity against seasonal coronaviruses also reached significant levels and correlated with each other but did not ... Study: Persistent COVID-19 symptoms minimally impact the development of SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular immunity. Image Credit: ... Prolonged symptoms were associated with a small increase in cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and ORF7a. The magnitude ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210203/Long-COVID-19-symptoms-not-associated-with-cell-mediated-immunity-finds-study.aspx

Humoral and cellular immunity; structure and synthesis of immunoglobulins; origin of antibody diversity; transplantation ... Neurons, muscle and/or neurosecretory cells at the cellular and subcellular levels. Topics include ion channel activity, patch ... immunity and the importance of the major histocompatibility complex; auto-immunity and allergic reactions.. Lectures, seminar, ... Analysis of the anatomy, physiology, molecular and cellular mechanisms of sensory mechanisms in animals, with select examples ...

https://brocku.ca/webcal/2019/undergrad/biol.html?view=printable

In conclusion, this preliminary study revealed a possible cellular metabolic basis for the altered innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and niche cell function in the lung after SARS-CoV-2 infection. (imedpub.com)
During adaptive immunity, the antigen is first recognized through receptors of the lymphocytes, and immune cell clones are produced to attack that particular antigen. (mystylit.com)
Interestingly, a recent study reported that topical appli- mation, ACD critically depends on adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 related alterations within the frame of innate and adaptive immunity. (bvsalud.org)

Our aim is to deliver core basic science content in an infection and immunity research context. (ucl.ac.uk)
Infectious agents are fantastic tools for discovery in cell and molecular biology, immunology, human biology and evolution, so the BSc Infection and Immunity is a great way to acquire a broad biomedical science knowledge. (ucl.ac.uk)
They will learn the language and concepts of infection and immunity, gain insight into the scientific method and learn to read and critically assess scientific literature. (ucl.ac.uk)
accompanying tutorials provide an infection and immunity context. (ucl.ac.uk)
Increasing focus on infection and immunity through modules in Infection (Term 1) and Immunology (Term 2) accompanied by Infection and Immunity: Journal Club , (terms 1 and 2) which focuses on reading and understanding current literature in infection and immunology, linked to the content of the Infection and Immunology modules. (ucl.ac.uk)
Focus on accessing the state of the art in infection and immunity research, developing critical skills, learning to communicate science, improving scientific self-confidence, learning to think like a scientific investigator. (ucl.ac.uk)
Modules are research based, drawing on current expertise in the Division of Infection and Immunity and beyond. (ucl.ac.uk)
We are committed to training the next generation of exceptional Indigenous leaders in infection and immunity. (edu.au)
The lead investigator on the study was Professor Terry Nolan , head of the Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo) at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI) , and the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at the University of Melbourne. (edu.au)
Infection and immunity 2013 Jul 81 (7): 2584-91. (cdc.gov)

Cellular and molecular immunology / Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Jordan S. Pober. (who.int)
International Conference on Advances in Cellular Immunology and Immunotherapy aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Advances in Cellular Immunology and Immunotherapy. (waset.org)
It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Advances in Cellular Immunology and Immunotherapy. (waset.org)
Also, high quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Advances in Cellular Immunology and Immunotherapy are cordially invited for presentation at the conference. (waset.org)
17. International Conference on Advances in Cellular Immunology and Immunotherapy has teamed up with the Special Journal Issue on Advances in Cellular Immunology and Immunotherapy . (waset.org)

The idea is that each person who is exposed to the disease-causing pathogen, or an inactive part of the pathogen in a vaccine, develops a cellular response in which antibodies are made. (differencebetween.net)
Cellular immunity continues to protect from severe COVID-19 disease despite the Omicron variant's evasion of neutralising antibodies. (news9live.com)
Using interferon-γ ELISpot, we observed that 78% of PCR-positive volunteers with undetectable antibodies showed T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
The main difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity is that antigen-specific antibodies are produced in humoral immunity whereas antibodies are not produced in cell mediated immunity. (mystylit.com)
In humoral immunity responses, B Cells produce antibodies after being activated by free antigens present in body fluids. (mystylit.com)
The key difference between cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity is that cell mediated immunity destroys infectious particles via cell lysis by cytokines, without the production of antibodies, while antibody mediated immunity destroy pathogens by producing specific antibodies against antigens. (mystylit.com)
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so. (mystylit.com)
A study from the University of Sri Jayewardenepura in Sri Lanka, published as a preprint, found that China's Sinopharm vaccine produced "1.38 times" lower levels of neutralising antibodies, an indicator of immunity, against the Delta variant among 282 study participants. (swisscaviarlieri.com)
Cellular immunity and antibodies are both key to the vaccine and booster response for COVID-19. (medscape.com)
1) Immunity after revaccination with varicella vaccine after treatment for childhood cancer, measured as IgG antibodies to VZV before and after vaccination. (who.int)
2) Immunity after revaccination with measles vaccine, measured as IgG antibodies to morbilli before and after vaccination. (who.int)

BACKGROUND: The longitudinal antigen-specific immunity in COVID-19 convalescents is crucial for long-term protection upon individual re-exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and even more pivotal for ultimately achieving population-level immunity. (ox.ac.uk)
In this respect, the current study was designed to understand the way in which the cellular immune response (presented as T-cells) complemented by the non antigen- specific amplification systems ( T-cell cytokines ) is involved in the efficient elimination of HBV. (who.int)

Herd immunity is when most of the individuals of a population are immune to a particular pathogen. (differencebetween.net)
What is Herd immunity? (differencebetween.net)
Herd immunity is the state a population reaches when most people have developed immunity to a particular disease-causing pathogen. (differencebetween.net)
Herd immunity relies on many people having immunity. (differencebetween.net)
Herd immunity is related to cellular immunity in that it is when several people have all had a cellular response of the immune system to a specific pathogen. (differencebetween.net)
The MMR ormeasles, mumps, and rubella vaccine works well and has been given to children over many decades to the extent that there is so much herd immunity in the populations that these diseases are now rare. (differencebetween.net)
The Varicella vaccine has led to herd immunity among children making infant chickenpox a rare disease. (differencebetween.net)
The recent start of COVID-19 vaccinations hopes to achieve a similar effect in activating herd immunity in the population. (differencebetween.net)
By vaccinating most people against COVID-19 coronavirus, it is hoped that herd immunity will be achieved and thus morbidity and mortality will be reduced. (differencebetween.net)
Herd immunity is useful as a way to control, and in some cases, almost eradicate disease from a population. (differencebetween.net)
To achieve herd immunity against a pathogen normally means developing and producing millions of doses of vaccine. (differencebetween.net)
Herd immunity is the state in which most members of a population have achieved a level of immunity to a particular pathogen. (differencebetween.net)
Herd immunity does occur at the population-level and involves many individuals. (differencebetween.net)
An advantage of herd immunity is that it protects people who can't get vaccinated and it can possibly result in a disease being eradicated. (differencebetween.net)
With herd immunity, there is a big expense involved in developing vaccines in terms of time and money. (differencebetween.net)
To achieve herd immunity with the Delta variants, epidemiologists estimate that at least 85 % of the population need to be vaccinated. (swisscaviarlieri.com)
Therefore, vaccination to reach herd immunity is the ultimate solution to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. (bvsalud.org)

One-year sustained cellular and humoral immunities of COVID-19 convalescents. (ox.ac.uk)

What is the main difference between cellular immunity and humoral immunity quizlet? (mystylit.com)

Vaccines Elicit Highly Conserved Cellular Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. (pharmanews.eu)

It is mediated by two well-defined mechanisms: Cell-mediated Immunity. (mystylit.com)
Virus particles that are sorted into compartments B are, in turn, directed to epithelial cell junctions by mechanisms used by the cell to sort cellular proteins to basolateral surfaces in polarized cells. (ohsu.edu)
The programme will provide insight into current thinking and research in the biology of infectious agents, the pathogenesis, prevention and control of infectious diseases, mechanisms of immunity and immune dysfunction. (ucl.ac.uk)
The evidence of senescent mechanisms acting on the cell populations of the liver will be described including the role of markers to detect cellular senescence. (semanticscholar.org)
To cite this article: Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. (cdc.gov)

Delayed-type hypersensitivity testing helps evaluate the memory response of cellular immunity to a previously encountered antigen. (medscape.com)
It is revealed in the failure of virus-treated thoracic duct lymphocytes to transfer cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, delayed-type hypersensitivity to soluble antigens of the parasite, and the permanent exclusion of labeled S-phase lymphocytes from inflammatory foci. (silverchair.com)

Allergic responses including anaphylactic shock are also overreactions by the cellular immune system. (differencebetween.net)
In addition to triggering immediate-hypersensitivity reactions and late-phase responses, there is accumulating evidence that preformed IgE can augment humoral and cellular immune responses to allergens. (jci.org)
We observed a similar frequency (80%) of T-cell immunity in convalescent donors with strong antibody responses but did not detect immunity in negative controls. (cdc.gov)
In cell-mediated immunity responses, T cells attack infected body cells that display the antigens of pathogens on their surface. (mystylit.com)
Moreover, I will discuss emerging experimental and computational strategies for altering ensemble cellular responses through targeted intra- or extracellular induction or suppression of these preferred or unwanted types and states, respectively. (mit.edu)
Molecular, cellular, animal, and human data will be presented, aiming to galvanize steps forward in the mechanistic understanding of how cellular metabolism programs immune responses, and how these insights may be therapeutically targeted. (grc.org)
Differential cellular responses to adhesive interactions with galectin-8 and fibronectin coated substrates. (weizmann.ac.il)
The responders revealed more intact specific and nonspecific cellular immune responses. (who.int)
The team proposes that this new vaccine will generate an enhanced spectrum of cellular and anti-HIV immune responses compared to current HIV vaccines. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Our central hypothesis is that blast-mediated traumatic brain injury activates cellular and humoral immune responses that lead to increased chronic neurodegeneration after TBI. (grantome.com)
Our findings emphasize that SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly alters immune responses and innate and acquired immunity are differentially modulated in line with the clinical severity of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
Human leukocyte antigens and cellular immune responses to anthrax vaccine adsorbed. (cdc.gov)
Surfactant-free anionic PLA nanoparticles coated with HIV-1 p24 protein induced enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses in various animal models. (adjuvatis.com)

However, a new study by researchers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) demonstrated that cellular immunity - or the production of protective immune cells, such as so-called killer and memory cells - induced by current COVID-19 vaccines provided robust protection against severe disease caused by both the Delta and Omicron variants. (pharmanews.eu)
The research, published in the journal Nature on Monday, demonstrated that the vaccines induce this protection through cellular immunity or the production of protective immune cells, such as so-called killer and memory cells. (news9live.com)

Our research group "Cellular immunity in inflammation and cancer" is located at the newly established Translational Research Center. (uk-erlangen.de)
The immune dysregulation that is associated with such phenomena as antigen persistence or inflammation consequent upon infection - as in chronic hepatitis B or C infection, and in HIV - is most clearly seen in the cellular immunity compartment. (news-medical.net)
Disruptions to this communication can lead to chronic inflammation, weakened immunity, and accelerated aging. (drhamedani.com)
While age-associated DNA damage, increased inflammation, and impaired immunity are known contributors, methods to mitigate their impacts are understudied. (themarkfoundation.org)

Recent discoveries are redefining our view of cellular senescence as a trigger of tissue remodelling that acts during normal embryonic development and upon tissue damage. (semanticscholar.org)
Hallmarks of Cellular Senescence. (semanticscholar.org)
Cellular Senescence in Postmitotic Cells: Beyond Growth Arrest. (semanticscholar.org)
Cellular Senescence and Vascular Disease: Novel Routes to Better Understanding and Therapy. (semanticscholar.org)
This review will focus on microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs playing critical roles in diverse biological events including cellular senescence, which is responsible for cancer and organismal aging. (semanticscholar.org)
Cellular Senescence in Liver Disease and Regeneration. (semanticscholar.org)
Cellular Senescence: The Sought or the Unwanted? (semanticscholar.org)
Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer. (semanticscholar.org)
And although cellular senescence is a hallmark of aging, it is uncertain if it directly contributes to cancer development or progression, and validated biomarkers are lacking. (themarkfoundation.org)

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on humoral immune response and on cellular immunity in CLL patients. (oncologieportal.nl)
before and after vaccination in both treatment naïve and ibrutinib-treated patients and this cellular immune response is independent by COVID-19 vaccination. (oncologieportal.nl)

HIV-1MN recombinant glycoprotein 160 vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immunity boosted by HIV-1MN recombinant glycoprotein 120 vaccine. (duke.edu)

strengthens immunity, increases resistance of an organism to adverse effects of external environment. (ac-t.ru)
This strengthens not just immunity but also heart and circulation. (patswinton.com)
By influencing gene expression, yoga strengthens your immune system at the cellular level, according to research conducted in Norway. (fitnesshub24.com)

Sorrento Therapeutics has launched its breakthrough I-Cell™ COVID-19 Cellular Vaccine Program and is currently engaged in intensive consultations with the FDA to accelerate development, with the intention of starting human clinical trials by the summer of 2020. (pharma-industry-review.com)

He heads the Pathogen Genomics, Phenotype and Immunity Programme of the Unit. (lshtm.ac.uk)

In the event of an outbreak of measles or chickenpox, it can have life-threatening consequences in patients with impaired immunity, such as disseminated cutaneous infection, pneumonia and meningitis. (who.int)

to investigate defects in the cellular immune elements of chronic HBV cases with a view to future design of an effective immunotherapy. (who.int)

The overall cellular immune response as well as the level of reactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike, nucleoprotein (N), and membrane (M) antigens showed no difference with duration of symptoms. (news-medical.net)
The level of anti-spike immunity to the seasonal coronaviruses did, however, show a correlation with reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 N antigen. (news-medical.net)
The precise cause of aphthous ulceration is unknown, but studies point to a defect in regulation of cellular immunity that results in increased T-cell reactivity to either mucous membrane keratinocytes or microorganisms on the mucosal surface. (logicalimages.com)

Examples of cellular immunity are the white blood cells such as phagocytes which engulf foreign particles and cytotoxic T cells which produce chemicals to kill viruses and other pathogens. (differencebetween.net)
Examples of cellular immunity include the action of T cells, B cells and phagocytes, which are all activated when a pathogen is detected. (differencebetween.net)

Phase II Evaluation of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR) and Immunity in (11)C-Choline-PET/CT-Identified Oligometastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. (mayo.edu)

speculated that T-cell immunity could also be protective against infection with SARS-CoV-2 ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Polyprenols have various properties which allow to use them in sports medicine: hepatoprotective action, antioxidant activity, normalization of lipid exchange, stimulation of immunity, neuro-protective action, anti-depressive effect. (ac-t.ru)

The present findings indicate that psychological distress and depressive symptoms may precede and predict suppression of NK cell immunity while NK cells did not lead to subsequent psychological distress and depressive symptoms, suggesting an absence of the bi-directional relationships. (cdc.gov)
Cellular immunity is a cell-mediated response of an individual person's immune system when exposed to a foreign entity or pathogen. (differencebetween.net)
In the first course we learned about innate immunity and B cell function. (coursera.org)
We decided to follow up with these volunteers by repeating antibody tests and by assessing T-cell immunity by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay for interferon-γ (IFN-γ). (cdc.gov)
We furthermore conducted follow-up testing for immunity to SARS-CoV-2 until a median of 75 days (range 24-154) after the onset of symptoms and correlated results of SARS-CoV-2-specific T- and B-cell immunity. (cdc.gov)
The main features are a steady loss of T cell effector function and loss of specific cellular immunity. (news-medical.net)
The current study aimed to explore the associations between cell-mediated immunity and the period over which COVID-19 symptoms persisted. (news-medical.net)
The level of SARS-CoV-2 specific cell-mediated immunity was gauged using an IFN-γ ELISPOT (Interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot) assay. (news-medical.net)
The findings of this study suggest that the presence of persistent COVID-19 symptoms in mild to moderate disease has no significant effect on cell-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2, nor is it associated with cellular immunity against seasonal human coronaviruses. (news-medical.net)
Humoral Immunity….Humoral Immunity vs Cell-mediated Immunity. (mystylit.com)
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity are two types of an adaptive immune response that enable the human body to defend itself in a targeted way against harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses and toxins. (mystylit.com)
What are three differences between humoral and cell-mediated immunity? (mystylit.com)
Humoral immunity is triggered by B cells while cell mediated immunity is triggered by T cells. (mystylit.com)
cellular immunity destroys pathogens inside the cell, whereas humoral immunity destroys pathogens outside the cell. (mystylit.com)
What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity quizlet? (mystylit.com)
Cell mediated immunity involves a T-cell response and deals with antigens residing within a host cell whereas humoral immunity involves B cells and an antibody response, working to eliminate extracellular antigens in the bloodstream or tissue fluids. (mystylit.com)
Which cell type is responsible for humoral immunity? (mystylit.com)
Other cellular components are sorted to apical cell surfaces (A in figure two) by virtue of sub-compartmentalization into other TGN compartments. (ohsu.edu)
Moreover, gE/gI also binds cellular receptors that are concentrated at cell junctions, thereby promoting virus movement into adjacent cells. (ohsu.edu)
Here, I will discuss how we can leverage single-cell genomic approaches - and, in particular, single-cell RNA-Seq - to explore the extensive functional diversity among immune cells within and across individuals, and uncover, from the bottom-up, distinct cell types and states associated with improved or impaired immunity. (mit.edu)
Lessons in Immunity: From Single-cell Organisms to Mammals stems from the activity of the Italian Association of Developmental and Comparative Immunobiology (IADCI), represented by the editors. (elsevier.com)
Job satisfaction is associated with elevated natural killer cell immunity among healthy white-collar employees. (cdc.gov)
This study investigates the association of job satisfaction with cell-mediated immunity among Japanese white-collar daytime work ers. (cdc.gov)
Although the results provide a support for the biological plausibility of the job satisfaction- health relationship, additional research is required to determine whether greater job satisfaction contributes to recovery/maintenance of NK cell immunity and host defense over time. (cdc.gov)
FAIM is recruited to ubiquitinated proteins induced by cellular stress and the levels of stress-induced protein aggregates are much greater in FAIM-deficient cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
The California based biotech plans to use a well-known replicating cell line (human erythroleukemia, K562) to integrate the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 or its S1 domain onto the cell membrane simulating that the viral protein is introduced on a decoy cell surface to evoke T cell and B cell immunity to COVID-19. (pharma-industry-review.com)
Sorrento is currently working to prove the capacity of I-Cells inside an animal model to build defensive T-cell and B-cell immunity. (pharma-industry-review.com)
Sorrento anticipates that its current cGMP cell therapy facilities should be able to manufacture sufficient quantities of drug substance to satisfy the requirement of the final drug product (the COVID-19 Cellular Vaccine) for millions of monthly doses if approved. (pharma-industry-review.com)
We want to investigate humoral and cell-mediated immunity specifically targeted for varicella and measles, during and after treatment for childhood cancer. (who.int)
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) includes cell types such as macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. (who.int)

Humoral immunity works independently, but cellular immunity relies on components of humoral immunity. (mystylit.com)

B lymphocytes, named after their site of origin in the bursa of Fabricius in birds or in the bone marrow in humans, form the basis for humoral immunity by their production of immunoglobulins. (medscape.com)

To support this critical juncture in the young field of 'immunometabolism,' we are assembling international experts from academia and industry on the role of cellular metabolism in the programming of myeloid and lymphoid immune cells in immunity and disease. (grc.org)

A study of immunity for chickenpox and measles in childhood cancer patients. (who.int)
A clinical study to examine cellular and humoral immunity against measles and chickenpox in children and adolescents 0-18 years in childhood cancer. (who.int)

Cellular immunity is the process by which various immune cells are activated to respond to the presence of a pathogen, which is usually detected because of proteins called antigens that are on the pathogen. (differencebetween.net)

Furthermore, leukocyte recruitment is a key event in immunity and a better understanding of the signals involved in autoimmune diseases constitutes a valuable basis for the development of new strategies, which control leukocyte migration and function under pathological conditions. (nih.gov)

Here we report a new mammalian protein, Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM, also termed FAIM1), that protects cells from cellular stress. (frontiersin.org)
These antigens will be delivered in planned preclinical and clinical trials using Inovio's delivery system, as well as in combination with an engineered protein to drive broader vaccine immunity. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

A report published online in Nature Communications May 12, shows evidence of changes in cellular physiology with the seasons. (promegaconnections.com)

Here, we analyzed the lung single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) data of several deceased COVID-19 patients and focused on changes in transcripts associated with cellular metabolism. (imedpub.com)
Therefore, patients with COVID-19 may beneft from therapeutic strategies targeting cellular metabolism in future. (imedpub.com)
CRT helps immunity and COVID-19 prevention and recovery. (askdrdougnow.com)

E-mail: [email protected] involved in anti-infectious immunity. (cdc.gov)
On the other side, undernutrition causes nutritional deficiencies that provoke immunity disorders and elevated risk for infectious diseases. (bvs.br)

With cellular immunity, the immune system can overreact or act abnormally leading to allergies, anaphylaxis or autoimmune disease. (differencebetween.net)

Metabolic pathways drive cellular behavior. (imedpub.com)

Intranasal immunization of mice with Tm- WAP49 formulated with the adjuvant OCH, a truncated analog of alpha-GalCer with adjuvanticity to stimulate pure killer T cells (NKT) and mucosal immunity, induced considerably excessive ranges of IgG and its subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2a) in immunized mice. (proteomtech.com)

Given the role of CD8+ T cells in clearance of viral infections, it is likely that cellular immunity contributes substantially to vaccine protection against severe SARS-CoV-2 disease," said Barouch who is also professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and a member of the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard. (pharmanews.eu)

CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular and humoral immunities are durable at least until one year after disease onset. (ox.ac.uk)
By combining cryo-electron microscopy and tomography with biochemical, biophysical, molecular and cellular techniques, our goal is to identify potential therapeutics that can target a broad spectrum of disease-causing bacteria. (uoguelph.ca)

Here we will give a brief overview of the roles of IgE in allergic pathophysiology, and the molecular and cellular factors that ultimately regulate IgE production and Th2 expansion. (jci.org)

An advantage of cellular immunity is that there is a specific response that works well to rid the body of a pathogenic virus or bacterium. (differencebetween.net)
Within our immune tissues, distinct cellular subsets must work together to defend against pathogenic threats, maintain tolerance, and establish memory. (mit.edu)

However, the individual role of cellular and humoral immunity causing neuron loss has not been thoroughly dissected. (grantome.com)

however, recent clinical and basic research is leading novel insights into the cellular and molecular biological underlying pathways. (nih.gov)
Cellular pathways that include proteasomal destruction and autophagic disposal are components of normal proteostasis. (frontiersin.org)

Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Predict Clinical Outcomes in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer and Suppress Antitumor Immunity. (mayo.edu)
Few preclinical studies consider cellular or organismal aging as a key parameter, and clinical trials are skewed towards younger, healthier patients. (themarkfoundation.org)

Primary defects of cellular immunity. (medlineplus.gov)

2002-05: Scholarship at the Department of Cellular and developmental Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Palermo. (ior.it)
MIUR grant within the framework of the PhD in Cellular and Developmental Biology, 17th cycle. (ior.it)

Historically, immunity and metabolism were considered separate and largely tangential disciplines. (grc.org)
Therefore, in the case of vitiligo, antioxidants prevent melanocytes from being destroyed by harmful free radicals and reactive oxygen species produced from cellular metabolism in the skin. (progressivehealth.com)

Anatomy33

Organisms30

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs87

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes51

Information Science3

Health Care1

Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: a clinical test of monocyte function. (1/7321)

Possible suppression of host resistance by estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer.(2/7321)

Cell-mediated immunity: dealing a direct blow to pathogens. (3/7321)

Antitumor effect of allogenic fibroblasts engineered to express Fas ligand (FasL). (4/7321)

Giardia induces proliferation and interferon gamma production by intestinal lymphocytes. (5/7321)

From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. (6/7321)

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency impairs cellular immunity. (7/7321)

Genetic control of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses. I. Ir gene control of the specificity of cytolytic T-lymphocyte responses to trinitrophenyl-modified syngeneic cells. (8/7321)

Immunity

Immunity, Innate

Immunity, Cellular

Adaptive Immunity

Immunity, Mucosal

Immunity, Humoral

Plant Immunity

Immunity, Maternally-Acquired

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Immunity, Herd

Dendritic Cells

T-Lymphocytes

Vaccination

Interferon-gamma

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Antibody Formation

Lymphocyte Activation

Antibodies, Viral

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Cytokines

Spleen

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Immunoglobulin G

Mice, Knockout

Hypersensitivity, Delayed

Vaccines, DNA

Immunologic Memory

Cancer Vaccines

Vaccines, Synthetic

Th1 Cells

Antibodies, Bacterial

Viral Vaccines

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

Receptors, Pattern Recognition

Vaccines, Attenuated

Toll-Like Receptors

Immunization, Secondary

Vaccines

Models, Immunological

Administration, Intranasal

Macrophages

Interleukin-12

Immune Tolerance

Immune System

Killer Cells, Natural

Antigens, Bacterial

Host-Pathogen Interactions

Molecular Sequence Data

Signal Transduction

Listeriosis

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Bacteriocins

Cells, Cultured

Immunoglobulin A

Immunotherapy

Disease Models, Animal

B-Lymphocytes

T-Lymphocyte Subsets

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

Flow Cytometry

Th2 Cells

Lymphocytes

Antigen Presentation

Antigens, Neoplasm

Mice, Inbred C3H

Orthomyxoviridae Infections

Genetic Vectors

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

Virus Diseases

Lung

Antibodies, Neutralizing

Amino Acid Sequence

Melanoma, Experimental

Protozoan Vaccines

Listeria monocytogenes

Adoptive Transfer

Antibodies, Protozoan

Antigens, Protozoan

Inflammation