Chlorpropamide
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Diabetic Diet
Isoindoles
Metformin
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
Diabetes Mellitus
Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated
Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.
Phenformin
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Hypoglycemia
Carbamates
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
Tolbutamide
Thiazolidinediones
Diabetes Complications
Insulin, Long-Acting
C-Peptide
The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Insulin Resistance
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Glucose
Treatment Outcome
Body Weight
Body Mass Index
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Risk Factors
Cross-Sectional Studies
Inventions
Intellectual Property
Property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. The Patent and Copyright Clause (Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)
MedlinePlus
Internet
Biological Products
Software
User-Computer Interface
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Biphasic Insulins
Insulins
Peptide hormones that cause an increase in the absorption of GLUCOSE by cells within organs such as LIVER, MUSCLE and ADIPOSE TISSUE. During normal metabolism insulins are produced by the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS in response to increased GLUCOSE. Natural and chemically-modified forms of insulin are also used in the treatment of GLUCOSE METABOLISM DISORDERS such as DIABETES MELLITUS.
The treatment of insulin resistance does not improve adrenal cytochrome P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. (1/7377)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin. when given to non-diabetic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), results in a reduction of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia while body weight is maintained. Also we aimed to see whether the reduction in insulin levels attenuates the activity of adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme in patients with PCOS. DESIGN: We investigated the 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione responses to ACTH, insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose disposal rate in an insulin tolerance test before and after metformin therapy (500 mg, orally, twice daily, for 12 weeks). METHODS: The presence of hyperinsulinemia in 15 women with PCOS was demonstrated by an OGTT and results were compared with those of 10 healthy women. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the rate of endogenous glucose disposal after i.v. bolus injection of insulin. 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were measured in all the women with PCOS and the normal women. RESULTS: Women with PCOS were hyperinsulinemic (102.0+/-13.0 (S.E.M.) VS 46.2+/-4.4 pmol/l) and hyperandrogenemic (free testosterone 15.3+/-1.7 vs 7.9+/-0.6 nmol/l; androstenedione 11.8+/-0.8 vs 8.2+/-0.6 nmol/l) and more hirsute (modified Ferriman-Gallwey score, 17.7+/-1.6 vs 3.0+/-0.3) than healthy women. In addition, women with PCOS had higher 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH when compared with healthy women. Metformin therapy resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced the basal and post-glucose load insulin levels. But 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were unaltered in response to metformin. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS is characterized by hyperactivity of the adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme and insulin resistance. It seems that there is no direct relationship between insulin resistance and adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation. (+info)Enantioselective inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of isoidide dinitrate by diphenyleneiodonium sulphate. (2/7377)
1. We have shown previously that the D- and L- enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate (D-IIDN and L-IIDN) exhibit a potency difference for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta and that this is related to preferential biotransformation of the more potent enantiomer (D-IIDN). The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium sulphate (DPI), on the enantioselectivity of IIDN action. 2. In isolated rat aortic strip preparations, exposure to 0.3 microM DPI resulted in a 3.6 fold increase in the EC50 value for D-IIDN-induced relaxation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced relaxation. 3. Incubation of aortic strips with 2 microM D- or L-IIDN for 5 min resulted in significantly more D-isoidide mononitrate formed (5.0 +/- 1.5 pmol mg protein(-1)) than L-isoidide mononitrate (2.1 +/- 0.7 pmol mg protein(-1)) and this difference was abolished by pretreatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI. DPI had no effect on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity or GSH-dependent biotransformation of D- or L-IIDN in the 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of rat aorta. 4. Consistent with both the relaxation and biotransformation data, treatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI significantly inhibited D-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation. 5. In the intact animal, 2 mg kg(-1) DPI significantly inhibited the pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic properties of D-IIDN, but had no effect L-IIDN. 6. These data suggest that the basis for the potency difference for relaxation by the two enantiomers is preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to NO, by an enzyme that is inhibited by DPI. Given that DPI binds to and inhibits NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, the data are consistent with a role for the cytochromes P450-NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase system in this enantioselective biotransformation process. (+info)Proliferative effects of cholecystokinin in GH3 pituitary cells mediated by CCK2 receptors and potentiated by insulin. (3/7377)
1. Proliferative effects of CCK peptides have been examined in rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells, which express CCK2 receptors. 2. CCK-8s, gastrin(1-17) and its glycine-extended precursor G(1-17)-Gly, previously reported to cause proliferation via putative novel sites on AR4-2J and Swiss 3T3 cells, elicited significant dose dependent increases of similar magnitude in [3H]thymidine incorporation over 3 days in serum-free medium of 39 +/- 10% (P < 0.01, n = 20), 37 +/- 8% (P < 0.01, n = 27) and 41 +/- 6% (P < 0.01, n = 36) respectively. 3. CCK-8s and gastrin potentially stimulated mitogenesis (EC50 values 0.12 nM and 3.0 nM respectively), whilst G-Gly displayed similar efficacy but markedly lower potency. L-365,260 consistently blocked each peptide. The CCK2 receptor affinity of G-Gly in GH3 cells was 1.09 microM (1.01;1.17, n = 6) and 5.53 microM (3.71;5.99, n = 4) in guinea-pig cortex. 4. 1 microM G-Gly weakly stimulated Ca2+ increase, eliciting a 104 +/- 21% increase over basal Ca2+ levels, and was blocked by 1 microM L-365,260 whilst CCK-8s (100 nM) produced a much larger Ca2+ response (331 +/- 14%). 5. Insulin dose dependently enhanced proliferative effects of CCK-8s with a maximal leftwards shift of the CCK-8s curve at 100 ng ml(-1) (17 nM) (EC50 decreased 500 fold, from 0.1 nM to 0.2 pM; P < 0.0001). 10 microg ml(-1) insulin was supramaximal reducing the EC50 to 5 pM (P = 0.027) whilst 1 ng ml(-1) insulin was ineffective. Insulin weakly displaced [125I]BHCCK binding to GH3 CCK2 receptors (IC50 3.6 microM). 6. Results are consistent with mediation of G-Gly effects via CCK2 receptors in GH3 cells and reinforce the role of CCK2 receptors in control of cell growth. Effects of insulin in enhancing CCK proliferative potency may suggest that CCK2 and insulin receptors converge on common intracellular targets and indicates that mitogenic stimuli are influenced by the combination of extracellular factors present. (+info)Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (4/7377)
1. The mechanisms of the sustained vasodilator actions of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and sauvagine (SVG) were studied using rings of endothelium de-nuded rat thoracic aorta (RTA) and the isolated perfused rat superior mesenteric arterial vasculature (SMA). 2. SVG was approximately 50 fold more potent than CRF on RTA (EC40: 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 44 +/- 9 nM respectively, P < 0.05), and approximately 10 fold more active in the perfused SMA (ED40: 0.05 +/- 0.02 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 nmol respectively, P < 0.05). Single bolus injections of CRF (100 pmol) or SVG (15 pmol) in the perfused SMA caused reductions in perfusion pressure of 23 +/- 1 and 24 +/- 2% that lasted more than 20 min. 3. Removal of the endothelium in the perfused SMA with deoxycholic acid attenuated the vasodilatation and revealed two phases to the response; a short lasting direct action, and a sustained phase which was fully inhibited. 4. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME (100 microM) L-NMMA (100 microM) or 2-ethyl-2-thiopseudourea (ETPU, 100 microM) had similar effects on the vasodilator responses to CRF as removal of the endothelium, suggesting a pivotal role for nitric oxide. However the selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[l,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 microM) did not affect the response to CRF. 5. High potassium (60 mM) completely inhibited the vasodilator response to CRF in the perfused SMA, indicating a role for K channels in this response. 6. Compared to other vasodilator agents acting via the release of NO, the actions of CRF and SVG are strikingly long-lasting, suggesting a novel mechanism of prolonged activation of nitric oxide synthase. (+info)Acute troglitazone action in isolated perfused rat liver. (5/7377)
1. The thiazolidinedione compound, troglitazone, enhances insulin action and reduces plasma glucose concentrations when administered chronically to type 2 diabetic patients. 2. To analyse to what extent thiazolidinediones interfere with liver function, we examined the acute actions of troglitazone (0.61 and 3.15 microM) on hepatic glucose and lactate fluxes, bile secretion, and portal pressure under basal, insulin- and/or glucagon-stimulated conditions in isolated perfused rat livers. 3. During BSA-free perfusion, high dose troglitazone increased basal (P < 0.01), but inhibited glucagon-stimulated incremental glucose production by approximately 75% (10.0 +/- 2.5 vs control: 40.0 +/- 7.2 micromol g liver(-1), P < 0.01). In parallel, incremental lactate release rose approximately 6 fold (13.1 +/- 5.9 vs control: 2.2 +/- 0.8 mmol g liver(-1), P < 0.05), while bile secretion declined by approximately 67% [0.23 +/- 0.02 vs control: 0.70 +/- 0.05 mg g liver(-1) min(-1)), P < 0.001]. Low dose troglitazone infusion did not enhance the inhibitory effect of insulin on glucagon-stimulated glucose production, but rapidly increased lactate release (P < 0.0005) and portal venous pressure (+0.17 +/- 0.07 vs +0.54 +/- 0.07 cm buffer height, P < 0.0001). 4. These results indicate that troglitazone exerts both insulin-like and non-insulin-like hepatic effects, which are blunted by addition of albumin, possibly due to troglitazone binding. (+info)Alterations of heart function and Na+-K+-ATPase activity by etomoxir in diabetic rats. (6/7377)
To examine the role of changes in myocardial metabolism in cardiac dysfunction in diabetes mellitus, rats were injected with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body wt) to induce diabetes and were treated 2 wk later with the carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor (carnitine palmitoyltransferase I) etomoxir (8 mg/kg body wt) for 4 wk. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited a reduction in heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and positive and negative rate of pressure development and an increase in end-diastolic pressure. The sarcolemmal Na+-K+-ATPase activity was depressed and was associated with a decrease in maximal density of binding sites (Bmax) value for high-affinity sites for [3H]ouabain, whereas Bmax for low-affinity sites was unaffected. Treatment of diabetic animals with etomoxir partially reversed the depressed cardiac function with the exception of heart rate. The high serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were reduced, whereas the levels of glucose, insulin, and 3,3',-5-triiodo-L-thyronine were not affected by etomoxir in diabetic animals. The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase expressed per gram heart weight, but not per milligram sarcolemmal protein, was increased by etomoxir in diabetic animals. Furthermore, Bmax (per g heart wt) for both low-affinity and high-affinity binding sites in control and diabetic animals was increased by etomoxir treatment. Etomoxir treatment also increased the depressed left ventricular weight of diabetic rats and appeared to increase the density of the sarcolemma and transverse tubular system to normalize Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Therefore, a shift in myocardial substrate utilization may represent an important signal for improving the depressed cardiac function and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in diabetic rat hearts with impaired glucose utilization. (+info)Morphine preconditioning attenuates neutrophil activation in rat models of myocardial infarction. (7/7377)
Previous results from our laboratory have suggested that morphine can attenuate neutrophil activation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To elucidate if morphine preconditioning (PC) has the same effects via activation of neutrophil endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP), we measured serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), gp100MEL14 and NEP in adult Wistar rats subjected to ten different protocols (n = 10 for each) at baseline, immediately after and 2 h after morphine PC. All groups were subjected to 30 min of occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion. Similarly, morphine-induced PC was elicited by 3-min drug infusions (100 micrograms/kg) interspersed with 5-min drug-free periods before the prolonged 30-min occlusion. Infarct size (IS), as a percentage of the area at risk (AAR), was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Pretreatment with morphine increased NEP activities (9.86 +/- 1.98 vs. 5.12 +/- 1.10 nmol/mg protein in control group; p < 0.001). Naloxone (mu-opioid receptor antagonist) (4.82 +/- 1.02 nmol/mg protein) and phosphoramidon (NEP inhibitor) (4.66 +/- 1.00 nmol/mg protein) inhibited morphine-activated NEP, whereas glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonist) and chelerythrine (protein kinase C inhibitor) had no effects. The ICAM-1 and gp100MEL14 of the third sampling were lowest for those with morphine PC (280 +/- 30 ng/ml and 2.2 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml; p < 0.001), but naloxone (372 +/- 38 ng/ml and 3.8 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml) and phosphoramidon (382 +/- 40 ng/ml and 4.2 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml) abolished the above phenomenon. IS/AAR were definitely lowest for those with morphine PC (24 +/- 7%; p < 0.05). Morphine preconditioning increases NEP activities to attenuate shedding of gp100MEL14 and to ICAM-1 and, thus, provides myocardial protection. (+info)Relative contribution of insulin and its precursors to fibrinogen and PAI-1 in a large population with different states of glucose tolerance. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). (8/7377)
Hyperinsulinemia is associated with the development of coronary heart disease. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Hypercoagulability and impaired fibrinolysis are possible candidates linking hyperinsulinism with atherosclerotic disease, and it has been suggested that proinsulin rather than insulin is the crucial pathophysiological agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of insulin and its precursors to markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in a large triethnic population. A strong and independent relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen and insulin and its precursors (proinsulin, 32-33 split proinsulin) was found consistently across varying states of glucose tolerance (PAI-1 versus fasting insulin [proinsulin], r=0.38 [r=0.34] in normal glucose tolerance; r=0.42 [r=0.43] in impaired glucose tolerance; and r=0.38 [r=0.26] in type 2 diabetes; all P<0.001). The relationship remained highly significant even after accounting for insulin sensitivity as measured by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. In a stepwise multiple regression model after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and clinic, both insulin and its precursors were significantly associated with PAI-1 levels. The relationship between fibrinogen and insulin and its precursors was significant in the overall population (r=0.20 for insulin and proinsulin; each P<0.001) but showed a more inconsistent pattern in subgroup analysis and after adjustments for demographic and metabolic variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that proinsulin (split products) but not fasting insulin significantly contributed to fibrinogen levels after adjustment for age, sex, clinic, and ethnicity. Decreased insulin sensitivity was independently associated with higher PAI-1 and fibrinogen levels. In summary, we were able to demonstrate an independent relationship of 2 crucial factors of hemostasis, fibrinogen and PAI-1, to insulin and its precursors. These findings may have important clinical implications in the risk assessment and prevention of macrovascular disease, not only in patients with overt diabetes but also in nondiabetic subjects who are hyperinsulinemic. (+info)
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Metformin (Glucophage)
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
Oral hypoglycaemic agents[edit]. *Gliclazide[note 74]. *Metformin. *Metforminα. Medicines for hypoglycaemia[edit]. *Glucagon ... Lipid-lowering agents[edit]. *Simvastatin[note 72]. Dermatological medicines (topical)[edit]. Antifungal medicines[edit]. * ... Diagnostic agents[edit]. *Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD). Sera and immunoglobulins[edit]. *Antivenom ... single agent trimethoprim may be an alternative for lower urinary tract infection. ...
Metformin
"Hypoglycemic Agents. I Chemical Properties of β-Phenethylbiguanide. A New Hypoglycemic Agent". J Am Chem Soc. 81 (9): 2220-25. ... Davis SN (2006). "Chapter 60: Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and the Pharmacology of the Endocrine Pancreas". In Brunton L ... Jia Y, Lao Y, Zhu H, Li N, Leung SW (January 2019). "Is metformin still the most efficacious first-line oral hypoglycaemic drug ... Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, Neale D, Wilson L, Bass E (January 2009). "Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared ...
Buformin
... and the other biguanides are not hypoglycemic, but rather antihyperglycemic agents. They do not produce hypoglycemia; ... "Hypoglycemic Agents. III.1-3N1-Alkyl- and Aralkylbiguanides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (14): 3728-3736. doi ... Shroff JR, Bandurco V, Desai R, Kobrin S, Cervoni P (December 1981). "Chemistry and hypoglycemic activity of ... Marchetti P, Giannarelli R, di Carlo A, Navalesi R (October 1991). "Pharmacokinetic optimisation of oral hypoglycaemic therapy ...
Glossary of diabetes
See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. One of the sulfonylureas. (Amaryl) Glipizide A pill taken to lower the level of glucose ( ... See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. (Tolinase) Tolbutamide A pill taken to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. ... See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. This is one of the sulfonylureas (Diabinese). Cholesterol a waxy substance related to the ... See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. One of the sulfonylureas. (Diamicron) Glimepiride A pill taken to lower the level of ...
Englitazone
... is a hypoglycemic agent of thiazolidinedione (glitazone) class. Ciglitazone Darglitazone Netoglitazone Troglitazone ...
Hydroxychloroquine
It enhances hypoglycemic effects of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Dose altering is recommended to prevent profound ... Both agents also inhibit CYP2D6 activity and may interact with other medications that depend on this enzyme. Antimalarials are ... wherein it may enhance the effects of a hypoglycemic treatment) Drugs that prolong QT interval and other arrhythmogenic drugs ( ... "Fluorescence probe measurement of the intralysosomal pH in living cells and the perturbation of pH by various agents". ...
Oxandrolone
... can also inhibit the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic agents. It may worsen edema when taken alongside ... Oxandrolone is sometimes used as a doping agent in sports. Cases of doping with oxandrolone by professional athletes have been ... Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science ...
1,3-Butanediol
In biology, 1,3-butanediol is used as a hypoglycaemic agent. 1,3-Butanediol can be converted into β-hydroxybutyrate and serve ...
Rimonabant
1. Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic agents with ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 32 (2): ...
Glibenclamide
Marble A (1971). "Glibenclamide, a new sulphonylurea: whither oral hypoglycaemic agents?". Drugs. 1 (2): 109-15. doi:10.2165/ ... Agents Chemother. 50 (12): 4214-6. doi:10.1128/AAC.00617-06. PMC 1693980. PMID 17015627. Ortega FJ, Gimeno-Bayon J, Espinosa- ...
Methylprednisolone
In patients with diabetes, increased requirements of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: ...
Glimepiride
Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas". In Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; ... coumadin and probenecid may potentiate the hypoglycemic action of glimepiride. Thiazides, other diuretics, phothiazides, ...
Pancreatitis
There are various oral hypoglycemic agents that contributes to pancreatitis including metformin. But, glucagon-like peptide-1 ( ... and oral hypoglycemic agents. Mechanisms of these drugs causing pancreatitis are not known exactly; but it is possible that ... A number of infectious agents have been recognized as causes of pancreatitis including: Viruses Coxsackie virus Cytomegalovirus ...
Prulifloxacin
Hypoglycemic agents: May cause hypoglycemia in diabetic patients under treatment with hypoglycemic agents. Theophylline: May ... Quinolones are synthetic agents that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as a unique mechanism of action, ... Agents Chemother. 37 (2): 293-6. doi:10.1128/AAC.37.2.293. PMC 187655. PMID 8452360. Keam, Susan J; Perry, Caroline M (2004). " ... Giannarini G, Tascini C, Selli C (2009). "Prulifloxacin: clinical studies of a broad-spectrum quinolone agent". Future ...
Netoglitazone
... (also called MCC-555) is a hypoglycemic agent belonging to the thiazolidinedione group. Lazarenko OP, Rzonca SO, ...
MODY 4
None were severely insulin-deficient and all were controlled with either diet or oral hypoglycemic agents. v t e Stoffers, ...
Pinoresinol
... inhibits the enzyme α-glucosidase in vitro and may therefore act as a hypoglycemic agent. A study involving extra ... Pinoresinol is a putative hypoglycemic agent in defatted sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds though inhibiting α-glucosidase". ...
Maturity onset diabetes of the young
When oral hypoglycemic agents are used in MODY, the sulfonylureas remain the oral medication of first resort. When compared to ... Standard diabetes treatments (insulin for type 1 and gestational diabetes, and oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2) are often ... oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin injections. In many cases these goals can be achieved more easily with MODY than with ... Insulin may not be necessary and it may be possible to switch a person from insulin injections to oral agents without loss of ...
Biguanide
... s do not affect the output of insulin, unlike other hypoglycemic agents such as sulfonylureas and meglitinides. ... and bisbiguanide agents for antiplaque activity". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 12 (6): 721-9. doi:10.1128/aac.12.6. ...
Vincristine
... and in the Philippines and South Africa as a oral hypoglycemic agent - but not as a treatment for cancer. Catharanthus roseus ... Treatment of the ground plant with Skelly-B defatting agent and an acid benzene extract led to a fraction termed "fraction A". ... Anti-Cancer Agents. 2 (1): 1-17. doi:10.2174/1568011023354290. PMID 12678749. Silverman JA, Deitcher SR (March 2013). "Marqibo ... Johnson IS, Armstrong JG, Gorman M, Burnett JP (September 1963). "The Vinca Alkaloids: A New Class of Oncolytic Agents" (PDF). ...
Beta cell
... islet hormones and hypoglycemic agents". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 179 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1016/0006- ...
Ketonuria
In addition, when diabetic treatment is being switched from insulin to oral hypoglycemic agents, the patient's urine should be ... of ketonuria within 24 hours after insulin withdrawal usually indicates a poor response to the oral hypoglycemic agents. ...
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia
Management of hypoglycemia due to treatment of type 2 diabetes is similar, and the dose of the oral hypoglycemic agent may need ... Knowing that someone takes insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents for diabetes obviously makes insulin excess the presumptive ...
Insulin (medication)
The basic appeal of hypoglycemic agents by mouth is that most people would prefer a pill or an oral liquid to an injection. ... The abuse of exogenous insulin carries with it an attendant risk of hypoglycemic coma and death when the amount used is in ... The affected persons are then switched to a preparation that does not contain the specific agent they are reacting to or ... The limitations are cost, the potential for hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes, catheter problems, and no "closed loop" ...
Diabetes medication
... all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are ... Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are "diabetes pills" but not technically hypoglycemic agents because they do not have a direct ... First-generation agents tolbutamide acetohexamide tolazamide chlorpropamide Second-generation agents glipizide glyburide or ... These agents slow the digestion of starch in the small intestine, so that glucose from the starch of a meal enters the ...
Diabetic nephropathy
Glycemic control is maintained mainly with insulin in patients with Type 1 DM and with hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin in ... it is recommended that only one agent is used in patients with DM who have hypertension or any signs of microalbuminuria or ... Although RAAS blockade using more than one agent may further reduce proteinuria, the risk of adverse events (such as ... or that they are experiencing an increasing frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. It is also crucial to closely monitor kidney ...
Dihydroxymalonic acid
It has been used in medical research as a hypoglycemic agent and was patented in the United States in 1997 as a fast-acting ... Yoshito KOBAYASHI, Shigeru OHASHI, Shinzaburo TANAKA and Akitoshi SHIOYA (1955), Hypoglycemic Action of Sodium Mesoxalate with ...
Ipragliflozin
... were both observed in a Phase III study in monotherapy and clinical studies used in combination with other hypoglycemic agents ...
List of MeSH codes (D27)
... hypoglycemic agents MeSH D27.505.696.477 - immunologic factors MeSH D27.505.696.477.136 - agglutinins MeSH D27.505.696.477. ... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ... tocolytic agents MeSH D27.505.954.016 - anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122. ... tranquilizing agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.015 - anti-anxiety agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.025 - antimanic agents MeSH ...
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
... are currently studied with the hope that such compounds would be still effective hypoglycemic agents but with fewer side ... Many naturally occurring agents directly bind with and activate PPAR gamma. These agents include various polyunsaturated fatty ...
Momordica charantia
... anthelmintic agent, for the treatment of cough, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, wounds, ulcer, gout, and rheumatism.[8] ... several animal studies and small-scale human studies have demonstrated a hypoglycemic effect of concentrated bitter melon ... "cannot be recommended as a replacement therapy for insulin or hypoglycemic drugs".[9] ... "Gene cloning and expression of a novel hypoglycaemic peptide from Momordica charantia". Journal of the Science of Food and ...
NMDA receptor
Common agents in which NMDA receptor antagonism is the primary or a major mechanism of action: *4-Chlorokynurenine (AV-101) - ... The purpose was to develop a hypoglycemic drug, but it showed no such efficacy. It was not until 1972 that a possible ... Some common agents in which weak NMDA receptor antagonism is a secondary or additional action include: *Amantadine - an ... Tramadol - an atypical opioid analgesic and serotonin releasing agent. Nitromemantine[edit]. The NMDA receptor is regulated via ...
ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Central nervous system navs - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
These are geared towards lay readers, not readers who are technically proficient. Do not replace easy to understand lay variants (e.g. "smell") with difficult variants lay readers will not understand (e.g. "olfaction ...
1,3-Butanediol
In biology, 1,3-butanediol is used as a hypoglycaemic agent. 1,3-Butanediol can be converted into β-hydroxybutyrate and serve ...
Blood sugar level
Hypoglycemic episodes can vary greatly between persons and from time to time, both in severity and swiftness of onset. For ... Drugs: salicylates, antituberculosis agents Hyperthyroidism Acute stress reaction Hypopituitarism Severe liver disease ...
Jelly Babies
A popular school chemistry experiment, is to put them in one strong oxidising agent, and see the resulting spectacular reaction ... its content alluding to the consumption of jelly babies by Type 1 Diabetics to overcome hypoglycaemic episodes - as a way to ...
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, also DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins, are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block DPP-4 ( ... DPP-IV). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2. The first agent of the class - sitagliptin - was approved by the ... How do they work as new antidiabetic agents?". Regulatory Peptides. 128 (2): 159-65. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2004.06.001. PMID ... is one of the mechanisms explaining the hypoglycemic effect of berberine". Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry ...
Taurine
According to animal studies, taurine produces an anxiolytic effect and may act as a modulator or antianxiety agent in the ... Winiarska K, Szymanski K, Gorniak P, Dudziak M, Bryla J (February 2009). "Hypoglycaemic, antioxidative and nephroprotective ... Taurine reacts with these halogenating agents to form N-chloro- and N-bromotaurine, which are less toxic than their precursors ...
Breastfeeding
Breastmilk also makes a child resistant to insulin, which is why they are less likely to be hypoglycemic. Infants are more ... Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk. *Areola. *Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery) ...
Toxic leukoencephalopathy
Some reversibility of the condition has been seen in many cases when the toxic agent is removed. Various pharmacological agents ... Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy is often seen in diabetics as a result to accidental overdose with the long-acting sulfonylurea ... However, no such agent has been identified; and indeed, toxic leukoencephalopathy has been observed as a result of intoxication ... Despite the pharmacological agent or source of toxicity, some patients completely recover from toxic leukoencephalopathy. Due ...
Diabetic neuropathy
Topical agents[edit]. Capsaicin applied to the skin in a 0.075% concentration has not been found to be more effective than ... However, such methods may increase the likelihood of experiencing a hypoglycemic event, and many of these more aggressive ... This can lead to hypoglycemia when an oral diabetic agent is taken before a meal and does not get absorbed until hours, or ... Blood vessel opening agents (e.g., ACE inhibitors, α1-antagonists) can lead to substantial improvements in neuronal blood flow ...
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
... with corresponding discovery of small molecule agents (e.g. of the polyketide family) of potential interest for use as human ... hypoglycemic, and hypocholesterolemic targets.[14] ... for the production of substances active as antibacterial agents ...
Drug interaction
Some drugs, such as the prokinetic agents increase the speed with which a substance passes through the intestines. If a drug is ... This will block the reaction triggered by the catecholamines should a hypoglycaemic episode occur. Therefore, the body will not ...
Therapeutic effect
A 2015 review found that aloe vera exhibits therapeutic antioxidant, antimicrobial, immune boosting, antitumor, hypoglycemic, ... both responses are behavioral/physiologic changes that occur as a response to the treatment strategy or agent. To maximize ...
Yacón syrup
... is a sweetening agent extracted from the tuberous roots of the yacón plant (Smallanthus sonchifolius) indigenous to ... Aybar, Manuel J.; Sánchez Riera, Alicia N.; Grau, Alfredo; Sánchez, Sara S. (February 2001). "Hypoglycemic effect of the water ...
J. P. Yadav
2012). Activity of Medicinal Plants Against Isolates of Oral Cancer Cases Medicinal Plants Role As Antimicrobial Agents. Yadav ... ISBN 978-3-659-14921-4. Genetic diversity and hypoglycemic studies of Salvadora species. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH ... 2013). Genetic diversity and hypoglycemic studies of Salvadora species. Yadav, Jaya Parkash. (1. Aufl ed.). Saarbrücken: LAP ...
Insulin shock therapy
Patients required continuous supervision as there was a danger of hypoglycemic aftershocks after the coma. In "modified insulin ... insulin was not the specific therapeutic agent. In 1958, Bourne published a paper on increasing disillusionment in the ...
Theiler's disease
Horses are rarely hypoglycemic, but blood glucose monitoring is ideal to indicate which horses may be benefited by glucose ... so additional causative factors such as immune mediated hypersensitivity or co-infections with other agents may be required to ... This condition most commonly occurs after the administration of a horse origin biological agent such as equine-derived ...
List of Casualty specials
They are interrupted by a homeless man who needs emergency treatment when he goes into a hypoglycaemic coma. Young wanted to ... received a phone call from his agent, before he had read the script, and she informed him of the use of a horse. However, after ...
Patent US5567713 - Hypoglycemic agents - Google Patents
... preserving agents, sweetening agents, perfuming agents, stabilizing agents or flavoring agents. The formulations of the ... Oral hypoglycemic agents are normally used in the treatment of adult onset diabetes. ... Also contemplated as within the scope of the present invention is concomitant treatment with oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin ... The introduction of orally effective hypoglycemic agents was an important development in the treatment of hyperglycemia. ...
Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control
Initiating a Patient in Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHA). Treatment for type 2 diabetes is usually started with an older agent. ... Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control Do you wish to consult Diabetologist for your problem? Ask your ... Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control - Related News. *Conceiving in Winter can Increase Risk of Gestational ... Pramlintide is not an oral hypoglycemic agent per se, since is given in diabetes patients as an injection in the abdomen or ...
MedlinePlus - Search Results for: Hypoglycemic agents
Downloadable Document - Hypoglycemic Agents | GreenMedInfo | Natural
162 Curated Medical Research astracts associated with Hypoglycemic Agents. FRIEND membership. $8 / month $75 / year FRIEND USER ... PRO MEMBERS get Unlimited Access to downloadable documents like this, with curated research on Hypoglycemic Agents. ... Some Example Abstracts on Hypoglycemic Agents. Electrolyzed reduced water (i.e. structured water) protects against pancreatic ... Hypoglycemic Agents : CK(1446) : AC(342), Insulin Antagonists : CK(10) : AC(1), Peptide YY (PYY) Down-regulation : CK(10) : AC( ...
Metformin: the safest hypoglycaemic agent in chronic kidney disease?
Metformin is the first-line oral agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and has many established benefits, including the ... Metformin: the safest hypoglycaemic agent in chronic kidney disease? Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;118(4):c380-3. doi: 10.1159/ ... Metformin is the first-line oral agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and has many established benefits, including the ...
Oral hypoglycaemic agents in 118 diabetic pregnancies. - PubMed - NCBI
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
... acute toxic effects have been known to follow the use of these oral hypoglycemic agents. There is no doubt that these agents ... Oral Hypoglycemic Agents. Support our website, and your well being, by purchasing our 2380 pages megabook. Raw Food Explained: ... 9. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents. Often, oral medication is given to diabetics instead of insulin to control the symptoms. It is ...
Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control - Frequently Asked Questions / FAQ's
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control. This and other commonly asked questions about this condition. ... Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control - Frequently Asked Questions Do you wish to consult Diabetologist for ... Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control - Related News. *Diabetes - The Alarming Facts - Interview With Dr. V ...
Potent Oral Hypoglycemic Agents for Microvascular Complication: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for Diabetic...
Potent Oral Hypoglycemic Agents for Microvascular Complication: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for Diabetic ... Potent Oral Hypoglycemic Agents for Microvascular Complication: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for Diabetic ... The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a novel class of oral hypoglycemic agents that decrease the ... Metformin is the preferred initial agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and an additional second-line agent is often ...
Efficacy and Harms of the Hypoglycemic Agent Pramlintide in Diabetes Mellitus | Annals of Family Medicine
Compared agent. Other hypoglycemic agent or placebo. Long-term health outcomes. All-cause mortality, micro- or macrovascular ... Efficacy and Harms of the Hypoglycemic Agent Pramlintide in Diabetes Mellitus. Nancy J. Lee, Susan L. Norris and Sujata ... Efficacy and Harms of the Hypoglycemic Agent Pramlintide in Diabetes Mellitus Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a ... Severe Hypoglycemic Events in Placebo-Controlled Trials of Pramlintide in Type 1 Diabetes ...
Efficacy and Harms of the Hypoglycemic Agent Pramlintide in Diabetes Mellitus | Annals of Family Medicine
Efficacy and Harms of the Hypoglycemic Agent Pramlintide in Diabetes Mellitus. Nancy J. Lee, Susan L. Norris and Sujata ... It is estimated that more than 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes will require more than 1 oral hypoglycemic agent 3 years ... with or without oral hypoglycemic agents,9 had significantly greater improvement in HbA1c levels with pramlintide than placebo ... and harms of pramlintide in adults and children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared to oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, ...
Oral hypoglycaemic agents | Springer for Research & Development
Hypoglycaemic agents for pregnant women with polycystic ovarian syndrome | Cochrane
Post-hoc analyses of type 2 diabetes patients switch from premixed insulin regimen to basal insulin plus oral hypoglycemic...
... analyses of type 2 diabetes patients switch from premixed insulin regimen to basal insulin plus oral hypoglycemic agents ... Several subjects from the premixed arm experienced too frequent hypoglycemic episodes to be recorded during 10AM-11AM almost ... proved hypoglycemic episodes 94 (76%) vs 21 (47%), chi(2) = 23.692, P , 0.01], The frequency of hypoglycemia before lunch was ... hypoglycemic episodes were significantly higher in premixed-insulin-treated subjects than in glargine-treated subjects [total: ...
Effects of Troglitazone: A new hypoglycemic agent in patients with NIDDM poorly controlled by diet therapy | Diabetes Care
Troglitazone, developed as a drug to enhance insulin action, can be a useful hypoglycemic agent for the treatment of NIDDM. ... OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy of troglitazone, a newly developed oral hypoglycemic agent, in patients with ... Effects of Troglitazone: A new hypoglycemic agent in patients with NIDDM poorly controlled by diet therapy. ... Effects of Troglitazone: A new hypoglycemic agent in patients with NIDDM poorly controlled by diet therapy ...
CiNii 論文 -
The Novel Hypoglycemic Agent YM440 Improves Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Obese...
The Novel Hypoglycemic Agent YM440 Improves Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Obese Zucker Fatty Rats * * Nakano Ryosuke NAKANO ... The novel hypoglycemic agent YM440 normalizes hyperglycemia without changing body fat weight in diabetic db/db mice SHIMAYA A ... Hypoglycemic agent YM440 suppresses hepatic glucose output via gluconeogenesis by reducing glucose-6-phosphatase activity in ... Hypoglycemic Agent YM440 Ameliorates the Impaired Hepatic Glycogenesis After Glucose Loading by Increasing Glycogen Synthase ...
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Medication: Hypoglycemic Agents, Antiandrogens, Topical Hair-Removal Agents, Oral Contraceptives,...
Acne Agents, Topical. Class Summary. Various topical over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription agents are available to treat acne ... Antiandrogen agents block androgen receptors, thereby inhibiting the effects of male sex hormones. These agents may be used to ... Leuprolide is not a first-line agent in PCOS and therefore is not used often for this syndrome. This agent suppresses ovarian ... Finasteride tends to be a second-line agent for hirsutism in PCOS, when hirsutism persists despite the use of first-line agents ...
Vitamin C Supplementation Plus Hypoglycemic Agents Versus Hypoglycemic Agents Alone in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Full Text...
Vitamin C Supplementation Plus Hypoglycemic Agents Versus Hypoglycemic Agents Alone in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Vit C). The ... Type 2DM patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents alone this group is the control group who receive oral hypoglycemic agents ... Hypoglycemic Agents. Glyburide. Micronutrients. Growth Substances. Physiological Effects of Drugs. Antioxidants. Molecular ... Experimental: Vitamin C supplementation plus oral hypoglycemic agents arm This group will receive vitamin C supplementation ...
Hypoglycaemic and insulinotropic effects of a novel oral antidiabetic agent, (-)-N-(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarbonyl)-D...
2. We investigated the insulin-releasing action and hypoglycaemic effect of A-4166 compared to sulphonylureas in vitro and in ... a novel oral hypoglycaemic agent is a non-sulphonylurea insulin secretagogue. ... Hypoglycaemic and insulinotropic effects of a novel oral antidiabetic agent, (-)-N-(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarbonyl)-D- ... 1. (-)-N-(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarbonyl)-D-phenylalanine (A-4166), a novel oral hypoglycaemic agent is a non- ...
Insulin monotherapy versus combinations of insulin with oral hypoglycaemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus |...
Insulin monotherapy versus combinations of insulin with oral hypoglycaemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ... It is unclear whether patients with type 2 diabetes who have poor glycaemic control despite maximal oral hypoglycaemic agents ( ... Simple application of a single daily insulin injection in addition to oral hypoglycaemic agents may facilitate the initiation ... Bedtime NPH insulin combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents provides comparable glycaemic control to insulin monotherapy and is ...
Hypoglycemic agent: Definition with Hypoglycemic agent Pictures and Photos
Definition of Hypoglycemic agent with photos and pictures, translations, sample usage, and additional links for more ... hypoglycaemic agent. hypoglycaemic agents. hypoglycaemic coma. hypoglycemia. hypoglycemias. hypoglycemic. hypoglycemic agent ( ... Hypoglycemic Agent Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Hypoglycemic Agent. hypoglossal nucleus. hypoglossal trigone. ... Exact synonyms: Hypoglycaemic Agent. Specialized synonyms: Orinase, Tolbutamide, Insulin. Generic synonyms: Agent. ...
Review: inhaled insulin provides better glycaemic control than oral hypoglycaemic agents but not better than subcutaneous...
A comparison of 25(OH) vitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin treatment.
... vitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin treatment., lker Boyraz, Ugur Bilge, ... A comparison of 25(OH) vitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin treatment.. ... Distinctively from other similar studies, the level of 25(OH) Vitamin D in T2DM patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs ... Type 2 DM, Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), Insulin, 25(OH) Vitamin D. ...
Hypoglycemic Agents | Colorado PROFILES
"Hypoglycemic Agents" by people in this website by year, and whether "Hypoglycemic Agents" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Hypoglycemic Agents" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Hypoglycemic Agents" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Hypoglycemic Agents". ...
HYPOG - Clinical: Hypoglycemic Agent Screen, Serum
Therefore, in the evaluation of the hypoglycemic patient, the possible use of oral hypoglycemic agents as the cause for low ... Absence of hypoglycemic drugs in blood serum during an episode of low blood glucose should be demonstrated before considering ... Therefore, in the evaluation of the hypoglycemic patient, the possible use of oral hypoglycemic agents as the cause for low ... Use of hypoglycemic agents outside of the context of treatment of type 2 diabetes is likely to cause hypoglycemia associated ...
Gamadiabet
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Hypoglycemic Agents, Sulfonylureas, ATC:A10BB31
Onmel (Itraconazole Oral Administration): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents. Severe hypoglycemia has been reported in patients concomitantly receiving azole antifungal agents and ... Blood glucose concentrations should be carefully monitored when ONMEL and oral hypoglycemic agents are coadministered. ... Oral Hypoglycemics. oral hypoglycemics (repaglinide). Opiate Analgesics. fentanyl, levacetylmethadol (levomethadyl), methadone ... Anti-HIV Agents. indinavir, ritonavir. *This list is not all-inclusive.. † For information on parenterally administered ...
Plus it
... antacids or acid-suppressing agents, lipid-lowering agents, antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants, oral hypoglycemic agents and ... Oral hypoglycemic agents. Diabetes mellitus is increasingly seen in HIV-infected individuals, especially as this population ... Certain classes of oral hypoglycemic agents are metabolized via the CYP450 system and may be susceptible to interactions with ... Such medications include antidepressants, oral hypoglycemic agents and warfarin.. Antidepressants. Most antidepressants, ...
Hypoglycemic Agent Poisoning | 5-Minute Emergency Consult
Hypoglycemic Agent Poisoning answers are found in the 5-Minute Emergency Consult powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for ... Hypoglycemic Agent Poisoning is a topic covered in the 5-Minute Emergency Consult. To view the entire topic, please sign in or ... "Hypoglycemic Agent Poisoning." 5-Minute Emergency Consult, 5th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2016. Emergency Central, ... Hypoglycemic Agent Poisoning [Internet]. In: 5-Minute Emergency Consult. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2016. [cited 2018 ...
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines - Wikipedia
Oral hypoglycaemic agents[edit]. *Gliclazide[note 74]. *Metformin. *Metforminα. Medicines for hypoglycaemia[edit]. *Glucagon ... Lipid-lowering agents[edit]. *Simvastatin[note 72]. Dermatological medicines (topical)[edit]. Antifungal medicines[edit]. * ... Diagnostic agents[edit]. *Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD). Sera and immunoglobulins[edit]. *Antivenom ... single agent trimethoprim may be an alternative for lower urinary tract infection. ...
Glycemic ControlTreated with oral hypoglycaemic agentsDiabetesSulfonylureaOHAsHypoglycemiaDrugsInhibitorsEfficacySulfonylureasMechanism of actMetforminAntidiabeticBiguanidesGlycaemic controlMedicationHyperglycemiaGlipizide2016MetabolismSubstancesMechanismsSecretionComaTherapeuticAntiplatelet agentsOral agentSerumPatientsIMSEARMeshReduce blood glucose levelsEffectPolycystic ovarianBlood
Glycemic Control7
- Refill adherence to oral hypoglycemic agents and glycemic control in veterans. (nih.gov)
- OUR GENERAL RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS IS THAT: in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus, using both oral hypoglycemic agents (glyburide added to metformin if needed) allows a glycemic control comparable to the one obtained with insulin, but with a better acceptability from women and a better health status, diabetes treatment satisfaction and well-being and a reduced postnatal depression. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- In addition to strict glycemic control, use of systemic agents in other therapeutic classes, such as candesartan and fenofibrate, can delay the progression of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- 1 4 5 6 7 25 27 29 30 Patients initially receiving an oral antidiabetic agent will eventually require multiple oral antidiabetic agents of different therapeutic classes and/or insulin for adequate glycemic control because of declining β 2 -cell function with disease progression. (drugs.com)
- If adequate blood glucose control is not attained using a single oral agent, a combination of agents with different mechanisms of action may have additive therapeutic effects and result in better glycemic control. (aafp.org)
- Thailand diabetes registry project: glycemic control in Thai type 2 diabetes and its relation to hypoglycemic agent usage. (bvsalud.org)
- Demographic data , usage of hypoglycemic agents and level of glycemic control were collected to determine the pattern ofuse, associated factors, and achievement of glycemic control . (bvsalud.org)
Treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents1
- To assess maternal and neonatal complications in pregnancies of diabetic women treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Diabetes30
- Oral hypoglycemic agents are normally used in the treatment of adult onset diabetes. (google.com)
- Oral hypoglycemic drugs or oral diabetic medications or diabetes pills are of several types drugs in each group act in a different way to bring about blood glucose control. (medindia.net)
- Gestational Diabetes: Insulin or Oral Hypoglycemic Agents? (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Metformin is the first-line oral agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and has many established benefits, including the reduction of macrovascular complications of diabetes. (nih.gov)
- Among several SGLT2i, empagliflozin and dapagliflozin are now available in Korea, and clinicians usually recommended its use in combination with other hypoglycemic agents as a second- or third-line therapy for type 2 diabetes [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
- It is estimated that more than 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes will require more than 1 oral hypoglycemic agent 3 years from diagnosis and that approximately 70% will require combination oral therapy with or without insulin by 6 to 9 years. (annfammed.org)
- The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy, effectiveness, and harms of pramlintide in adults and children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes compared to oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, or placebo. (annfammed.org)
- Circadian variation of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids during longterm use of oral hypoglycaemic agents in diabetes mellitus. (springer.com)
- 1970. A study of the effects of hypoglycaemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. (springer.com)
- Simple application of a single daily insulin injection in addition to oral hypoglycaemic agents may facilitate the initiation of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.This review examined 20 trials including 1,811 participants which compared insulin monotherapy with insulin in combination with oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) in insulin-requiring patients with type 2 diabetes. (cochrane.org)
- It is unclear whether patients with type 2 diabetes who have poor glycaemic control despite maximal oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) should be commenced on insulin as monotherapy, or insulin combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents (insulin-OHA combination therapy). (cochrane.org)
- Any of various agents that decrease the level of glucose in the blood and are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (lexic.us)
- A comparison of 25(OH) vitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin treatment. (alliedacademies.org)
- The aim of this study was to compare the levels of 25(OH) Vitamin D in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), taking oral hypoglycemic (OHA) medications and insulin. (alliedacademies.org)
- Use of hypoglycemic agents outside of the context of treatment of type 2 diabetes is likely to cause hypoglycemia associated with elevated plasma insulin. (mayocliniclabs.com)
- Chlorpropamide, a second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent, is used with diet to lower blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. (pharmacycode.com)
- In this discussion, we will focus on the efficacy and safety of oral hypoglycemic agents in the management of type 2 diabetes in children. (lecturio.com)
- Insulin and other hypoglycemic agents are used to treat diabetes mellitus. (drugtimes.org)
- Thomas Higgins, M.D. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes which is a disorder involving resistance to. (jimdo.com)
- Sulfonylurea agents or "oral hypoglycemic agents" are one of six types of diabetes pills currently available to treat type 2 diabetes. (jimdo.com)
- Oral Agents in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (jimdo.com)
- Oral hypoglycemic pills are a class of prescription medications used to control diabetes. (jimdo.com)
- Diabetes control can be achieved by employing a combination of diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents. (nowvningboe.info)
- The global diabetes drug market has reached $83 billion, of which DPP-4 inhibitor oral hypoglycemic drug market exceeds $20 billion. (tidepharm.com)
- The approval of this important oral hypoglycemic agent will further strengthen and consolidate the predominant position of Tide Pharmaceutical in the field of diabetes. (tidepharm.com)
- It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (rcsb.org)
- To determine the pattern of hyperglycemic agent usage in Thai type 2 diabetics (T2 DM) who attended the diabetes clinic in university and tertiary-care hospitals . (bvsalud.org)
- 6. Explain the limitations of oral hypoglycemics in management of diabetes. (powershow.com)
- The American Diabetes Association and the American College of Physicians both recommend metformin as a first-line agent to treat type 2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
- The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, a large clinical trial performed in 1980-90s, provided evidence that metformin reduced the rate of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes relative to other antihyperglycemic agents. (wikipedia.org)
Sulfonylurea3
- Insulin, indeed, can remedy these 2 etiologies, but it is logical to think about using oral hypoglycemic agents which have been created to treat them: they are a natural choice because they improve insulin sensitivity (metformin, a biguanide) or insulin secretion (glyburide, a sulfonylurea). (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Extrapancreatic effects may play a part in the mechanism of action of oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs. (nih.gov)
- Glibenclamide belongs to the second generation oral sulfonylurea drugs with the mechanism of action being similar as tolbutamide and the hypoglycemic effect being strongest among sulfonylurea drugs. (chemicalbook.com)
OHAs4
- Distinctively from other similar studies, the level of 25(OH) Vitamin D in T2DM patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) will be compared with those taking insulin by means of metabolic parameters. (alliedacademies.org)
- Introduction Oral Agents General Considerations Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAs) Oral Hyperglycemic Agents (AHAs) Sulfonylureas Preliminary Study of the Clinical Hypoglycemic Effects of Allium cepa (Red Onion) in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients. (jimdo.com)
- ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS (OHAs) Oral medication is initiated when 2-3 months of diet and exercise alone are unable to achieve or maintain their optimal plasma glucose. (jimdo.com)
- The consumption of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) for the period of 2008 - 2013 at the Ukrainian market has been analyzed. (edu.ua)
Hypoglycemia3
- Patients presenting with hypoglycemia due to ingestion of a first-, second-, or third-generation hypoglycemic agent will have drug present in serum greater than the minimum effective concentration (see Reference Values). (mayocliniclabs.com)
- Which medications in the drug class Insulin secretion inhibiting agents are used in the treatment of Pediatric Hypoglycemia? (medscape.com)
- Metformin has a lower risk of hypoglycemia than the sulfonylureas, although hypoglycemia has uncommonly occurred during intense exercise, calorie deficit, or when used with other agents to lower blood glucose. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs8
- These are called oral hypoglycemic drugs, in other words, drugs that reduce blood glucose levels. (medindia.net)
- This article gives an insight on why oral hypoglycemic drugs are prescribed and how they act. (medindia.net)
- How Do Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs Work? (medindia.net)
- Absence of hypoglycemic drugs in blood serum during an episode of low blood glucose should be demonstrated before considering pancreatic exploration for suspected insulinoma. (mayocliniclabs.com)
- Blood serum is the specimen of choice for detecting use of the hypoglycemic drugs: urine or plasma is not an acceptable specimen. (mayocliniclabs.com)
- 7 Relative to HIV-infected patients under 50 years of age, older HIV patients are substantially more likely to be receiving additional medications, including cardiovascular drugs, antacids or acid-suppressing agents, lipid-lowering agents, antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants, oral hypoglycemic agents and erectile dysfunction drugs. (cmaj.ca)
- Drugs used for lowering the glucose level in the blood are called hypoglycemic agents. (drugtimes.org)
- Oral hypoglycaemic agents are drugs which are employed to help lower the elevated blood glucose level. (nowvningboe.info)
Inhibitors1
- The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a novel class of oral hypoglycemic agents that decrease the reabsorption of glucose in the renal proximal tubules [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Efficacy4
- OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy of troglitazone, a newly developed oral hypoglycemic agent, in patients with NIDDM. (diabetesjournals.org)
- however, similar hypoglycemic efficacy occurs with equipotent dosage of sulfonylureas. (pharmacycode.com)
- Options for monotherapy and combination therapy, efficacy of specific agents, adverse effects and special populations are some issues addressed in this review. (aafp.org)
- being applicable for patients of high blood sugar who get bad efficacy when treated with other sulfonyl Urea hypoglycemic agents. (chemicalbook.com)
Sulfonylureas1
- Oral Hypoglycemic agents History In contrast to the systematic studies that led to the isolation of insulin, the sulfonylureas were discovered accidentally. (jimdo.com)
Mechanism of act1
- If the HbA1c target is not achieved within 3 months of initiating dual therapy , a third agent with a complementary mechanism of action can be added for triple combination therapy . (bvsalud.org)
Metformin4
- Metformin: the safest hypoglycaemic agent in chronic kidney disease? (nih.gov)
- Bedtime NPH insulin combined with oral hypoglycaemic agents provides comparable glycaemic control to insulin monotherapy and is associated with less weight gain if metformin is used. (cochrane.org)
- More than 60% of the patients treated with metformin monotherapy had body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2, as compare to less than half of patient treated with other monotherapy agent. (bvsalud.org)
- Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent. (wikipedia.org)
Antidiabetic1
- Effect of the new oral antidiabetic agent(-)-BM 13.0913. (nii.ac.jp)
Biguanides2
- There are 2 types of oral hypoglycaemic agents: Sulphonylureas and the Biguanides. (nowvningboe.info)
- Buformin and the other biguanides are not hypoglycemic, but rather antihyperglycemic agents. (wikipedia.org)
Glycaemic control1
- The results suggest that a bedtime NPH insulin-oral hypoglycaemic agent combination therapy regimen provides comparable glycaemic control to insulin monotherapy. (cochrane.org)
Medication2
- Modern combination antiretroviral therapy consists of at least three antiretroviral agents and leads to virologic suppression in most patients who are able to take their medication regularly. (cmaj.ca)
- An oral hypoglycemic agent is a medication (usually a pill or capsule) that can be take by mouth to lower a high blood sugar toward normal. (jimdo.com)
Hyperglycemia1
- The introduction of orally effective hypoglycemic agents was an important development in the treatment of hyperglycemia. (google.com)
Glipizide1
- Chlorpropamide is twice as potent as the related second-generation agent glipizide. (pharmacycode.com)
20161
- 2016. https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307653/all/Hypoglycemic_Agent_Poisoning. (unboundmedicine.com)
Metabolism1
- Alkylating agents are used to treat cancer because they interfere with cell metabolism and growth. (tabers.com)
Substances1
- Likewise, substances that raise the level of glucose in the blood are called hyperglycemic agents. (drugtimes.org)
Mechanisms2
- 1 In an effort to slow disease progression, there has been a concerted effort to develop newer pharmacologic agents with alternate mechanisms of action and minimal harms. (annfammed.org)
- 8. Understand the different mechanisms of action between the commonly used oral hypoglycemic agents. (powershow.com)
Secretion1
- 6. Simultaneous measurement of plasma insulin levels revealed that the hypoglycaemic effect of A-4166 was caused by a rapid-onset and brief burst of insulin secretion. (nih.gov)
Coma1
- Ben-Ami H, Nagachandran P, Mendelson A, Edoute Y: Drug-induced hypoglycemic coma in 102 diabetic patients. (mayocliniclabs.com)
Therapeutic1
- For example, bacteria that cause disease are agents of the specific diseases they cause, and medicine is a therapeutic agent. (tabers.com)
Antiplatelet agents1
- The most common pharmacotherapies were cardiovascular agents, followed by antiplatelet agents. (mja.com.au)
Oral agent2
- In patients for whom diet and exercise do not provide adequate glucose control, therapy with a single oral agent can be tried. (aafp.org)
- Criteria for initiation of therapy with an oral agent versus insulin are debated among diabetologists, but the decision should be made jointly by the physician and patient to obtain the best results. (aafp.org)
Serum1
- These agents can reduce the level of serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), induce weight loss, and decrease blood pressure [ 8 - 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
Patients1
- These agents are also used to treat patients with wasting illnesses. (tabers.com)
IMSEAR1
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Effect of centpiperalone, a new hypoglycemic agent on insulin biosynthesis & release from isolated pancreatic islets of rat. (who.int)
Mesh1
- Hypoglycemic Agents" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
Reduce blood glucose levels1
- These agents reduce blood glucose levels. (medscape.com)
Effect7
- Further research is needed to determine pramlintide's durability of hypoglycemic effect, as well as effects on patient-reported outcomes, morbidity, mortality, and long-term harms. (annfammed.org)
- 2. We investigated the insulin-releasing action and hypoglycaemic effect of A-4166 compared to sulphonylureas in vitro and in vivo. (nih.gov)
- 5. Inf fasted beagle dogs, A-4166 showed a dose-dependent hypoglycaemic effect after oral administration over the range 1 to 10 mg kg-1. (nih.gov)
- 8. Although the in vitro insulin-releasing effect of A-4166 was similar to that of sulphonylureas, its hypoglycaemic effect was more rapid and shorter-lasting, associated with rapid absorption and clearance. (nih.gov)
- Short term exposure to mobile phone jammer radiation has a hypoglycemic effect on adult male rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
- can enhance the hypoglycemic effect of exogenous insulin and strengthen the post-receptor effect of insulin. (chemicalbook.com)
- Two of them are known as hydroxylated compounds with no hypoglycemic effect and is mainly excreted from the urine and a small amount is excreted by the stool. (chemicalbook.com)
Polycystic ovarian1
- Ismail KMK, Issa BG, Jones P, Hanna FW, Indusekhar R. Hypoglycaemic agents for pregnant women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. (cochrane.org)
Blood4
- These episodes of low blood sugar are called hypoglycemic episodes. (medindia.net)
- Therefore, in the evaluation of the hypoglycemic patient, the possible use of oral hypoglycemic agents as the cause for low blood glucose and elevated plasma insulin must be considered. (mayocliniclabs.com)
- Proper interpretation requires that the blood specimen be drawn during or close to the time of a hypoglycemic episode. (mayocliniclabs.com)
- 1 Despite the introduction of new agents to the armamentarium of hypoglycemic agents, efforts for better management of this disease have been disappointing and the control of blood glucose levels remains unsatisfactory. (aafp.org)