Chlorpropamide
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Diabetic Diet
Isoindoles
Metformin
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289)
Diabetes Mellitus
Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated
Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.
Phenformin
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Hypoglycemia
Carbamates
Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid.
Tolbutamide
Thiazolidinediones
Diabetes Complications
Insulin, Long-Acting
C-Peptide
The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Insulin Resistance
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Glucose
Treatment Outcome
Body Weight
Body Mass Index
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
Risk Factors
The treatment of insulin resistance does not improve adrenal cytochrome P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. (1/7377)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin. when given to non-diabetic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), results in a reduction of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia while body weight is maintained. Also we aimed to see whether the reduction in insulin levels attenuates the activity of adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme in patients with PCOS. DESIGN: We investigated the 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione responses to ACTH, insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glucose disposal rate in an insulin tolerance test before and after metformin therapy (500 mg, orally, twice daily, for 12 weeks). METHODS: The presence of hyperinsulinemia in 15 women with PCOS was demonstrated by an OGTT and results were compared with those of 10 healthy women. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the rate of endogenous glucose disposal after i.v. bolus injection of insulin. 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were measured in all the women with PCOS and the normal women. RESULTS: Women with PCOS were hyperinsulinemic (102.0+/-13.0 (S.E.M.) VS 46.2+/-4.4 pmol/l) and hyperandrogenemic (free testosterone 15.3+/-1.7 vs 7.9+/-0.6 nmol/l; androstenedione 11.8+/-0.8 vs 8.2+/-0.6 nmol/l) and more hirsute (modified Ferriman-Gallwey score, 17.7+/-1.6 vs 3.0+/-0.3) than healthy women. In addition, women with PCOS had higher 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH when compared with healthy women. Metformin therapy resulted in some improvement in insulin sensitivity and reduced the basal and post-glucose load insulin levels. But 17-OHP and androstenedione responses to ACTH were unaltered in response to metformin. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS is characterized by hyperactivity of the adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme and insulin resistance. It seems that there is no direct relationship between insulin resistance and adrenal P450c17alpha enzyme dysregulation. (+info)Enantioselective inhibition of the biotransformation and pharmacological actions of isoidide dinitrate by diphenyleneiodonium sulphate. (2/7377)
1. We have shown previously that the D- and L- enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate (D-IIDN and L-IIDN) exhibit a potency difference for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta and that this is related to preferential biotransformation of the more potent enantiomer (D-IIDN). The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium sulphate (DPI), on the enantioselectivity of IIDN action. 2. In isolated rat aortic strip preparations, exposure to 0.3 microM DPI resulted in a 3.6 fold increase in the EC50 value for D-IIDN-induced relaxation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced relaxation. 3. Incubation of aortic strips with 2 microM D- or L-IIDN for 5 min resulted in significantly more D-isoidide mononitrate formed (5.0 +/- 1.5 pmol mg protein(-1)) than L-isoidide mononitrate (2.1 +/- 0.7 pmol mg protein(-1)) and this difference was abolished by pretreatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI. DPI had no effect on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity or GSH-dependent biotransformation of D- or L-IIDN in the 105,000 x g supernatant fraction of rat aorta. 4. Consistent with both the relaxation and biotransformation data, treatment of tissues with 0.3 microM DPI significantly inhibited D-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation, but had no effect on L-IIDN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation. 5. In the intact animal, 2 mg kg(-1) DPI significantly inhibited the pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic properties of D-IIDN, but had no effect L-IIDN. 6. These data suggest that the basis for the potency difference for relaxation by the two enantiomers is preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to NO, by an enzyme that is inhibited by DPI. Given that DPI binds to and inhibits NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, the data are consistent with a role for the cytochromes P450-NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase system in this enantioselective biotransformation process. (+info)Proliferative effects of cholecystokinin in GH3 pituitary cells mediated by CCK2 receptors and potentiated by insulin. (3/7377)
1. Proliferative effects of CCK peptides have been examined in rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells, which express CCK2 receptors. 2. CCK-8s, gastrin(1-17) and its glycine-extended precursor G(1-17)-Gly, previously reported to cause proliferation via putative novel sites on AR4-2J and Swiss 3T3 cells, elicited significant dose dependent increases of similar magnitude in [3H]thymidine incorporation over 3 days in serum-free medium of 39 +/- 10% (P < 0.01, n = 20), 37 +/- 8% (P < 0.01, n = 27) and 41 +/- 6% (P < 0.01, n = 36) respectively. 3. CCK-8s and gastrin potentially stimulated mitogenesis (EC50 values 0.12 nM and 3.0 nM respectively), whilst G-Gly displayed similar efficacy but markedly lower potency. L-365,260 consistently blocked each peptide. The CCK2 receptor affinity of G-Gly in GH3 cells was 1.09 microM (1.01;1.17, n = 6) and 5.53 microM (3.71;5.99, n = 4) in guinea-pig cortex. 4. 1 microM G-Gly weakly stimulated Ca2+ increase, eliciting a 104 +/- 21% increase over basal Ca2+ levels, and was blocked by 1 microM L-365,260 whilst CCK-8s (100 nM) produced a much larger Ca2+ response (331 +/- 14%). 5. Insulin dose dependently enhanced proliferative effects of CCK-8s with a maximal leftwards shift of the CCK-8s curve at 100 ng ml(-1) (17 nM) (EC50 decreased 500 fold, from 0.1 nM to 0.2 pM; P < 0.0001). 10 microg ml(-1) insulin was supramaximal reducing the EC50 to 5 pM (P = 0.027) whilst 1 ng ml(-1) insulin was ineffective. Insulin weakly displaced [125I]BHCCK binding to GH3 CCK2 receptors (IC50 3.6 microM). 6. Results are consistent with mediation of G-Gly effects via CCK2 receptors in GH3 cells and reinforce the role of CCK2 receptors in control of cell growth. Effects of insulin in enhancing CCK proliferative potency may suggest that CCK2 and insulin receptors converge on common intracellular targets and indicates that mitogenic stimuli are influenced by the combination of extracellular factors present. (+info)Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (4/7377)
1. The mechanisms of the sustained vasodilator actions of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and sauvagine (SVG) were studied using rings of endothelium de-nuded rat thoracic aorta (RTA) and the isolated perfused rat superior mesenteric arterial vasculature (SMA). 2. SVG was approximately 50 fold more potent than CRF on RTA (EC40: 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 44 +/- 9 nM respectively, P < 0.05), and approximately 10 fold more active in the perfused SMA (ED40: 0.05 +/- 0.02 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 nmol respectively, P < 0.05). Single bolus injections of CRF (100 pmol) or SVG (15 pmol) in the perfused SMA caused reductions in perfusion pressure of 23 +/- 1 and 24 +/- 2% that lasted more than 20 min. 3. Removal of the endothelium in the perfused SMA with deoxycholic acid attenuated the vasodilatation and revealed two phases to the response; a short lasting direct action, and a sustained phase which was fully inhibited. 4. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME (100 microM) L-NMMA (100 microM) or 2-ethyl-2-thiopseudourea (ETPU, 100 microM) had similar effects on the vasodilator responses to CRF as removal of the endothelium, suggesting a pivotal role for nitric oxide. However the selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[l,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 microM) did not affect the response to CRF. 5. High potassium (60 mM) completely inhibited the vasodilator response to CRF in the perfused SMA, indicating a role for K channels in this response. 6. Compared to other vasodilator agents acting via the release of NO, the actions of CRF and SVG are strikingly long-lasting, suggesting a novel mechanism of prolonged activation of nitric oxide synthase. (+info)Acute troglitazone action in isolated perfused rat liver. (5/7377)
1. The thiazolidinedione compound, troglitazone, enhances insulin action and reduces plasma glucose concentrations when administered chronically to type 2 diabetic patients. 2. To analyse to what extent thiazolidinediones interfere with liver function, we examined the acute actions of troglitazone (0.61 and 3.15 microM) on hepatic glucose and lactate fluxes, bile secretion, and portal pressure under basal, insulin- and/or glucagon-stimulated conditions in isolated perfused rat livers. 3. During BSA-free perfusion, high dose troglitazone increased basal (P < 0.01), but inhibited glucagon-stimulated incremental glucose production by approximately 75% (10.0 +/- 2.5 vs control: 40.0 +/- 7.2 micromol g liver(-1), P < 0.01). In parallel, incremental lactate release rose approximately 6 fold (13.1 +/- 5.9 vs control: 2.2 +/- 0.8 mmol g liver(-1), P < 0.05), while bile secretion declined by approximately 67% [0.23 +/- 0.02 vs control: 0.70 +/- 0.05 mg g liver(-1) min(-1)), P < 0.001]. Low dose troglitazone infusion did not enhance the inhibitory effect of insulin on glucagon-stimulated glucose production, but rapidly increased lactate release (P < 0.0005) and portal venous pressure (+0.17 +/- 0.07 vs +0.54 +/- 0.07 cm buffer height, P < 0.0001). 4. These results indicate that troglitazone exerts both insulin-like and non-insulin-like hepatic effects, which are blunted by addition of albumin, possibly due to troglitazone binding. (+info)Alterations of heart function and Na+-K+-ATPase activity by etomoxir in diabetic rats. (6/7377)
To examine the role of changes in myocardial metabolism in cardiac dysfunction in diabetes mellitus, rats were injected with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body wt) to induce diabetes and were treated 2 wk later with the carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor (carnitine palmitoyltransferase I) etomoxir (8 mg/kg body wt) for 4 wk. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited a reduction in heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and positive and negative rate of pressure development and an increase in end-diastolic pressure. The sarcolemmal Na+-K+-ATPase activity was depressed and was associated with a decrease in maximal density of binding sites (Bmax) value for high-affinity sites for [3H]ouabain, whereas Bmax for low-affinity sites was unaffected. Treatment of diabetic animals with etomoxir partially reversed the depressed cardiac function with the exception of heart rate. The high serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were reduced, whereas the levels of glucose, insulin, and 3,3',-5-triiodo-L-thyronine were not affected by etomoxir in diabetic animals. The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase expressed per gram heart weight, but not per milligram sarcolemmal protein, was increased by etomoxir in diabetic animals. Furthermore, Bmax (per g heart wt) for both low-affinity and high-affinity binding sites in control and diabetic animals was increased by etomoxir treatment. Etomoxir treatment also increased the depressed left ventricular weight of diabetic rats and appeared to increase the density of the sarcolemma and transverse tubular system to normalize Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Therefore, a shift in myocardial substrate utilization may represent an important signal for improving the depressed cardiac function and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in diabetic rat hearts with impaired glucose utilization. (+info)Morphine preconditioning attenuates neutrophil activation in rat models of myocardial infarction. (7/7377)
Previous results from our laboratory have suggested that morphine can attenuate neutrophil activation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To elucidate if morphine preconditioning (PC) has the same effects via activation of neutrophil endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP), we measured serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), gp100MEL14 and NEP in adult Wistar rats subjected to ten different protocols (n = 10 for each) at baseline, immediately after and 2 h after morphine PC. All groups were subjected to 30 min of occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion. Similarly, morphine-induced PC was elicited by 3-min drug infusions (100 micrograms/kg) interspersed with 5-min drug-free periods before the prolonged 30-min occlusion. Infarct size (IS), as a percentage of the area at risk (AAR), was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Pretreatment with morphine increased NEP activities (9.86 +/- 1.98 vs. 5.12 +/- 1.10 nmol/mg protein in control group; p < 0.001). Naloxone (mu-opioid receptor antagonist) (4.82 +/- 1.02 nmol/mg protein) and phosphoramidon (NEP inhibitor) (4.66 +/- 1.00 nmol/mg protein) inhibited morphine-activated NEP, whereas glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonist) and chelerythrine (protein kinase C inhibitor) had no effects. The ICAM-1 and gp100MEL14 of the third sampling were lowest for those with morphine PC (280 +/- 30 ng/ml and 2.2 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml; p < 0.001), but naloxone (372 +/- 38 ng/ml and 3.8 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml) and phosphoramidon (382 +/- 40 ng/ml and 4.2 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml) abolished the above phenomenon. IS/AAR were definitely lowest for those with morphine PC (24 +/- 7%; p < 0.05). Morphine preconditioning increases NEP activities to attenuate shedding of gp100MEL14 and to ICAM-1 and, thus, provides myocardial protection. (+info)Relative contribution of insulin and its precursors to fibrinogen and PAI-1 in a large population with different states of glucose tolerance. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). (8/7377)
Hyperinsulinemia is associated with the development of coronary heart disease. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Hypercoagulability and impaired fibrinolysis are possible candidates linking hyperinsulinism with atherosclerotic disease, and it has been suggested that proinsulin rather than insulin is the crucial pathophysiological agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of insulin and its precursors to markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in a large triethnic population. A strong and independent relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen and insulin and its precursors (proinsulin, 32-33 split proinsulin) was found consistently across varying states of glucose tolerance (PAI-1 versus fasting insulin [proinsulin], r=0.38 [r=0.34] in normal glucose tolerance; r=0.42 [r=0.43] in impaired glucose tolerance; and r=0.38 [r=0.26] in type 2 diabetes; all P<0.001). The relationship remained highly significant even after accounting for insulin sensitivity as measured by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. In a stepwise multiple regression model after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, and clinic, both insulin and its precursors were significantly associated with PAI-1 levels. The relationship between fibrinogen and insulin and its precursors was significant in the overall population (r=0.20 for insulin and proinsulin; each P<0.001) but showed a more inconsistent pattern in subgroup analysis and after adjustments for demographic and metabolic variables. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that proinsulin (split products) but not fasting insulin significantly contributed to fibrinogen levels after adjustment for age, sex, clinic, and ethnicity. Decreased insulin sensitivity was independently associated with higher PAI-1 and fibrinogen levels. In summary, we were able to demonstrate an independent relationship of 2 crucial factors of hemostasis, fibrinogen and PAI-1, to insulin and its precursors. These findings may have important clinical implications in the risk assessment and prevention of macrovascular disease, not only in patients with overt diabetes but also in nondiabetic subjects who are hyperinsulinemic. (+info)
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Metformin (Glucophage)
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Metformin
"Hypoglycemic Agents. I Chemical Properties of β-Phenethylbiguanide. A New Hypoglycemic Agent". J Am Chem Soc. 81 (9): 2220-25. ... Davis SN (2006). "Chapter 60: Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and the Pharmacology of the Endocrine Pancreas". In Brunton L ... Jia Y, Lao Y, Zhu H, Li N, Leung SW (January 2019). "Is metformin still the most efficacious first-line oral hypoglycaemic drug ... Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, Neale D, Wilson L, Bass E (January 2009). "Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared ...
Buformin
... and the other biguanides are not hypoglycemic, but rather antihyperglycemic agents. They do not produce hypoglycemia; ... "Hypoglycemic Agents. III.1-3N1-Alkyl- and Aralkylbiguanides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (14): 3728-3736. doi ... Shroff JR, Bandurco V, Desai R, Kobrin S, Cervoni P (December 1981). "Chemistry and hypoglycemic activity of ... Marchetti P, Giannarelli R, di Carlo A, Navalesi R (October 1991). "Pharmacokinetic optimisation of oral hypoglycaemic therapy ...
Glossary of diabetes
See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. One of the sulfonylureas. (Amaryl) Glipizide A pill taken to lower the level of glucose ( ... See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. (Tolinase) Tolbutamide A pill taken to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. ... See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. This is one of the sulfonylureas (Diabinese). Cholesterol a waxy substance related to the ... See also: Oral hypoglycemic agents. One of the sulfonylureas. (Diamicron) Glimepiride A pill taken to lower the level of ...
Solanum lycocarpum
fruit is not a hypoglycemic agent". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, volume 36, issue 4, pp. 525-30. doi: ... The maned wolf is an important seed-spreading agent. The ripe fruits are edible to humans, and are consumed by local ...
Englitazone
... is a hypoglycemic agent of thiazolidinedione (glitazone) class. Ciglitazone Darglitazone Netoglitazone Troglitazone ...
Hydroxychloroquine
It enhances hypoglycemic effects of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Dose altering is recommended to prevent profound ... Both agents also inhibit CYP2D6 activity and may interact with other medications that depend on this enzyme. Antimalarials are ... wherein it may enhance the effects of a hypoglycemic treatment) Drugs that prolong QT interval and other arrhythmogenic drugs ( ... "Fluorescence probe measurement of the intralysosomal pH in living cells and the perturbation of pH by various agents". ...
Oxandrolone
... can also inhibit the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic agents. It may worsen edema when taken alongside ... Oxandrolone is sometimes used as a doping agent in sports. Cases of doping with oxandrolone by professional athletes have been ... Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science ...
Rimonabant
1. Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic agents with ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 32 (2): ...
Glibenclamide
Marble A (1971). "Glibenclamide, a new sulphonylurea: whither oral hypoglycaemic agents?". Drugs. 1 (2): 109-15. doi:10.2165/ ... Agents Chemother. 50 (12): 4214-6. doi:10.1128/AAC.00617-06. PMC 1693980. PMID 17015627. Ortega FJ, Gimeno-Bayon J, Espinosa- ...
Methylprednisolone
In patients with diabetes, increased requirements of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: ...
Glimepiride
Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas". In Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; ... coumadin and probenecid may potentiate the hypoglycemic action of glimepiride. Thiazides, other diuretics, phothiazides, ...
Pancreatitis
There are various oral hypoglycemic agents that contributes to pancreatitis including metformin. But, glucagon-like peptide-1 ( ... and oral hypoglycemic agents. Mechanisms of these drugs causing pancreatitis are not known exactly, but it is possible that ... A number of infectious agents have been recognized as causes of pancreatitis including: Viruses Coxsackie virus Cytomegalovirus ...
Prulifloxacin
Hypoglycemic agents: May cause hypoglycemia in diabetic patients under treatment with hypoglycemic agents. Theophylline: May ... Quinolones are synthetic agents that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as a unique mechanism of action, ... Agents Chemother. 37 (2): 293-6. doi:10.1128/AAC.37.2.293. PMC 187655. PMID 8452360. Keam, Susan J; Perry, Caroline M (2004). " ... Giannarini G, Tascini C, Selli C (2009). "Prulifloxacin: clinical studies of a broad-spectrum quinolone agent". Future ...
Netoglitazone
... (also called MCC-555) is a hypoglycemic agent belonging to the thiazolidinedione group. Lazarenko OP, Rzonca SO, ...
MODY 4
None were severely insulin-deficient and all were controlled with either diet or oral hypoglycemic agents. v t e Stoffers, ...
Pinoresinol
... inhibits the enzyme α-glucosidase in vitro and may therefore act as a hypoglycemic agent. A study involving extra ... Wikul, A; Damsud, T; Kataoka, K; Phuwapraisirisan, P (2012). "(+)-Pinoresinol is a putative hypoglycemic agent in defatted ...
Biguanide
... s do not affect the output of insulin, unlike other hypoglycemic agents such as sulfonylureas and meglitinides. ... and bisbiguanide agents for antiplaque activity". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 12 (6): 721-9. doi:10.1128/aac.12.6. ...
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young
When oral hypoglycemic agents are used in MODY, the sulfonylureas remain the oral medication of first resort. When compared to ... Standard diabetes treatments (insulin for type 1 and gestational diabetes, and oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2) are often ... oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin injections. In many cases these goals can be achieved more easily with MODY than with ... Insulin may not be necessary and it may be possible to switch a person from insulin injections to oral agents without loss of ...
Vincristine
... and in the Philippines and South Africa as an oral hypoglycemic agent - but not as a treatment for cancer. Catharanthus roseus ... Treatment of the ground plant with Skellysolve-B defatting agent and an acid benzene extract led to a fraction termed "fraction ... Anti-Cancer Agents. 2 (1): 1-17. doi:10.2174/1568011023354290. PMID 12678749. Silverman JA, Deitcher SR (March 2013). "Marqibo ... Johnson IS, Armstrong JG, Gorman M, Burnett JP (September 1963). "The Vinca Alkaloids: A New Class of Oncolytic Agents" (PDF). ...
Beta cell
... islet hormones and hypoglycemic agents". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 179 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1016/0006- ...
Ketonuria
In addition, when diabetic treatment is being switched from insulin to oral hypoglycemic agents, the patient's urine should be ... of ketonuria within 24 hours after insulin withdrawal usually indicates a poor response to the oral hypoglycemic agents. ...
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia
Management of hypoglycemia due to treatment of type 2 diabetes is similar, and the dose of the oral hypoglycemic agent may need ... Knowing that someone takes insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents for diabetes obviously makes insulin excess the presumptive ...
Insulin (medication)
The basic appeal of hypoglycemic agents by mouth is that most people would prefer a pill or an oral liquid to an injection. ... The abuse of exogenous insulin carries with it an attendant risk of hypoglycemic coma and death when the amount used is in ... The affected persons are then switched to a preparation that does not contain the specific agent they are reacting to or ... The limitations are cost, the potential for hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes, catheter problems, and no "closed loop" ...
Dihydroxymalonic acid
It has been used in medical research as a hypoglycemic agent and was patented in the United States in 1997 as a fast-acting ... Yoshito KOBAYASHI, Shigeru OHASHI, Shinzaburo TANAKA and Akitoshi SHIOYA (1955), Hypoglycemic Action of Sodium Mesoxalate with ...
Ipragliflozin
... were both observed in a Phase III study in monotherapy and clinical studies used in combination with other hypoglycemic agents ...
Diabetes medication
... all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are ... Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are "diabetes pills" but not technically hypoglycemic agents because they do not have a direct ... First-generation agents tolbutamide acetohexamide tolazamide chlorpropamide Second-generation agents glipizide glyburide or ... These agents slow the digestion of starch in the small intestine, so that glucose from the starch of a meal enters the ...
List of MeSH codes (D27)
... hypoglycemic agents MeSH D27.505.696.477 - immunologic factors MeSH D27.505.696.477.136 - agglutinins MeSH D27.505.696.477. ... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ... tocolytic agents MeSH D27.505.954.016 - anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122. ... tranquilizing agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.015 - anti-anxiety agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.025 - antimanic agents MeSH ...
1,3-Butanediol
3-butanediol is used as a hypoglycaemic agent. 1,3-Butanediol can be converted into β-hydroxybutyrate and serve as a substrate ...
Hypoglycemia
... lack of antiglycolytic agent in collection tube or during processing) Hypoglycemic symptoms are divided into two main ... not point-of-care measurement Insulin level C-peptide level Proinsulin level Beta-hydroxybutyrate level Oral hypoglycemic agent ... In some, the hypoglycemic episode may be reproduced simply after a mixed meal, whereas in others a fast may last up to 72 hours ... The hypoglycemic person not only gains awareness of hypoglycemia at very low blood glucose levels, but they also require high ...
Epoxygenase
... sulfonylurea-containing oral hypoglycemic agents, and the anti-(epilepsy) drug, phenytoin.[unreliable source?] 7) CYP2C19*2 ( ... blood-thinning agent, warfarin. These carriers are susceptible to the gastrointestinal bleeding side effects of warfarin and ...
Momordica charantia
"Gene cloning and expression of a novel hypoglycaemic peptide from Momordica charantia: A novel hypoglycaemic peptide from ... anthelmintic agent, for the treatment of cough, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, wounds, ulcer, gout, and rheumatism. ... "cannot be recommended as a replacement therapy for insulin or hypoglycemic drugs". In the Caribbean, tea brewed from cerasee ... several animal studies and small-scale human studies have demonstrated a hypoglycemic effect of concentrated bitter melon ...
Drug interaction
Some drugs, such as prokinetic agents, increase the speed with which a substance passes through the intestines. If a drug is ... This will block the reaction triggered by the catecholamines should a hypoglycaemic episode occur. Therefore, the body will not ...
Therapeutic effect
A 2015 review found that aloe vera exhibits therapeutic antioxidant, antimicrobial, immune boosting, antitumor, hypoglycemic, ... both responses are behavioral/physiologic changes that occur as a response to the treatment strategy or agent. To maximize ...
Yacón syrup
... is a sweetening agent extracted from the tuberous roots of the yacón plant (Smallanthus sonchifolius) indigenous to ... Aybar, Manuel J.; Sánchez Riera, Alicia N.; Grau, Alfredo; Sánchez, Sara S. (February 2001). "Hypoglycemic effect of the water ...
J. P. Yadav
2012). Activity of Medicinal Plants Against Isolates of Oral Cancer Cases Medicinal Plants Role As Antimicrobial Agents. Yadav ... ISBN 978-3-659-14921-4. Genetic diversity and hypoglycemic studies of Salvadora species. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH ... 2013). Genetic diversity and hypoglycemic studies of Salvadora species. Yadav, Jaya Parkash. (1. Aufl ed.). Saarbrücken: LAP ...
Insulin shock therapy
Patients required continuous supervision as there was a danger of hypoglycemic aftershocks after the coma. In "modified insulin ... insulin was not the specific therapeutic agent. In 1958, American neuropsychiatrist Max Fink published in the Journal of the ...
Theiler's disease
Horses are rarely hypoglycemic, but blood glucose monitoring is ideal to indicate which horses may be benefited by glucose ... so additional causative factors such as immune mediated hypersensitivity or co-infections with other agents may be required to ... This condition most commonly occurs after the administration of a horse origin biological agent such as equine-derived ...
List of Casualty specials
They are interrupted by a homeless man who needs emergency treatment when he goes into a hypoglycaemic coma. Young wanted to ... received a phone call from his agent, before he had read the script, and she informed him of the use of a horse. However, after ...
Jelly Babies
... is to put them in a strong oxidising agent, and see the resulting spectacular reaction. The experiment is commonly referred to ... its content alluding to the consumption of jelly babies by Type 1 Diabetics to overcome hypoglycaemic episodes - as a way to ...
Biomarkers of diabetes
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mitogen and insulin tropic agent for the β cell. Inadequate β-cell mass can lead to insulin ... The hypoglycaemic effect, stimulatory effect on insulin secretion and sensitivity, and improvement of pancreatic islet cells ... That is why nesfatin-1 has drawn attention as a new therapeutic agent, especially for the treatment of obesity and diabetes ... FGF21 can function as a crucial regulator mediating beneficial metabolic effects of therapeutic agents such as metformin, ...
NMDA receptor
Common agents in which NMDA receptor antagonism is the primary or a major mechanism of action: 4-Chlorokynurenine (AV-101) - ... The purpose was to develop a hypoglycemic drug, but it showed no such efficacy. It was not until 1972 that a possible ... It is a derivative of amantadine which was first an anti-influenza agent but was later discovered by coincidence to have ... It is generally believed that NMDA receptors are modulated by endogenous redox agents such as glutathione, lipoic acid, and the ...
Polycystic ovary syndrome
A hypoglycemic response in which the two-hour insulin level is higher and the blood sugar lower than fasting is consistent with ... Although these agents have shown significant efficacy in clinical trials (for oral contraceptives, in 60-100% of individuals), ...
Ivan Addae Mensah
... and other flavonoids as the active hypoglycaemic agents of Bridelia ferruginea (1989) 9-Methoxychelerythrine as a True Natural ... A Pharmacological Investigation of the Hypoglycemic Activity of Artemisia afra (1989) Comparative examination of two ...
Causes of seizures
Examples of such agents - some of which are used or have been used clinically and others of which are naturally occurring ... "Hypoglycemic seizures and epilepsy in type I diabetes mellitus". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 346 (1): 307-309. doi: ... "Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients treated with antihyperglycemic agents". Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2 (4): 234-240. doi ...
Glicaramide
Sarges R (1981). "Hypoglycemic Drugs". In Ellis GP, West GB (eds.). Progress in Medicinal Chemistry. Vol. 18. Elsevier Science ... Glibenclamide Höhn H, Polacek I, Schulze E (December 1973). "Potential antidiabetic agents. Pyrazolo(3,4-b)pyridines". Journal ...
Clausena anisata
Essential oils from the leaves also show moderate antioxidant activity in vitro, while root extracts show hypoglycaemic ... are efficacious control agents of the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi.[citation needed ...
Coccinia grandis
... antihypoglycemic agent, immune system modulator, etc.[citation needed] Some countries in Asia, such as Thailand, prepare ... "Hypoglycemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic ...
Allixin
A complex with vanadium, bis(allixinato)oxovanadium(IV), is a potent anti-diabetic agent. In studies in streptozotocin-induced ... diabetic mice, this vanadium complex was shown to be an insulin mimetic with hypoglycemic effects. Similarly, a zinc-allixin ... Hiromura, Makoto; Sakurai, Hiromu (2008). "Action mechanism of metallo-allixin complexes as antidiabetic agents". Pure and ... Complex Is a Potent Antidiabetic Agent: Studies on Structure−Activity Relationship for a Series of Hydroxypyrone−Vanadium ...
Endocrine system
Insulin decreases blood glucose level ( a hypoglycemic hormone) whereas glucagon increases blood glucose level. Delta cells F ... called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in the cells. Some ...
Marion Barry
On August 2, 2014, Barry was in a traffic accident in the district, which his spokesperson blamed on a "hypoglycemic attack" ... while agents in another room watched on camera, waiting for Barry to accept her offer. During the videotaped arrest, Barry says ...
Neonatal Hypoglycemia Medication: Anti-hypoglycemic Agents
Acquired Partial Lipodystrophy Medication: Hypoglycemic agents
Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control - Glossary
2021, June 23). Diabetes - Oral Hypoglycemic Agents and Glycemic Control - Glossary. Medindia. Retrieved on May 28, 2022 from ... www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/diabetes-oral-hypoglycemic-agents-and-glycemic-control-glossary.htm. (accessed May 28, ... www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/diabetes-oral-hypoglycemic-agents-and-glycemic-control-glossary.htm. ... www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/diabetes-oral-hypoglycemic-agents-and-glycemic-control-glossary.htm,. ...
Browsing by Subject "Hypoglycemic Agents"
Nateglinide: A structurally novel, short-acting, hypoglycemic agent - PubMed
Nateglinide: A structurally novel, short-acting, hypoglycemic agent P. Norman et al. Drugs Today (Barc). 2001 Jun. ... Nateglinide: A structurally novel, short-acting, hypoglycemic agent P. Norman 1 , X. Rabasseda ... Nateglinide is not a sulfonylurea, but it shares the mechanism of action of commonly used oral hypoglycemic agents such as ... agents have shown nateglinide to be more effective in attenuating postprandial glucose than any other oral hypoglycemic agent, ...
A cohort study of the incidence of serious acute liver injury in diabetic patients treated with hypoglycemic agents - PubMed
... to other known causes occurred on the order of 1 per 10,000 person-years among diabetic patients treated with oral hypoglycemic ... A cohort study of the incidence of serious acute liver injury in diabetic patients treated with hypoglycemic agents K Arnold ... A cohort study of the incidence of serious acute liver injury in diabetic patients treated with hypoglycemic agents K Arnold ... The incidence was higher (on the order of 0.3 per 1000) during the first 6 months of exposure to all hypoglycemic agents. ...
Hypoglycemic Agents | Profiles RNS
"Hypoglycemic Agents" by people in this website by year, and whether "Hypoglycemic Agents" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Hypoglycemic Agents" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Hypoglycemic Agents" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Hypoglycemic Agents". ...
TOLMETIN SODIUM CAPSULES USP8815Rx only
Alogliptin Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com
Concomitant Therapy with Hypoglycemic Agents. When used in combination with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., a sulfonylurea) or ... Antidiabetic agent; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. Uses for Alogliptin. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Used as ... May need to initiate therapy with 2 agents (e.g., metformin plus another drug) in patients with high initial HbA1c (,7.5% or ≥ ... Used in combination with other oral antidiabetic agents (e.g., metformin, a sulfonylurea, a thiazolidinedione [peroxisome ...
DailyMed - LOVASTATIN tablet
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents. In pharmacokinetic studies of lovastatin in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin dependent diabetic ... Lovastatin had no clinically important effect on glycemic control or on the dose requirement of oral hypoglycemic agents. ... Caution should also be exercised if an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor or other agent used to lower cholesterol levels is ... Other lipid-lowering agents were not administered concomitantly with lovastatin during controlled clinical studies. Preliminary ...
Subjects: Hypoglycemic Agents -- economics - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
DailyMed - GLIPIZIDE tablet
Patients Receiving Other Oral Hypoglycemic Agents. As with other sulfonylurea-class hypoglycemics, no transition period is ... The hypoglycemic action of sulfonylureas may be potentiated by certain drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, ... There is no fixed dosage regimen for the management of diabetes mellitus with glipizide tablets or any other hypoglycemic agent ... A potential interaction between oral miconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents leading to severe hypoglycemia has been reported. ...
GLIPIZIDE TABLETS, USP 5 mg and 10 mg
Rx Only
Patients Receiving Other Oral Hypoglycemic Agents As with other sulfonylurea-class hypoglycemics, no transition period is ... The hypoglycemic action of sulfonylureas may be potentiated by certain drugs including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, ... There is no fixed dosage regimen for the management of diabetes mellitus with glipizide or any other hypoglycemic agent. In ... A potential interaction between oral miconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents leading to severe hypoglycemia has been reported. ...
MedlinePlus: MedlinePlus Web Service
Metformin does not alter the risk of lung cancer: a case-control analysis
Acute renal failure with sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2 inhibitors: Analysis of the FDA adverse event report system database
SGLT2-inhibitor agents may differ from one another in their respective risk for ARF. ... Hypoglycemic Agents * SLC5A2 protein, human * Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 * Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors ... SGLT2-inhibitor agents may differ from one another in their respective risk for ARF. ... It has been proposed that these agents could induce acute renal failure (ARF) under certain conditions. This study aimed to ...
Diabetes Medicine | Insulin | MedlinePlus
BE Study of the Combinations of Gemigliptin 50mg and Metformin HCl Extended Release 1000mg in Comparison to Each Component...
Effect of Liraglutide on Body Weight in Non-diabetic Obese Subjects or Overweight Subjects With Co-morbidities: SCALE™ -...
Quantitative prediction of in vivo drug-drug interactions from in vitro data based on physiological pharmacokinetics: use of...
Placebo Controlled Double Blind Crossover Trial of Metformin for Brain Repair in Children With Cranial-Spinal Radiation for...
DIQ
Browsing by Subject
Table 5 - Case−Control Study of Risk Factors for Meningococcal Disease in Chile - Volume 23, Number 7-July 2017 - Emerging...
Pioglitazone vs Vitamin E vs Placebo for Treatment of Non-Diabetic Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS) - Full...
Acute Hypoglycemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Treatment
For patients on either short-acting insulin or hypoglycemic agents who have not eaten and have had their hypoglycemia reversed ... If the cause of hypoglycemia is other than oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin in a diabetic patient, additional laboratory ... Asymptomatic patients who have ingested hypoglycemic agents should be observed for the development of hypoglycemia, because the ... Discharging a patient following a hypoglycemic episode that is likely the result of a long-acting oral hypoglycemic medication ...
Effect of bee propolis as a hypoglycemic agent and diabetes control - International Journal of Family & Community Medicine -...
This study tested the impact of Colombian propolis as a regulating agent of glucose concerning metabolic activity on 45 healthy ... Effect of bee propolis as a hypoglycemic agent and diabetes control is an article from International Journal of Family & ... Effect of bee propolis as a hypoglycemic agent and diabetes control. International Journal of Family & Community Medicine ... This study tested the impact of Colombian propolis as a regulating agent of glucose concerning metabolic activity on 45 healthy ...