Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus, Anterior
The front portion of the HYPOTHALAMUS separated into the preoptic region and the supraoptic region. The preoptic region is made up of the periventricular GRAY MATTER of the rostral portion of the THIRD VENTRICLE and contains the preoptic ventricular nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus. The supraoptic region contains the PARAVENTRICULAR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS, the ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS.
Hypothalamus, Middle
Hypothalamus, Posterior
The part of the hypothalamus posterior to the middle region consisting of several nuclei including the medial maxillary nucleus, lateral mammillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (posterior hypothalamic area). The posterior hypothalamic area is concerned with control of sympathetic responses and is sensitive to conditions of decreasing temperature and controls the mechanisms for the conservation and increased production of heat.
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
Area in the hypothalamus bounded medially by the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the FORNIX (BRAIN). The medial edge of the INTERNAL CAPSULE and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE.
Arcuate Nucleus
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
Median Eminence
Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).
Neuropeptides
Hypothalamic Hormones
Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.
Neuropeptide Y
A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
Neurons
Pituitary Gland
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System
A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
Leptin
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
Oxytocin
Neurosecretory Systems
Pituitary Hormones
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
Agouti-Related Protein
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.
Receptors, Leptin
Diencephalon
Feeding Behavior
Receptors, Neuropeptide
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Orexin Receptors
Anorexia
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Hypothalamic Diseases
Rats, Wistar
Microinjections
Brain Chemistry
Corticosterone
Kisspeptins
beta-Endorphin
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
A tripeptide that stimulates the release of THYROTROPIN and PROLACTIN. It is synthesized by the neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, TRH (was called TRF) stimulates the release of TSH and PRL from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
Body Temperature Regulation
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Brain Stem
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
Amygdala
Vasopressins
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
alpha-MSH
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.
Circadian Rhythm
In Situ Hybridization
Rats, Inbred Strains
Energy Metabolism
Arginine Vasopressin
Norepinephrine
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
Estradiol
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4
Luteinizing Hormone
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Immunohistochemistry
Hypothalamic Neoplasms
Benign and malignant tumors of the HYPOTHALAMUS. Pilocytic astrocytomas and hamartomas are relatively frequent histologic types. Neoplasms of the hypothalamus frequently originate from adjacent structures, including the OPTIC CHIASM, optic nerve (see OPTIC NERVE NEOPLASMS), and pituitary gland (see PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). Relatively frequent clinical manifestations include visual loss, developmental delay, macrocephaly, and precocious puberty. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2051)
Galanin
A neuropeptide of 29-30 amino acids depending on the species. Galanin is widely distributed throughout the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and INTESTINES. There are various subtypes of GALANIN RECEPTORS implicating roles of galanin in regulating FOOD INTAKE; pain perception; memory; and other neuroendocrine functions.
Melanins
Prosencephalon
Body Weight
Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus
Appetite
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Autonomic Pathways
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Melanocortins
Peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which can stimulate MELANOCYTES or CORTICOTROPHS. Melanocortins include ACTH; ALPHA-MSH; and other peptides such as BETA-MSH and GAMMA-MSH, derived from other fragments of POMC. These peptides act through a variety of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS to control different functions including steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, feeding, and skin pigmentation.
Restraint, Physical
Gene Expression Regulation
Photoperiod
Pons
Tissue Distribution
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.
Stress, Physiological
Medulla Oblongata
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Endorphins
One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Oncogene Proteins v-fos
Transforming proteins coded by fos oncogenes. These proteins have been found in the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses which induce osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The FBJ-MSV v-fos gene encodes a p55-kDa protein and the FBR-MSV v-fos gene encodes a p75-kDa fusion protein.
Cerebral Ventricles
Radioimmunoassay
Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.
Prolactin
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
Limbic System
A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the AMYGDALA; EPITHALAMUS; GYRUS CINGULI; hippocampal formation (see HIPPOCAMPUS); HYPOTHALAMUS; PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS; SEPTAL NUCLEI; anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)).
Septal Nuclei
Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.
Mesencephalon
The middle of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain. Without further subdivision, midbrain develops into a short, constricted portion connecting the PONS and the DIENCEPHALON. Midbrain contains two major parts, the dorsal TECTUM MESENCEPHALI and the ventral TEGMENTUM MESENCEPHALI, housing components of auditory, visual, and other sensorimoter systems.
Pituitary Hormones, Posterior
Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.
Sex Characteristics
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
Telencephalon
Ghrelin
A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Third Ventricle
A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.
Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.
Somatostatin
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.
Midline Thalamic Nuclei
Enkephalins
Periaqueductal Gray
Somatostatin-28
Homeostasis
Solitary Nucleus
GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.
Biogenic Monoamines
Microdialysis
Receptors, Galanin
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for GALANIN and galanin peptides. They are generally considered to be coupled to the GI, INHIBITORY G-PROTEIN to meditate the neurological effects of galanin. Several subtypes of galanin receptors occur with differing specificities for the full length galanin, galanin peptide fragments, and galanin-like peptide.
Analysis of Variance
Organ Specificity
Estrous Cycle
Muscimol
Appetite Stimulants
Pyrogens
Gene Expression
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
Self Stimulation
Sheep
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Efferent Pathways
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Cerebral Cortex
Wakefulness
Mice, Transgenic
Bicuculline
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Cataplexy
A condition characterized by transient weakness or paralysis of somatic musculature triggered by an emotional stimulus or physical exertion. Cataplexy is frequently associated with NARCOLEPSY. During a cataplectic attack, there is a marked reduction in muscle tone similar to the normal physiologic hypotonia that accompanies rapid eye movement sleep (SLEEP, REM). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p396)
Melatonin
A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.
Sympathetic Nervous System
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Peptide Hormones
Testosterone
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Autoradiography
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid
Central Nervous System
Neurotensin
A biologically active tridecapeptide isolated from the hypothalamus. It has been shown to induce hypotension in the rat, to stimulate contraction of guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and to cause relaxation of rat duodenum. There is also evidence that it acts as both a peripheral and a central nervous system neurotransmitter.
Receptors, Neuropeptide Y
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Dynorphins
Adrenal Glands
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.
Milk Ejection
Satiation
Pregnancy
Receptors, Melanocortin
GABA Antagonists
Neurotransmitter Agents
Pineal Gland
Thalamus
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Allylglycine
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)
Aggression
Sleep
Neurokinin B
Receptors, Ghrelin
Growth Hormone
Afferent Pathways
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Medial Forebrain Bundle
Sleep, REM
Plasma concentration changes in LH and FSH following electrochemical stimulation of the medial preoptic are or dorsal anterior hypothalamic area of estrogen- or androgen-sterilized rats.(1/4503)
(+info)Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated inhibition of K+ channel subunit kv2.2 in brain stem and hypothalamic neurons. (2/4503)
Angiotensin II (Ang II) has powerful modulatory actions on cardiovascular function that are mediated by specific receptors located on neurons within the hypothalamus and brain stem. Incubation of neuronal cocultures of rat hypothalamus and brain stem with Ang II elicits an Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor-mediated inhibition of total outward K+ current that contributes to an increase in neuronal firing rate. However, the exact K+ conductance(s) that is inhibited by Ang II are not established. Pharmacological manipulation of total neuronal outward K+ current revealed a component of K+ current sensitive to quinine, tetraethylammonium, and 4-aminopyridine, with IC50 values of 21.7 micromol/L, 1.49 mmol/L, and 890 micromol/L, respectively, and insensitive to alpha-dendrotoxin (100 to 500 nmol/L), charybdotoxin (100 to 500 nmol/L), and mast cell degranulating peptide (1 micromol/L). Collectively, these data suggest the presence of Kv2.2 and Kv3.1b. Biophysical examination of the quinine-sensitive neuronal K+ current demonstrated a macroscopic conductance with similar biophysical properties to those of Kv2.2 and Kv3.1b. Ang II (100 nmol/L), in the presence of the AT2 receptor blocker PD123,319, elicited an inhibition of neuronal K+ current that was abolished by quinine (50 micromol/L). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the presence of Kv2.2 and Kv3.1b mRNA in these neurons. However, Western blot analyses demonstrated that only Kv2.2 protein was present. Coexpression of Kv2.2 and the AT1 receptor in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated an Ang II-induced inhibition of Kv2.2 current. Therefore, these data suggest that inhibition of Kv2.2 contributes to the AT1 receptor-mediated reduction of neuronal K+ current and subsequently to the modulation of cardiovascular function. (+info)Divergent effects of intracerebroventricular and peripheral leptin administration on feeding and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in lean and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. (3/4503)
Leptin inhibits feeding and decreases body weight. It may act partly by inhibiting hypothalamic neurons that express neuropeptide Y, a powerful inducer of feeding and obesity. These neuropeptide Y neurons express the Ob-Rb leptin receptor and are overactive in the fatty (fa/fa) Zucker rat. The fa mutation affects the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor, but its impact on leptin action and neuropeptide Y neuronal activity is not fully known. We compared the effects of three doses of leptin given intracerebroventricularly and three doses of leptin injected intraperitoneally on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA, in lean and fatty Zucker rats. In lean rats, 4-h food intake was reduced in a dose-related fashion (P<0.01) by all intracerebroventricular leptin doses and by intraperitoneal doses of 300 and 600 microg/kg. Neuropeptide Y mRNA levels were reduced by 28% and 21% after the highest intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal doses respectively (P<0. 01 for both). In fatty rats, only the highest intracerebroventricular leptin dose reduced food intake (by 22%; P<0. 01). Neuropeptide Y mRNA levels were 100% higher in fatty rats than in lean animals, and were reduced by 18% (P<0.01) after the highest intracerebroventricular leptin dose. Intraperitoneal injection had no effect on food intake and neuropeptide Y mRNA. The fa/fa Zucker rat is therefore less sensitive to leptin given intracerebroventricularly and particularly intraperitoneally, suggesting that the fa mutation interferes both with leptin's direct effects on neurons and its transport into the central nervous system. Obesity in the fa/fa Zucker rat may be partly due to the inability of leptin to inhibit hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons. (+info)Leptin and reproduction. (4/4503)
In the few years since leptin was identified as a satiety factor in rodents, it has been implicated in the regulation of various physiological processes. Leptin has been shown to promote sexual maturation in rodent species and a role in reproduction has been investigated at various sites within the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. This review considers the evidence that leptin (or alteration in amount of body fat) can affect reproduction. There is evidence that leptin plays a permissive role in the onset of puberty, probably through action on the hypothalamus, where leptin receptors are found in cells that express appetite-regulating peptides. There is little evidence that leptin has a positive effect on the pituitary gonadotrophs and the gonads. There is also very little indication that leptin acts in an acute manner to regulate reproduction in the short term. It seems more likely that leptin is a 'barometer' of body condition that sends signals to the brain. Studies in vitro have shown negative effects on ovarian steroid production and there are no reports of effects on testicular function. Leptin concentrations in plasma increase in women during pregnancy, owing to production by the placenta but the functional significance of this is unknown. A number of factors that affect the production and action of leptin have yet to be studied in detail. (+info)Developing hypothalamic dopaminergic neurones as potential targets for environmental estrogens. (5/4503)
Environmental chemicals which mimic the actions of estrogen have the potential to affect any estrogen responsive tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate their potential to mimic the effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on developing primary rat hypothalamic dopaminergic (DA) neurones maintained in a chemically defined medium. We now show that both E2 and octylphenol (OP), but not the non-aromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone, enhanced the uptake of [3H]DA by the cultured cells, whereas they had no effect on the uptake of [14C]GABA. Although the sensitivity of responses may change with the age of the developing cultures, the dose response curves for E2 and OP were typically 'bell-shaped', with a rise in response followed by a decline to control levels with increasing concentrations. Effects were seen as low as 10(-14) M for E2 and 10(-11) M for OP. Responses to E2 (10(-12) M) and OP (10(-9) M) were reversed in the presence of the antiestrogen, ZM 182780 (10(-5) M). This study thus provides direct evidence, using a mechanistic rather than toxicological end-point, in support of the hypothesis that inappropriate exposure to environmental estrogens at critically sensitive stages of development, could potentially perturb the organisational activities of estrogen on selected neuronal populations in the CNS. (+info)The effect of the orexins on food intake: comparison with neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin. (6/4503)
Orexin-A and orexin-B (the hypocretins) are recently described neuropeptides suggested to have a physiological role in the regulation of food intake in the rat. We compared the orexigenic effect of the orexins administered intracerebroventricular (ICV) with other known stimulants of food intake, one strong, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and two weaker, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and galanin. Orexin-A consistently stimulated food intake, but orexin-B only on occasions. Both peptides stimulated food intake significantly less than NPY, but to a similar extent to MCH (2 h food intake: NPY 3 nmol, 7.2+/-0.9 g vs saline, 1.5+/-0.2 g, P<0.001, MCH 3 nmol, 3.2+/-0.8 g vs saline, P<0.01, orexin-B 30 nmol, 2. 6+/-0.5 g vs saline, P=0.11) and to galanin (1 h food intake: galanin 3 nmol, 2.0+/-0.4 g vs saline, 0.8+/-0.2 g, P<0.05, orexin-A 3 nmol 2.2+/-0.4 g vs saline, P<0.01; 2 hour food intake: orexin-B 3 nmol, 2.4+/-0.3 g vs saline, 1.3+/-0.2 g, P<0.05). Following ICV orexin-A, hypothalamic c-fos, a maker of neuronal activation, was highly expressed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the arcuate nucleus (P<0.005 for both). IntraPVN injection of orexin-A stimulated 2 h food intake by one gram (orexin-A 0.03 nmol, 1.6+/-0. 3 g vs saline, 0.5+/-0.3 g, P<0.005). These findings support the suggestion that the orexins stimulate food intake. However, this effect is weak and may cast doubt upon their physiological importance in appetite regulation in the rat. (+info)Somatostatin inhibits release of thyrotropin releasing factor from organ cultures of rat hypothalamus. (7/4503)
Somatostatin in concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-8) M inhibited basal release of thyrotropin releasing factor in organ culture of rat hypothalamus. Norepinephrine in doses of 10(-4)--10(-6) M induced release of thyrotropin releasing factor which increased progressively with time and was temperature and dose dependent. This enhanced thyrotropin-releasing-factor release was inhibited by somatostatin at 10(-6)--10(-8) M. (+info)Comparison of two aquaretic drugs (niravoline and OPC-31260) in cirrhotic rats with ascites and water retention. (8/4503)
kappa-Opioid receptor agonists (niravoline) or nonpeptide antidiuretic hormone (ADH) V2 receptor antagonists (OPC-31260) possess aquaretic activity in cirrhosis; however, there is no information concerning the effects induced by the chronic administration of these drugs under this condition. To compare the renal and hormonal effects induced by the long-term oral administration of niravoline, OPC-31260, or vehicle, urine volume, urinary osmolality, sodium excretion, and urinary excretion of aldosterone (ALD) and ADH were measured in basal conditions and for 10 days after the daily oral administration of niravoline, OPC-31260, or vehicle to cirrhotic rats with ascites and water retention. Creatinine clearance, serum osmolality, ADH mRNA expression, and systemic hemodynamics were also measured at the end of the study. Niravoline increased water excretion, peripheral resistance, serum osmolality, and sodium excretion and reduced creatinine clearance, ALD and ADH excretion, and mRNA expression of ADH. OPC-31260 also increased water metabolism and sodium excretion and reduced urinary ALD, although the aquaretic effect was only evident during the first 2 days, and no effects on serum osmolality, renal filtration, and systemic hemodynamics were observed. Therefore, both agents have aquaretic efficacy, but the beneficial therapeutic effects of the long-term oral administration of niravoline are more consistent than those of OPC-31260 in cirrhotic rats with ascites and water retention. (+info)
Glucose modulates the release of histamine from the mouse hypothalamus in vitro<...
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PDF] Atlas Of The Human Hypothalamus Download ~ Read Online Free
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A high nutrient dense diet alters hypothalamic gene expressions to influence energy intake in pigs born with low birth weight. ...
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Characterization of endogenous players in Fibroblast Growth Factor‐regulated functions of hypothalamic tanycytes and energy...
Effect of Orexin in Ventromedial and Lateral Hypothalamus on Aromatse Gene Expression and 17- β Estradiol Concentration - ...
Anatomy of the Hypothalamus - BioSolutions
Aetiology, pathogenesis, and management of diseases of the hypothalamus - Oxford Medicine
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Synaptic Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Control of Vigilance and Cognitive Function - Alexander Jackson
Transcriptional and pathway analysis in the hypothalamus of newly hatched chicks during fasting and delayed feeding | BMC...
HYPOTHALAMUS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - PDF
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British Library EThOS: Central regulation of food intake and reproduction
Dissecting hypothalamic pathways that regulate sexually dimorphic behaviors - Nirao Shah
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Hypothalamus Function, Definition & Location | Body Maps- idolreplicas.info
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Frontiers | Notch signaling and proneural genes work together to control the neural building blocks for the initial scaffold in...
Hypothalamic nutrient sensing in the control of energy homeostasis<...
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The (NP)Ys and Wherefores of Stress and Obesity | ScienceBlogs
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Is the Hypothalamus Ill-Equipped to Cope with Obesity?
Genetic Parts List Now Available For Key Part Of The Mammalian Brain - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Can the HCG Diet Reset Your Hypothalamus and Metabolism - InsideOut Wellness
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NMDA and nitric oxide act through the cGMP signal transduction pathway to repress hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone...
Neuropeptides hypothalamic regulation of sleep control in children affected by functional non‐retentive fecal incontinence<...
Molecular map of posterior hypothalamus | Development
The hypothalamus and the neurobiology of drug seeking<...
Activation of Opioid Receptors in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus Stimulates Prolactin Secretion in the Conscious Rat<...
Increased hypothalamic serotonin turnover in inflammation-induced anorexia | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
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Pharmacological Properties of GABAA Receptors in Rat Hypothalamic Neurons Expressing the ϵ-Subunit | Journal of Neuroscience
Impact of obesity on taste receptor expression in extra-oral tissues: emphasis on hypothalamus and brainstem
Lipopolysaccharide Induces Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus: Implications for the Nonthyroidal...
Hypothalami | definition of hypothalami by Medical dictionary
Neuronal protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B deficiency results in inhibition of hypothalamic AMPK and isoform-specific activation...
Identification of proopiomelanocortin neurones in rat hypothalamus by in situ cDNA-mRNA hybridization. - Semantic Scholar
AMPK Wars: the VMH Strikes Back, Return of the PVH
Elevated hypothalamic norepinephrine content in mice with the heredita by J M. Feldman, J A. Blalock et al.
ポピュラーベクター Mouse 遺伝子 Hnl (hypothalamic norepinephrine level)
OPUS at UTS: Regulation of hypothalamic NPY by diet and smoking - Open Publications of UTS Scholars
Sirtuins are important agents in fighting against neurodegeneration | Athena Foundation
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Animal organs. Nervous system. Hypothalamus. Atlas of plant and animal histology.
Life Without GPR7, the Neuropeptide W1 Receptor: Regulation of Energy by Makoto Ishii
CHAPTER 9 PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE BRAIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS | Free Medical Textbook
Action of enpiprazole on emotional behavior induced by hypothalamic stimulation in rats and cats | SpringerLink
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Differential effects of alpha-, beta- and gamma(2)-melanocyte-stimulating hormones on hypothalamic neuronal activation and...
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Converse Regulatory Functions of Estrogen Receptor-Alpha and -Beta Subtypes Expressed in Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing...
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Identification of candidate genes and regulatory factors related to growth rate through hypothalamus transcriptome analyses in...
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FRACTAL MORPHOLOGY OF NEURONAL COMPLEXES FOUND IN NUCLEI IN HYPOTHALAMUS OF THE TWO MEMBERS OF THE MAMMALS
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Study links inflammation in the hypothalamus to hyperadiposity
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Hypothalamus - Function, Hormones, and Structure
Neuroendocrinology
Hypothalamus[edit]. Main article: Hypothalamus. The endocrine system consists of numerous glands throughout the body that ... remains under the control of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland via releasing factors and ... The GHRH neurones are located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, whereas the somatostatin cells involved in growth ... The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary's hormone secretion by sending trophic hormones down the ...
Amenorrhea
Secondary amenorrhoea (menstrual cycles ceasing) is often caused by hormonal disturbances from the hypothalamus and the ... hypothalamus. Pituitary and hypothalamic causes are often grouped together. Women who perform considerable amounts of exercise ...
ROHHAD
Hypothalamic dysfunction refers to the hypothalamus, which is a structure within the brain which participates in regulating the ... "hypothalamus , Definition, Anatomy, & Function". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-06-03. Bougnères, Pierre; Pantalone, ... Central hypoventilation syndrome Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Hypoventilation Hypothalamus Rare disease Ibáñez-Micó, S.; ...
Grey matter
... hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia - putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep ...
Wernicke encephalopathy
Hypothalamus. Medulla: dorsal nuc. of vagus. - Autonomic dysfunction: temperature; cardiocirculatory; respiratory. Medulla: ... hypothalamus, and cerebellar vermis. Brainstem lesions may include cranial nerve III, IV, VI and VIII nuclei, the medial ...
Endocrine system
... hypothalamus and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs. The hypothalamus and the ... Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is a key regulator of the autonomic nervous system. The endocrine system has three sets of ... In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. In humans, the major endocrine glands ... Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland Pineal gland Posterior pituitary gland The posterior pituitary gland is a section of the ...
Type 2 diabetes
Hypothalamus. *gonadotropin *Kallmann syndrome. *Adiposogenital dystrophy. *CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency). *vasopressin ...
Diabetes insipidus
It may be due to a defect or damage to the thirst mechanism, located in the hypothalamus;[7] or due to mental illness. ... In addition, the hypothalamus regulates the sensation of thirst in the ventromedial nucleus by sensing increases in serum ... The regulation of urine production occurs in the hypothalamus, which produces ADH in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei ... With increased osmolarity, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect this change and stimulate thirst. With increased thirst ...
Diabetic nephropathy
Hypothalamus. *gonadotropin *Kallmann syndrome. *Adiposogenital dystrophy. *CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency). *vasopressin ...
pituitary gland
It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The hypophysis rests upon the hypophysial fossa ... The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the ... Oxytocin, most of which is released from the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is one of the few hormones ... The release of pituitary hormones by both the anterior and posterior lobes is under the control of the hypothalamus, albeit in ...
Pituitary apoplexy
Melmed S, Jameson JL (2005). "Disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al ... It is attached to the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, by a stalk that also contains the blood vessels that supply the gland ... The pituitary gland normally derives its blood supply from vessels that pass through the hypothalamus, but tumors develop a ...
Primordial dwarfism
Hypothalamus. *gonadotropin *Kallmann syndrome. *Adiposogenital dystrophy. *CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency). *vasopressin ...
Median preoptic nucleus
Nuclei of the Hypothalamus: The preoptic area is located in the anterior portion of the hypothalamus, superior to the optic ... The median preoptic nucleus is located dorsal to the other three nuclei of the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus. The ... The hypothalamus is highly involved in maintaining homeostasis of the body, and the median preoptic nucleus is no exception, ... The median preoptic nucleus is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Forming a critical part of the anteroventral ...
Anterior pituitary
Main article: Hypothalamus. Hypothalamic control. Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones ... Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence, at the base of the brain. At this site, these ... The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and ... These glucocorticoids act back on the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus with negative feedback to slow the ...
Diabetes mellitus
Hypothalamus. *gonadotropin *Kallmann syndrome. *Adiposogenital dystrophy. *CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency). *vasopressin ...
Thalamocortical radiations
Thalamocortical (TC) fibers have been referred to as one of the two constituents of the isothalamus, the other being micro neurons. Thalamocortical fibers have a bush or tree-like appearance as they extend into the internal capsule and project to the layers of the cortex. The main thalamocortical fibers extend from different nuclei of the thalamus and project to the visual cortex, somatosensory (and associated sensori-motor) cortex, and the auditory cortex in the brain. Thalamocortical radiations also innervate the gustatory pathways, as well as pre-frontal motor areas. Visual input from the optic tract is processed by the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, auditory input in the medial geniculate nucleus, and somatosensory input in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Thalamic nuclei project to cortical areas of distinct architectural organization and relay the processed information back to the area of original activity in the thalamus via corticothalamic (CT) fibers.[2] The ...
Graves' disease
Hypothalamus. *gonadotropin *Kallmann syndrome. *Adiposogenital dystrophy. *CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency). *vasopressin ...
Arcuate nucleus
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH,[1] ARC,[2] or infundibular nucleus[2][3]) is an aggregation of ... project strongly to the lateral hypothalamus and to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and are important in the ... Dudas B (2013). The Human Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Functions and Disorders. New York: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62081- ... Other types of neurons have projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus to mediate different regions of the hypothalamus or to ...
Thyroid disease
This hormone is naturally secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland. The pituitary responds by releasing ...
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Hypothalamus. *gonadotropin *Kallmann syndrome. *Adiposogenital dystrophy. *CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency). *vasopressin ...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
... many of these children will have already had central precocious puberty triggered by the prolonged exposure of the hypothalamus ...
Delayed puberty
Brain tumors e.g. craniopharyngioma, prolactinoma, germinoma, glioma; diseases of hypothalamus, irradiation and trauma. ...
Neuromodulation
hypothalamus. Dopamine system Dopamine pathways: *mesocortical pathway. *mesolimbic pathway. *nigrostriatal pathway. * ...
Subthalamus
The subthalamus is located ventral to the thalamus, medial to the internal capsule and lateral to the hypothalamus. It is a ... During development the subthalamus is continuous with the hypothalamus, but is separated by white matter fibres mainly from the ... It also lies dorsolateral to the hypothalamus. ...
Brain
The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the forebrain, whose complexity and importance belies its size. It is ... The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. Some of these ... The hypothalamus is engaged in additional involuntary or partially voluntary acts such as sleep and wake cycles, eating and ... The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep-wake ...
The Silent Wedding
"Threshold - "For The Journey" Tour 2014". Hypothalamus (in German). 14 November 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April ...
Lateral grey column
... nerve cells also receive signals from the brainstem and from neurons in the hypothalamus, a brain area ... "Hypothalamus," Neuroscience Coursebook. University of Wisconsin. January 21, 2005. Web. http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/ ...
Neurotransmitter
Histamine works with the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the hypothalamus (tuberomammillary nucleus) and CNS mast ... and hypothalamus. ... While the best characterized function of the histamine system in the brain is regulation of sleep and ... of the posterior hypothalamus. As discussed in Chapter 6, these neurons project widely throughout the brain from restricted ... which pass through the lateral hypothalamus and reach axons of the histaminergic tubero-mamillary nucleus (TMN), together ...
Hypothalamus
All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond. The hypothalamus is responsible for the ... Most nerve fibres within the hypothalamus run in two ways (bidirectional). *Projections to areas caudal to the hypothalamus go ... The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most ... The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system.[1] In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it ...
Tropic hormone
HypothalamusEdit. In turn, the hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary by secreting a class ... Most tropic hormones are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.[1] The hypothalamus secretes tropic hormones that ... target the anterior pituitary, and the thyroid gland secretes thyroxine, which targets the hypothalamus and therefore can be ...
Hypothalamus - Wikipedia
All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond. The hypothalamus is responsible for the ... Most nerve fibres within the hypothalamus run in two ways (bidirectional). Projections to areas caudal to the hypothalamus go ... Stained brain slice images which include the "Hypothalamus" at the BrainMaps project The Hypothalamus and Pituitary at ... The hypothalamus (from Ancient Greek ὑπό, "under", and θάλαμος, "chamber") is a portion of the brain that contains a number of ...
The hypothalamus. | The BMJ
Hypothalamus: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
The hypothalamus is an area of the brain that produces hormones that control: ... Because the hypothalamus controls so many different functions, hypothalamic disease can have many different symptoms, depending ... Pituitary hormones and their control by the hypothalamus. In: Hall JE, ed. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th ...
Lateral hypothalamus - Wikipedia
... melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamus and with pre-pro-orexin in the ventromedial hypothalamus (Inui, 1999 ... The lateral hypothalamus (LH), also called the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within ... Two of the most commonly noted functions of orexin peptides in the lateral hypothalamus are the promotion of feeding behavior ... Through the diverse outputs of the orexin system, the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus mediate an array of functions ...
Hypothalamus: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image
Oral Contraception Linked to Smaller Hypothalamus
Women who take the birth control pill have a smaller hypothalamus than those who do not, and report more anger and depression, ... Women who take the birth control pill have a smaller hypothalamus than those who do not, and report anger and depression more ... However, "I would not tell people that their hypothalamus might shrink if they take the pill, given that this is a cross- ... "This is the first time anyone has looked at the hypothalamus; its always been a difficult area to measure," said Vincent ...
Hypothalamus and Food Intake
Parts of the hypothalamus related to appetite. Some parts of the hypothalamus are related to appetite. These include:. *The ... The hypothalamus via various mechanisms controls appetite and food intake. It is also responsible for the control of hunger and ... In the basal hypothalamus there are several nuclei that regulate daily energy homeostasis. These control the appetite. ... Ventromedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus - It has been seen that any lesion in these areas leads to excessive appetite, ...
Hypothalamus Males and Females
The hypothalamus controls some of the basic functions of life including hormonal activity via the pituitary gland. There are ... The volume of a specific nucleus in the hypothalamus (third cell group of the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus ... In men, the hypothalamus has a higher number of androgen receptors (AR) than young adult women. There are differences in ARs in ... The hypothalamus controls some of the basic functions of life including hormonal activity via the pituitary gland. There are ...
Hypothalamus | Definition of Hypothalamus by Merriam-Webster
Hypothalamus definition is - a basal part of the diencephalon that lies beneath the thalamus on each side, forms the floor of ... Comments on hypothalamus. What made you want to look up hypothalamus? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the ... Post the Definition of hypothalamus to Facebook Share the Definition of hypothalamus on Twitter ... Examples of hypothalamus in a Sentence. Recent Examples on the Web. When a stressor occurs, the amygdala region perceives the ...
Hypothalamus
... , Hypothalamus Gland, Anterior Hypothalamus, Medial Hypothalamus, Posterior Hypothalamus, Paraventricular ... hypothalamus gland, gland hypothalamus, glands hypothalamus, Hypothalamus / hypothalamus gland, hypothalamus/hypothalamus gl. ... Hypothalamus. Aka: Hypothalamus, Hypothalamus Gland, Anterior Hypothalamus, Medial Hypothalamus, Posterior Hypothalamus, ... Hypothalamus, Medial, Hypothalamus, Middle, Medial Hypothalamus, Middle Hypothalamus, Intermediate hypothalamic region, ...
prolactinoma and hypothalamus?? | DailyStrength
The tumor seems to be pushing on the little tube connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary, which could be elevating my ... Did your MRI report actually mention that it is pressing against the hypothalamus? Also keep in mind that these pituitary ... prolactin levels (not the tumor). Alternatively, has anyone else had a tumor that has affected their hypothalamus? Thanks in ...
Hypothalamus - New World Encyclopedia
Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus, also known as the "master gland," is a supervising center in the brain that links the bodys ... The hypothalamus is a very complex region, and even small nuclei within the hypothalamus are involved in many different ... Most fiber systems of the hypothalamus run in two ways (bidirectional).. *Projections to areas caudal to the hypothalamus go ... Hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system. Neuroscience tutorial, The Washington University School of Medicine. Retrieved May ...
Histamine and mouse hypothalamus
Hypothalamus. Diencephalic children syndrome
Hypothalamus - Wikipedia
All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond. The hypothalamus is responsible for the ... Most nerve fibres within the hypothalamus run in two ways (bidirectional). *Projections to areas caudal to the hypothalamus go ... The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most ... The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system.[1] In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it ...
hypothalamus facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about hypothalamus
Make research projects and school reports about hypothalamus easy with credible articles from our FREE, online encyclopedia and ... Hypothalamus Biology COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a tiny part of the brain of ... Hypothalamus Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology COPYRIGHT 2001 The Gale Group Inc.. Hypothalamus. A section of the forebrain, ... Hanging on a stalk underneath the hypothalamus is the pituitary gland.. The hypothalamus receives many important sensory inputs ...
Hypothalamus Gains Admittance Essays - 1106 Words | Bartleby
The hypothalamus is a small, vital section of the brain located just below the thalamus; it is in charge of numerous important ... Hypothalamus Gains Admittance Essays. 1106 Words Nov 14th, 2007 5 Pages The hypothalamus is a small, vital section of the brain ... Damage to the Hypothalamus Essay. 2166 Words , 9 Pages * The Hypothalamus : Human Body s Internal Balance System. 1824 Words ... Damage to the Hypothalamus Essay. 2166 Words , 9 Pages "The hypothalamus is a small area near the base of the brain just ...
The Hypothalamus | ThinkFirst
Lateral hypothalamus - Wikipedia
The orexinergic projections from the lateral hypothalamus innervate the entirety of the remainder of the hypothalamus, with ... The lateral hypothalamus, also called the lateral hypothalamic area,[1] contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the ... melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamus and with pre-pro-orexin in the ventromedial hypothalamus (Inui, 1999 ... Two of the most commonly noted functions of orexin peptides in the lateral hypothalamus are the promotion of feeding behavior ...
Hypothalamus (Lec.13b) Quiz - By UAMSis2hard
Can you pick the Hypothalamus (Lec.13b)? Test your knowledge on this science quiz to see how you do and compare your score to ... Science Quiz / Hypothalamus (Lec.13b). Random Science or Clickable Quiz Can you pick the Hypothalamus (Lec.13b)?. by ... Lateral Hypothalamus= Hunger... Medial Hypothalamus=Satiety). The FLAT PiG hormones are released via the ANTERIOR PITUITARY. ... The Anterior Hypothalamus is responsible for __________. (Heat Loss OR Heat Conservation). The Posterior Hypothalamus is ...
M1 Central Nervous System/ Head & Neck- Hypothalamus Pituitary Development
... The neuroscience sequence is foundational in nature ... Disciplines with similar materials as M1 Central Nervous System/ Head & Neck- Hypothalamus Pituitary Development ... Other materials like M1 Central Nervous System/ Head & Neck- Hypothalamus Pituitary Development ... Edit comment for material M1 Central Nervous System/ Head & Neck- Hypothalamus Pituitary Development ...
Hypothalamus - Scholarpedia
Blood supply of the hypothalamus. Strokes of the hypothalamus are vanishingly rare, as the hypothalamus has the most luxuriant ... Architecture of the hypothalamus Located just behind and between the eyes, the anterior border of the hypothalamus is formed by ... Inputs to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus sits at a crossroads in the brain, receiving direct sensory inputs from the smell ... The hypothalamus is a small area at the base of the brain, weighing about 4 gm out of the 1400 gm brain weight of an adult ...
Neuronal Regulation of Energy Homeostasis: Beyond the Hypothalamus and Feeding. - PubMed - NCBI
Human Hypothalamus: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Part II, Volume 80 - 1st Edition
Purchase Human Hypothalamus: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Part II, Volume 80 - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN ... 17.1 Blood supply to the hypothalamus and pituitary. 17.2 Vascular lesions of the hypothalamus. 17.3. Choroid plexus of the ... 21.1 Neurosarcoidosis of the hypothalamus. 21.2 Multiple sclerosis (MS) and the hypothalamus. 21.3 Langerhans cell ... Human Hypothalamus: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Part II, Volume 80 1st Edition. 0 star rating Write a review ...
Phys.org - hypothalamus
Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. ... The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles.. This text uses material from ... The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the Autonomic Nervous System. It ... One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary ...
Talk:Hypothalamus - Scholarpedia
My main suggestion is to include a figure showing the various nuclei of the hypothalamus. Other minor points: 1. par. 2 of ... Secondary figures for the different functions of the hypothalamus, mostly showing or highlighting the particular nuclei ... Retrieved from "http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Hypothalamus&oldid=23458" ...
Hypothalamus and Endocrine Functions - Fernand Labrie; | Foyles Bookstore
abnormal hypothalamus physiology Mammalian Phenotype Term (MP:0005645)
The Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology is a community effort to provide standard terms for annotating phenotypic data. You can use this browser to view terms, definitions, and term relationships in a hierarchical display. Links to summary annotated phenotype data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports.
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis - The Reproductive System | Coursera
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that ... Keep in mind that what we are going to be focusing on is the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis. So, a lot of this is going to ... And were going to have secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus, which is going to control FSH and LH from the pituitary, again ... So were going to form GnRH in the hypothalamus, thats going to cause production of two different hormones in the pituitary. ...
Exploring the hypothalamus one neuron at a time
... By Mark Wanner A collaborative team from UConn Storrs and The Jackson ... The hypothalamus, while physically a small part of the brain, nonetheless controls some of our most fundamental life functions ... It is also known that the hypothalamus and its substructures are populated by diverse neuronal cell types, underlying the many ... The neural circuitry of the hypothalamus is highly conserved, meaning its very similar across species, including mice and ...
Pituitary glandHypothalamicVentromedial hypothalamusThalamusLateralHormonesMouse hypothalamusHuman hypothalamusFunctions of the hypothalamusDevelopment of the hypothalamusConnectivity of the hypothalamusArcuate nucleusAutonomic SystemEnergy homeostasisMetabolismCircadianNeuronal diversity in the hypothalamusBrainNeurons in the ventromedialBrainstemHomeostasisArea of the hypothalamusLevels in the hypothalamusRegion of the hypothalamusRegulateThird ventricleHippocampusMeSHMRNAOlfactoryHumansParaventricularGlandCaudalOxytocinRegulatesHungerRegulationMedullaVertebrateObesityGnRHEndocrine systemPosterior pituitaryHormoneMetabolicPreoptic regionIntake and energy expenditureBody temperature
Pituitary gland20
- Through direct attachment to the pituitary gland , the hypothalamus also meters secretions controlling water balance and milk production in the female. (infoplease.com)
- One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypothalamus controls some of the basic functions of life including hormonal activity via the pituitary gland. (news-medical.net)
- Mark Lieber, CNN , "Maintaining a daily rhythm is important for mental health, study suggests," 15 May 2018 Normally, your brain's hypothalamus releases GnRH, which stimulates your pituitary gland to let loose some FSH and LH. (merriam-webster.com)
- Defects of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. (jax.org)
- The hypothalamus, also known as the "master gland," is a supervising center in the brain that links the body's two control systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system , via interaction with the pituitary gland (hypophysis). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- As needed, the hypothalamus synthesizes and secretes neurohormones , often called "releasing hormones," that control the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The hypothalamus has a special structural and functional relationship with the pituitary gland, which dangles below it, attached by a thin stalk of nerve fibers. (encyclopedia.com)
- The hypothalamus is shaped like a cone and ends in the pituitary stalk, a part of the pituitary gland. (bartleby.com)
- The hypothalamus is the connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system, creating this link by producing and secreting neurohormones that in turn stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones. (bartleby.com)
- The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). (wikidoc.org)
- Volumetric differences of the hypothalamus and/or the pituitary gland tend to support involvement of the HPA axis in psychotic disorders. (biomedsearch.com)
- No significant differences were found between patients and healthy controls in volumes of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. (biomedsearch.com)
- The hypothalamus produces hormones that control the production of hormones in the pituitary gland. (hormone.org)
- Low levels can cause infertility, while high levels can disrupt communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. (hormone.org)
- Which of the following hormones is created in the hypothalamus, then sent to the pituitary gland? (varsitytutors.com)
- Instead, the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are created in the hypothalamus, and are then sent to the pituitary gland. (varsitytutors.com)
- The pituitary gland is under the control of the hypothalamus. (varsitytutors.com)
- The pituitary gland is connected to the base of the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. (varsitytutors.com)
- Anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. (bmj.com)
Hypothalamic15
- The hypothalamic nuclei include the following: See also ventrolateral preoptic nucleus periventricular nucleus Cross-section of the monkey hypothalamus displays two of the major hypothalamic nuclei on either side of the fluid-filled third ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
- Hypothalamic nuclei Hypothalamic nuclei on one side of the hypothalamus, shown in a 3-D computer reconstruction The hypothalamus is highly interconnected with other parts of the central nervous system, in particular the brainstem and its reticular formation. (wikipedia.org)
- Because the hypothalamus controls so many different functions, hypothalamic disease can have many different symptoms, depending on the cause. (medlineplus.gov)
- Medial prefrontal cortex Central nucleus of the amygdala The orexinergic projections from the lateral hypothalamus innervate the entirety of the remainder of the hypothalamus, with robust projections to the posterior hypothalamus, tuberomammillary nucleus (the histamine projection nucleus), the arcuate nucleus, and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
- Ingestion of food is particularly controlled by hypothalamic sites, such as the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and lateral hypothalamus (LH). (news-medical.net)
- A cross section of the monkey hypothalamus displays 2 of the major hypothalamic nuclei on either side of the fluid-filled 3rd ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
- When the hypothalamus, using signals like those just described, establishes a need for response, hypothalamic cells influence other cells in two ways. (encyclopedia.com)
- To understand how the hypothalamic study came to be we must understand the functions of the hypothalamus in the brain. (bartleby.com)
- The periventricular axon system occupies the medial wall of the hypothalamus along the third ventricle, medial to most of the hypothalamic nuclei. (scholarpedia.org)
- This is well illustrated in the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hypothalamus and Endocrine Functions held in Quebec City on September 21-24th, 1975, which indi- cates that impressive progress has been made in large variety of aspects of hypothalamic hormone research. (foyles.co.uk)
- present a comprehensive census of molecularly distinct cell types in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), a critical coordinator of behaviors within the hypothalamus. (jax.org)
- Our results suggest that the changes in neuronal activity in the hypothalamus are mainly driven by energy ingestion and EB does not influence the hypothalamic response. (nature.com)
- Hypothalamic MC4Rs in rodents are well characterized in neuroanatomical and functional terms, but their expression pattern in the human hypothalamus is unknown. (uva.nl)
- Tangential migrations from nearby forebrain areas into the hypothalamus, as well as internal migrations, are not exceptional during hypothalamic development (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
- Mattam U, Talari NK, Thiriveedi VR, Fareed M, Velmurugan S, Mahadev K and Sepuri NV: Aging reduces kisspeptin receptor (GPR54) expression levels in the hypothalamus and extra‑hypothalamic brain regions. (spandidos-publications.com)
Ventromedial hypothalamus7
- 26.3 Ventromedial hypothalamus syndrome and the effect of lesions on aggression. (elsevier.com)
- To test the hypothesis that nuclei of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) play a key role in the detection of counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, we delivered the glucopenic agent 2-deoxyglucose via bilaterally placed microdialysis probes into the VMH of conscious, chronically catheterized rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The modulation of oxytocin (OT) receptors (OTRs) by estrogen was investigated in the ventromedial hypothalamus by in vitro receptor autoradiography. (jneurosci.org)
- Thus, the OTR is an estrogen-induced neurotransmitter receptor that is transported to its site of action, the lateral ventromedial hypothalamus, where it is modulated by P and where estrogen-induced OT immunoreactivity is found. (jneurosci.org)
- We have previously reported that a glucosensor integrating hormonal responses to hypoglycemia is located in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and that local VMH glucose perfusion blocks counterregulatory hormone responses. (diabetesjournals.org)
- While it is likely that several brain regions as well as extracerebral glucose-sensing neurons are involved ( 3 - 7 ), there is long-standing evidence supporting a central role for the hypothalamus, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), which is also recognized as a regulator of food intake ( 8 - 11 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Here we show that optogenetic, but not electrical, stimulation of neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus, ventrolateral subdivision (VMHvl) causes male mice to attack both females and inanimate objects, as well as males. (caltech.edu)
Thalamus16
- The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑποθαλαμος, "under the thalamus") is located below the thalamus, just above the brain stem, and occupies the major portion of the ventral region of the brain known as the diencephalon. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain beneath the thalamus. (thinkfirst.org)
- The hypothalamus, literally located below the thalamus , is divided in the midline by the third ventricle. (scholarpedia.org)
- It contains axons that connect the hypothalamus with the brainstem and thalamus. (scholarpedia.org)
- The hypothalamus, (from Greek ὑποθαλαμος = under the thalamus) is located below the thalamus, just above the brain stem. (phys.org)
- The primary outcome is the connectivity index of the hypothalamus to the midbrain and pons area known to be activated in migraine attacks and the trigeminal-cervical complex The secondary outcome is the connectivity index of the hypothalamus with the pain matrix (thalamus, sensitive-motor cortex, cingular cortex) This study is a comparative monocentric pathophysiological study of patients with migraine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The word 'hypothalamus' is derived from the two Greek words 'hypo' and 'thalamus. (ranker.com)
- Fitting, since the hypothalamus rests below the thalamus, between the two hemispheres of the brain. (ranker.com)
- To be a bit more specific , the hypothalamus lies near the center of the cranial cavity below the thalamus. (ranker.com)
- The diencaphalon is a collection of structures housed under the cerebral cortex, including the thalamus and the hypothalamus. (ranker.com)
- The results show extensive distribution of LR-like immunoreactivity (LR-LI) in the brain with positively stained cells present, e.g., in the choroid plexus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. (jneurosci.org)
- By contrast, decreased connectivity of the hypothalamus-related areas was primarily located in the inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, cingulated gyrus, precuneus, thalamus, and cerebellum. (hindawi.com)
- Hypothalamus and Thalamus: Experimental Documentation. (annals.org)
- Any of various specialized groups of nerve cells in the medulla oblongata, thalamus, or hypothalamus of the brain. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Several progesterone derivatives have been shown to activate regions of the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the activations are differentiated with respect to sex and sexual orientation of the smeller in relation to the respective compounds. (dericbownds.net)
Lateral17
- Notably, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is colocalized on orexinergic projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors form the CB1-OX1 receptor heterodimer. (wikipedia.org)
- Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is colocalized on orexinergic projection neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and many output structures, where the CB1 and orexin receptor 1 (OX1) receptors physically and functionally join together to form the CB1-OX1 receptor heterodimer. (wikipedia.org)
- Through the diverse outputs of the orexin system, the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus mediate an array of functions. (wikipedia.org)
- Two of the most commonly noted functions of orexin peptides in the lateral hypothalamus are the promotion of feeding behavior and arousal (i.e., wakefulness). (wikipedia.org)
- More generally, the orexinergic neural projections of the lateral hypothalamus are involved in thermoregulation, regulating gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal function by way of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, reducing pain and nociception through several output structures (e.g., periaqueductal gray matter), modulating the rewarding property of stimuli through the ventral tegmental area projections and other outputs in the reward system, regulating energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine functions (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
- Narcolepsy is associated with a marked reduction in the number of orexinergic projection neurons from the lateral hypothalamus and very low orexin peptides in cerebrospinal fluid. (wikipedia.org)
- Ventromedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus - It has been seen that any lesion in these areas leads to excessive appetite, and abnormal body weight gain that persist for a long time. (news-medical.net)
- Lateral hypothalamus is 'LT', at right, in yellow. (wikipedia.org)
- What are the 'Lateral boundaries' of the Hypothalamus? (sporcle.com)
- Lateral Hypothalamus= Hunger. (sporcle.com)
- Treatment of ovariectomized and adrenalectomized rats with various doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) increased OTR binding not only in the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMN), but also in the area lateral to the nuclei (IVMN). (jneurosci.org)
- In the hypothalamus, strongly LR-IR neurons were present in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), periventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and lateral hypothalamus. (jneurosci.org)
- Melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus had LR-LI. (jneurosci.org)
- The periventricular grey is formed mainly by isodendritic bipolar and multipolar neurons, while in the lateral hypothalamus a more stellate form of neuronal elements is encountered. (springer.com)
- The overall pattern of the lizard hypothalamus (organization of neuropil, lateral nuclei, appearance of cell clusters, morphology of the neuronal elements) represents an intermediate stage in the phylogenetic development of the hypothalamus, being more advanced than the amphibian stage. (springer.com)
- Nuclei including the lateral habenula (LHb), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the midbrain are not only reciprocally connected, but also respond to negative events contributing to goal-directed behaviors. (elifesciences.org)
- The lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the medial portion of the ventral tegmental area (mVTA), innervate the LHb ( Herkenham and Nauta, 1977 ). (elifesciences.org)
Hormones9
- In mammals, magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus produce neurohypophysial hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin. (wikipedia.org)
- Pituitary hormones and their control by the hypothalamus. (medlineplus.gov)
- According to the Mayo Clinic, stress affects your brain's hypothalamus , which is the control center for the hormones that govern your menstrual cycle. (merriam-webster.com)
- Peptide hormones have important influences upon the hypothalamus, and to do so they must evade the blood-brain barrier . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- This structure receives 'releasing or inhibiting factors' from the Hypothalamus to regulate release of its hormones. (sporcle.com)
- The Hypothalamus releases several 'releasing & inhibiting hormones' into the Anterior Pituitary via the Hypophyseal Portal System. (sporcle.com)
- Effect of fluoride on human hypothalamus-hypophysis-testis axis hormones. (fluoridealert.org)
- The hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is responsible for many hormones. (hormone.org)
- The two hormones made in the hypothalamus are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. (varsitytutors.com)
Mouse hypothalamus3
- I am planning to assay histamine (using ELISA) in the mouse hypothalamus after cytokine treatments. (bio.net)
- Estrogen replacement therapy regulation of energy metabolism in female mouse hypothalamus. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Recent analysis of the ontogeny of peptidergic neuronal populations expressing Sst, Ghrh, Crh and Trh mRNAs in the mouse hypothalamus showed that these cell types originate from particular dorsoventral domains, characterized by specific combinations of gene markers. (frontiersin.org)
Human hypothalamus4
- Neuropathology of the Human Hypothalamus and Adjacent Brain Structures. (elsevier.com)
- Design and methods: To determine the topographic distribution and identity of cells expressing MC4R mRNA in the human hypothalamus, locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization was performed on nine human postmortem hypothalami. (uva.nl)
- Conclusion: Expression of MC4R mRNA in the human hypothalamus is widespread and in close approximation to endogenous MC4R binding partners AgRP and α-MSH. (uva.nl)
- 3D rendition of the human hypothalamus within the mid-brain, responsible for homeostasis, viewed through a CGI of an anatomical male cranial vault (head) on a black background. (sciencephoto.com)
Functions of the hypothalamus1
- Secondary figures for the different functions of the hypothalamus, mostly showing or highlighting the particular nuclei involved and their interactions. (scholarpedia.org)
Development of the hypothalamus1
- This showed that loss of MYT1L in zebrafish causes a problem with the development of the hypothalamus, which may explain how MYT1L mutations cause obesity in humans. (plos.org)
Connectivity of the hypothalamus5
- The purpose is to compare, using functional magnetic resonance imagery in resting-state, the connectivity of the hypothalamus in 2 groups of migraineurs. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Our purpose is to study the connectivity of the hypothalamus to midbrain and pons areas activated in previous studies using positon emission tomography (PET) in spontaneous migraine attacks. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The connectivity of the hypothalamus with the trigeminal-cervical complex, conveying the pain from cranial vasculature and dura-mater playing a major role in migraine attack, has never been studied before, mainly for anatomical reasons. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Our secondary purpose is to study the connectivity of the hypothalamus with the pain matrix and the possible correlations with depression, allodynia and attack treatment overuse. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Our findings may infer that antidepressant treatment can alter the functional connectivity of the hypothalamus resting brain to achieve its therapeutic effect. (hindawi.com)
Arcuate nucleus2
- The Arcuate nucleus - The arcuate nucleus (ARC) is located at the base of the hypothalamus. (news-medical.net)
- A number of hormonal and neural orexigenic and anorexigenic signaling pathways have now been shown to be associated with changes in malonyl CoA levels in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. (aspetjournals.org)
Autonomic System1
- The hypothalamus sends signals to the medulla, where the parasympathetic vagal nuclei and cell groups that descend to the spinal cord are located, which help drive the autonomic system. (bartleby.com)
Energy homeostasis3
- In the basal hypothalamus there are several nuclei that regulate daily energy homeostasis. (news-medical.net)
- Neuronal Regulation of Energy Homeostasis: Beyond the Hypothalamus and Feeding. (nih.gov)
- In the present study, we exploited RNA interference mediated by adeno-associated viral vectors to achieve focused silencing of ERα in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, a key center of energy homeostasis. (pnas.org)
Metabolism4
- The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat, metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, and sugar levels in the blood. (infoplease.com)
- The middle third of the hypothalamus contains the nuclei that regulate feeding, energy metabolism, stress responses, and coordinate all these with wake-sleep cycles. (scholarpedia.org)
- The hypothalamus was known to regulate important processes including growth, development, reproduction and metabolism. (disabled-world.com)
- A better understanding of how malonyl CoA regulates energy balance should provide novel approaches to targeting intermediary metabolism in the hypothalamus as a mechanism to control appetite and body weight. (aspetjournals.org)
Circadian4
- The shape of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, involved with circadian rhythms and reproduction cycles is different in men and women. (news-medical.net)
- Bridget Alex, Discover Magazine , "What Science Says About Why You're Stressed and How to Cope," 21 June 2019 Something, perhaps a substance that accumulates in the hypothalamus , might modulate the circadian clock on a multi-day cycle. (merriam-webster.com)
- Quanta Magazine , "Teeth May Reveal a Multi-Day Biological Clock," 13 Dec. 2016 The part of the brain that controls circadian timing is the suprachiasmatic nucleus within the hypothalamus . (merriam-webster.com)
- The hypothalamus coordinates many seasonal and circadian rhythms , complex patterns of neuroendocrine outputs, complex homeostatic mechanisms, and many important stereotyped behaviors. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Neuronal diversity in the hypothalamus2
- Together, these findings provide mechanistic insights into the generation of neuronal diversity in the hypothalamus. (biologists.org)
- This analysis should aid ulterior attempts to explain causally the development of neuronal diversity in the hypothalamus, and contribute to our understanding of its topographic complexity in the adult. (frontiersin.org)
Brain32
- hypothalamus hī˝pəthăl´əməs [ key ] , an important supervisory center in the brain , rich in ganglia, nerve fibers, and synaptic connections. (infoplease.com)
- Despite its numerous vital functions, the hypothalamus in humans accounts for only 1⁄300 of total brain weight, and is about the size of an almond. (infoplease.com)
- The hypothalamus (from Ancient Greek ὑπό, "under", and θάλαμος, "chamber") is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypothalamus is a highly complex structure in the brain that regulates many important brain chemicals. (medlineplus.gov)
- Brain MRI depicting hypothalamus in red. (medscape.com)
- My daughter died of inborn brain tumor, it grows inside her hypothalamus according to her neurologist. (news-medical.net)
- Many can interfere with the activity of the hypothalamus , a part of the brain that helps regulate temperature and thirst. (merriam-webster.com)
- The hypothalamus is a brain structure made up of distinct nuclei as well as less anatomically distinct areas. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypothalamus is a thin (3 to 4 millimeters [.118 to .157 inches] in thickness) plate of neural tissue found along either side of the front end of the third ventricle (one of the fluid-filled cavities inside the brain). (encyclopedia.com)
- It is almost completely hidden by the overlying cerebral hemisphere, although when a brain is removed for study, the hypothalamus is visible on the basal surface. (encyclopedia.com)
- The hypothalamus, a specific part of the brain, can show someone's sexuality and justify their sexual behavior based on size and structure. (bartleby.com)
- The hypothalamus is a small area at the base of the brain , weighing about 4 gm out of the 1400 gm brain weight of an adult human, yet it performs a wide range of functions that are vital for the survival of the individual. (scholarpedia.org)
- Strokes of the hypothalamus are vanishingly rare, as the hypothalamus has the most luxuriant blood supply in the brain, befitting a site that is absolutely critical to maintain life. (scholarpedia.org)
- The hypothalamus sits at a crossroads in the brain, receiving direct sensory inputs from the smell, taste, visual, and somatosensory systems. (scholarpedia.org)
- The hypothalamus, while physically a small part of the brain, nonetheless controls some of our most fundamental life functions. (jax.org)
- Stem cells in the brain hypothalamus govern how fast aging occurs in the body, and could lead to new strategies for warding off age-related diseases and extending lifespan. (disabled-world.com)
- Now, the scientists have pinpointed the cells in the hypothalamus that control aging: a tiny population of adult neural stem cells, which were known to be responsible for forming new brain neurons. (disabled-world.com)
- 11 ), TRα1 is expressed widely in the brain, including in the hypothalamus in rodents ( 12 ), which is the control center of central autonomic outflow (Figure 1 ). (jci.org)
- The present study attempted to explore modulated hypothalamus-seeded resting brain network underlying the cardiovascular system in primary hypertensive patients after short-term acupuncture treatment. (hindawi.com)
- Acupuncture may regulate the cardiovascular system through a complicated brain network from the cortical level, the hypothalamus, and the brainstem. (hindawi.com)
- Hypothalamus disorders come from a very small cone-shaped area in your brain that has the important job of being in control of various metabolic processes in your body. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
- When this part of your brain is not functioning the way that it should, the result is an array of hypothalamus disorders. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
- Tumors - Although, this cause is not as common as the others, hypothalamus disorders can be caused by the growth of a tumor in that area of the brain. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
- Headaches - Frequent episodes of mild to severe headaches are caused by brain tumors that grow either in or close to the hypothalamus. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
- The hypothalamus is a key integrative centre in the vertebrate brain that regulates many essential functions, including homeostasis and stress responses. (biologists.org)
- Subsequently, neurons that are activated or inhibited by glucose have been described in the hypothalamus, brain stem, and the portal vein ( 6 - 9 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of antidepressant treatment (sertraline) on hypothalamus-anchored resting brain circuitry. (hindawi.com)
- Overall, this study identified miRNA profiles and differentially expressed miRNAs among various developmental stages in hypothalamus and pituitary and indicated miRNA profiles change with age and brain location, enhancing our knowledge about spatial and temporal expressions of miRNAs in the porcine developing brain. (mdpi.com)
- If the hypothalamus is damaged due to traumatic brain injury or genetic factors, overall hormonal health will suffer. (hormone.org)
- We therefore investigate early life predisposition in the round goby Neogobius melanostomus by growth back-calculations and then study DNA methylation by MBD-Seq in the brain region controlling vertebrate reproductive behavior, the hypothalamus. (mdpi.com)
- This study shows that administration of 1 mg/kg of LABELED NAD+ crosses the blood brain barrier to enter the hypothalamus INTACT, increases NAD+ levels, reduces hunger and weight gain, and increases energy expenditure and fat burning in mice. (alivebynature.com)
- In the Department of Molecular Neurosciences at the Center for Brain Research of the Medical University of Vienna, scientists have now described many previously unknown neurons in the hypothalamus and determined the function of a hitherto uncharted dopamine cell. (neurosciencenews.com)
Neurons in the ventromedial1
- Cardiovascular responses evoked by leptin acting on neurons in the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamus. (biomedsearch.com)
Brainstem4
- The hypothalamus receives many inputs from the brainstem, the most notable from the nucleus of the solitary tract, the locus coeruleus, and the ventrolateral medulla. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypothalamus thus is connected extensively with many parts of the central nervous system , including the brainstem reticular formation and autonomic zones, the limbic forebrain (particularly the amygdala, septum, diagonal band of Broca, and the olfactory bulbs), and the cerebral cortex. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The hypothalamus is highly interconnected with other parts of the central nervous system , in particular the brainstem and its reticular formation . (wikipedia.org)
- The primary outcome will be the connectivity index of the hypothalamus to brainstem areas activated during migraine attacks and to the trigeminal-cervical complex. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Homeostasis1
- In this respect, this condition partially resembles an obesity syndrome following lesions of the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMN), which is also marked by a significant weight gain due to an accumulation of visceral fat, impaired glucose homeostasis, and reduced energy expenditure ( 3 , 4 ). (pnas.org)
Area of the hypothalamus3
- Within a few days, the researchers found high levels of BrdU in an area of the hypothalamus called the median eminence, which lies on the base of the brain's fluid-filled third ventricle. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Each neuroepithelial area of the hypothalamus becomes distinct by its unique gene expression profile. (frontiersin.org)
- The effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure on the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (SDN-POA) and on GnRH-stimulated LH secretion were investigated in castrated female rats of known anogenital distance (AGD) at birth. (rti.org)
Levels in the hypothalamus1
- Restoring NAD+ levels in the Hypothalamus to those of a young animal is very likely to have a positive impact on organs and tissues throughout the body. (alivebynature.com)
Region of the hypothalamus3
- Here, we found that leptin coordinated fertility by acting on neurons in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus and inducing the synthesis of the freely diffusible volume-based transmitter NO, through the activation of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in these neurons. (nih.gov)
- Chordoid glioma is a new clinicopathologic entity that occurs in the region of the hypothalamus/anterior third ventricle. (ajnr.org)
- In each case, the mass was ovoid, was well circumscribed, was located in the region of the hypothalamus/anterior third ventricle, and enhanced uniformly and intensely. (ajnr.org)
Regulate4
- The hypothalamus helps regulate a number of important behavioral and physiological functions such as body temperature, eating and drinking habits, emotional well-being and sleep, according to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (merriam-webster.com)
- The expression of emotions such as fear, rage, and anger are partly controlled by the hypothalamus, and it even helps regulate sleep and levels of consciousness. (encyclopedia.com)
- The hypothalamus has received significant attention in this regard given its ability to influence feeding behavior, yet organisms rely on a much broader diversity and distribution of neuronal networks to regulate both energy intake and expenditure. (nih.gov)
- Leptin, secreted from adipose tissues in proportion to the fat store ( 4 ), acts in the hypothalamus to regulate feeding behavior ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Third ventricle1
- Brat et al (1) recently reported a series of low-grade neoplasms arising in the region of the anterior third ventricle/hypothalamus and determined that they represent a unique histopathologic entity. (ajnr.org)
Hippocampus2
- The limbic and olfactory systems (the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the olfactory cortex) help control eating and reproduction through the hypothalamus. (bartleby.com)
- In addition, the hypothalamus receives inputs from forebrain areas including the hippocampus , amygdala , and cingulate cortex. (scholarpedia.org)
MeSH1
- Hypothalamus" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
MRNA3
- We have previously described a daily rhythm in thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and TRH mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. (springer.com)
- Finally, quantitative analysis of the mRNAs encoding orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides indicated that following ERT with TSEC there was a significant change in Agrp, NPY, and Kiss-1 mRNA accumulation in the whole hypothalamus. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- In the hypothalamus, mRNA and protein levels of Kp and GPR54 were identified to be significantly decreased in old age. (spandidos-publications.com)
Olfactory1
- Basal TRH release was higher at 7:00 h than at any other time (1:00, 13:00 or 19:00 h) in either hypothalamus or olfactory bulb. (springer.com)
Humans1
- The neural circuitry of the hypothalamus is highly conserved, meaning it's very similar across species, including mice and humans. (jax.org)
Paraventricular4
- Paraventricular nucleus and perifornical hypothalamus - This region also has neuronal elements that control ingestive behavior. (news-medical.net)
- Thyroid hormone regulates TRH biosynthesis in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. (springer.com)
- Here, using anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, we investigated the role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. (ahajournals.org)
- Using whole-cell electrophysiology, I have investigated the potential role of H2S in the regulation of neuronal excitability in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), which is a central relay centre for autonomic and endocrine function. (queensu.ca)
Gland3
- Although the hypothalamus is envisioned as a "master gland," regulating such aspects as emotions (fear, rage) and sexual behavior, the typical religious conception of human beings is more complicated. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- The hypothalamus can control every endocrine gland in the body. (bartleby.com)
- Olovnikov believes that because the light exposure of the pineal gland and a possible gravitational lunar sensor, our hypothalamus can keep track of the months that we have lived. (rechargebiomedical.com)
Caudal4
- Projections to areas caudal to the hypothalamus go through the medial forebrain bundle, the mammillotegmental tract and the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus. (wikipedia.org)
- The medial integrative nuclei of the hypothalamus can roughly be divided into three groups from rostral to caudal. (scholarpedia.org)
- The caudal third of the hypothalamus contains neurons that are critical for maintaining wakefulness and responding to emergencies. (scholarpedia.org)
- The posterior (caudal) hypothalamus of the lizard, Lacerta sicula R. was investigated by means of Golgi methods. (springer.com)
Oxytocin1
- Large cells from the hypothalamus send axons to the posterior pituitary, which in turn releases oxytocin and vasopressin into the bloodstream. (bartleby.com)
Regulates4
- In a 2013 Nature paper, Einstein researchers made the surprising finding that the hypothalamus also regulates aging throughout the body. (disabled-world.com)
- The hypothalamus exerts neurohumoral and hormonal control over the functions and regulates the activity of the endocrine glands according to the needs of the cells, organs, physiological systems, and the body as a whole. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The hypothalamus is a complex forebrain structure that regulates vital processes and various visceral and somatic behavior. (frontiersin.org)
- Elevating NAD+ levels the hypothalamus has great impact throughout the body, as it regulates hunger and energy expenditure. (alivebynature.com)
Hunger2
- The hypothalamus is central in the regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and in the management of emotions and sexual activity. (bartleby.com)
- More recent research suggests that a third area, the hypothalamus - associated with a variety of bodily functions, including sleep, body temperature, hunger and thirst - also produces new neurons. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Regulation2
- The hypothalamus is responsible for the regulation of certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
- ObRb expression is very high in the hypothalamus, where its role is well known in mediating body weight regulation. (frontiersin.org)
Medulla1
- Then the Hypothalamus activates the Autonomic Nervous System which causes the Adrenal Medulla to release Adrenaline and Noradrenaline into the blood stream. (majortests.com)
Vertebrate1
- All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. (wikipedia.org)
Obesity1
- Other Symptoms - Some individuals with hypothalamus disorders will be unable to control urination, emotional and obesity disturbances and excessive thirst. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
GnRH2
- Meanwhile, DEHP may, through the GnRH in the hypothalamus and its receptor on the uterus, lead to diseases of the uterus. (mdpi.com)
- Thus, the reduced levels of Kp and its receptor, GPR54 in the hypothalamus could be cumulatively responsible for reduced levels of GnRH observed in old age. (spandidos-publications.com)
Endocrine system1
- The nuclei are attached to neurons that transmit signals from the hypothalamus to the endocrine system. (ranker.com)
Posterior pituitary1
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that is produced in the hypothalamus and travels down nerve ending from the hypothalamus to be released from the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). (varsitytutors.com)
Hormone10
- Avichai Scher /, NBC News , "Here's a surprising extreme heat risk for 1 in 6 Americans," 28 June 2018 This produces a stress response in your body-specifically, your brain's hypothalamus triggers your sympathetic nervous system to release norepinephrine (aka adrenaline) and cortisol (a stress hormone) to get you out of harm's way. (merriam-webster.com)
- provide evidence that thyroid hormone receptors are essential for the formation of a population of parvalbuminergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamus, linking, for the first time, impaired thyroid hormone signaling during development to cellular deficits in the hypothalamus. (jci.org)
- In vivo release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone estimated with push-pull cannulae from the mediobasal hypothalami of ovariectomized, steroid-primed rats. (springer.com)
- Fluoride could effect hormone levels of each layer of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-testis axis, and show the reproductive endocrine disturbing effects. (fluoridealert.org)
- Because of this, hypothalamus function is directly related to overall hormone health. (hormone.org)
- The hypothalamus is furnished with a rich network of blood vessels and receptors that sense the slightest changes in temperature and sugar, salt, water, and hormone content in the internal environment. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Leptin, a circulating hormone produced by adipose tissue, is believed to act on the hypothalamus to increase sympathetic vasomotor activity, in addition to its well-known effects on appetite and energy expenditure. (biomedsearch.com)
- The hypothalamus determines which and how much of each hormone the pituitary will release by secreting releasing and/or inhibiting factors. (varsitytutors.com)
- Hypothalamus does not secrete any hormone. (bartleby.com)
- Fluorin could affect hormone levels of each layer of the Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Testis axis, and show the male reproductive endocrine disturbing effects. (fluoridealert.org)
Metabolic2
- The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the Autonomic Nervous System. (phys.org)
- The hypothalamus is an aggregate of higher adaptive centers that integrate and adjust functions to the body's coordinated activity, playing a major role in maintaining the metabolic level and in regulating the activity of the digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, and other physiological systems. (thefreedictionary.com)
Preoptic region1
- The front portion of the HYPOTHALAMUS separated into the preoptic region and the supraoptic region. (fpnotebook.com)
Intake and energy expenditure1
- The melanocortin system in the hypothalamus controls food intake and energy expenditure. (nih.gov)
Body temperature1
- Altered Body Temperature - The hypothalamus is responsible for controlling your body temperature. (healthandnutritiontips.net)