Imino Acids
D-Amino-Acid Oxidase
Imino Sugars
Pipecolic Acids
Proline
Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral
Amino Acids
1-Deoxynojirimycin
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Etiocholanolone
Base Pairing
Protons
Structure-function relationship in glycosylated alpha-chymotrypsin as probed by IMAC and IMACE. (1/217)
Chemical glycosylation of bovine alpha-chymotrypsin, by a glucosamine adduct on the carboxyl group, results in the modification of its catalytic activity. The structural alterations of alpha-chymotrypsin resulting from its glycosylation are studied by immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) and immobilized metal-ion affinity capillary electrophoresis (IMACE). The chemical glycosylation of alpha-chymotrypsin generates two distinct subpopulations of the protein: one which totally loses the initial affinity for IDA-Cu(II) and another which exhibits an increased affinity for the metal chelate ligand. (+info)Enterogastric reflux mimicking gallbladder disease: detection, quantitation and potential significance. (2/217)
OBJECTIVE: Visualization of enterogastric reflux (EGR) may be present during hepatobiliary imaging. Reflux of bile may damage the gastric mucosa, altering its function, and cause such symptoms as epigastric pain, heartburn, nausea, intermittent vomiting and abdominal fullness. These symptoms also are associated with gallbladder disease. The aim of this study was to quantitate the EGR index (EGRI) and to determine if a difference exists in normal and abnormal responses using standard cholecystokinin (CCK)-augmented hepatobiliary imaging. METHODS: This study used 129 patients. LAO dynamic data on a 128 x 128 matrix at a rate of 1 frame/min were obtained. After the gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) was determined, the EGRI (%) was calculated by relating the counts in the gastric ROI to the counts in the hepatobiliary ROI at a specified time. The results were compared with the patient's final clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: Normal responders (GBEF > or = 35%) had a higher EGRI than abnormal responders with a P = 0.001 EGR observed in 75 patients (58.1%). Significant reflux (EGRI > or = 14.2% at 15 min) was observed in 29 additional patients (22.5%). Patients with EGRI > or = 24.5% showed a strong association with the pathophysiologic syndrome of gastritis, alkaline reflux, gastric ulcer and gastro esophageal reflux disease. There was no EGR observed in the remaining 25 patients (19.4%). CONCLUSION: This simple addition to the CCK-augmented hepatobiliary imaging may both detect and quantitate abnormal EGR as the cause of the patient's symptoms in the presence of a normal GBEF result, and/or those patients with risk factors for gastritis. (+info)The role of morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy and real-time ultrasound in detecting gallbladder disease. (3/217)
OBJECTIVE: Rapid diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is essential to minimize morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of cholescintigraphy using morphine augmentation compared with ultrasound, in acute and chronic gallbladder disease. METHODS: Cholescintigrams were performed on 103 patients suspected of having acute cholecystitis. In 79 patients (Group A) morphine sulfate was administered to reduce the scintigraphic imaging time if the gallbladder was not visualized during the first hour. In 24 control patients (Group B) no morphine was administered. All patients were evaluated clinically and 93 patients had concurrent ultrasound examination. RESULTS: The clinical presentation was nonspecific. The ultrasound findings were sensitive in detecting gallbladder disease (100%), but had low specificity (24%). Only findings of sediments and pericholecystic fluid were specific for cystic duct obstruction. Morphine augmentation reduced the imaging time by 126 min in patients with chronic cholecystitis. CONCLUSION: Real-time ultrasound has low specificity for gallbladder disease. In the presence of an abnormal ultrasound, it is essential to perform a hepatobiliary scan, either to exclude gallbladder disease or distinguish acute from chronic cholecystitis. Low-dose morphine administration is a safe and useful adjunct to standard cholescintigraphy by substantially reducing the time required to obtain a diagnostic study. (+info)Efficacy of morphine sulfate-augmented hepatobiliary imaging in acute cholecystitis. (4/217)
OBJECTIVE: A review of the English language literature was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of morphine sulfate-augmented hepatobiliary imaging for acute cholecystitis. Twenty publications, involving 914 patients, were reviewed from journals published between 1984 and 1999. The analysis of these patients has resulted in the largest combined review study to date. The sensitivity and specificity of morphine-augmented hepatobiliary imaging were calculated to be 96.1% and 88.6%, respectively. After reading this paper, the nuclear medicine technologist should be able to: (a) discuss the clinical use of morphine augmentation during hepatobiliary imaging; and (b) state the sensitivity and specificity of morphine sulfate-augmented hepatobiliary imaging. (+info)Identification, purification, and characterization of iminodiacetate oxidase from the EDTA-degrading bacterium BNC1. (5/217)
Microbial degradation of synthetic chelating agents, such as EDTA and nitrilotriacetate (NTA), may help immobilizing radionuclides and heavy metals in the environment. The EDTA- and NTA-degrading bacterium BNC1 uses EDTA monooxygenase to oxidize NTA to iminodiacetate (IDA) and EDTA to ethylenediaminediacetate (EDDA). IDA- and EDDA-degrading enzymes have not been purified and characterized to date. In this report, an IDA oxidase was purified to apparent homogeneity from strain BNC1 by using a combination of eight purification steps. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein band of 40 kDa, and by using size exclusion chromatography, we estimated the native enzyme to be a homodimer. Flavin adenine dinucleotide was determined as its prosthetic group. The purified enzyme oxidized IDA to glycine and glyoxylate with the consumption of O2. The temperature and pH optima for IDA oxidation were 35 degrees C and 8, respectively. The apparent Km for IDA was 4.0 mM with a kcat of 5.3 s(-1). When the N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined, it matched exactly with that encoded by a previously sequenced hypothetical oxidase gene of BNC1. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the gene product as a C-terminal fusion with a His tag was purified by a one-step nickel affinity chromatography. The purified fusion protein had essentially the same enzymatic activity and properties as the native IDA oxidase. IDA oxidase also oxidized EDDA to ethylenediamine and glyoxylate. Thus, IDA oxidase is likely the second enzyme in both NTA and EDTA degradation pathways in strain BNC1. (+info)A new crosslinker for mass spectrometric analysis of the quaternary structure of protein complexes. (6/217)
Mass spectrometric structural analysis of crosslinked peptides is a powerful method to elucidate the spatial arrangement of polypeptides in protein complexes. Our aim is to develop bifunctional crosslinkers that, after crosslinking protein complexes followed by proteolytic digestion, give rise to crosslinked peptides that can be readily tracked down by mass spectrometry. To this end we synthesized the crosslinker N-benzyliminodiacetoyloxysuccinimid (BID), which yields stable benzyl cation marker ions upon low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry. Sensitive detection of the marker ion upon low-energy CID is demonstrated with different BID-crosslinked peptide preparations. With BID it becomes possible to retrieve crosslinked and crosslinker-adducted peptides, without the necessity of purifying crosslinked peptides prior to identification. The basic design of this crosslinker can be varied upon, in order to meet specific crosslinking needs. (+info)Polymer properties on resins composed of UDMA and methacrylates with the carboxyl group. (7/217)
The properties of dental matrix resins have been improved by synthesis of new monomers. However, except for improvements in water-resistance, monomers with better mechanical properties than Bis-GMA and UDMA could not being synthesized. Changing the point of emphasis, we tried to improve the mechanical properties controlling the matrix resin higher structure using noncovalent bonds. We prepared a matrix resin structured by UDMA, which is a high viscosity base monomer with imino groups, and by a low viscosity acidic monomer with carboxyl groups, which permits noncovalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interaction with imino groups. The maximal mechanical strength for matrix resins structured by UDMA and an acidic monomer was obtained with a composition of imino groups and carboxyl groups at a ratio of 1:1. This mechanical strength value was higher than those obtained with UDMA resin or with a Bis-GMA/TEGDMA/UDMA resin with typical composition. The improvement in mechanical properties may be due to the complex based on noncovalent bonds, between the imino groups of UDMA and the carboxyl groups of the acidic monomers. (+info)99mTc-mebrofenin scintigraphy for evaluating liver disease in a rat model of Wilson's disease. (8/217)
The purpose of this study was to establish whether (99m)Tc-mebrofenin could noninvasively assess liver function in Wilson's disease. METHODS: Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats, which reproduce Wilson's disease with copper toxicosis, and their normal counterparts, Long-Evans Agouti (LEA) rats, were studied. Scintigraphic findings were correlated with biliary mebrofenin excretion and residual organ counts and with hepatic copper content, histology, copper excretion capacity, and liver test results. RESULTS: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated in some LEC rats, whereas serum bilirubin levels were normal. Liver histology was normal in LEA rats, whereas LEC rats showed multiple abnormalities. Mebrofenin was incorporated rapidly in LEA rats, with a mean time to peak liver activity of 80 +/- 30 s, followed by prompt biliary excretion of the tracer. In LEC rats, the mean time to peak activity, 283 +/- 190 s, was significantly longer (P = 0.001). The time to half of peak activity, indicating tracer clearance, was significantly greater in LEC rats than in LEA rats (1,825 +/- 1,642 s vs. 524 +/- 82 s, P = 0.002). Hepatic mebrofenin handling correlated with hepatic copper content, histologic grade, copper excretion capacity, and serum ALT. CONCLUSION: Correlation of (99m)Tc-mebrofenin handling with liver morphology, function, and copper accumulation in LEC rats suggests that mebrofenin scintigraphy can be useful for noninvasively monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response in Wilson's disease. Although the data were obtained in an animal model of Wilson' disease, these biochemical parameters likely reflect liver damage in general, suggesting that there may be a role for mebrofenin scintigraphy in other chronic liver diseases as well. (+info)Imino acids are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom as part of an amide-like structure. They are structurally similar to amino acids, which contain a carboxyl group and an amino group, but instead of the amino group, imino acids have a structural unit known as an imine or Schiff base, which is a carbon-nitrogen double bond with a hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom.
One example of an imino acid is proline, which is a cyclic imino acid that plays important roles in protein structure and function. Proline is unique among the 20 standard amino acids because its side chain is linked to the nitrogen atom of the backbone, forming a ring-like structure. This structural feature gives proline unique properties, such as restricted rotation around the bond between the nitrogen and alpha carbon atoms, which can affect protein folding and stability.
Other imino acids may be formed through chemical reactions or enzymatic processes, and they can play important roles in various biological pathways, including the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other biomolecules. However, imino acids are not typically considered to be part of the standard set of 20 amino acids that make up proteins.
D-amino-acid oxidase (DAAO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids to their corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the metabolism of D-amino acids in various organisms, including humans. In humans, DAAO is primarily expressed in the brain and contributes to the regulation of neurotransmitter levels and other physiological processes. Genetic variations and dysregulation of DAAO have been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Iminosugars are a class of naturally occurring compounds that are structural analogs of simple sugars (monosaccharides), in which the oxygen atom in the furan ring is replaced by a nitrogen atom. This small change in structure gives iminosugars unique biological properties, particularly their ability to inhibit carbohydrate-processing enzymes such as glycosidases and glycosyltransferases.
Iminosugars are found in various plants, animals, and microorganisms, and have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases, including diabetes, viral infections, and cancer. Some iminosugars have been shown to act as potent inhibitors of glycosidases involved in the replication of certain viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, making them promising candidates for antiviral therapy.
In addition, iminosugars have been investigated for their potential to modulate the immune system and reduce inflammation, which has led to interest in their use as therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and safety profiles of iminosugars before they can be widely used in clinical settings.
Pipicolic acid is not a term that refers to a specific medical condition or disease. Instead, it is a metabolite that is involved in the body's metabolic processes.
Pipicolic acid is a type of organic compound called a cyclic amino acid, which is derived from the amino acid lysine. It is produced in the liver and is excreted in urine. Pipicolic acid has been found to have various functions in the body, including regulating the metabolism of lipids and bile acids.
Abnormal levels of pipicolic acid in the body may be associated with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease or genetic disorders that affect amino acid metabolism. However, pipicolic acid is not typically used as a diagnostic marker for these conditions.
In summary, pipicolic acid is a cyclic amino acid produced in the liver and involved in various metabolic processes in the body. Abnormal levels of pipicolic acid may be associated with certain medical conditions but are not typically used as diagnostic markers.
Proline is an organic compound that is classified as a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be produced by the human body and does not need to be obtained through the diet. It is encoded in the genetic code as the codon CCU, CCC, CCA, or CCG. Proline is a cyclic amino acid, containing an unusual secondary amine group, which forms a ring structure with its carboxyl group.
In proteins, proline acts as a structural helix breaker, disrupting the alpha-helix structure and leading to the formation of turns and bends in the protein chain. This property is important for the proper folding and function of many proteins. Proline also plays a role in the stability of collagen, a major structural protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and skin.
In addition to its role in protein structure, proline has been implicated in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, apoptosis, and oxidative stress response. It is also a precursor for the synthesis of other biologically important compounds such as hydroxyproline, which is found in collagen and elastin, and glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Neutral amino acid transport systems refer to a group of membrane transporters that facilitate the movement of neutral amino acids across cell membranes. Neutral amino acids are those that have a neutral charge at physiological pH and include amino acids such as alanine, serine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan.
There are several different transport systems that have been identified for neutral amino acids, each with its own specificity and affinity for different amino acids. Some of the major neutral amino acid transport systems include:
1. System A: This transporter preferentially transports small, neutral amino acids such as alanine, serine, and threonine. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
2. System B0+: This transporter preferentially transports large, neutral amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
3. System L: This transporter preferentially transports large, neutral amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
4. System y+: This transporter preferentially transports cationic amino acids such as lysine and arginine, but it can also transport some neutral amino acids. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
5. System b0,+: This transporter preferentially transports cationic amino acids such as lysine and arginine, but it can also transport some neutral amino acids. It is found in many tissues, including the intestines, kidneys, and brain.
These transport systems play important roles in maintaining amino acid homeostasis in the body, as well as in various physiological processes such as protein synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, and cell signaling. Dysregulation of these transport systems has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic disorders.
Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They consist of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, which is bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a variable side chain (R group). The R group can be composed of various combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, which determine the unique properties of each amino acid.
There are 20 standard amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code and incorporated into proteins during translation. These include:
1. Alanine (Ala)
2. Arginine (Arg)
3. Asparagine (Asn)
4. Aspartic acid (Asp)
5. Cysteine (Cys)
6. Glutamine (Gln)
7. Glutamic acid (Glu)
8. Glycine (Gly)
9. Histidine (His)
10. Isoleucine (Ile)
11. Leucine (Leu)
12. Lysine (Lys)
13. Methionine (Met)
14. Phenylalanine (Phe)
15. Proline (Pro)
16. Serine (Ser)
17. Threonine (Thr)
18. Tryptophan (Trp)
19. Tyrosine (Tyr)
20. Valine (Val)
Additionally, there are several non-standard or modified amino acids that can be incorporated into proteins through post-translational modifications, such as hydroxylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. These modifications expand the functional diversity of proteins and play crucial roles in various cellular processes.
Amino acids are essential for numerous biological functions, including protein synthesis, enzyme catalysis, neurotransmitter production, energy metabolism, and immune response regulation. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the human body (non-essential), while others must be obtained through dietary sources (essential).
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is an antagonist of the enzyme alpha-glucosidase, which is involved in the digestion of carbohydrates. DNJ is a naturally occurring compound found in some plants, including mulberry leaves and the roots of the African plant Moringa oleifera. It works by binding to the active site of alpha-glucosidase and inhibiting its activity, which can help to slow down the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine. This can help to reduce postprandial glucose levels (the spike in blood sugar that occurs after a meal) and may have potential benefits for the management of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. DNJ is also being studied for its potential anti-cancer effects.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.
During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.
There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.
Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.
Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Å and a pitch of 34 Å, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Å) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Å). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.
The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.
Etiocholanolone is an endogenous steroid hormone, a metabolic breakdown product of both testosterone and androstenedione. It is a 5β-reduced derivative of androstanedione and is produced in the liver as well as in the gonads and the adrenal glands.
Etiocholanolone can be measured in urine to help evaluate for certain medical conditions, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal cancer. Increased levels of etiocholanolone may indicate increased production of androgens, which can occur in conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, virilizing ovarian tumors, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
It is important to note that the measurement of etiocholanolone should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings, as there are many factors that can affect its levels.
Base pairing is a specific type of chemical bonding that occurs between complementary base pairs in the nucleic acid molecules DNA and RNA. In DNA, these bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, while guanine always pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. This precise base pairing is crucial for the stability of the double helix structure of DNA and for the accurate replication and transcription of genetic information. In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine and pairs with adenine.
Imino furanoses are not a recognized medical term, but they may be referred to in the field of biochemistry and carbohydrate research. In this context, imino furanoses are a type of sugar ring structure that contains an imine group (-C=N-) instead of the usual oxygen atom in the furanose form of sugars. Imino furanoses can be formed under certain conditions during chemical reactions involving carbohydrates, but they are not typically found in biological systems.
In the context of medicine, particularly in relation to cancer treatment, protons refer to positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Proton therapy, a type of radiation therapy, uses a beam of protons to target and destroy cancer cells with high precision, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. The concentrated dose of radiation is delivered directly to the tumor site, reducing side effects and improving quality of life during treatment.
Hydrogen bonding is not a medical term per se, but it is a fundamental concept in chemistry and biology that is relevant to the field of medicine. Here's a general definition:
Hydrogen bonding is a type of attractive force between molecules or within a molecule, which occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and is then attracted to another electronegative atom. This attraction results in the formation of a partially covalent bond known as a "hydrogen bond."
In biological systems, hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the structure and function of many biomolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. For example, the double helix structure of DNA is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine). Similarly, the three-dimensional structure of proteins is maintained by a network of hydrogen bonds that help to determine their function.
In medical contexts, hydrogen bonding can be relevant in understanding drug-receptor interactions, where hydrogen bonds between a drug molecule and its target protein can enhance the binding affinity and specificity of the interaction, leading to more effective therapeutic outcomes.
Imino acid
Dehydroglycine
Imidic acid
Lanthionine ketimine
Osteolathyrism
Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
Canaline
Leslie Fowden
Hydroxyproline
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
PEPD
Peptidylglycine monooxygenase
L-amino-acid oxidase
Iminoglycinuria
N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylformamidinium chloride
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
Proton coupled amino acid transporter
Secondary amino acid
Alanopine dehydrogenase
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1
Thomas Lectka
Discovery and development of ACE inhibitors
Etonitazene
Sørensen formol titration
D-Amino acid
SLC38A5
AAO
List of MeSH codes (D12.125)
Petroleum
Α-Glucosidase
Imino acid - Wikipedia
Acetic acid, [[(2-bromophenyl)methyl]thio]-,Acetic acid, [[(2-chloro-1-propenyl)oxy]imino]- Suppliers & Manufacturers
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CPID
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Chromatography thin layer. Medical search
Glycine11
- Seven patients with renal failure of varying etiology had abnormalities in urinary excretion and plasma content of the imino acids (proline and hydroxyproline) and of glycine. (jamanetwork.com)
- Plasma levels of the imino acids and glycine were elevated. (jamanetwork.com)
- Glycine is an amino acid and neurotransmitter. (examine.com)
- [1] Glycine is the simplest amino acid in nature, with a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. (examine.com)
- Glycine is the primary amino acid in collagen, making up one-third of its amino acids in the repeated form of tripeptides (glycine-proline-Y and glycine-X-hydroxyproline, where X and Y can be any amino acid). (examine.com)
- [5] Like all amino acids, glycine has a central carbon with one amino group, one carboxy acid group, and one side chain that makes each amino acid unique. (examine.com)
- For glycine, this side chain is a single hydrogen atom, which is why glycine is the simplest and smallest amino acid in nature. (examine.com)
- Glycine is a nonpolar neutral amino acid, meaning it has no net electrical charge and does not interact with water. (examine.com)
- As an amino acid, glycine plays an essential role in protein synthesis, especially collagen synthesis. (examine.com)
- [12] Additionally, glycine is conjugated with bile acids (along with taurine) before being excreted into the biliary system, thereby playing a central role in lipid digestion and absorption. (examine.com)
- Glycine is a conditionally essential amino acid in humans because humans are unable to synthesize enough glycine to satisfy metabolic requirements. (examine.com)
Proline and hydroxyproline4
- Isatin test is a biochemical test for the detection of amino acids like proline and hydroxyproline. (microbenotes.com)
- To distinguish proline and hydroxyproline from other amino acids. (microbenotes.com)
- The reaction between imino acids like proline and hydroxyproline and isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) yields a blue-colored adduct. (microbenotes.com)
- The test is used for the detection of proline and hydroxyproline amino acids in a sample solution. (microbenotes.com)
Hydroxyproline1
- The only proteinogenic amino acid of this type is proline, although the related non-proteinogenic amino acids hydroxyproline and pipecolic acid have often been included in studies of this class of compounds. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins3
- It is a building block of proteins, participates in the citric acid and urea cycles, and is a neurotransmitter. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
- proteins rely on prior digestion to amino acids. (gpnotebook.com)
Acetic1
- Glacial (highly purified) acetic acid contains at least 99.5% acetic acid by weight. (unboundmedicine.com)
Collagen1
- Here, we position-specifically evaluated the correlation of imino acid contents to denaturation temperature (Td ) of collagen among various vertebrate and invertebrate species, using a recently developed LC-MS methodology. (qxmd.com)
Glutamate2
- 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (CAS: 2906-39-0) is an enamine or an imino acid that forms upon the spontaneous dehydration of L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde in aqueous solutions. (hmdb.ca)
- It can also be converted into or be formed from three amino acids: L-glutamate, L-ornithine, and L-proline. (hmdb.ca)
Compounds2
- The imino halide products are intermediates in the preparation of antibiotic compounds. (gc.ca)
- GC-MS and HPLC analyses indicated that, this fraction contained a variety of phenolic compounds including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, benzoic acid and ferulic acid. (scialert.net)
Fatty acids1
- in diabetic ketoacidosis, when the conversion of fatty acids to ketones increases. (unboundmedicine.com)
Polypeptide chain1
- The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. (lookformedical.com)
Acidic1
- Amino acids are amphoteric as they contain both a basic and acidic groups. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Biosynthetic1
- Also the direct biosynthetic precursor to the amino acid proline is the imino acid (S)-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). (wikipedia.org)
Methionine1
- containing amino acids (cisteine and methionine) in type III. (coek.info)
Reagent2
- The test is a specific test for specific amino acids that produces a colored addition product (also called adduct) with the Isatin reagent. (microbenotes.com)
- Isatin reagent used in the test works as a visualizing agent that provides different colors with different amino acids in the chromatography technique. (microbenotes.com)
Aspartic acid2
- Aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
- C 10 H 18 N 4 O 6 , a compound intermediate in the synthesis of arginine, formed from citrulline and aspartic acid. (unboundmedicine.com)
Specific amino1
- Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories. (lookformedical.com)
Arachidonic acid1
- Corticosteroids inhibit formation of arachidonic acid from phospholipids when cell membranes are damaged. (unboundmedicine.com)
Amino group1
- Imino acids are structurally related to amino acids, which have amino group instead of imine-a difference of single vs double-bond between nitrogen and carbon. (wikipedia.org)
Salts1
- Any of the complex acids that occur as salts in bile, e.g., cholic, glycocholic, and taurocholic acids. (unboundmedicine.com)
Oxidase2
- D-Amino acid oxidase is an enzyme that is able to convert amino acids into imino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, D-enantiomers of amino acids and D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) have been observed to contribute to L-amino acid concentration. (encyclopedia.pub)
Peptides1
- Although the propensity-based model, which correlates the propensities of the individual imino acids with the structural requirements of the triple helix, is able to explicate most of the experimental data, it is unable to predict the rather high stability of peptides embedding Gly-Hyp-Hyp triplets. (cnr.it)
Urea1
- It is also one of the few metabolites that can act as a precursor to other metabolites of both the urea cycle and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (hmdb.ca)
Organic chemistry1
- In organic chemistry, an imino acid is any molecule that contains both imine (>C=NH) and carboxyl (-C(=O)-OH) functional groups. (wikipedia.org)
Precursor1
- The peripheral administration of kynurenic acid (KYNA) precursor, kynurenine (KYN) was found to lead to neuroprotection in hypoxic-ischemic animal models [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Molecule1
- ABBR: AHA Any of a class of water-soluble acids derived from fruit or milk, having a hydroxyl moiety in the first position in the molecule. (unboundmedicine.com)
Urine1
- C 4 H 8 O 3 , any of the acids present in the urine, esp. (unboundmedicine.com)
Neutral1
- The pH at which an amino acid is electrically neutral is called the Isoelectric point. (abcmedicalnotes.com)
Hydrogen1
- An acid containing hydrogen and one other element. (unboundmedicine.com)
Reaction1
- The reaction is a simple addition reaction where the combination of isatin and proline produces a colored product, indicating the presence of imino acids. (microbenotes.com)
Occur1
- The acid is a known carcinogen, and its use has been associated with and may cause end-stage renal disease and cancers of the urinary tract that may occur many years after usage has stopped. (unboundmedicine.com)
Protein2
- Both sodium ion and amino acid combine with a cell surface protein receptor. (gpnotebook.com)
- Defects of the amino acid protein carrier can lead to conditions like Hartnup's disease and cystinuria. (gpnotebook.com)
Soluble1
- previous reports featuring ac etic acid soluble extraction. (scirp.org)
Ions1
- Amino acids are absorbed by a co-transport mechanism with sodium ions. (gpnotebook.com)
Mechanism1
- Particularly puzzling is the decoding of the mechanism of triple helix stabilization/destabilization induced by imino acids. (cnr.it)
Salt1
- An acid reacts with a metal to form a salt, neutralizes bases, and turns litmus paper red. (unboundmedicine.com)
Type1
- Research has provided evidence of differences between mammalian collagens, such as variations in amino acid composition, the degree of hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and the type and stability of intermolecular crosslinks [9]. (coek.info)
Addition1
- In addition, certain amino acids may have there own specific transporter e.g. proline. (gpnotebook.com)
Taste1
- C 2 H 4 O 2 , the acid that gives the sour taste to vinegar. (unboundmedicine.com)
Form3
- In the undissociated acid form, it is composed of needles or prismatic crystals. (canada.ca)
- NTA is present in drinking water primarily in the form of metal complexes, rather than as the free acid. (canada.ca)
- The fully hydrated form of silica gel has distinct properties and is referred to as SILICIC ACID. (lookformedical.com)
Group2
- Secondary amino acids, amino acids containing a secondary amine group are sometimes named imino acids, though this usage is obsolescent. (wikipedia.org)
- The term imino acid is also the obsolete term for imidic acids, structures containing the -C(=NH)-OH group, and should not be used for them. (wikipedia.org)
Filter1
- A drop of the sample (imino acid) solution is added to a Whatman No. 1 filter paper and dried by placing it in a hot air oven. (microbenotes.com)