Phagocytes: Cells that can carry out the process of PHAGOCYTOSIS.Mononuclear Phagocyte System: Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. It includes MACROPHAGES and their precursors; PHAGOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS; HISTIOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and MICROGLIA. The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 2d ed.)Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Phagocytosis: The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Receptors, Fc: Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A receptor for MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (GENES, FMS). It contains an intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity. When activated the receptor undergoes autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of down-stream signaling molecules and rapid down-regulation.Drug Carriers: Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.Immune System: The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Mice, Inbred C57BLLiposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Lymphocyte Count: The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Mice, Inbred BALB CFlow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Lipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Immunity, Cellular: Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants.Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.Leukocytes, Mononuclear: Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.Macrophages, Alveolar: Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.Dendritic Cells: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid of ASCITES, the accumulation of fluids in the PERITONEAL CAVITY.Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Leukocyte Count: The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.Macrophages, Peritoneal: Mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum.Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (RECEPTOR, MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR).Killer Cells, Natural: Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Lymph Nodes: They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.Receptors, Immunologic: Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed: Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with MITOMYCIN or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.Immune System Diseases: Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating: Lymphocytes that show specificity for autologous tumor cells. Ex vivo isolation and culturing of TIL with interleukin-2, followed by reinfusion into the patient, is one form of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Chemotaxis, Leukocyte: The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.Lung: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Cell SeparationGene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Adaptive Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Interleukin-2: A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the STOMACH. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen.Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.Immunophenotyping: Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Mice, Inbred C3HApoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Superoxides: Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections.Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.Models, Immunological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.Tuberculosis, Cutaneous: Tuberculosis of the skin. It includes scrofuloderma and tuberculid, but not LUPUS VULGARIS.HIV-1: The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Rosette Formation: The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). The rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a T-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing Fc receptors. Rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Colony-Stimulating Factors: Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3; (IL-3); GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (G-CSF); MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (M-CSF); and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (GM-CSF).Receptors, Complement: Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Immune Evasion: Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.Receptors, IgG: Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).Lymphocyte Transfusion: The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.Pulmonary Alveoli: Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.Antigens, CD14: Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.Immunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Interleukin-10: A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic: Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.Macrophage-1 Antigen: An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.Interleukin-6: A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.Antigens, CD3: Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).Interleukin-4: A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.Thioglycolates: Organic esters of thioglycolic acid (HS-CH2COOH).Receptors, Chemokine: Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.ZymosanOpsonin Proteins: Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Complement System Proteins: Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).Complement C3: A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.Lymphoid Tissue: Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.Antigens, Differentiation: Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
Lymphatic system
PPT - THE IMMUNE SYSTEM PowerPoint Presentation - ID:793228
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MonocytesDendritic cellsGranulocytesNeutrophilsCytokinesImmunologyAntibodiesIntraepithelial lymphocytesReceptorsSpleenImmunityInflammationInflammatoryPathogensMoleculesMechanismsAntigens to lymphocytesTissueComplement SystemResponseCytotoxic T-lymphocytMicroorganismsLymphaticMonocyteLeukocytesCellularDefenseBasophilSubsetsMurineLymph nodesAntibodyOrgansAdaptive immunePhenotypeApoptosisReticuloendothelial System
Monocytes11
- These factors, synthesized by activated lymphocytes or monocytes, amplify the inflammatory cascade by stimulating other effector cells. (docme.ru)
- MPS is part of the innate immune system and comprises of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC). (upenn.edu)
- Lymphocytes, monocytes and phagocytes are three examples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (dp.ua)
- The Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Section ( Dr. Romina Goldszmid ) studies the underlying mechanisms regulating the functional maturation and dynamics of mononuclear phagocytes (e.g., dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages) in pathological situations such as cancer and infectious diseases with particular emphasis on the role of the microbiota. (cancer.gov)
- Glucocorticoids (GC) are potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents that act on a variety of immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. (jimmunol.org)
- Monocytes and macrophages belong to the main effector cells of the immune system, because they play a central role in the initiation, development, and outcome of the immune response ( 1 , 2 ). (jimmunol.org)
- any of the large, mononuclear, highly phagocytic cells derived from monocytes , occurring in the walls of blood vessels (adventitial cells) and in loose connective tissue (histiocytes, phagocytic reticular cells). (thefreedictionary.com)
- In response to damage, epithelial wounds repair by a series of events that integrate epithelial responses with those of resident and infiltrating immune cells including neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. (jci.org)
- Mononuclear phagocytes arise primarily from the marrow and are released into the blood as monocytes. (merckvetmanual.com)
- Monocytes form a link to the specific immune system by processing antigen for presentation to lymphocytes and by producing substances such as interleukin-1, which initiates fever and lymphocyte activation and stimulates early hematopoietic progenitors. (merckvetmanual.com)
- a large, phagocytic, mononuclear lymphocyte found in tissues but derived from blood monocytes. (metaglossary.com)
Dendritic cells10
- Interferons [IFNs] are important immune system mediators that could impact the initiation or amplification of autoimmunity and tissue damage through their diverse actions on dendritic cells. (bvsalud.org)
- We recently reported the existence of antigen-presenting mononuclear phagocytes in zebrafish, namely macrophages and dendritic cells, but have been impaired in further characterizing the biology of these cells by the lack of a specific transgenic reporter line. (zfin.org)
- Utilizing regulatory elements of a Class II major histocompatibility gene, we generated a zebrafish reporter line expressing GFP in all antigen-presenting cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes. (zfin.org)
- Transgenic MacReporter birds were used expressing a reporter gene ( eGFP or mApple ) under the control of the CSF1R promoter and enhancer in cells of the mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) lineage to visualize the ontogeny of the lymphoid tissue, macrophages and dendritic cells, in the trachea, lung and air sac of birds from embryonic day 18-63 weeks of age. (springer.com)
- On the left, fragments of antigens are presented by the dendritic cells to the T CD4 lymphocytes which trigger an immune response which incites killer T CD8 lymphocytes to destroy the infected cells and memory T CD8 lymphocytes to be stored in case of a new attack. (sciencephoto.com)
- These dendritic cells were immunostimulatory, in that they induced proliferation of allogenic and tetanus toxoid-specific T lymphocytes. (jimmunol.org)
- Along with dendritic cells, they are foremost among the cells that present antigens, a crucial role in initiating an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
- Within the tumor microenvironment, the capture of apoptotic tumor cells by macrophages and dendritic cells may trigger tolerance networks that contribute to immune suppression, whereas the uptake of necrotic cancer cells may engender inflammatory pathways that fuel antitumor cytotoxicity. (aacrjournals.org)
- These antigens enters the body or system and start circulating in the body fluids and trapped by the APCs (Antigen processing cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, etc. (davidmichaelhairsalon.com)
- Macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells (NK) will be mediators in this primary non-specific immune response. (hipra.com)
Granulocytes2
- The Journal of Leukocyte Biology publishes peer-reviewed manuscripts on original investigations focusing on the cellular and molecular biology of leukocytes and on the origins, developmental biology, biochemistry, and functions of granulocytes, lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, and other cells involved in host defense and inflammation. (eurekalert.org)
- Lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, granulocytes. (unibs.it)
Neutrophils5
- I'm fairly sure that Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage. (curezone.org)
- The genital immune system is also very similar in terms of the cyclic fluctuations in the mucosal antibody levels, but differs slightly regarding immune cell infiltration in the genital mucosa - predominantly due to the influx of neutrophils in the porcine endometrium during estrus. (biomedcentral.com)
- Healthy neutrophils and macrophages (types of white blood cells in the immune system) contain 1 mM concentrations of vitamin Cthats 50-100 times higher than the concentration of vitamin C in the plasma (liquid part of the blood). (antiagingmedicine.tv)
- Group 3 ILCs (ILC3s), which are an example of type 3 immunity, produce IL-17 and/or IL-22, activate mononuclear phagocytes, recruit neutrophils, and induce epithelial antimicrobial responses, all of which help protect against extracellular fungal and bacterial infections . (docplayer.net)
- Intense inflammation occurs in synovial joints, with infiltration of the synovial membrane by mononuclear phagocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils, causing significant joint pain. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
Cytokines24
- To make this discovery, Netea and colleagues stimulated immune cells, isolated from volunteers, with Vitamin A and saw that the cells produced fewer cytokines, key proteins that help ward off microbes, upon stimulation with various mitogens and antigens. (eurekalert.org)
- To coordinate this process, there are a number of mechanisms for communication between immune cells, including a plurality of immunomodulating signaling molecules, such as cytokines. (intechopen.com)
- Cytokines are a group of regulatory molecules with protein or glycoprotein structure (relatively small molecular mass ~10-35 kDa) that carry intercellular signals between immune system cells. (intechopen.com)
- In natural immunity, the effector cytokines are mostly produced by mononuclear phagocytes and therefore often called monokines. (intechopen.com)
- Most cytokines in specific immunity are made by activated T-lymphocytes, and these molecules are often called lymphokines. (intechopen.com)
- T-cells produce several cytokines that function primarily to regulate the growth and differentiation of various lymphocytes and play important roles in the activation phase of immune response. (intechopen.com)
- Regulation and functions of the main cytokines of the immune system. (unibs.it)
- Mononuclear phagocytes were found in all hematolymphoid organs but were most abundant in the intestine and spleen, where they upregulate expression of inflammatory cytokines upon bacterial challenge. (zfin.org)
- Helper T-cells (T H ) release a variety of cytokines that enhance the activity and proliferation of other components of the immune system. (ispub.com)
- The Cytokines and Immunity Section ( Dr. Scott Durum ) is investigating the role of cytokines such as IL7 in the development of T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell lineages and their role in promoting cell survival, terminal differentiation and apoptotic cell death. (cancer.gov)
- The major immunomodulating effects of these active substances derived from mushrooms include mitogenicity and activation of immune effector cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells, resulting in the production of cytokines, including interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)- α , and interferon gamma (INF)- γ . (anushveda.com)
- The killing mechanism is activated by cytokines released by virus-infected cells, tissue cells, lymphocytes and NK cells themselves. (pocketdentistry.com)
- Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of cytokines. (wikipedia.org)
- While AMs exert their regulatory effects via non-specific lines of defence (such as high phagocytic ability, the secretion of antimicrobials, nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ), it has been suggested that IMs have a greater propensity to release specific cytokines associated with the adaptive immune response, such as interleukin (IL) 10. (bmj.com)
- The recent discovery of human innate lymphoid cells capable of rapidly producing large amounts of cytokines upon activation and the mouse data pointing to an essential role for these cells in asthma models have emphasized the important role of the innate immune system in asthma and have provided a new means of better understanding asthma mechanisms and differentiating its phenotypes. (docplayer.net)
- Keywords: Asthma, Innate immunity, Airways, Phenotype, Cytokines Introduction The immune system is classically divided into two categories, innate and adaptive immunity, according to the speed and the duration of the response, and they collaborate with each other to target different agents and perform effector functions. (docplayer.net)
- In general, ILCs constitute a distinct element of the innate immune system, providing an initial host response via specific cytokines after sensing external stimuli on the frontline. (docplayer.net)
- The initial priming of immune responses to pathogenic challenges is executed by ILCs with the capacity to rapidly secrete effector cytokines. (docplayer.net)
- Secretory viral and mobile items from HIV-1-contaminated and immune experienced human brain MPs are recognized to induce neuronal dysfunction and damage.7-9 Included in these are virotoxins such as for example Tat, Nef, and gp120 and mobile toxins such as for example proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid and its own metabolites, platelet activating factor, nitric oxide, and quinolinic acid. (mglur.info)
- In conclusion, our findings suggest that infection of mononuclear phagocytes is critical, triggering a cascade of events involving cytokines/chemokines and oxygen free radicals. (utmb.edu)
- Macrophages are phagocytes with cytotoxic activity that produce cytokines which mediate in the inflammatory response. (hipra.com)
- These reactions are mediated by soluble mediators or cytokines produced by either host immune cells or tumor cells themselves. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- in addition to IL-2 cytokines family, which is known to promote tumor eradication by immune cells. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Nevertheless, the spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in humans, so the cytokines secreted by lymphocytes cannot be underestimated [ 4 , 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Immunology2
- The Molecular Immunology Section ( Dr. Steve Anderson ) investigates the mechanisms controlling selective gene activation in the immune system. (cancer.gov)
- Agnello, V., Winchester, R. J. and Kunkel, H. G., 1970, Precipitin reactions of the Clq component of complement with aggregated 'Y-globulin and immune complexes in gel diffusion, Immunology 19:909. (indigo.ca)
Antibodies6
- On the right, the antigens are presented to the B lymphocytes which recognize them, triggering an immune response producing antibodies capable of destroying the antigen and memory B lymphocytes to be stored in case of a new attack. (sciencephoto.com)
- armed m's those capable of inducing cytotoxicity as a consequence of antigen binding by cytophilic antibodies on their surfaces or by factors derived from T lymphocytes . (thefreedictionary.com)
- The data suggest that these antibodies may be bound in immune complexes. (indigo.ca)
- There are several immunotherapies in initial clinical trials, including checkpoint inhibitors/immune modulators, monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, and oncolytic virus therapy. (cancertutor.com)
- The role of antibodies is negligible in the immune response to Eimeria spp despite being abundantly synthesized after contact with the parasite, whilst the role of cell-mediated immunity is vital. (hipra.com)
- B lymphocytes differentiate into plasmocytes, which produce antibodies under antigenic stimulation, and then participate in the humoral immune response. (omicsonline.org)
Intraepithelial lymphocytes2
- Here we show that the gut epithelium of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55)-specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice contains environmental stimuli-induced intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that inhibit experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis on transfer. (nature.com)
- Avian GALT includes the bursa of Fabricius, the caecal tonsils, Meckel´s diverticulum, Peyer patches and intraepithelial lymphocytes. (hipra.com)
Receptors4
- The Leukocyte Signaling Section ( Dr. Daniel McVicar ) dissects the signaling cascades of leukocyte regulatory receptors including the TREM, KIR, and Ly49s toward an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the innate immune system role in the development of, and subsequent response to, cancer. (cancer.gov)
- We have shown that the three TGF-β isoforms and their receptors are differently expressed throughout the organ, suggesting various roles in epididymal physiology, in addition to sperm tolerance.These studies have shown the diverse potential mechanisms involved in epididymal immune balance and offer many avenues for research to improve treatments of male infertility of immunological origin. (uca.fr)
- Products of C3 activation, C3b and inactivated C3b (iC3b) bind to microorganisms and are recognized by complement receptors (CRs) on phagocytes. (pocketdentistry.com)
- In contrast to the activating receptors, FcγRIIb elicits negative intracellular signals that down-regulate immune cell function. (aacrjournals.org)
Spleen3
- Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes and the spleen, maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response. (wikipedia.org)
- The spleen is the largest organ of the lymphatic system. (3d4medical.com)
- Previous research has demonstrated that the absence of commensal bacteria in germ-free mice caused developmental defects in the immune system, resulting in hypoplastic Peyer patches, relatively structureless spleen and lymph nodes, and hypogammaglobulinemic serum. (aacrjournals.org)
Immunity13
- Too much vitamin A shuts down the body's trained immunity, opening the door to infections to which we would otherwise be immune. (eurekalert.org)
- B lymphocytes are the origin of humoral immunity, represent a substantial portion of hematopoietic malignancies, and contribute to autoimmunity. (rupress.org)
- The two major branches of the immune system are nonspecific innate immunity and adaptive or specific acquired immunity. (ispub.com)
- The investigators in this section are also studying the immunostimulating antitumor effects of alarmins when used as vaccine adjuvants in conjunction with inhibitors of the immunosuppressive components of the immune response to promote antitumor immunity. (cancer.gov)
- Adaptive immunity is dependent upon exposure to specific antigens Antigen: Any molecule that stimulates an immune response Innate immunity is first line of defense Non-selective: works against all foreign invaders Provided by 1. (healthdocbox.com)
- SEM 1, 250 Active Versus Passive Immunity Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). (healthdocbox.com)
- Activation of innate immunity is crucial for transition to specific immunity and for its orientation, and to assist the specific immune response in the recognition of pathogens and their destruction. (waterstones.com)
- Innate immunity is regularly involved in the arrest of bacterial, mycotic, viral and parasitic infections, giving the specific immune response time to become effective. (waterstones.com)
- Increasing evidence points to a role of gamma/delta T lymphocytes in antibacterial immunity, although their precise function remains to be elucidated. (nih.gov)
- Type 1 immunity includes the IFN-γ-producing group 1 ILCs (ILC1s) that cope with intracellular pathogens through activation of mononuclear phagocytes. (docplayer.net)
- The 2 arms of the immune system: innate immunity and adaptive immunity (click to enlarge the image). (allergycases.org)
- Adaptive immunity (T and B lymphocytes) appeared in jawed vertebrates (sharks) and is superimposed on innate immunity to improve host defense. (allergycases.org)
- On the other hand, adaptive immunity is generally represented by B and T lymphocytes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Inflammation4
- These events can also be regulated by local conditions, such as cytokine production during inflammation, Ag sensitization in the immune response, and secretion of chemokines ( 23 , 24 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Complement proteins, a system of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms. (tomhsiung.com)
- Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a syndrome of excessive immune activation characterized by various clinical symptoms of extreme inflammation. (alliedacademies.org)
- Macrophage have specialized phagocytic capabilities including release of substances related to the immune response, anaphylaxis, and inflammation. (metaglossary.com)
Inflammatory6
- This study helps to explain the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin A and by doing so opens the door to identifying novel ways to modulate the immune response and restore its function in situations in which it is dysregulated," said Mihai G. Netea, M.D., Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Department of Internal Medicine at Radboud University Medical Center in Nijmegen, The Netherlands. (eurekalert.org)
- In this study, we established anti-inflammatory effect of Scallops water extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 mononuclear macrophage. (unboundmedicine.com)
- These new studies shed like on how smoking can also influence the immune system, an effect that may have implications in autoimmunity and also in other settings such as cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. (eurekalert.org)
- The Immune Modulation Section ( Dr. Dennis Klinman ) studies immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive agents, their ability to alter the immune milieu, and their impact on the development of inflammatory and oncogenic processes. (cancer.gov)
- The immune system is primarily designed to defend from germs and this response triggers inflammatory reactions which must be regulated in order not to generate damage to healthy tissue. (hindawi.com)
- Eosinophils, while having a role as phagocytes, also have more specific functions that include providing a defense against metazoan parasites and modulating the inflammatory process. (merckvetmanual.com)
Pathogens4
- Each subdivision has humoral and cellular elements which allow the immune system to protect the body from foreign pathogens and cancer. (ispub.com)
- Therefore, the epididymis must develop an efficient immune response against pathogens while establishing effective tolerance towards sperm. (uca.fr)
- In the initial stages of an immune response, the innate immune system recognizes the presence of pathogens and provides the first line of defense. (allergycases.org)
- A type of large immune cell that devours invading pathogens and other intruders. (metaglossary.com)
Molecules3
- Their functions include phagocytosis and pinocytosis , presentation of antigens to T and B lymphocytes, and secretion of a variety of products, including enzymes, several complement components and coagulation factors, some prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and several regulatory molecules. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The main function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is to present processed antigens, which are derived primarily from exogenous sources, to CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. (davidmichaelhairsalon.com)
- MHC class II molecules thereby are critical for the initiation of the antigen-specific immune response. (davidmichaelhairsalon.com)
Mechanisms8
- Through co-evolution with the mammalian immune system, trypanosomes have developed defense mechanisms that allow them to thrive in blood, lymphoid vessels, and tissue environments such as the brain, the fat tissue, and testes. (frontiersin.org)
- Indeed, trypanosomes use a combination of several independent mechanisms to avoid clearance by the humoral immune system. (frontiersin.org)
- In order to put these concepts together, this review summarizes current knowledge on the interaction between trypanosomes and the mammalian innate immune system, the mechanisms involved in population growth regulation, antigenic variation and the immuno-destructive effect of trypanosomes on the humoral immune system. (frontiersin.org)
- IMMUNE SYSTEM, ILLUSTRATION An organism's defense mechanisms. (sciencephoto.com)
- however, immune cell mechanisms are unclear. (nature.com)
- The shortcoming to get rid of HIV-1 shows that negative-regulatory (tolerogenic) indicators may shield HIV-1 from adaptive immune system clearance.4,5 However, the precise mechanisms where the virus might defend itself from clearance stay unresolved. (mglur.info)
- To check this notion, we utilized humanized NOD/SCID mice treated with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (1-MT), a competitive inhibitor of IDO.30 We show that effective elimination of HIV-1-infected MDMs by adaptive immune mechanisms (CTLs) parallels inhibition of IDO. (mglur.info)
- Other mechanisms of the innate immune response will be activated following exposure to the sporozoites. (hipra.com)
Antigens to lymphocytes1
- Three examples of macrophage functions are 1) ingest and degrade debris during tissue repair and remodeling, 2) ingest and kill or contain the growth of microorganisms, and 3) process and present antigens to lymphocytes. (metaglossary.com)
Tissue5
- My first objective was to identify and quantify the mononuclear phagocyte and lymphocyte populations present, at steady state, in the tissue. (uca.fr)
- The immune system detects a wide variety of agents and distinguishes them from healthy tissue. (antiagingmedicine.tv)
- The paternal genes that it expresses are seen as antigens by the mothers immune system and are expected to cause the rejection of the foetus as a semi-allogenic tissue graft(2). (ukessays.com)
- In this Review we focus on epithelial and innate immune cell interactions that mediate wound healing and restoration of tissue homeostasis in the skin and intestine. (jci.org)
- A lymphocyte that has left the circulation and settled and matured in a tissue. (metaglossary.com)
Complement System1
- The complement system in systemic autoimmune disease. (mdedge.com)
Response21
- Debate continues as to whether sarcoidosis results from a dysfunctional immune system or a secondary response to environmental antigens. (medscape.com)
- Finally, trypanosomes engage in the active destruction of the mammalian humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)
- An initiating stimulus, whether endogenous or exogenous, apparently triggers a self-sustaining immune response (1). (docme.ru)
- Thus, an immune response-suppressing isoform of Ly108 can regulate the pathogenesis of lupus. (rupress.org)
- An effective immune response is possible only through the interaction of several cell types. (intechopen.com)
- 1) The immune response. (unibs.it)
- 4) The adaptive immune response. (unibs.it)
- Together, these findings suggest that mhc2dab:GFP and cd45:DsRed transgenic lines will be instrumental in elucidating the immune response in the zebrafish. (zfin.org)
- The primary candidates include the HLA class I and II genes located within the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), because of their central role in the immune response. (cancer.gov)
- Those metabolites which appear to stimulate the human immune response are being sought for the treatment of cancer, immunodeficiency diseases, or for generalized immunosuppression following drug treatment, for combination therapy with antibiotics, and as adjuvants for vaccines. (anushveda.com)
- Macrophages recognize and engulf foreign materials and present fragments or epitopes on their membranes to initiate an immune response. (thefreedictionary.com)
- First step in the immune response. (angelfire.com)
- An agent that binds specifically to an antibody but may not evoke the immune response. (angelfire.com)
- Research on the immune response against intracellular bacteria not only helps us to better understand how the immune system deals with "viable antigens" in constant trans-mutation, it also forms the basis for the rational design of control measures for major health problems. (nih.gov)
- Specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. (brainscape.com)
- An overview of the immune response. (allergycases.org)
- Intro The pathogenesis of HIV-1 disease is associated with dysfunction and depletion of Compact disc4+ T lymphocytes.1-3 The disease persists and disseminates more than years, despite an apparently unchanged host immune system response. (mglur.info)
- Involved in the immune response to antigens, the macrophages process antigens and present them to the lymphocytes. (metaglossary.com)
- A large number of oocysts is generally required to generate a good immune response so the use of attenuated Eimeria lines in a vaccine is crucial to avoid the problems associated with non-attenuated lines. (hipra.com)
- However, chronic immune response promotes tumor growth and invasion. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Only some are [ 11 ], and all other classes may support tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and escape from the host immune response and conventional anti-cancer therapy [ 12 , 13 ]. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyt1
- The key pathophysiology of this syndrome is hyperactivation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as hypercytokinemia, resulting in hemophagocytosis, pancytopenia, high fever, severe liver injury, and splenomegaly [ 1 - 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
Microorganisms2
- With respect to the immune system of mammals, these changes have a lot to do with the interactions that occur continuously with other living species, especially microorganisms. (hindawi.com)
- The "second memory" is the adaptive immune system, which is cumulative information about dangerous microorganisms with which the individual interacts and through this interaction acquires the ability to defend itself from subsequent exposure with high efficiency. (hindawi.com)
Lymphatic6
- The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and an important part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin, lympha meaning "water") directionally towards the heart. (wikipedia.org)
- The lymphatic system was first described in the seventeenth century independently by Olaus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not a closed system. (wikipedia.org)
- Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the initial lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic system. (wikipedia.org)
- Play media The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs, a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, and the circulating lymph. (wikipedia.org)
- 1 The Chapter 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 1 The Lymphatic Vessels Lymphoid Organs Three functions contribute to homeostasis 1. (healthdocbox.com)
Monocyte2
- Kay N E, Douglas S D. Monocyte-erythrocyte connections in immune system hemolytic anemias. (healthandwellnesssource.org)
- To test this notion we utilized a mouse style of HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) where nonobese diabetic-severe mixed immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice are reconstituted with individual peripheral-blood lymphocytes (hu-PBL-NOD/SCID) and intracranially injected with HIV-1-contaminated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to induce viral encephalitis. (mglur.info)
Leukocytes1
- The 2000 RDAs by the Institute of Medicine teaches us that high intracellular concentration of ascorbate in leukocytes provides cellular protection against oxidant damage associated with the respiratory burst that plays a major role in the immune system (4). (antiagingmedicine.tv)
Cellular3
- Cellular components of the immune system. (slideserve.com)
- The Immuno Dynamics Section ( Dr. Grégoire Altan-Bonnet ) builds quantitative models of the process of cellular decision making in the immune system. (cancer.gov)
- The work carried out during this PhD. aimed to strengthen the available knowledge on cellular and molecular actors involved in the maintenance of the immune balance in the murine epididymis. (uca.fr)
Defense3
- Part II: Influence on a Local Defense System. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The other main function is that of defense in the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
- The human species, which is at a high level of evolutionary immunological accumulation, have multiple immune defense strategies which, in turn, are highly regulated. (hindawi.com)
Basophil1
- An eosinophil (top), a lymphocyte (center), a basophil (bottom), and normal rouleau formation of RBCs in equine blood (Wright-Giemsa, 50X oil immersion). (merckvetmanual.com)
Subsets1
- Effects of alcoholic extract Cordyceps sinensis on T-lymphocyte subsets. (epnet.com)
Murine2
- Effect of natural cordyceps and the cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis on murine immune organs and functions of mononuclear phagocyte system. (epnet.com)
- I identified and located three lymphocyte populations never described in the murine epididymis. (uca.fr)
Lymph nodes1
- Lymphocytes are concentrated in the lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
Antibody1
- they also interact with lymphocytes to facilitate antibody production. (thefreedictionary.com)
Organs3
- The tonsils are lymphoid organs that are also associated with the digestive system. (wikipedia.org)
- Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the peripheral lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen. (wikipedia.org)
- Several organs system Produce urine and excrete it from the body Maintenance of homeostasis. (healthdocbox.com)
Adaptive immune2
- Innate and adaptive immune rsponse. (unibs.it)
- Adaptive immune system is capable of recognizing a much wider array of foreign substances (both microbial and non microbial products) - 3,000,000. (allergycases.org)
Phenotype1
- The gene expression profiles seems to be the molecular basis of the diverse immune phenotype of SLE. (bvsalud.org)
Apoptosis1
- In rodent lymphocytes, IL-15 prevents apoptosis by inducing an apoptosis inhibitor, BCL2L1/BCL-x(L). In humans with celiac disease IL-15 similarly suppresses apoptosis in T-lymphocytes by inducing Bcl-2 and/or Bcl-xL. (bioagilytix.com)
Reticuloendothelial System1
- They are components of the reticuloendothelial system . (thefreedictionary.com)
