Immunity. Medical search

Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).

Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

The inherent or induced capacity of plants to withstand or ward off biological attack by pathogens.

Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.

The non-susceptibility to infection of a large group of individuals in a population. A variety of factors can be responsible for herd immunity and this gives rise to the different definitions used in the literature. Most commonly, herd immunity refers to the case when, if most of the population is immune, infection of a single individual will not cause an epidemic. Also, in such immunized populations, susceptible individuals are not likely to become infected. Herd immunity can also refer to the case when unprotected individuals fail to contract a disease because the infecting organism has been banished from the population.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

A large family of cell surface receptors that bind conserved molecular structures (PAMPS) present in pathogens. They play important roles in host defense by mediating cellular responses to pathogens.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.

Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Infections with bacteria of the genus LISTERIA.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Experimentally induced tumor that produces MELANIN in animals to provide a model for studying human MELANOMA.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.

A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Protection conferred on a host by inoculation with one strain or component of a microorganism that prevents infection when later challenged with a similar strain. Most commonly the microorganism is a virus.

The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.

CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.

Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.

Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Vaccines in which the infectious microbial nucleic acid components have been destroyed by chemical or physical treatment (e.g., formalin, beta-propiolactone, gamma radiation) without affecting the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the viral coat or bacterial outer membrane proteins.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.

An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Vaccines made from antigens arising from any of the four strains of Plasmodium which cause malaria in humans, or from P. berghei which causes malaria in rodents.

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.

An intracellular signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR and INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTORS signal transduction. It forms a signaling complex with the activated cell surface receptors and members of the IRAK KINASES.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Active immunization where vaccine is administered for therapeutic or preventive purposes. This can include administration of immunopotentiating agents such as BCG vaccine and Corynebacterium parvum as well as biological response modifiers such as interferons, interleukins, and colony-stimulating factors in order to directly stimulate the immune system.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Diseases of plants.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.

A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.

An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. It interacts with multiple ligands including PEPTIDOGLYCAN, bacterial LIPOPROTEINS, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of PORINS.

Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.

The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.

Aluminum metal sulfate compounds used medically as astringents and for many industrial purposes. They are used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, metritis, and minor wounds.

A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed fungi administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious fungal disease.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals.

Class I-restricted activation of CD8-POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES resulting from ANTIGEN PRESENTATION of exogenous ANTIGENS (cross-presentation). This is in contrast to normal activation of these lymphocytes (direct-priming) which results from presentation of endogenous antigens.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.

A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.

Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. This can include IMMUNIZATION or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances.

A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.

DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

Forceful administration under the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the skin.

Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Species of CHLAMYDIA causing pneumonitis in mice and hamsters. These isolates formerly belonged to CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.

A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

A live VACCINIA VIRUS vaccine of calf lymph or chick embryo origin, used for immunization against smallpox. It is now recommended only for laboratory workers exposed to smallpox virus. Certain countries continue to vaccinate those in the military service. Complications that result from smallpox vaccination include vaccinia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalomyelitis. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.

The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA.

The ability of tumors to evade destruction by the IMMUNE SYSTEM. Theories concerning possible mechanisms by which this takes place involve both cellular immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and humoral immunity (ANTIBODY FORMATION), and also costimulatory pathways related to CD28 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD28) and CD80 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD80).

A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Subset of helper-effector T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22. These cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.

Effects of soybean oil emulsion and eicosapentaenoic acid on stress response and immune function after a severely stressful operation. (1/2857)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of soybean oil emulsion and oral or enteral administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on stress response, cytokine production, protein metabolism, and immune function after surgery for esophageal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: It has been reported that safflower oil, rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA), affects the survival rate of septic animals and decreases the immune function. It has also been reported that the administration of fish oil, in contrast, reduces these stress responses and stress-induced immunosuppression. In humans, the effects of soybean oil emulsion and the administration of EPA on stress response and immune function after surgery have not been established. METHODS: Patients who underwent esophagectomy with thoracotomy were divided into three groups. Seven patients were fed by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with soybean oil emulsion, which accounted for 20% of total calories. Seven patients were given oral or enteral administration of 1.8 g/day EPA, in addition to TPN with soybean oil emulsion. Nine patients served as the control group; these patients received fat-free TPN. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, concanavalin A (con A)- or phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell activity, and stress hormones were measured. RESULTS: The postoperative level of serum IL-6 was significantly higher in the group receiving soybean oil emulsion than in the fat-free group. Oral or enteral supplementation of EPA with soybean oil emulsion significantly reduced the level of serum IL-6 compared with the patients receiving soybean oil emulsion. Con A- or PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation decreased significantly on postoperative day 7 in all groups of patients. The supplementation of EPA with soybean oil emulsion significantly improved the lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity on postoperative day 21 compared with the group receiving soybean oil emulsion. CONCLUSIONS: Soybean oil emulsion amplifies, and the supplementation of EPA reduces, the stress response and stress-induced immunosuppression. (+info)

Soluble HLA class I, HLA class II, and Fas ligand in blood components: a possible key to explain the immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusions. (2/2857)

The immunomodulatory effect of allogeneic blood transfusions (ABT) has been known for many years. However, a complete understanding of the effects of ABT on the recipient's immune system has remained elusive. Soluble HLA class I (sHLA-I), HLA class II (sHLA-II), and Fas ligand (sFasL) molecules may play immunoregulatory roles. We determined by double-determinant immunoenzymatic assay (DDIA) sHLA-I, sHLA-II, and sFasL concentrations in different blood components. sHLA-I and sFasL levels in red blood cells (RBCs) stored for up to 30 days and in random-donor platelets are significantly (P <.001) higher than in other blood components and their amount is proportionate to the number of residual donor leukocytes and to the length of storage. Blood components with high sHLA-I and sFasL levels play immunoregulatory roles in vitro as in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR) and antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) activity, and induce apoptosis in Fas-positive cells. These data suggest that soluble molecules in blood components are functional. If these results are paralleled in vivo, they should be taken into account in transfusion practice. Blood components that can cause immunosuppression should be chosen to induce transplantation tolerance, whereas blood components that lack immunosuppressive effects should be preferred to reduce the risk of postoperative complications and cancer recurrence. (+info)

Dietary effect of EPA-rich and DHA-rich fish oils on the immune function of Sprague-Dawley rats. (3/2857)

The dietary effect of fish oils (FOs) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the immune function of Sprague-Dawley rats was compared with that of safflower oil. After 3 weeks of feeding at the 10% level of a dietary fat, the IgG and IgM production by splenocytes and IgG production by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes were significantly higher in the FO-fed rats, while no significant difference was found in IgA or IgE productivity by both the spleen and MLN lymphocytes. In the FO-fed rats, peritoneal exudate cells released a lower amount of LTB4, reflecting their lower arachidonic acid level, and a higher amount of LTB5, reflecting their higher EPA level in phospholipids. On these EPA-rich FO exerted a stronger effect than DHA-rich FO immune functions. (+info)

Genetically corrected autologous stem cells engraft, but host immune responses limit their utility in canine alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency. (4/2857)

Canine alpha-L-iduronidase (alpha-ID) deficiency, a model of the human storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), is an ideal system in which to evaluate the clinical benefit of genetically corrected hematopoietic stem cells. We performed adoptive transfer of genetically corrected autologous hematopoietic cells in dogs with alpha-ID deficiency. Large volume marrow collections were performed on five alpha-ID-deficient dogs. Marrow mononuclear cells in long-term marrow cultures (LTMCs) were exposed on three occasions during 3 weeks of culture to retroviral vectors bearing the normal canine alpha-ID cDNA. Transduced LTMC cells from deficient dogs expressed enzymatically active alpha-ID at 10 to 200 times the levels seen in normal dogs. An average of 32% of LTMC-derived clonogenic hematopoietic cells were provirus positive by polymerase chain reaction and about half of these expressed alpha-ID. Approximately 10(7) autologous gene-modified LTMC cells/kg were infused into nonmyeloablated recipients. Proviral DNA was detected in up to 10% of individual marrow-derived hematopoietic colonies and in 0.01% to 1% of blood and marrow leukocytes at up to 2 to 3 years postinfusion. Despite good evidence for engraftment of provirally marked cells, neither alpha-ID enzyme nor alpha-ID transcripts were detected in any dog. We evaluated immune responses against alpha-ID and transduced cells. Humoral responses to alpha-ID and serum components of the culture media (fetal bovine and horse sera and bovine serum albumin) were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cellular immune responses to autologous alpha-ID but not neo(r) transduced cells were demonstrated by lymphocyte proliferation assays. To abrogate potential immune phenomena, four affected dogs received posttransplant cyclosporine A. Whereas immune responses were dampened in these dogs, alpha-ID activity remained undetectable. In none of the dogs engrafted with genetically corrected cells was there evidence for clinical improvement. Our data suggest that, whereas the alpha-ID cDNA may be transferred and maintained in approximately 5% of hematopoietic progenitors, the potential of this approach appears limited by the levels of provirally derived enzyme that are expressed in vivo and by the host's response to cultured and transduced hematopoietic cells expressing foreign proteins. (+info)

Deficiency of the hematopoietic cell-specific Rho family GTPase Rac2 is characterized by abnormalities in neutrophil function and host defense. (5/2857)

In mammals, the Rho family GTPase Rac2 is restricted in expression to hematopoietic cells, where it is coexpressed with Rac1. Rac2-deficient mice were created to define the physiological requirement for two near-identical Rac proteins in hematopoietic cells. rac2-/- neutrophils displayed significant defects in chemotaxis, in shear-dependent L-selectin-mediated capture on the endothelial substrate Glycam-1, and in both F-actin generation and p38 and, unexpectedly, p42/p44 MAP kinase activation induced by chemoattractants. Superoxide production by rac2-/- bone marrow neutrophils was significantly reduced compared to wild type, but it was normal in activated peritoneal exudate neutrophils. These defects were reflected in vivo by baseline neutrophilia, reduced inflammatory peritoneal exudate formation, and increased mortality when challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus. Rac2 is an essential regulator of multiple specialized neutrophil functions. (+info)

Role of innate and adaptive immunity in the outcome of primary infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, as analyzed in genetically modified mice. (6/2857)

Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of acute respiratory disease in man and is also associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disorder. Herein, we have compared bacterial load and immune parameters of C. pneumoniae-infected mice genomically lacking T cell coreceptors, cytokine receptors, or cytotoxic effector molecules. A protective role for CD8+ cells is shown by the enhanced severity of infection of CD8-/- or TAP-1-/-/beta2-microglobulin -/- mice. CD8+ cells hindered a parasite growth-promoting role of CD4+ T cells, as indicated by the higher sensitivity to early infection of CD8-/- than CD4-/-/CD8-/- mice, which was further confirmed in experiments in which SCID mice were reconstituted with either CD4+ or CD4+ plus CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, CD4+ T cells played a dual role, detrimental early (14 and 24 days) after infection but protective at later time points (60 days after infection). The CD8+ T cell protection was perforin independent. The early deleterious role of CD4+ in the absence of CD8+ T cells was associated with enhanced IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels and delayed IFN-gamma mRNA accumulation in lungs. In line with this, IFN-gammaR-/- (but not TNFRp55 -/-) mice showed dramatically increased susceptibility to C. pneumoniae, linked to reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA accumulation, but not to diminished levels of specific Abs. The increased susceptibility of iNOS-/- mice indicates a protective role for iNOS activity during infection with C. pneumoniae. The higher sensitivity of IFN-gammaR-/- mice to C. pneumoniae compared with that of SCID or recombination-activating gene-1-/- mice suggested a relevant protective role of IFN-gamma-dependent innate mechanisms of protection. (+info)

Chimerism and xenotransplantation. New concepts. (7/2857)

In both transplant and infectious circumstances, the immune response is governed by migration and localization of the antigen. If the antigenic epitopes of transgenic xenografts are sufficiently altered to avoid evoking the destructive force of innate immunity, the mechanisms of engraftment should be the same as those that permit the chimerism-dependent immunologic confrontation and resolution that is the basis of allograft acceptance. In addition to "humanizing" the epitopes, one of the unanswered questions is whether the species restriction of complement described in 1994 by Valdivia and colleagues also necessitates the introduction of human complement regulatory genes in animal donors. Because the liver is the principal or sole source of most complement components, the complement quickly is transformed to that of the donor after hepatic transplantation. Thus, the need for complementary regulatory transgenes may vary according to the kind of xenograft used. Much evidence shows that physiologically important peptides produced by xenografts (e.g., insulin, clotting factors, and enzymes) are incorporated into the metabolic machinery of the recipient body. To the extent that this is not true, xenotransplantation could result in the production of diseases that are analogous to inborn errors of metabolism. In the climate of pessimism that followed the failures of baboon to human liver xenotransplantation in 1992-1993, it seemed inconceivable that the use of even more discordant donors, such as the pig, could ever be seriously entertained; however, this preceded insight into the xenogeneic and allogeneic barriers that has brought transplantation infectious immunity to common ground. With this new insight and the increasing ease of producing transgenic donors, the goal of clinical xenotransplantation may not be so distant. (+info)

Good genes, oxidative stress and condition-dependent sexual signals. (8/2857)

The immune and the detoxication systems of animals are characterized by allelic polymorphisms, which underlie individual differences in ability to combat assaults from pathogens and toxic compounds. Previous studies have shown that females may improve offspring survival by selecting mates on the basis of sexual ornaments and signals that honestly reveal health. In many cases the expression of these ornaments appears to be particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. Activated immune and detoxication systems often generate oxidative stress by an extensive production of reactive metabolites and free radicals. Given that tolerance or resistance to toxic compounds and pathogens can be inherited, female choice should promote the evolution of male ornaments that reliably reveal the status of the bearers' level of oxidative stress. Hence, oxidative stress may be one important agent linking the expression of sexual ornaments to genetic variation in fitness-related traits, thus promoting the evolution of female mate choice and male sexual ornamentation, a controversial issue in evolutionary biology ever since Darwin. (+info)

... immunity granted to a witness in exchange for testimony Immunity (Rupert Hine album) Immunity (Jon Hopkins album) Immunity ( ... Look up immunity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Immunity may refer to: Immunity (medical), resistance of an organism to ... immunity of a judge or magistrate in the course of their official duties Parliamentary immunity, immunity granted to elected ... a law that provides immunity for past crimes Charitable immunity, immunity from liability granted to charities in many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity

While qualified immunity has been repeatedly affirmed by courts and legislation has established similar immunity at the state ... or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws". U.S. District Court Judge Lynn Adelman has argued that "qualified immunity ... "to claim qualified immunity under the Reforming Qualified Immunity Act, a government employee such as a police officer would ... It is a form of sovereign immunity less strict than absolute immunity that is intended to protect officials who "make ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_immunity

... judicial immunity is among a handful of forms of absolute immunity, along with prosecutorial immunity, legislative immunity, ... Judicial immunity is a form of sovereign immunity, which protects judges and others employed by the judiciary from liability ... and witness immunity. The U.S. Supreme Court has characterized judicial immunity as providing "the maximum ability [of judges] ... only qualified immunity applies. In determining whether absolute or qualified immunity should be provided, the U.S. Supreme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_immunity

Intergovernmental immunity - US doctrine Intergovernmental immunity - Australian doctrine Hogg & Godil 2008, p. 626. The Bank ... Interjurisdictional immunity is an exception to the pith and substance doctrine, as it stipulates that there is a core to each ... The interjurisdictional immunity doctrine will not render inapplicable insignificant impacts caused by legislation of general ... "Interjurisdictional Immunity". constitutional-law.net. Retrieved 2013-01-11. (Constitution of Canada, Federalism in Canada). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjurisdictional_immunity

It contrasts with cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immunity is also referred to as antibody-mediated immunity. The study of the ... Immune system Cell-mediated immunity (vs. humoral immunity) Immunity Polyclonal response Janeway CA Jr (2001). Immunobiology ( ... Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules - including secreted antibodies, complement ... The complement system is involved in the activities of both innate immunity and acquired immunity. Activation of this system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immunity

Immunity from prosecution (international law) Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (United States) Extraterritorial jurisdiction ... The Law of State Immunity, Oxford University Press Text of European Convention on State Immunity Text of United Nations ... that establishes the European Tribunal in matters of State Immunity. The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities ... The doctrine and rules of state immunity concern the protection which a state is given from being sued in the courts of other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_immunity

... is the evolution of an additional level of immunity in the colonies of eusocial insects (some bees and wasps, ... Social immunity efforts peaks during middle-age, in contrast to efforts in personal immunity increasing or being maintained ... Social immunity (also termed collective immunity) describes the additional level of disease protection arising in social groups ... Further work revealed how a trade-off existed between investment in personal immunity vs investment in social immunity, i.e., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_immunity

... privileges are described in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 (VCCR). Consular immunity ... Procedurally, official acts immunity is raised as an affirmative defense. Diplomatic immunity Vienna Convention on Consular ... For example, consular officers are not accorded absolute immunity from a host country's criminal jurisdiction, they may be ... U.S. Department of State - Legal Aspects of Diplomatic Immunity and Privileges U.S. Diplomacy - Diplomatic and Consular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consular_immunity

... influenza A viruses could induce immunity against unrelated sub-strains.' Huan H. Nguyen et al, Heterosubtypic Immunity to ... "Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is defined as cross-protection to infection with an influenza A virus serotype other than the one ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosubtypic_immunity

Also, like adaptive immunity, intrinsic immunity is specifically tailored to a single type or class of pathogens, notably ... Intrinsic antiviral immunity refers to a form of innate immunity that directly restricts viral replication and assembly, ... Though the extent of protection intrinsic immunity affords is still unknown, it is possible that intrinsic immunity may ... adaptive and innate immunity - but is mechanistically distinct. Innate cellular immunity recognizes viral infection using toll- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_immunity

... from prosecution occurs when a prosecutor grants immunity to a witness in exchange for testimony or production ... Transactional immunity, colloquially known as "blanket" or "total" immunity, completely protects the witness from future ... The Court ruled that the grant of use and derivative use immunity is sufficient. Despite Kastigar, the type of immunity ... The grant of immunity impairs the witness's right to invoke the Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_immunity

"U.S. Appeals Court Affirms Kuwait Immunity, Rejects Ex-Diplomat Immunity, in Abuse of Domestic Worker Case". Archived from the ... On grounds of diplomatic immunity, no charges could be filed. In 2009, South Africa was criticised for claiming immunity from ... and therefore diplomatic immunity does not apply. An appeals court ruled that Al-Awadi did not have diplomatic immunity in that ... many countries refuse to waive immunity as a matter of course, and diplomats have no authority to waive their own immunity ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity

... (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or mass immunity) is a form of indirect ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herd immunity. Wikiquote has quotations related to Herd immunity. Look up herd immunity ... High levels of immunity in one age group can create herd immunity for other age groups. Vaccinating adults against pertussis ... Individuals who lack immunity, including those who choose not to vaccinate, free ride off the herd immunity created by those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity

The early form of charitable immunity in England did not provide immunity from suit; it only protected segregated funds held in ... Charitable immunity is a legal doctrine which holds that a charitable organization is not liable under tort law. It originated ... Under the charitable immunity doctrine, it was still possible to sue employees or volunteers of charitable institutions, so the ... Moreover, the concept of immunity had no sooner crept into English law than it was decisively repudiated. By 1866, the dictum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_immunity

Antiserum Antivenin Cell-mediated immunity Herd immunity Heterosubtypic immunity Hoskins effect Humoral immunity Immunology ... Innate immunity, also known as native immunity, is a semi-specific and widely distributed form of immunity. It is defined as ... Hybrid immunity is the combination of natural immunity and artificial immunity. Studies of hybrid-immune people found that ... requiring booster doses for continued immunity. The diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. Adaptive immunity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)

In mathematics, the correlation immunity of a Boolean function is a measure of the degree to which its outputs are uncorrelated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_immunity

"Immunity". Library of Congress Online Catalog. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2014-12-05. "Immunity". NLM Catalog. National ... Immunity is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal of immunology published by Cell Press. The journal was established in ... "Immunity". Ulrichsweb. Retrieved 2014-12-18. "Title lists". EBSCO Information Services. Retrieved 2014-12-05. "Master Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(journal)

... differs from herd immunity, a different type of group protection, in which risk for unimmunized individuals is ... Contact immunity is the property of some vaccines, where a vaccinated individual can confer immunity upon unimmunized ... and further increases the immunity of the group. The most prominent example of contact immunity was the oral polio vaccine (OPV ... In other words, if person "A" has been vaccinated for virus X and person "B" has not, person "B" can receive immunity to virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_immunity

Human milk immunity is the protection provided to the immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in ... Milk immunity is the protection provided to immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in milk, ... Ruminant mothers do not transfer immunity to their infants during pregnancy, which makes milk the first introduction to ... Human milk was previously thought to only provide passive immunity primarily through Secretory IgA, but advances in technology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_immunity

... (Australia) Intergovernmental immunity (United States) Interjurisdictional immunity (Canada) This ... Intergovernmental immunity is a legal doctrine in federations that defines the extent to which laws of a federal government and ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Intergovernmental immunity. If an internal link led you here, you ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_immunity

The term is used almost synonymously for "passive immunity" in some situations, however, passive immunity acts among xenogeneic ... Adoptive immunity acts in a host after their immunological components are withdrawn, their immunological activity is modified ... 1993). "Adoptive immunity." [Dictionary of Terms in Immunoglogy], 3rd ed. Osaka: Saishin-Igakusha, Ltd., p. 510. ISBN 4-914909- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptive_immunity

Sovereign immunity Qualified immunity "Absolute Immunity". biotech.law.lsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-22. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 ... In United States law, absolute immunity is a type of sovereign immunity for government officials that confers complete immunity ... Absolute judicial immunity applies when judges act in their judicial capacity. A judge enjoys this immunity when they exceed ... Some scholars urge courts to reconsider the scope of certain forms of absolute immunity, particularly prosecutorial immunity. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_immunity

Evidence of trained immunity is found mainly at monocytes/macrophages and NK cells and, less at γδ T cells and innate lymphoid ... Trained immunity is a long-term functional modification of cells in the innate immune system which leads to an altered response ... This type of immunity is thought to be largely mediated by epigenetic modifications. The changes to the innate immune response ... The term "trained immunity" is relatively new - immunological memory has previously been considered only as a part of adaptive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trained_immunity

"Deadly Immunity" is an article written by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. that appeared in the July 14, 2005 issue of Rolling Stone and ... "Deadly Immunity" was heavily criticized for quoting material out of context, and both Rolling Stone and Salon eventually ... Deadly Immunity. Internet Archive. (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use American ... On January 16, 2011, Salon announced that it was retracting "Deadly Immunity". In a statement on the website, Kerry Lauerman, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Immunity

... immunity from suit (also known as immunity from jurisdiction or adjudication) immunity from enforcement. Immunity from suit ... Judicial immunity is a specific form of absolute immunity. The federal government of the United States has sovereign immunity ... Absolute immunity Command responsibility Diplomatic immunity Immunity (disambiguation) § Law Impeachment Jurisdiction Qualified ... state immunities are codified in the State Immunity Act of 1979, which closely resembles the United Kingdom's State Immunity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_immunity

An immunity passport, immunity certificate, health pass or release certificate (among other names used by various local ... When it takes into account natural immunity or very recent negative test results, an immunity passport cannot be reduced to a ... "Explained: Are immunity passports, release certificates the way to go?". indianexpress.com. 10 May 2020. ""Immunity passports" ... protective immunity is long-lasting The pathogen mutates sufficiently slowly for immunity to work against most strains Immunity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_passport

... describes the immune response in the bloodstream, and its role is to fight and prevent the spread of ... Components of intravascular immunity include the cellular immune response and the macromolecules secreted by these cells. It ... Ramirez, G. A.; Maugeri, N.; Sabbadini, M. G.; Rovere-Querini, P.; Manfredi, A. A. (2014-02-01). "Intravascular immunity as a ... Hickey, Michael J.; Kubes, Paul (2009). "Intravascular immunity: The host-pathogen encounter in blood vessels". Nature Reviews ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_immunity

However, gut microbiome does not affect skin immunity significantly, instead, skin immunity is modulated by skin microflora ... Skin immunity is a property of skin that allows it to resist infections from pathogens. In addition to providing a passive ... Finally, mono-association of GF mice with S. epidermidis clearly restored immunity function which in the case of skin is ... Skin microbiota plays an important role in tissue homeostasis and local immunity. Skin microbial communities are highly diverse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_immunity

... is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Passive immunity can occur naturally, ... Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody-mediated immunity conveyed ... Passive immunity is effective, but only lasts a short amount of time. Active immunity Immunity (medical) Antitoxin ... An individual's immune response of passive immunity is "faster than a vaccine" and can instill immunity in an individual that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity

... , also known as legislative immunity, is a system in which politicians such as president, vice president ... The right to immunity of National Assembly deputies 1. No National Assembly deputy may be arrested, held in custody, detained, ... As such, the immunity must be removed before prosecution may commence, usually by a parliamentary body. This eliminates the ... Parliamentary immunity in Italy was re-instated in 1948 by the Constituent Assembly, to prevent cases such as "Francesco ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity

Test2 ...

https://newswithviews.com/qualified-immunity/

Immunity is your bodys defense against foreign organisms. Taking care of yourself will help your immune system take care of ... Immunity. 2019;51(5):794-811. Accessed May 13, 2021.. 3US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines ... Vaccines build immunity against specific diseases. Some additional ways you can strengthen your immune system are eating well, ... 5Jones AW, Davison G. Exercise, immunity, and illness.external icon In: Zoladz JA, ed. Muscle and Exercise Physiology. Academic ...

https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/features/enhance-immunity/index.html

... could become something much closer to absolute immunity from lawsuits. ... But qualified immunity is not supposed to be absolute immunity. Again, officers can still be sued for violating clearly ... A new opinion suggests that "qualified immunity" could become something much closer to absolute immunity from lawsuits. ... Qualified immunity protects public employees from the "expenses of litigation." It ensures that the stress of litigation does ...

https://www.vox.com/2021/10/20/22733467/supreme-court-police-qualified-immunity-rivas-villegas-cortesluna-criminal-justice

Box 1. Antimicrobial peptides involved in vaginal innate immunity. Major antimicrobial peptides found in the vagina *. α- ... Vaginal immunity depends greatly on the maintenance of homeostasis among all components in the innate immune system. ... Preterm birth has been linked to abnormalities in vaginal immunity, such as abnormal flora, altered cytokine and chemokine ... Vaginal Innate Immunity. Alteration During Pregnancy and its Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/752814

We do not know exactly if or how exercise increases your immunity to certain illnesses. There are several theories. However, ... People who already exercise should not exercise more just to increase their immunity. Heavy, long-term exercise (such as ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007165.htm

The 14th meeting of the Measles/Rubella Regional Reference Laboratories (‎RRL)‎ of the WHO European Region was held in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg on 14-15 March 2019. This report consists of a summary of the presentations ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/browse?authority=Immunity&type=mesh

exploit pack, exploit kit, vulnerability, research, xss, sql, metasploit, core, immunity, security, it security, agent, malware ...

http://www.securitytube.net/tags/immunity

... Posted By: tonzal. Date: Friday, 16-Sep-2022 14:30:19 www. ... Natural immunity or repetitive boosters leading to eventual death #share_buttons { margin: 0 auto; width: 188px; } ... The doctor has put together all the case studies to show that natural immunity, from day one: Fauci et al, Walensky knew from ... If the evidence is there showing that natural immunity exists, and if its not on the agenda to express that, you will be ...

https://www.rumormillnews.com/cgi-bin/forum.cgi?noframes

These studies are particularly important as several immunomodulatory therapies aimed at promoting anti-tumor T cell immunity by ... is to elucidate the role of different T cell populations in CRC and understand how Treg influence local anti-tumor immunity and ... Immune responses influence patient outcome in most cancer types, and the most important cell types for anti-tumor immunity are ... These studies are particularly important as several immunomodulatory therapies aimed at promoting anti-tumor T cell immunity by ...

https://www.gu.se/en/research/marianne-quiding-jarbrink

Maternal passive immunity[edit]. Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to ... Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Passive immunity can occur naturally, ... Passive transfer of cell-mediated immunity[edit]. The one exception to passive humoral immunity is the passive transfer of cell ... a b c d e Keller, Margaret A. and E. Richard Stiehm Passive Immunity in Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_immunity

Omega-3: Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Immunity. Chances are youve heard of the anti-inflammatory properties in omega-3 and how ... I Have Noticed Big Differences In My Overall Health, Fitness, Energy Levels, and Immunity ...

https://www.primalblueprint.com/blogs/primal-blueprint/immunity

... Biomed J. 2014 Sep-Oct;37(5):246-58. doi: 10.4103/2319-4170.130922. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25163502/

... by Arup K. Chakraborty and Andrey S. Shaw ... Read a feature story in MIT News about "Viruses, Pandemics, and Immunity." ...

https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262363761/viruses-pandemics-and-immunity/

It is said that the reasons the Supreme Court gives for doing whatever it does are as important as what it does.

https://www.tauntongazette.com/story/opinion/columns/2010/03/10/will-privileges-immunities-clause-cause/41033560007/

Purchase Lessons in Immunity - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780128032527, 9780128032534 ... Chapter 6. Specificity of Innate Immunity in Bivalves: A Lesson From Bacteria*Innate Immunity in Bivalves: Diversity and ... Lessons in Immunity. Holiday Sale. :. Save up to 25% on print and eBooks with FREE shipping. No promo code needed. More details ... Lessons in Immunity: From Single-cell Organisms to Mammals stems from the activity of the Italian Association of Developmental ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/lessons-in-immunity/ballarin/978-0-12-803252-7

Natural immunity is a subtype of active immunity. Heres what you need to know about how its acquired and how it protects you. ... What Is Active Immunity?. Vaccine-induced immunity and natural immunity are both types of active immunity. Thats the medical ... What Are Hybrid Immunity and Super Immunity?. Whether you call it "hybrid" or "super" immunity, these terms mean the same thing ... This can be because of natural active immunity, vaccine-induced immunity, or passive immunity. ...

https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/natural-immunity-overview

What is herd immunity?. Say you have a group of 10 people. Herd immunity occurs when enough people in that group become immune ... Will we need to wear masks until herd immunity is reached?. Ultimately, that will be up to Orange County Mayor Jerry Demings. ... How soon could the county reach herd immunity?. "So, 79% is going to take us a while," Pino said. "But we will get there. Well ... How close is Orange County right now to herd immunity?. Health officer Dr. Raul Pino said 8.7% of Orange County is currently ...

https://www.wftv.com/news/local/orange-county/health-officer-weighs-when-orange-county-may-reach-herd-immunity-covid-19/6DBKYYZ3ONCGDJ3D7S5X2QJTY4/

Immunity Cannot Allow Impunity. African leaders want to exempt themselves from prosecution for terrible crimes -- but new ... Only weeks ago, African leaders voted to give themselves, along with other senior state officials, immunity from prosecution ... Only weeks ago, African leaders voted to give themselves, along with other senior state officials, immunity from prosecution ...

https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/04/immunity-cannot-allow-impunity/

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor suppresses immunity to oral cancer through immune checkpoint regulation The findings suggest new ... Aryl hydrocarbon receptor suppresses immunity to oral cancer through immune checkpoint regulation. Boston University School of ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/628859

... Sugar Is Crucial for Immunity: 2 Kinds Boost Immunity and Help You Live Longer. Nowadays, the concept of a low sugar ... Immunity. 77 Things You Can Do to Boost up Your Immunity. Every year in the United States, around 20 percent of the population ... Immunity. Sleep and Immunity. Is the link between immune function and a good nights rest a myth? To really boost our immune ... Immunity. Theres No Need to Fear Viruses When You Understand How Immunity Works. The COVID-19 pandemic began over two and a ...

https://www.theepochtimes.com/health/immunity

Herd immunity occurs when the majority of a population develops immunity against a contagious disease either through ... What is herd immunity?. The development of herd immunity is an important way of gaining protection from contagious diseases ... How is herd immunity developed? There are two ways to develop herd immunity: vaccination and previous infection. ... Vaccination is the best way to develop herd immunity as it can break the chain of infection. The level of herd immunity-based ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Herd-Immunity.aspx

The country could be well on its way to herd immunity-- when enough people are protected against a disease that it cannot ... Lessler: Community immunity is a continuum. As more immunity builds, the disease becomes easier to control. Right now, control ... How will this affect the path to herd immunity? Casadevall: The number of cases is the threat, and a lot depends on what the ... Herd immunity can only be discussed in the context of mass vaccination. Im on the more conservative side and very hesitant to ...

https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/26/health/herd-immunity-united-states/index.html

ARS Home » News & Events » News Articles » Research News » 2006 » Selenium May Boost Insect Immunity ... Selenium May Boost Insect Immunity. By Laura McGinnis. May 31, 2006. Selenium could play a key role in effective integrated ... If selenium boosts pest insects immunity, it could decrease the effectiveness of baculoviruses as a tool to control and reduce ... But the researchers results suggest that moderate dietary levels of selenium may strengthen insect immunity. That, in turn, ...

https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2006/selenium-may-boost-insect-immunity/

There is a safe and effective hepatitis B vaccine that most people should take to build immunity. Learn more here. ... Learn more about hepatitis B, including what it means to have immunity and how the hepatitis B vaccine can provide immunity to ... Natural immunity Sometimes, a persons immune system can clear HBV infection without treatment. Experts are unsure why some ... There is a safe and effective hepatitis B vaccine that helps a person build immunity against HBV infection. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hepatitis-b-immunity

... Medically reviewed by Scientific Advisory Board - By Jane Collingwood on May 17, 2016 ...

https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-does-mood-affect-immunity

Infection & Immunity. Leerdoelen. The main objective is to make students intimately familiar with model systems for studies on ... handouts of introductory lecture, a list of 10-15 projects that specify particular topics in infection and immunity research. ... During the course (I) students will learn how to apply current techniques for infection and immunity research in a practical ... students will be provided with a list of 10-15 projects that specify particular topics in infection and immunity research, ...

https://www.rug.nl/ocasys/rug/vak/show?code=GKMMIT903

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates gut immunity through modulation of innate lymphoid cells. Immunity 36, 92-104 (2012) ... Figure 2: Depletion of natural AHR ligands leads to impaired immunity to C. rodentium.. ... Extended Data Figure 5 IL-22-Fc improves immunity to C. rodentium infection in R26Cyp1a1 mice.. Mice of indicated genotypes ... Extended Data Figure 7 Effects of Rag1-cre mediated Cyp1a1 expression on immunity to C. rodentium.. Mice of indicated genotypes ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21080?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3ee2ab12-d9ca-4ed3-9357-757420d13c40

Baude distinguishes qualified immunity from the sovereign immunity given to government, and the absolute immunity given to ... But we also need to talk about the absolute immunity enjoyed by prosecutors, another bit of judge-made law (it isnt in the ... In particular, the Court has given qualified immunity a privileged place on its agenda reserved for few other legal doctrines ... For a quick primer on how qualified immunity works, see this terrific cartoon on the topic by Nathan Burney. ...

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2017/01/12/the-case-against-qualified-immunity/

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?rpp=20&offset=0&etal=-1&authority=Immunity&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&order=ASC

People taking methotrexate for immunomodulatory diseases can skip one or two scheduled doses after they get an mRNA-based vaccine booster for COVID-19 and achieve a level of immunity against Omicron variants that's comparable to people who aren't immunosuppressed, a small observational cohort study from Germany reported. (medscape.com)

Innate immunity represents a current research trend in a wide spectrum of medical fields. (hindawi.com)
The relationship between these two is not currently fully understood, but multiple researchers worldwide have emphasised the important contribution of innate immunity in the etiology of different gastroenterological disorders, such as gastritis, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease, whose onset is usually during childhood or adolescence. (hindawi.com)
The existence of a relationship between innate immunity mechanisms (e.g. toll-like receptors) and the onset of certain gastroenterological pathologies is undoubtable, but a more thorough approach in this topic would be extremely useful to understand clearly the mechanistic pathways and to create a solid basis for potential prevention or treatment strategies. (hindawi.com)
Innate immunity responses are involved in the development of both gastroenterological infectious disorders, such Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis, and autoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disorders. (hindawi.com)
A complex and integrative mechanistic model of the relationship between innate immunity and multiple gastrointestinal tract pathologies would be extremely useful for opening multiple research directions. (hindawi.com)
Innate immunity also seems to be involved in other maternal and gestational concerns with a great impact on birth outcomes. (hindawi.com)
The main aim of this Special Issue is to define an integrative mechanistic model for a clearer understanding of the relationship between innate immunity and paediatric gastroenterological diseases, along with other factors, such as maternal microbiota or gestational pathologies. (hindawi.com)
Innate immunity is the first line of defense, comprised of protective barriers such as skin, mucus, and stomach acid. (alive.com)
To cite this article: Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. (cdc.gov)
Contact allergen-induced innate immunity contrast to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), which evolves emollients may help reduce irritancy and stabilize the barrier as a consequence of direct toxic effects of physical or chemi- function of the skin avoiding the penetration of contact aller- cal agents resulting in keratinocyte damage and local inflam- gens. (cdc.gov)

One police department in New Hampshire even advertised qualified immunity as a job perk for new recruits in 2021. (yahoo.com)

Herd immunity occurs when the majority of a population develops immunity against a contagious disease either through vaccination or due to a previous infection. (news-medical.net)
There are two ways to develop herd immunity: vaccination and previous infection. (news-medical.net)
Vaccination is the best way to develop herd immunity as it can break the chain of infection. (news-medical.net)
However, some individuals can build immunity to hepatitis B through vaccination. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Instead, they recommend vaccination as a safe way to develop immunity to chickenpox. (medicalnewstoday.com)
These revised Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) recommendations for the prevention of rubella update the previous recommendations (MMWR 1981;30:37-42, 47) to include current information about vaccine effectiveness, duration of immunity, vaccination in pregnancy, and progress in controlling congenital rubella syndrome. (cdc.gov)
A later attempt to give Phipps smallpox demonstrated his immunity, and the vaccination era had begun. (cdc.gov)

Immunity to the novel coronavirus may last eight months or longer, according to a new study authored by respected scientists at leading labs , which found that individuals who recovered from the coronavirus developed " robust " levels of B cells and T cells (necessary for fighting off the virus) and "these cells may persist in the body for a very, very long time . (forbes.com)
According to New York Times reporter Apoorva Mandavilli, the vast majority of individuals (more than 90%) who had been infected with the coronavirus will be "protected from reinfections for a very long time," and vaccines ("which generally provide stronger, longer-lasting protection") could produce an even longer duration of immunity. (forbes.com)
Some researchers had earlier suggested that the herd immunity threshold for the COVID-19 coronavirus would be relatively low, but more recent research finds that around 60 to 80 percent of the population will have to be immune to end the pandemic. (reason.com)
The Columbia University study did not compare unvaccinated patients who had been infected with any of the strains, though several earlier studies found natural immunity alone was more effective in neutralizing the Delta variant of the coronavirus than vaccine-derived immunity alone. (rt.com)
The UK has reportedly ordered up to 50m new coronavirus immunity tests which would help quickly assess if people could go back to work. (cityam.com)
The Mail on Sunday reported that a team of British scientists were developing a test which could mean that by June people could reliably find out if they have developed immunity to coronavirus. (cityam.com)
Would herd immunity stop the spread of coronavirus? (theguardian.com)
During this time, despite very little UK life running as 'normal', thousands of vulnerable people - who overall make up one in four of the population - died of the pandemic coronavirus and yet we still only have 8% of the population with some level of immunity. (theguardian.com)

A new opinion suggests that "qualified immunity" could become something much closer to absolute immunity from lawsuits. (vox.com)
But qualified immunity is not supposed to be absolute immunity. (vox.com)
Baude distinguishes qualified immunity from the sovereign immunity given to government, and the absolute immunity given to judges. (washingtonpost.com)
But we also need to talk about the absolute immunity enjoyed by prosecutors, another bit of judge-made law (it isn't in the Constitution, or even in the U.S. criminal code) that gives an already-powerful office way too much protection. (washingtonpost.com)
They receive near-absolute immunity, no matter how outrageous their behavior. (yahoo.com)
As a federal agent, he is trying to sue local officers for misconduct, yet he would enjoy absolute immunity for himself if the roles were reversed. (yahoo.com)
As is the case with prosecutors and judges-for whom absolute immunity now is established-a President must concern himself with matters likely to "arouse the most intense feelings. (newsweek.com)

Here's a look at the different types of immunity, including the differences between natural and vaccine -induced immunity, and how they compare against COVID-19. (webmd.com)
What Is Vaccine-Induced Immunity? (webmd.com)
Is Natural Immunity Better Than a Vaccine? (webmd.com)
Vaccine-induced immunity and natural immunity are both types of active immunity. (webmd.com)
Depending on the disease, both naturally acquired natural immunity and the vaccine-induced type can last for a long time. (webmd.com)
This can be because of natural active immunity, vaccine-induced immunity, or passive immunity. (webmd.com)
Video: Health officer weighs in on when Orange County may reach herd immunity for COVID-19 All through the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine, we've heard a lot of talk about herd immunity. (wftv.com)
All through the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine, we've heard a lot of talk about herd immunity. (wftv.com)
However, the indirect protection achieved through vaccine-based herd immunity can vary from one geographic location to another as it depends on geographically variable factors such as vaccine efficacy and coverage. (news-medical.net)
There are some disadvantages to developing vaccine-based herd immunity. (news-medical.net)
Is it good to achieve herd immunity for a disease without a vaccine? (news-medical.net)
To achieve herd immunity against a disease, a large portion of a population needs to be infected with and recovered from that particular disease, which can be a serious problem in case of highly contagious and deadly diseases that do not have any available vaccine. (news-medical.net)
There is a safe and effective hepatitis B vaccine that helps a person build immunity against HBV infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Learn more about hepatitis B, including what it means to have immunity and how the hepatitis B vaccine can provide immunity to some people. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Let's just do a very rough and optimistic calculation by assuming significant immunity among the 74 million Americans who have already gotten at least one dose of vaccine, plus the infection number of 90 million. (reason.com)
Several new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are capable of evading both vaccine- and infection-derived immunity, according to a study spearheaded by the director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center at Columbia University and reviewed by Time magazine this week. (rt.com)
For this reason, scientists argue that it is very unlikely that herd immunity could be sustained without a vaccine or regular reinfection. (theguardian.com)
The chickenpox vaccine uses a weakened version of the virus to build up the person's immunity to the actual virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)

During the course (I) students will learn how to apply current techniques for infection and immunity research in a practical setting, and how to interpret and evaluate the results and (II) will understand the pro's and con's of current techniques for infection and immunity research. (rug.nl)
Prior to the course, students will be provided with a list of 10-15 projects that specify particular topics in infection and immunity research, their scientific context, the techniques to be applied, and the responsible Principal Investigator(s). (rug.nl)
This Technical Appendix describes the differential equations used in a deterministic dynamic transmission model with age structure that tracks the population with respect to norovirus infection and immunity status. (cdc.gov)
Infection and immunity / American Society for Microbiology. (bvs.br)

Inborn Errors of Immunity. (bvsalud.org)
Inborn errors of immunity occur in 1 in 1000 to 1 in 5000 individuals and are characterized by immune deficiency and immune dysregulation. (bvsalud.org)
Another global collaboration, the COVID Human Genetic Effort , is focusing in part on the role of single-gene, inborn errors of immunity in severe COVID-19. (cdc.gov)

The immune system is composed of many different cells that perform a wide variety of functions in order to provide immunity against pathogens and other foreign bodies. (nih.gov)
The role of the immune system is to provide immunity, that ment process ( WHO, 2006 ). (cdc.gov)

Another benefit of exercise is that it decreases inflammation in the body-which, in turn, can also improve immunity. (health.com)
While many of these molecules have uncharacterized functions, there is a growing evidence that many of the factors in plasma that are well-characterized help to shape the response to infection, inflammation, and immunity ( 3 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

Vaccines build immunity against specific diseases. (cdc.gov)
Vaccines aim to safely create herd immunity against infectious diseases by limiting the number of people who can spread the infection. (webmd.com)
For example, studies have suggested that to have developed herd immunity and stopped the pandemic without vaccines, about 70% of the population in the United States would need to have been recovered from COVID-19. (news-medical.net)
However, some new variants threaten progress, potentially lessening protection offered by vaccines and skirting some degree of natural immunity. (cnn.com)
Acquired immunity comes from vaccines that use weak or dead versions of the infectious organism to provoke your body into creating antibodies against the disease. (quartiersdaffaires.fr)

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies . (wikipedia.org)
[2] Passive immunization can be provided when people cannot synthesize antibodies, and when they have been exposed to a disease that they do not have immunity against. (wikipedia.org)
Passive immunity is also provided through colostrum and breast milk, which contain IgA antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant, providing local protection against disease causing bacteria and viruses until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
Natural immunity happens after you get infected by a germ and your immune system responds by making antibodies to it. (webmd.com)
Instead of your body making antibodies, you get passive immunity by receiving antibodies from another source. (webmd.com)
You can also get passive immunity from treatments that have antibodies in them. (webmd.com)
In this case, herd immunity can be achieved when a large portion of a population has been infected with and recovered from a contagious disease and subsequently has developed antibodies against the disease-causing pathogen. (news-medical.net)
However, the development of herd immunity through community infection can be risky if the antibodies developed against a pathogen fail to provide long-term protection. (news-medical.net)
Adaptive or acquired immunity learns to recognize the bad guys, creating antibodies, and building an army of immune cells specifically designed to defeat the foreign substance. (alive.com)
To assess herd immunity to swine influenza viruses, we determined antibodies in 28 paired serum samples from participants in a prospective serologic cohort study in Hong Kong who had seroconverted to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. (cdc.gov)
Passive immunity means that you get antibodies from outside your own body. (quartiersdaffaires.fr)
Some governments have suggested that the detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, could serve as the basis for an "immunity passport" or "risk-free certificate" that would enable individuals to travel or to return to work assuming that they are protected against re-infection. (bvsalud.org)

Immunity is your body's defense against foreign organisms. (cdc.gov)
They safely boost your immunity by using a killed or weakened version of a germ to teach your body's defenses to fight back against the real thing. (webmd.com)
In most cases HPV is naturally fought off by the body's own immunity, so it's important to support your immune system if trying to rid. (london-gynaecology.com)
Immunity refers to our body's defences. (imunobran.lu)

September 16, 2022: According to Dr. Paul E Alexander, whose background training is in evidence medicine, clinical epidemiology, etc., and one of his papers on natural immunity is used by the US congress and senate informally. (rumormillnews.com)

Darling recommends these immunity boosters: Living under constant stress, even low-grade, that continues day in and out, causes the body to produce too much cortisol, the stress hormone. (quartiersdaffaires.fr)

The development of herd immunity is an important way of gaining protection from contagious diseases such as smallpox, measles, mumps, polio, and COVID-19. (news-medical.net)
Natural measles causes prolonged depression of cell-mediated immunity yet little is known as to how the infection influences lymphocyte function. (jci.org)
Thus, depletion of T cells, an inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation in the serum and a possible defect in antigen processing, interacts to depress cell-mediated immunity in measles. (jci.org)

How soon could the county reach herd immunity? (wftv.com)
When will the US reach herd immunity? (cnn.com)
When will the US reach herd immunity and what will it look like? (cnn.com)
But if you had to put a number on it, what level of population protection is required to reach herd immunity against Covid-19? (cnn.com)

More to the point, if attempts were made to achieve herd immunity by lifting lockdown restrictions, there would be a vast increase in excess deaths, mainly among the old and the vulnerable. (theguardian.com)
However, cases have now started to surge again in Manaus, suggesting the city failed to achieve herd immunity despite its high death toll. (theguardian.com)
To raise that level to 60 to 70% in a bid to achieve herd immunity would therefore have devastating consequences, Head concluded. (theguardian.com)

Moreover, the infection fatality rate is another important factor that goes alongside the herd immunity threshold in determining the risk of overall mortality for a disease. (news-medical.net)
For argument's sake, let's set the U.S. herd immunity threshold at 70 percent. (reason.com)
and the spread of more transmissible and deadly virus variants , which implies a higher overall herd immunity threshold. (reason.com)

University of Chicago law professor and Volokh Conspiracy blogger William Baude has published an interesting new paper that argues against affording qualified immunity to police officers. (washingtonpost.com)

Specific immunity is targeted and adaptive. (imunobran.lu)
Interestingly, a recent study reported that topical appli- mation, ACD critically depends on adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)

But the researchers' results suggest that moderate dietary levels of selenium may strengthen insect immunity. (usda.gov)
Roncuvita Curcumin Capsules are based on a well-researched Ayurvedic formula to strengthen immunity and support general wellness. (roncuvita.com)
Daily consumption of Newish Giloy Juice will strengthen your immunity. (oyobaby.com)

One of the main reasons for such outbreaks is the lack of herd immunity. (news-medical.net)
We previously showed a lack of herd immunity in humans to some of these swine virus lineages in serum samples collected before the 2009 pandemic ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Some people hold "pox parties" to enable their children to build immunity, but this can be risky. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The idea was to enable them to build immunity before reaching adulthood, when the symptoms of the infection can be more severe . (medicalnewstoday.com)
In the past, this was a popular way of enabling a child to build immunity. (medicalnewstoday.com)

While it's true that natural active immunity can make you immune to a disease after just a single case of infection, there is a downside: You have to get sick. (webmd.com)
What Is Active Immunity? (webmd.com)
Passive immunity provides germ-fighting power right away, whereas it can take weeks for you to build up active immunity. (webmd.com)
Definition of Active Immunity Features of Active Immunity Types of Active Immunity There are two varieties of Active Immunity: 1. (microbiologynote.com)

Strategies such as relaxation exercises, hypnosis, exercise, biofeedback, yoga, and meditation have been shown to reduce both stressful feelings and to improve immunity. (betternutrition.com)

How to increase immunity? (org.in)
Magic exercise helps to increase immunity. (org.in)

ITG FAQ #13 Answer-What is tribal sovereign immunity? (irs.gov)

Dr. Anders Tegnell, Sweden's state epidemiologist has reported that Sweden is approaching something the medical community calls herd immunity (or community immunity). (icr.org)

These studies are particularly important as several immunomodulatory therapies aimed at promoting anti-tumor T cell immunity by reducing Treg activity are currently being implemented, so-called checkpoint blockade therapy. (gu.se)

Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody -mediated immunity conveyed to a fetus or infant by its mother. (wikipedia.org)
You get protection, or " immunity ," from a specific disease when your immune system makes an antibody for it. (webmd.com)
Because many rash illnesses may mimic rubella infection, and because many rubella infections are unrecognized, the only reliable evidence of immunity to rubella is the presence of specific antibody. (cdc.gov)

That said, knownsregardingtransmissionandimmunityonestimates most recent studies have reported some protection from ill- of the duration of immunity. (cdc.gov)
Frequently cited estimates of the duration of immunity response relationship whereby persons challenged with a to NoV are based on human challenge studies conducted higher NoV dose have substantially greater illness risk ( 16 ). (cdc.gov)
Results suggested that the immunity to when taken together, are inconsistent with a duration of immunity on the scale of months. (cdc.gov)
We developed a deterministic dynamic transmis- tion (or exposure) multiplied by the duration of immunity. (cdc.gov)
These individuals may have exhibited only mild or no conditions and have become immune, although the duration of this immunity is unknown. (icr.org)
Assuming that these variations may be attributable to varying degrees of prior immunity or susceptibility, it is desirable to analyze the data available which may throw light on this assumption, as well as ascertain the possible limits for the duration of the primary attack in a susceptible person. (ajtmh.org)

Naturally acquired passive immunity can be provided during pregnancy, and through breastfeeding . (wikipedia.org)
[6] Maternal passive immunity offers immediate protection, though protection mediated by maternal IgG typically only lasts up to a year. (wikipedia.org)
[2] Immunity derived from passive immunization lasts for a few weeks to three to four months. (wikipedia.org)
A newborn gets passive immunity from their mother through the placenta , a structure in the womb that gives the baby oxygen and nutrients. (webmd.com)
But in general, passive immunity doesn't last as long. (webmd.com)
But this clever recipe for passive immunity might take decades of prep time. (the-scientist.com)

Only weeks ago, African leaders voted to give themselves, along with ' other senior state officials ,' immunity from prosecution by the yet-to-be-created African Court of Justice and Human Rights, designed to be an African counterweight to the ICC. (foreignpolicy.com)
Without immunity from prosecution, the five could refuse to testify, or invoke their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, according to Mueller's filing in federal court in Alexandria, Va. (nypost.com)

Roncuvita Immunity Booster Capsules use a potent Ayurvedic formula that includes necessary nutrients and vitamins. (roncuvita.com)
Roncuvita Immunity Booster Capsules are a perfect blend of 6 Major Ingredients - Ashwagandha, Giloy, Turmeric, Ginger, Tulsi and Amla. (roncuvita.com)
Khurana Enterprises has been involved in offering a wide range of Immunity Booster Capsules in Warangal , as per the requirements of the customers. (noahplanet.net)

Immunity Rollerball - Use at the first signs of a cold or flu and to boost your immune system. (alternativehealer.ca)

Thus, it becomes imperative to investigate herd immunity in humans to swine and avian influenza viruses of subtypes H1 and H3. (cdc.gov)
Cowpox virus "scarification" by Jenner, used to induce protective immunity against smallpox, is not a single species but a group of up to 5 virus species that infects cows, humans, and other animals. (medscape.com)

If the percentage drops below the threshold of herd immunity, exposure to infectious disease can lead to the rapid spreading of the disease within the community. (news-medical.net)
E-mail: [email protected] involved in anti-infectious immunity. (cdc.gov)

Herd immunity applies to diseases that are contagious (such as COVID-19). (icr.org)

Exercise, immunity, and illness. (cdc.gov)
We do not know exactly if or how exercise increases your immunity to certain illnesses. (medlineplus.gov)
People who already exercise should not exercise more just to increase their immunity. (medlineplus.gov)
Does Exercise Boost Immunity? (health.com)
To explain the connection between exercise and immunity, we scoured the science and spoke with experts who have studied exercise's effect on the immune system. (health.com)
NUPRO Joint & Immunity Support helps to maintain the health and resiliency of joints, muscles and connective tissues, and to ease discomfort associated with normal daily exercise and active lifestyles. (petgoods.com)

These data indicate that children can mount an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 without virological confirmation of infection, raising the possibility that immunity in children can prevent the establishment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (nature.com)

Both sentences suggest that there is support at least among some of the justices to significantly expand police officers' immunity from federal civil rights lawsuits. (vox.com)
If the justices do reject the position they took in Lane , that would be a major shift in the law that would significantly expand police officers' immunity from litigation. (vox.com)
Already, the police officers he is suing have raised qualified immunity as an affirmative defense, which means a judge could excuse them from liability even if Burk proves they violated his constitutional rights. (yahoo.com)

At least as recently as Lane v. Franks (2014), a unanimous Supreme Court indicated that circuit court precedent can overcome qualified immunity. (vox.com)
Despite the shoddy foundations, the Supreme Court has been reinforcing the doctrine of immunity in both formal and informal ways. (washingtonpost.com)
The paper also includes a handy table of every qualified immunity case the Supreme Court has considered since 1982. (washingtonpost.com)
This question of presidential immunity is not new, for the U.S. Supreme Court addressed it in Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) and Clinton v. Jones (1997). (newsweek.com)
In J.S. v. Village Voice Media Holdings , - P.3d -, 2015 WL 5164599 (Wash. Sept. 3, 2015), the Supreme Court of the State of Washington, sitting en banc , held that a case against website Backpage.com can proceed notwithstanding Backpage.com's argument that it is immune from liability under the Communications Decency Act. (gilbertlegal.com)

The doctor has put together all the case studies to show that natural immunity, from day one: Fauci et al, Walensky knew from day one that natural immunity was long-term, bullet-proof, almost lifelong. (rumormillnews.com)
If the evidence is there showing that natural immunity exists, and if it's not on the agenda to express that, you will be silenced. (rumormillnews.com)
And showed that natural immunity was bullet-proof and lifelong. (rumormillnews.com)
What Is Natural Immunity? (webmd.com)
How Long Does Natural Immunity Last? (webmd.com)
Natural immunity to a disease can weaken over time, though. (webmd.com)
For example, if someone gets natural immunity from a COVID-19 infection, the immunity may fade after 3 months. (webmd.com)
More than a quarter of the population may already have natural immunity after previous infection - and that number may be much higher than official counts show. (cnn.com)
Experts are unsure why some people may have a natural immunity to HBV. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Figure 2: Depletion of natural AHR ligands leads to impaired immunity to C. rodentium . (nature.com)
It doesn't make sense why natural immunity is not included in health policy decisions. (quartiersdaffaires.fr)
The idea is that the child gets the illness sooner rather than later and builds up a natural immunity to the virus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
If you are looking for a natural way to stay healthy, organically grown herbs will not only add more flavour to your food but also boost immunity with their medicinal effects. (24mantra.com)
What is natural immunity and how does it work? (imunobran.lu)
To help you do this you can also try our natural ImunoBran immunity boosting food supplements, some of which contain a blend of really beneficial ingredients and will adequately complement your diet. (imunobran.lu)

How close are we to achieving herd immunity and post-pandemic normality? (reason.com)
Results indicated that infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 broadens cross-reactive immunity to other recent subtype H1 swine viruses. (cdc.gov)
However, the spread of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 worldwide may generate cross-reactive herd immunity to some of these swine virus lineages, making them less likely candidates for future pandemics. (cdc.gov)

To develop herd immunity against a highly contagious disease, about 70% to 90% of a population needs to be immune. (news-medical.net)

If selenium boosts pest insects' immunity, it could decrease the effectiveness of baculoviruses as a tool to control and reduce their populations. (usda.gov)
Giloy Help's Boosts Immunity, Treats Chronic Fever, Improves Digestion. (oyobaby.com)

Immune responses influence patient outcome in most cancer types, and the aim of Marianne Quiding-Järbrink's research is to elucidate the role of different T cell populations in CRC and understand how Treg influence local anti-tumor immunity and lymphocyte recruitment to tumors. (gu.se)
The aim of our project is to elucidate the role of different T cell populations in colorectal carcinoma and understand how Treg influence local anti-tumor immunity and lymphocyte recruitment to tumors. (gu.se)

Another important benefit is that healthy routines enhance your immunity. (cdc.gov)
Healthy immunity starts on your plate. (alive.com)
Most People Don't Know How Important Alanine is For The Body Alanine Has a Very Important Role in Glucose Metabolism, Having Energy, Building Muscle, Having Low Cholesterol, Having Good Immunity, Keeping Your Prostate Healthy, and Much More. (wordpress.com)

Immune responses influence patient outcome in most cancer types, and the most important cell types for anti-tumor immunity are cytotoxic and cytokine producing lymphocytes. (gu.se)

Thanks a lot for this Orange Carrot Turmeric Immunity Juice recipe! (mindbodysoul-food.com)

And even if these things were otherwise, the doctrine of qualified immunity would not be the best response. (washingtonpost.com)
Predictably, Burk now finds himself on the wrong end of a judge-made doctrine called "qualified immunity. (yahoo.com)
Activists have now unveiled a new campaign aimed at one very specific aspect of racist police brutality and that is the legal doctrine of "qualified immunity" that has undermined accountability for cops who brutalize and kill. (freespeech.org)

Anatomy33

Organisms30

Diseases28

Chemicals and Drugs87

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes51

Information Science3

Health Care1

Effects of soybean oil emulsion and eicosapentaenoic acid on stress response and immune function after a severely stressful operation. (1/2857)

Soluble HLA class I, HLA class II, and Fas ligand in blood components: a possible key to explain the immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic blood transfusions. (2/2857)

Dietary effect of EPA-rich and DHA-rich fish oils on the immune function of Sprague-Dawley rats. (3/2857)

Genetically corrected autologous stem cells engraft, but host immune responses limit their utility in canine alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency. (4/2857)

Deficiency of the hematopoietic cell-specific Rho family GTPase Rac2 is characterized by abnormalities in neutrophil function and host defense. (5/2857)

Role of innate and adaptive immunity in the outcome of primary infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, as analyzed in genetically modified mice. (6/2857)

Chimerism and xenotransplantation. New concepts. (7/2857)

Good genes, oxidative stress and condition-dependent sexual signals. (8/2857)

Immunity

Immunity, Innate

Immunity, Cellular

Adaptive Immunity

Immunity, Mucosal

Immunity, Humoral

Plant Immunity

Immunity, Maternally-Acquired

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Immunity, Herd

Dendritic Cells

T-Lymphocytes

Vaccination

Interferon-gamma

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Antibody Formation

Lymphocyte Activation

Antibodies, Viral

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Cytokines

Spleen

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Immunoglobulin G

Mice, Knockout

Hypersensitivity, Delayed

Vaccines, DNA

Immunologic Memory

Cancer Vaccines

Vaccines, Synthetic

Th1 Cells

Antibodies, Bacterial

Viral Vaccines

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

Receptors, Pattern Recognition

Vaccines, Attenuated

Toll-Like Receptors

Immunization, Secondary

Vaccines

Models, Immunological

Administration, Intranasal

Macrophages

Interleukin-12

Immune Tolerance

Immune System

Killer Cells, Natural

Antigens, Bacterial

Host-Pathogen Interactions

Molecular Sequence Data

Signal Transduction

Listeriosis

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Bacteriocins

Cells, Cultured

Immunoglobulin A

Immunotherapy

Disease Models, Animal

B-Lymphocytes

T-Lymphocyte Subsets

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

Flow Cytometry

Th2 Cells

Lymphocytes

Antigen Presentation

Antigens, Neoplasm

Mice, Inbred C3H

Orthomyxoviridae Infections

Genetic Vectors

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

Virus Diseases

Lung

Antibodies, Neutralizing

Amino Acid Sequence

Melanoma, Experimental

Protozoan Vaccines

Listeria monocytogenes

Adoptive Transfer

Antibodies, Protozoan

Antigens, Protozoan

Inflammation