An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.
A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.
Dentin sensitivity is a condition characterized by pain or discomfort in response to thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli, caused by exposure of dentin's tubules to the oral environment.
Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity.
Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigen-antibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.
Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.
Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.
Substances which reduce or eliminate dentinal sensitivity or the pain associated with a source of stimulus (such as touch, heat, or cold) at the orifice of exposed dentinal tubules causing the movement of tubular fluid that in turn stimulates tooth nerve receptors.
Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.
Phenomenon of cell-mediated immunity measured by in vitro inhibition of the migration or phagocytosis of antigen-stimulated LEUKOCYTES or MACROPHAGES. Specific CELL MIGRATION ASSAYS have been developed to estimate levels of migration inhibitory factors, immune reactivity against tumor-associated antigens, and immunosuppressive effects of infectious microorganisms.
Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.
Skin tests in which the sensitizer is injected.
Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions.
Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.
Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).
Allergic reaction to products containing processed natural rubber latex such as rubber gloves, condoms, catheters, dental dams, balloons, and sporting equipment. Both T-cell mediated (HYPERSENSITIVITY, DELAYED) and IgE antibody-mediated (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) allergic responses are possible. Delayed hypersensitivity results from exposure to antioxidants present in the rubber; immediate hypersensitivity results from exposure to a latex protein.
A form of hypersensitivity affecting the respiratory tract. It includes ASTHMA and RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL.
An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
The sensory fibers innervating the viscera.
BALB/C is a commonly used strain of inbred mice in medical research, known for their genetic uniformity and susceptibility to various diseases.
A protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS). It is used in the tuberculin skin test (TUBERCULIN TEST) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons.
C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research.
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
An antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil. The complete form is made up of killed, dried mycobacteria, usually M. tuberculosis, suspended in the oil phase. It is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and potentiates the production of certain IMMUNOGLOBULINS in some animals. The incomplete form does not contain mycobacteria.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).
An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.
A dermal inflammatory reaction produced under conditions of antibody excess, when a second injection of antigen produces intravascular antigen-antibody complexes which bind complement, causing cell clumping, endothelial damage, and vascular necrosis.
An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity.
The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.
Recirculating, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells containing characteristic racket-shaped granules (Birbeck granules). They are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the EPIDERMIS and are rich in Class II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX molecules. Langerhans cells were the first dendritic cell to be described and have been a model of study for other dendritic cells (DCs), especially other migrating DCs such as dermal DCs and INTERSTITIAL DENDRITIC CELLS.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled avian antigens, usually proteins in the dust of bird feathers and droppings.
An active immunizing agent and a viable avirulent attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, var. bovis, which confers immunity to mycobacterial infections. It is used also in immunotherapy of neoplasms due to its stimulation of antibodies and non-specific immunity.
Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Skin tests in which the sensitizer is applied to a patch of cotton cloth or gauze held in place for approximately 48-72 hours. It is used for the elicitation of a contact hypersensitivity reaction.
An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.
Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.
A genus of gram-positive bacteria whose spores are round to oval and covered by a sheath.
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis due to an acquired hypersensitivity to inhaled antigens associated with farm environment. Antigens in the farm dust are commonly from bacteria actinomycetes (SACCHAROPOLYSPORA and THERMOACTINOMYCES), fungi, and animal proteins in the soil, straw, crops, pelts, serum, and excreta.
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
The forcing into the skin of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle, piercing the top skin layer.
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Granulated cells that are found in almost all tissues, most abundantly in the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Like the BASOPHILS, mast cells contain large amounts of HISTAMINE and HEPARIN. Unlike basophils, mast cells normally remain in the tissues and do not circulate in the blood. Mast cells, derived from the bone marrow stem cells, are regulated by the STEM CELL FACTOR.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.
A mixture of the enzymes (streptokinase and streptodornase) produced by hemolytic streptococci. It is used topically on surface lesions and by instillation in closed body cavities to remove clotted blood or fibrinous or purulent accumulations. It is also used as a skin test antigen in evaluating generalized cell-mediated immunodeficiency. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.-.
C3H mice are a strain of inbred mice commonly used in medical research due to their genetic homogeneity and susceptibility to various diseases.
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.
The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.
Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.
CBA mice are a strain of inbred mice commonly used in medical research due to their genetic homogeneity and susceptibility to various diseases.
Immunosuppression by the administration of increasing doses of antigen. Though the exact mechanism is not clear, the therapy results in an increase in serum levels of allergen-specific IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, suppression of specific IgE, and an increase in suppressor T-cell activity.
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
The outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like EAR AURICLE which collects sound, and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL, the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, and the EXTERNAL EAR CARTILAGES.
Dentifrices that are formulated into a paste form. They typically contain abrasives, HUMECTANTS; DETERGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; and CARIOSTATIC AGENTS.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.
The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.
A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208)
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
One of several skin tests to determine past or present tuberculosis infection. A purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, is introduced into the skin by scratch, puncture, or interdermal injection.
Severe drug eruption characterized by high fever, erythematous rash and inflammation of internal organ(s).
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with a SULFUR in the center ring.
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Loss of the tooth substance by chemical or mechanical processes
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Antibodies which elicit IMMUNOPRECIPITATION when combined with antigen.
Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.
The serous fluid of ASCITES, the accumulation of fluids in the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
Nitrobenzenes are a class of organic compounds containing a nitro group (-NO2) attached to a benzene ring, which have been used in the medical field as drugs and as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs.
Hemocyanin is a copper-containing protein that transports oxygen in the hemolymph of certain invertebrates, including arthropods and mollusks.
Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.
The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.
Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.
A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.
Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids are a class of cyclic carboxylic acids that may have medical applications, such as in the treatment of bacterial infections or as intermediates in the synthesis of other pharmaceuticals.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
A diverse group of proteins whose genetic MUTATIONS have been associated with the chromosomal instability syndrome FANCONI ANEMIA. Many of these proteins play important roles in protecting CELLS against OXIDATIVE STRESS.
Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.
The etiologic agent of rat leprosy, also known as murine leprosy.
The sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by THERMORECEPTORS.
The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.
Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Allergic reaction to eggs that is triggered by the immune system.
Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.
Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives.
White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).
Any inflammation of the skin.
A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from RED ALGAE. Chief sources are the Irish moss CHONDRUS CRISPUS (Carrageen), and Gigartina stellata. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending COCOA in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify BEVERAGES.
Proteins released by sensitized LYMPHOCYTES and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of MACROPHAGES away from the release site. The structure and chemical properties may vary with the species and type of releasing cell.
Contractions of the abdominal muscles upon stimulation of the skin (superficial abdominal reflex) or tapping neighboring bony structures (deep abdominal reflex). The superficial reflex may be weak or absent, for example, after a stroke, a sign of upper (suprasegmental) motor neuron lesions. (Stedman, 25th ed & Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p1073)
Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.
The act of dilating.
Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).
The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
A Fanconi anemia complementation group protein that regulates the activities of CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE and GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE. It is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM, but moves to the CELL NUCLEUS in response to FANCE PROTEIN.
A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475)
Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.
Oils which are used in industrial or commercial applications.
A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.
An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.
Resistance to a disease agent resulting from the production of specific antibodies by the host, either after exposure to the disease or after vaccination.
Granulomatous disorders affecting one or more sites in the respiratory tract.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.
The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.
A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium.
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.
Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.
Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.
Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)
Allergic reaction to tree nuts that is triggered by the immune system.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
An acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. (Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987;2(4):655-61)
An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.
A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.
Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.

Emergent immunoregulatory properties of combined glucocorticoid and anti-glucocorticoid steroids in a model of tuberculosis. (1/2860)

In Balb/c mice with pulmonary tuberculosis, there is a switch from a protective Th1-dominated cytokine profile to a non-protective profile with a Th2 component. This switch occurs while the adrenals are undergoing marked hyperplasia. Treatment with the anti-glucocorticoid hormones dehydroepiandrosterone or 3 beta, 17 beta-androstenediol, during the period of adrenal hyperplasia, maintains Th1 dominance and is protective. We investigated the effects of these hormones as therapeutic agents by administering them from day 60, when the switch to the non-protective cytokine profile was already well established. Given at this time (day 60), doses that were protective when given early (from day 0) were rapidly fatal. A physiological dose of the glucocorticoid corticosterone was also rapidly fatal. However when the corticosterone and the anti-glucocorticoid (AED or DHEA) were co-administered, there was protection, with restoration of a Th1-dominated cytokine profile, enhanced DTH responses, and enhanced expression of IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha. Therefore this combination of steroids has an emergent property that is quite unlike that of either type of steroid given alone. It may be possible to exploit the ant-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids while preserving a Th1 bias, by combining glucocorticoids with DHEA or suitable metabolites.  (+info)

Biophysical characterization of a designed TMV coat protein mutant, R46G, that elicits a moderate hypersensitivity response in Nicotiana sylvestris. (2/2860)

The hypersensitivity resistance response directed by the N' gene in Nicotiana sylvestris is elicited by the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein R46G, but not by the U1 wild-type TMV coat protein. In this study, the structural and hydrodynamic properties of R46G and wild-type coat proteins were compared for variations that may explain N' gene elicitation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals no significant secondary or tertiary structural differences between the elicitor and nonelicitor coat proteins. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies, however, do show different concentration dependencies of the weight average sedimentation coefficients at 4 degrees C. Viral reconstitution kinetics at 20 degrees C were used to determine viral assembly rates and as an initial assay of the rate of 20S formation, the obligate species for viral reconstitution. These kinetic results reveal a decreased lag time for reconstitution performed with R46G that initially lack the 20S aggregate. However, experiments performed with 20S initially present reveal no detectable differences indicating that the mechanism of viral assembly is similar for the two coat protein species. Therefore, an increased rate of 20S formation from R46G subunits may explain the differences in the viral reconstitution lag times. The inferred increase in the rate of 20S formation is verified by direct measurement of the 20S boundary as a function of time at 20 degrees C using velocity sedimentation analysis. These results are consistent with the interpretation that there may be an altered size distribution and/or lifetime of the small coat protein aggregates in elicitors that allows N. sylvestris to recognize the invading virus.  (+info)

Vascularity in asthmatic airways: relation to inhaled steroid dose. (3/2860)

BACKGROUND: There is an increase in vascularity in the asthmatic airway. Although inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are an effective anti-inflammatory treatment in asthma, there are few data on any effects on structural changes. METHODS: Endobronchial biopsy specimens from seven asthmatic subjects not receiving ICS and 15 receiving 200-1500 microg/day beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) were immunohistochemically stained with an anti-collagen type IV antibody to outline the endothelial basement membrane of the vessels. These were compared with biopsy tissue from 11 non-asthmatic controls (four atopic and seven non-atopic). RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the density of vessels (number of vessels/mm2 of lamina propria) in the asthmatic subjects not on ICS compared with non-asthmatic controls (mean 485 (interquartile range (IQR) 390-597) versus 329 (IQR 248-376) vessels/mm2, p<0.05; 95% CI for the difference 48 to 286). There was no significant difference between asthmatic subjects on ICS and those not on ICS or control subjects in the number of vessels/mm2 (mean 421 (IQR 281-534)). However, patients who received >/=800 microg/day BDP tended to have a reduced number of vessels/mm2 compared with patients not on ICS and those receiving +info)

IL-10-induced anergy in peripheral T cell and reactivation by microenvironmental cytokines: two key steps in specific immunotherapy. (4/2860)

Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is widely used for treatment of allergic diseases and could potentially be applied in other immunological disorders. Induction of specific unresponsiveness (anergy) in peripheral T cells and recovery by cytokines from the tissue microenvironment represent two key steps in SIT with whole allergen or antigenic T cell peptides (PIT). The anergy is directed against the T cell epitopes of the respective antigen and characterized by suppressed proliferative and cytokine responses. It is initiated by autocrine action of IL-10, which is increasingly produced by the antigen-specific T cells. Later in therapy, B cells and monocytes also produce IL-10. The anergic T cells can be reactivated by different cytokines. Whereas IL-15 and IL-2 generate Th1 cytokine profile and an IgG4 antibody response, IL-4 reactivates a Th2 cytokine pattern and IgE antibodies. Increased IL-10 suppresses IgE and enhances IgG4 synthesis, resulting in a decreased antigen-specific IgE:IgG4 ratio, as observed normally in patients after SIT or PIT. The same state of anergy against the major bee venom allergen, phospholipase A2, can be observed in subjects naturally anergized after multiple bee stings. Together, these data demonstrate the pivotal role of autocrine IL-10 in induction of specific T cell anergy and the important participation of the cytokine microenvironment in SIT. Furthermore, knowledge of the mechanisms explaining reasons for success or failure of SIT may enable possible predictive measures of the treatment.  (+info)

Pen c 1, a novel enzymic allergen protein from Penicillium citrinum. Purification, characterization, cloning and expression. (5/2860)

A 33-kDa alkaline serine protease secreted by Penicillium citrinum strain 52-5 is shown to be an allergenic agent in this fungus. The protein, designated Pen c 1, was purified by sequential DEAE-Sepharose and carboxymethyl (CM)-Sepharose chromatographies. Pen c 1 has a molecular mass of 33 kDa and a pI of 7.1. The caseinolytic enzyme activity of this protein was studied. The protein binds to serum IgE from patients allergic to Penicillium citrinum. The cDNA encoding Pen c 1 is 1420 bp in length and contains an open reading frame for a 397-amino-acid polypeptide. Pen c 1 codes for a larger precursor containing a signal peptide, a propeptide and the 33-kDa mature protein. Sequence comparison revealed that Pen c 1 possesses several features in common with the alkaline serine proteases of the subtilisin family. The essential Asp, His, and Ser residues that make up the catalytic triad of serine proteases are well conserved. Northern blots demonstrated that mRNAs transcribed from this gene are present at early stages of culture. The allergen encoded by Pen c 1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein bearing an N-terminal histidine-affinity tag. The protein, purified by affinity chromatography with a yield of 130 mg of pure protein per liter of culture, was able to bind to both a monoclonal anti-Pen c 1 antibody and IgE from the serum of patients allergic to Penicillium. Recombinant Pen c 1 can therefore be expressed in E. coli in large quantities and should prove useful as a standardized specific allergen for immuno-diagnosis of atopic disorders. In addition, full caseinolytic enzyme activity could be generated in the purified recombinant protein by sulfonation and renaturation, followed by removal of the affinity tag, indicating that the refolded protein can assume the same conformation as the native protein.  (+info)

In vitro and skin testing for allergy: comparable clinical utility and costs. (6/2860)

Controversy exists concerning the appropriate use of skin testing and in vitro testing for the diagnosis of allergy, particularly inhalant allergy. Earlier comparisons of skin testing and in vitro testing concluded that skin testing had superior accuracy at lower expense. In light of new developments with in vitro allergy testing, however, this issue should be reconsidered. A review of the recent scientific literature indicates that in vitro and skin testing are highly correlated. However, without the existence of an independent gold standard for inhalant allergy, it is not possible to determine which test is more accurate. The accuracy of either test can be compromised if conducted using different protocols or having insufficient quality control. Given their respective trajectories for technological advancement, quantification, and quality control, in vitro testing may offer the more standardized approach. Although the cost per test of in vitro testing remains greater than that of skin testing, the per-patient costs of the two modalities appear to be comparable, given the greater number of allergens typically used in skin testing. In summary, both skin testing and in vitro testing are acceptable as frontline diagnostic tools.  (+info)

Characterization of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected natural killer (NK) cell proliferation in patients with severe mosquito allergy; establishment of an IL-2-dependent NK-like cell line. (7/2860)

The clinical evidence of a relationship between severe hypersensitivity to mosquito bite (HMB) and clonal expansion of EBV-infected NK cells has been accumulated. In order to clarify the mechanism of EBV-induced NK cell proliferation and its relationship with high incidence of leukaemias or lymphomas in HMB patients, we studied clonally expanded NK cells from three HMB patients and succeeded in establishing an EBV-infected NK-like cell line designated KAI3. Immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that KAI3 cells as well as infected NK cells exhibited an EBV latent infection type II, where EBV gene expression was limited to EBNA 1 and LMP1. As KAI3 was established by culture with IL-2, IL-2 responsiveness of peripheral blood NK cells from patients was examined. The results represented markedly augmented IL-2-induced IL-2R alpha expression in NK cells. This characteristic property may contribute to the persistent expansion of infected NK cells. However, KAI3 cells as well as the NK cells from patients were not protected from apoptosis induced by either an anti-Fas antibody or NK-sensitive K562 cells. Preserved sensitivity to apoptosis might explain the relatively regulated NK cell numbers in the peripheral blood of the patients. To our knowledge, KAI3 is the first reported NK-like cell line established from patients of severe chronic active EBV infection (SCAEBV) before the onset of leukaemias or lymphomas. KAI3 cells will contribute to the study of EBV persistency in the NK cell environment and its relationship with high incidence of leukaemias or lymphomas in HMB patients.  (+info)

Detection of allergen-induced basophil activation by expression of CD63 antigen using a tricolour flow cytometric method. (8/2860)

In the field of allergy diagnosis, most in vitro functional tests are focused on basophils. Nevertheless, the very small number of circulating basophils limits these experiments and their clinical benefit remains controversial. As flow cytometry is a valuable tool for identifying cell populations, even at low concentrations, we developed a tricolour flow cytometric method for the study of allergen-induced basophil activation. Identification of cells was based both on CD45 expression and on the presence of IgE on the cell surface, since basophils express high-affinity receptors for IgE (Fc epsilon RI). Cell activation upon allergen challenge was assessed by the expression of CD63 antigen on the plasma membrane. Basophil isolation and activation (with the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) were validated in 32 non-allergic patients. In 12 allergic patients, basophil stimulation by a relevant allergen was in most cases positive (10/12). Furthermore a concentration-dependent hook effect was observed. Of the allergic and non-allergic patients, none showed non-specific activation with an irrelevant allergen (specificity 100%). Overall, our preliminary results, even in a small population, suggest that this is a reliable and valuable method for the diagnosis of allergies complementing specific allergen IgE and skin test results. Obviously, additional clinical studies are needed to validate these first results.  (+info)

Hypersensitivity, delayed, also known as type IV hypersensitivity or cell-mediated hypersensitivity, is a type of immune response that occurs after an initial exposure to a foreign substance, such as a protein or a drug. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which occurs within minutes or hours of exposure, delayed hypersensitivity takes several days to develop. In delayed hypersensitivity, immune cells called T cells recognize and remember the foreign substance. When the immune system encounters the same substance again, the T cells become activated and release chemicals that cause inflammation and damage to the tissue where the substance is located. This can lead to symptoms such as redness, swelling, and itching, and in severe cases, can cause tissue damage or even organ failure. Delayed hypersensitivity is often associated with allergic reactions to certain drugs, metals, or chemicals, as well as with certain infections, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. It is also a key component of the immune response to transplanted organs, as the immune system recognizes the foreign tissue and mounts an attack against it.

Drug hypersensitivity is a type of adverse drug reaction that occurs when a person's immune system overreacts to a medication. It can cause a range of symptoms, from mild skin rashes to severe allergic reactions that can be life-threatening. Drug hypersensitivity can be classified into several types, including: 1. Type I hypersensitivity: This is an immediate reaction that occurs within minutes to hours of taking the medication. It is caused by the release of histamine and other chemicals from immune cells, which can cause symptoms such as itching, hives, and swelling. 2. Type II hypersensitivity: This is a delayed reaction that occurs within days to weeks of taking the medication. It is caused by the immune system attacking and destroying cells in the body that are sensitive to the drug. 3. Type III hypersensitivity: This is a more complex reaction that involves the formation of immune complexes in the blood, which can cause inflammation and damage to tissues. 4. Type IV hypersensitivity: This is a chronic reaction that occurs over a longer period of time and is characterized by inflammation and tissue damage. Drug hypersensitivity can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions. It is important for healthcare providers to carefully monitor patients who are taking medications and to discontinue the medication if a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected.

Hypersensitivity is a medical term used to describe an exaggerated immune response to a substance that is normally harmless or even beneficial to the body. This response can occur in response to a variety of stimuli, including allergens, toxins, and medications. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions, each with its own specific characteristics and mechanisms: 1. Type I hypersensitivity (also known as immediate hypersensitivity) is an allergic reaction that occurs within minutes or hours of exposure to an allergen. It is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils. 2. Type II hypersensitivity (also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity) is an immune response that involves the destruction of cells by antibodies. It is typically seen in autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells. 3. Type III hypersensitivity (also known as immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity) is an immune response that involves the formation of immune complexes, which can deposit in tissues and trigger inflammation. It is seen in conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. 4. Type IV hypersensitivity (also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity) is an immune response that occurs over a period of days or weeks after exposure to an allergen or antigen. It involves the activation of T cells and the release of cytokines, which can cause inflammation and tissue damage. Overall, hypersensitivity reactions can range from mild to severe and can cause a wide range of symptoms, including itching, swelling, redness, and pain. Treatment typically involves avoiding the allergen or antigen that triggers the reaction, as well as medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic, also known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), is a condition that occurs when the immune system overreacts to a type of fungus called Aspergillus. This can cause inflammation and damage to the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli), as well as the bronchi (airways that carry air to and from the lungs). Symptoms of ABPA can include wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness. In some cases, the condition can also cause fever, fatigue, and weight loss. ABPA is most commonly seen in people with cystic fibrosis, asthma, or other lung diseases, but it can also occur in people without any underlying lung conditions. Treatment for ABPA typically involves the use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the lungs. In some cases, antifungal medications may also be used to treat the underlying infection caused by Aspergillus. It is important for people with ABPA to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their symptoms and prevent complications.

Dermatitis, Contact is a skin condition that occurs when the skin comes into contact with an irritant or allergen. It is also known as contact dermatitis. The condition can be acute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the exposure to the irritant or allergen. The symptoms of contact dermatitis can include redness, itching, swelling, blistering, and cracking of the skin. In some cases, the skin may also become dry, scaly, or thickened. Contact dermatitis can be caused by a wide range of substances, including soaps, detergents, perfumes, cosmetics, metals, plants, and certain chemicals. People who work in certain industries, such as healthcare, construction, and manufacturing, are at a higher risk of developing contact dermatitis due to their exposure to these substances. Treatment for contact dermatitis typically involves avoiding the substance that caused the reaction, as well as using topical creams or ointments to soothe the skin. In severe cases, oral medications may be prescribed to help reduce inflammation and itching.

Dentin sensitivity is a common dental condition characterized by pain or discomfort in response to stimuli that would not normally cause pain in healthy teeth. The pain is usually felt in the dentin, the layer of the tooth beneath the enamel, and is often described as a sharp, shooting, or burning sensation. Dentin sensitivity can be caused by a variety of factors, including tooth decay, gum recession, tooth grinding or clenching, and exposure of the dentin due to tooth erosion or wear. It can also be triggered by hot or cold beverages, acidic foods and drinks, sweet foods, and brushing too hard or with a harsh toothpaste. Treatment for dentin sensitivity typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as treating tooth decay or gum disease, and using desensitizing toothpaste or mouth rinses. In some cases, a dentist may recommend a more invasive treatment, such as a dental filling or root canal therapy.

Hypersensitivity, immediate, also known as an allergic reaction, is a type of immune response that occurs when the body reacts to a substance that is normally harmless, such as pollen, certain foods, or medications. In an immediate hypersensitivity reaction, the immune system recognizes the substance as a threat and releases antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) to attack it. This triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause inflammation and other symptoms, such as itching, redness, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can be severe and life-threatening, especially if they involve the respiratory system or the cardiovascular system. Treatment typically involves removing the allergen from the environment, administering antihistamines or other medications to reduce symptoms, and in severe cases, using epinephrine to counteract the effects of the allergic reaction.

Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the medical field as an irritant and sensitizer. It is a white crystalline solid that is highly toxic and can cause severe skin irritation, burns, and respiratory problems if inhaled or ingested. In medical research, DNFB is often used as a model compound to study allergic reactions and the development of contact dermatitis. It is applied topically to the skin of laboratory animals or human volunteers to induce an allergic response, which can then be studied to better understand the underlying mechanisms of allergic reactions. DNFB is also used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of certain skin conditions, such as allergic contact dermatitis, by applying it to the skin and observing the reaction. However, due to its toxicity, DNFB is not used in humans for this purpose and is only used in controlled laboratory settings.

Hyperalgesia is a medical condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to pain. It is a type of pain that is caused by an overactive nervous system, which results in a heightened perception of pain in response to a normal or low-intensity stimulus. Hyperalgesia can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, inflammation, nerve damage, and certain medical conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic pain syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. It can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as opioids. Symptoms of hyperalgesia may include increased pain sensitivity, a heightened response to touch or pressure, and a reduced ability to tolerate pain. Treatment for hyperalgesia may involve a combination of medications, physical therapy, and other interventions aimed at reducing pain and improving quality of life.

Picryl chloride is a chemical compound that is not commonly used in the medical field. It is a highly toxic and corrosive substance that can cause severe skin and eye irritation, as well as respiratory problems if inhaled. Ingestion of picryl chloride can also be fatal. It is not used as a medication or treatment for any medical condition.

Dermatitis, allergic contact is a type of skin inflammation that occurs when the skin comes into contact with an allergen, which is a substance that triggers an allergic reaction. The condition is also known as allergic contact dermatitis or contact dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis can be caused by a wide range of substances, including metals (such as nickel and cobalt), fragrances, preservatives, rubber, and certain plants. When the skin comes into contact with an allergen, the immune system responds by releasing chemicals that cause inflammation, redness, itching, and swelling. The symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis can range from mild to severe and may include redness, itching, swelling, blisters, and crusty or scaly patches on the skin. The condition can affect any part of the body that comes into contact with the allergen, but it is most common on the hands, face, neck, and arms. Treatment for allergic contact dermatitis typically involves avoiding contact with the allergen and using topical creams or ointments to relieve symptoms. In severe cases, oral medications or immunotherapy may be necessary. It is important to identify and avoid the allergen to prevent future outbreaks of the condition.

Oxazolone is a synthetic steroid hormone that is used in the medical field as a medication. It is a derivative of testosterone and has similar effects on the body, including increased muscle mass, strength, and endurance. Oxazolone is typically used to treat conditions such as anemia, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. It is available in both oral and injectable forms and is usually administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Like all medications, oxazolone can have side effects, including fluid retention, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of developing prostate cancer.

Food hypersensitivity, also known as food allergy, is a condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to certain foods. When a person with food hypersensitivity consumes a food to which they are allergic, their immune system produces antibodies that attack the food as a foreign substance. This can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, including hives, itching, swelling, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, food hypersensitivity can lead to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Food hypersensitivity is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing. Treatment typically involves avoiding the foods to which a person is allergic and carrying an epinephrine auto-injector in case of an allergic reaction.

Cell migration inhibition refers to the process of preventing or reducing the movement of cells from one location to another. In the medical field, this concept is often used to study the behavior of cells in various diseases and conditions, such as cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. Cell migration inhibition can be achieved through various mechanisms, including the use of chemical inhibitors, physical barriers, or changes in the extracellular matrix. For example, some drugs can block the activity of enzymes that are involved in cell migration, while others can interfere with the signaling pathways that regulate cell movement. In cancer research, cell migration inhibition is often used as a strategy to prevent the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis. By blocking cell migration, researchers hope to develop new treatments that can slow down or stop the progression of cancer. Overall, cell migration inhibition is an important concept in the medical field, as it can provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of various diseases and help to identify new therapeutic targets for treatment.

Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen. It is a systemic reaction that affects multiple body systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. The symptoms of anaphylaxis can develop within minutes of exposure to an allergen and can include: - Hives or welts on the skin - Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat - Difficulty breathing or wheezing - Rapid or weak pulse - Drop in blood pressure - Nausea or vomiting - Dizziness or fainting Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and other medications to counteract the symptoms and prevent further complications. If left untreated, anaphylaxis can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and death.

Drug eruptions refer to adverse reactions that occur on the skin or mucous membranes as a result of taking medication. These eruptions can range from mild rashes to severe, life-threatening reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Drug eruptions can be caused by a variety of medications, including antibiotics, anticonvulsants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and many others. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential for drug eruptions when prescribing medications and to monitor patients for any signs of an adverse reaction. If a drug eruption occurs, the medication should be discontinued and appropriate treatment should be provided to manage the symptoms and prevent complications.

In the medical field, antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response in the body. They are typically proteins or carbohydrates that are found on the surface of cells or viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms. When the immune system encounters an antigen, it produces antibodies that can recognize and bind to the antigen, marking it for destruction by immune cells. Antigens can be classified into two main categories: 1. Exogenous antigens: These are antigens that come from outside the body, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. They can cause an immune response when they enter the body. 2. Endogenous antigens: These are antigens that are produced by the body itself, such as cancer cells or damaged cells. They can also trigger an immune response if they are recognized as foreign by the immune system. Antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to protect the body against infections and diseases. They are also used in medical treatments such as vaccines, where they are introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against future infections.

Latex hypersensitivity is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to proteins found in natural rubber latex. It is a relatively common condition, particularly among healthcare workers and people who work with latex products on a regular basis. Symptoms of latex hypersensitivity can range from mild to severe and can include skin irritation, hives, itching, redness, and swelling. In more severe cases, symptoms can include difficulty breathing, wheezing, and anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Latex hypersensitivity can be diagnosed through skin prick tests, patch tests, or blood tests. Treatment typically involves avoiding exposure to latex products and using alternative materials, such as nitrile gloves or synthetic rubber products. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms.

Respiratory hypersensitivity refers to an exaggerated immune response to inhaled substances, such as allergens or irritants, that triggers inflammation and symptoms in the respiratory system. This can result in a range of conditions, including asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms of respiratory hypersensitivity may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and nasal congestion. Treatment typically involves avoiding triggers, taking medications to reduce inflammation and control symptoms, and in some cases, immunotherapy to desensitize the immune system to the allergen.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody that plays a key role in the immune system's response to allergens and parasites. It is produced by B cells in response to specific antigens, such as those found in pollen, dust mites, or certain foods. When an allergen enters the body, it triggers the production of IgE antibodies by B cells. These antibodies then bind to mast cells and basophils, which are immune cells that are involved in the inflammatory response. When the same allergen enters the body again, the IgE antibodies on the mast cells and basophils bind to the allergen and cause the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals. This leads to symptoms such as itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. IgE is also involved in the immune response to parasites, such as worms. In this case, the IgE antibodies help to trap and kill the parasites by binding to them and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Overall, IgE is an important part of the immune system's defense against allergens and parasites, but it can also contribute to allergic reactions and other inflammatory conditions when it binds to inappropriate antigens.

Neuralgia is a medical condition characterized by pain that is felt along the path of a nerve. It is caused by damage or irritation to the nerve, which can result in a variety of symptoms, including sharp, stabbing, or burning pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness. Neuralgia can affect any nerve in the body, but it is most commonly associated with the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to the face. There are several different types of neuralgia, including trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and postherpetic neuralgia. Treatment for neuralgia typically involves medications to manage pain and other symptoms, as well as lifestyle changes and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of the neuralgia.

Freund's Adjuvant is a substance used in medical research and vaccine development to enhance the body's immune response to a vaccine. It is a mixture of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis and aluminum hydroxide, which is injected into the body along with the vaccine. The adjuvant stimulates the immune system to produce a stronger and more long-lasting immune response to the vaccine, which can help to protect against infection or disease. Freund's Adjuvant is named after its discoverer, Paul Ehrlich's student, Paul Freund.

Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is a chemical compound that is commonly used as an allergen in skin testing to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. When applied to the skin, DNCB can cause an allergic reaction in individuals who are sensitive to it, leading to redness, itching, and swelling at the site of application. In the medical field, DNCB is used as a diagnostic tool to identify specific allergens that may cause allergic reactions in patients.

Erythema is a redness or discoloration of the skin that is caused by an increase in blood flow to the affected area. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, infection, allergies, exposure to sunlight or other environmental irritants, and certain medications. Erythema can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as a skin infection or an allergic reaction, and it is important to seek medical attention if it is accompanied by other symptoms or if it does not resolve on its own.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. The symptoms of IBS can vary widely from person to person and may include constipation, diarrhea, or a combination of both. IBS is not a life-threatening condition, but it can significantly impact a person's quality of life. The exact cause of IBS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of factors, including genetics, gut bacteria, immune system function, and stress. Treatment for IBS typically involves managing symptoms through dietary changes, stress reduction techniques, and medication. In some cases, more specialized treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or gut-directed hypnotherapy may be recommended.

Antibody formation, also known as immunoglobulin production, is a process in the immune system where specialized cells called B cells produce antibodies in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, in the body. When a foreign substance enters the body, it is recognized by the immune system as foreign and triggers an immune response. B cells are activated and begin to divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies are proteins that are designed to recognize and bind to specific antigens, which are molecules found on the surface of foreign substances. Once the antibodies bind to the antigens, they can neutralize the foreign substance, mark it for destruction by other immune cells, or activate the complement system, which is a group of proteins that work together to destroy the foreign substance. Antibody formation is a crucial part of the immune system's defense against infections and diseases. It is also an important aspect of the development of vaccines, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against specific pathogens before the person is exposed to the actual pathogen.

In the medical field, pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is a complex phenomenon that involves both physical and emotional components, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, illness, inflammation, and nerve damage. Pain can be acute or chronic, and it can be localized to a specific area of the body or can affect the entire body. Acute pain is typically short-lived and is a normal response to injury or illness. Chronic pain, on the other hand, persists for more than three months and can be caused by a variety of factors, including nerve damage, inflammation, and psychological factors. In the medical field, pain is typically assessed using a pain scale, such as the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which measures pain intensity on a scale of 0 to 10. Treatment for pain depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, physical therapy, and other interventions.

In the medical field, an allergen is a substance that triggers an allergic reaction in a person. When a person with an allergy comes into contact with an allergen, their immune system reacts by producing antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE). These antibodies bind to cells in the body, causing them to release chemicals such as histamine, which can cause symptoms such as itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Allergens can be found in a wide range of substances, including foods, pollen, dust mites, pet dander, insect stings, and medications. Some common allergens include peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, wheat, soy, fish, and sesame seeds. Allergens can be inhaled, ingested, injected, or touched, and the severity of an allergic reaction can vary widely depending on the individual and the allergen. In severe cases, an allergic reaction can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

Ovalbumin is a protein found in egg whites. It is a major allergen and can cause allergic reactions in some people. In the medical field, ovalbumin is often used as a model antigen for studying allergic reactions and for developing allergy vaccines. It is also used in research to study the structure and function of proteins, as well as in the production of various medical products, such as diagnostic reagents and pharmaceuticals.

The Arthus reaction is a type of immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when an antigen-antibody complex forms in the skin and is then deposited in the dermal blood vessels. This can lead to inflammation, edema, and necrosis of the affected tissue. The reaction is named after the French physician Charles Arthus, who first described it in 1902. It is most commonly seen in response to repeated injections of foreign antigens, such as those used in vaccines or in the treatment of certain diseases. The Arthus reaction can be a serious medical condition and can lead to complications such as skin necrosis, systemic inflammation, and even death in severe cases.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Bird Fancier's Lung (BFL) is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis that is caused by exposure to avian proteins found in bird droppings, feathers, and dust. It is also known as Ornithosis or Pigeon fancier's lung. The disease is most commonly seen in people who work with birds, such as bird breeders, pet store employees, and veterinarians, but it can also affect people who live with birds or have frequent contact with them. Symptoms of Bird Fancier's Lung can include coughing, shortness of breath, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. In severe cases, the disease can lead to respiratory failure and death. Treatment typically involves avoiding exposure to the allergen and using medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. In some cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation in the lungs.

BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that is used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) in children and adults. It is made from a strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which is a close relative of the bacterium that causes TB. The vaccine is given by intradermal injection, usually in the left upper arm, and is typically given to infants within the first few weeks of life. It is also sometimes given to adults who are at high risk of developing TB, such as healthcare workers, people with HIV/AIDS, and people who live in areas where TB is common. The BCG vaccine is not 100% effective in preventing TB, but it can help to reduce the severity of the disease if a person who has been vaccinated does develop TB.

Visceral pain is a type of pain that originates from the internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, bladder, and reproductive organs. Unlike somatic pain, which is felt in the muscles, bones, and skin, visceral pain is often described as a deep, dull ache or pressure that can be difficult to localize. Visceral pain can be acute or chronic, and it can be caused by a variety of conditions, including inflammation, infection, injury, or disease. Some common causes of visceral pain include gastritis, peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney stones, and appendicitis. In the medical field, visceral pain is typically assessed and treated by a team of healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians, gastroenterologists, and surgeons. Treatment options may include medications to manage pain and inflammation, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) is an enzyme that breaks down DNA molecules into smaller fragments. It is commonly used in molecular biology research to digest DNA samples for various applications such as DNA sequencing, Southern blotting, and restriction enzyme digestion. In the medical field, DNase I is used to treat certain lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where the lungs become inflamed and produce excess mucus that can obstruct airways. DNase I can help break down the excess mucus, making it easier to clear from the lungs. It is also used in some laboratory tests to detect the presence of DNA in biological samples.

Environmental illness, also known as sick building syndrome or building-related illness, is a term used to describe a range of health symptoms that are attributed to exposure to environmental factors in a building or other enclosed space. These symptoms can include headaches, fatigue, dizziness, respiratory problems, skin irritation, and nausea, among others. The exact cause of environmental illness is not always clear, and it can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are similar to those of other medical conditions. However, many experts believe that environmental illness is caused by exposure to a combination of factors, including indoor air pollution, mold, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other chemicals found in building materials and cleaning products. Treatment for environmental illness typically involves identifying and eliminating the sources of exposure to these environmental factors, as well as managing the symptoms through medication and other supportive therapies. In some cases, people with environmental illness may need to leave their homes or work environments in order to improve their health.

Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune system. They are characterized by their large, dark-staining granules in the cytoplasm and are one of the five types of granulocytes. Basophils are involved in the inflammatory response and are particularly important in the defense against parasites. They release histamine and other inflammatory mediators in response to allergens or other stimuli, which can cause symptoms such as itching, swelling, and redness. Basophils are also involved in the production of antibodies and the regulation of the immune response.

In the medical field, "Antigens, Fungal" refers to substances that can trigger an immune response in the body when they are recognized as foreign or harmful. These substances are produced by fungi and can be found in various forms, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. When the immune system encounters fungal antigens, it produces antibodies and immune cells that can recognize and attack the fungi. This immune response can help to prevent or treat fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. However, in some cases, the immune system may overreact to fungal antigens, leading to an autoimmune response that can cause damage to healthy tissues. This can occur in conditions such as chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, where the immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks the skin and mucous membranes. Overall, understanding the role of fungal antigens in the immune system is important for the diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections and other immune-related conditions.

Farmer's Lung is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis that occurs in farmers and other agricultural workers who are exposed to certain organic dusts, such as mold spores, bird droppings, and grain dust. The condition is characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs, which can lead to shortness of breath, coughing, and other respiratory symptoms. In severe cases, Farmer's Lung can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves avoiding exposure to the offending dust and using medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.

Insect bites and stings refer to the injuries caused by the bites or stings of insects, such as mosquitoes, bees, wasps, ants, ticks, and fleas. These bites and stings can cause a range of symptoms, from mild itching and redness to severe allergic reactions that can be life-threatening. Insect bites and stings can be painful and uncomfortable, and may lead to skin infections if left untreated. Some insects, such as mosquitoes and ticks, can transmit diseases to humans, such as malaria, dengue fever, and Lyme disease. In the medical field, the treatment of insect bites and stings typically involves cleaning the affected area with soap and water, applying ice or a cold compress to reduce swelling and pain, and taking over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. In some cases, antihistamines may be prescribed to reduce itching and swelling. For severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis, emergency medical treatment is necessary, including the administration of epinephrine and other medications to counteract the symptoms of the allergic reaction.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body, allowing us to feel sensations, move our muscles, and control our organs. Peripheral nerve injuries can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including trauma, compression, infection, or disease. Symptoms of peripheral nerve injuries can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury, but may include numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of sensation in the affected area. Treatment for peripheral nerve injuries depends on the cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, conservative treatments such as physical therapy or medication may be sufficient to manage symptoms and promote healing. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged nerve tissue.

Urocanic acid is a chemical compound that is produced in the skin as a result of the breakdown of histidine, an amino acid. It is a natural sunscreen that helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Urocanic acid absorbs UV radiation and converts it into heat, which helps to prevent damage to the skin cells. It is also involved in the regulation of skin pigmentation and the production of vitamin D. In the medical field, urocanic acid is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool to help identify certain skin conditions, such as psoriasis and eczema. It is also used in the treatment of certain skin disorders, such as ichthyosis, a condition characterized by dry, scaly skin.

Streptodornase and Streptokinase are two enzymes that are used in the medical field for the treatment of certain medical conditions. Streptodornase is an enzyme that is derived from the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is used to break down mucus in the lungs, which can be helpful in the treatment of certain lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Streptodornase is typically administered through inhalation. Streptokinase is an enzyme that is derived from the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. It is used to dissolve blood clots, which can be helpful in the treatment of certain medical conditions such as heart attacks and strokes. Streptokinase is typically administered intravenously. Both Streptodornase and Streptokinase are considered to be "biologics," which means that they are derived from living organisms and are not chemically synthesized. They are also considered to be "orphan drugs," which means that they are used to treat rare medical conditions.

Adjuvants, immunologic are substances that are added to vaccines or other immunotherapeutic agents to enhance the body's immune response to the antigen being administered. They work by stimulating the immune system to produce a stronger and more durable immune response, which can help to improve the effectiveness of the vaccine or immunotherapeutic agent. There are several different types of adjuvants that are used in vaccines and other immunotherapeutic agents, including aluminum salts, oil-based emulsions, and certain types of bacteria or viruses. These adjuvants work by activating immune cells called dendritic cells, which then present the antigen to other immune cells and stimulate an immune response. Adjuvants are an important part of vaccine development and have been used for many years to improve the effectiveness of vaccines and reduce the amount of antigen that is needed to elicit a protective immune response. They are also being studied for their potential to be used in other types of immunotherapeutic agents, such as cancer vaccines.

Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the medical field as a diagnostic tool for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is a strong acid that is used to induce colitis, or inflammation of the colon, in laboratory animals to study the disease and test potential treatments. TNBS is typically administered by injecting it into the colon of the animal, where it reacts with the lining of the colon to produce a chemical called trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid hydrochloride. This chemical causes inflammation and damage to the colon, which can be observed and studied by researchers. In humans, TNBS is not used as a diagnostic tool for IBD, as it is too toxic and can cause serious side effects. However, it has been used in clinical trials to study potential treatments for the disease.

Exanthema is a medical term that refers to a rash or macular eruption on the skin that is caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergies, medications, and other medical conditions. Exanthema can be characterized by a variety of different features, including redness, swelling, itching, and sometimes blistering or pus-filled bumps. The appearance of the rash can vary depending on the underlying cause, and it may be localized to a specific area of the body or widespread. In some cases, exanthema may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as a viral or bacterial infection, an autoimmune disorder, or a reaction to a medication. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if you develop a rash or other skin symptoms, especially if they are accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or difficulty breathing.

In the medical field, "Antigens, Bacterial" refers to substances that are produced by bacteria and can trigger an immune response in the body. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, or nucleic acids that are unique to a particular bacterial species or strain. When bacteria enter the body, the immune system recognizes these antigens as foreign and mounts a defense against them. This response can include the production of antibodies by B cells, which can neutralize the bacteria or mark them for destruction by other immune cells. The immune response to bacterial antigens is an important part of the body's defense against bacterial infections. Bacterial antigens are used in a variety of medical applications, including the development of vaccines to prevent bacterial infections. By introducing a small amount of a bacterial antigen into the body, vaccines can stimulate the immune system to produce a response that will protect against future infections by the same bacteria.

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication that is used to treat a variety of neurological conditions, including epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and bipolar disorder. It works by stabilizing the electrical activity in the brain, which can help prevent seizures and reduce the severity of mood swings. Carbamazepine is available in both oral and injectable forms and is typically taken once or twice a day. It can cause side effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and skin rash.

Urticaria, also known as hives, is a common skin condition characterized by the appearance of red, itchy welts or bumps on the skin. These welts or bumps can appear anywhere on the body and can vary in size and shape. Urticaria is caused by an allergic reaction or an inflammatory response in the skin. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, including certain foods, medications, environmental factors, and infections. Urticaria can be acute, lasting only a few days, or chronic, lasting for several weeks or months. Treatment for urticaria typically involves identifying and avoiding the triggers that cause the symptoms, as well as using antihistamines and other medications to relieve itching and reduce inflammation.

Cytokines are small proteins that are produced by various cells of the immune system, including white blood cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. They play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and inflammation, and are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cytokines can be classified into different groups based on their function, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and regulatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), promote inflammation and recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), help to dampen the immune response and prevent excessive inflammation. Regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13), help to regulate the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Cytokines play a critical role in many diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. They are also important in the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.

Milk hypersensitivity, also known as lactose intolerance, is a condition in which the body is unable to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. This can cause symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Milk hypersensitivity is not the same as an allergy to milk, which is an immune system response to a specific protein in milk. Milk hypersensitivity is more common than milk allergy and can be diagnosed through a lactose tolerance test. Treatment typically involves avoiding dairy products or taking lactase supplements to help digest lactose.

In the medical field, analgesics are drugs that are used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness. They are commonly used to treat a wide range of conditions, including headaches, toothaches, menstrual cramps, and injuries. There are several types of analgesics, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and local anesthetics. NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, work by reducing inflammation and blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause pain and inflammation. Opioids, such as morphine and oxycodone, work by binding to receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which reduces the perception of pain. Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, work by numbing a specific area of the body. It is important to note that while analgesics can be effective in relieving pain, they can also have side effects and may not be appropriate for everyone. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any medication.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare but severe autoimmune disorder that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by the development of painful blisters and erosions on the skin and mucous membranes, particularly in the mouth, eyes, and genital area. SJS is usually triggered by an infection or an adverse reaction to medication, particularly antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The immune system responds to the trigger by producing antibodies that attack the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. Symptoms of SJS can include fever, headache, muscle aches, and a sore throat. The blisters and erosions can be severe and can cause significant pain and discomfort. In severe cases, SJS can lead to organ damage, particularly to the lungs, kidneys, and liver. Treatment for SJS typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This may include pain relief, antibiotics to treat any underlying infections, and medications to suppress the immune system. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Dideoxynucleosides are modified nucleosides that lack a hydroxyl group at the 3' position of their sugar moiety. They are used as inhibitors of DNA synthesis in the treatment of various viral infections, including HIV and hepatitis B and C. The most commonly used dideoxynucleoside is zidovudine (AZT), which is a component of many antiretroviral drug combinations used to treat HIV infection. Other dideoxynucleosides include stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI), and lamivudine (3TC). These drugs work by incorporating into the growing DNA chain and terminating the synthesis process, thereby inhibiting viral replication.

Diphenhydramine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called antihistamines. It is primarily used to treat symptoms of allergies, such as runny nose, itching, and watery eyes. Diphenhydramine can also be used to treat motion sickness, insomnia, and to relieve itching caused by certain skin conditions. Diphenhydramine works by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical that is released by the body in response to an allergic reaction or other stimuli that cause inflammation. This can help to reduce inflammation and other symptoms associated with allergies. Diphenhydramine is available over-the-counter (OTC) in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquids. It is also available by prescription in higher doses for the treatment of more severe symptoms or conditions. However, diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness and other side effects, such as dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation. It should be used with caution in people with certain medical conditions, such as glaucoma, prostate problems, or urinary retention.

Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to repair damaged DNA. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including bone marrow failure, which can lead to anemia, infections, and an increased risk of developing cancer. FA is caused by mutations in one of 19 different genes, and it is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) in order to develop the disorder. There is currently no cure for FA, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and complications of the disease.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective mechanism that helps to eliminate the cause of injury, remove damaged tissue, and initiate the healing process. Inflammation involves the activation of immune cells, such as white blood cells, and the release of chemical mediators, such as cytokines and prostaglandins. This leads to the characteristic signs and symptoms of inflammation, including redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response that lasts for a few days to a few weeks and is usually beneficial. Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, is a prolonged response that lasts for months or years and can be harmful if it persists. Chronic inflammation is associated with many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disorders.

Hyperesthesia is a medical condition characterized by an increased sensitivity or over-responsiveness to stimuli. It can refer to an increased sensitivity to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, or other types of sensory input. Hyperesthesia can be a symptom of various medical conditions, including nerve damage, inflammation, or infection. It can also be caused by certain medications or substances, such as alcohol or certain drugs. In some cases, hyperesthesia may be a harmless condition that resolves on its own. However, in other cases, it may be a sign of a more serious underlying health issue that requires medical attention. Treatment for hyperesthesia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or other interventions.

A granuloma is a type of inflammatory response in which immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes, aggregate to form a mass of tissue. Granulomas are typically characterized by the presence of giant cells, which are formed by the fusion of multiple macrophages. Granulomas can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, foreign substances, and autoimmune diseases. They are often associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and leprosy. In the medical field, granulomas are often studied as a way to diagnose and treat various diseases. For example, the presence of granulomas in the lungs can be a sign of tuberculosis, while the presence of granulomas in the skin can be a sign of sarcoidosis. Treatment for granulomas depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other therapies.

The anterior chamber is a space located in the front part of the eye, between the cornea and the iris. It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor, which helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides nutrients to the cornea and lens. The anterior chamber is an important part of the eye's anatomy, as it allows light to enter the eye and reach the retina, where it is converted into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for processing. Any problems with the anterior chamber, such as inflammation or blockage of the aqueous humor, can affect vision and may require medical treatment.

Sulfamethoxazole is an antibiotic medication that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, skin infections, and ear infections. It is a member of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics, which work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize folic acid, an essential nutrient for bacterial growth. Sulfamethoxazole is typically used in combination with another antibiotic, such as trimethoprim, to increase its effectiveness and reduce the risk of resistance. It is usually taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules, and the dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the specific infection being treated and the patient's medical condition. It is important to note that sulfamethoxazole can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and allergic reactions. It may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting treatment with sulfamethoxazole.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of protein that is produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. It is the most abundant type of immunoglobulin in the blood and is responsible for the majority of the body's defense against infections. IgG is produced by B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response. When a B cell encounters a foreign substance, it produces IgG antibodies that can recognize and bind to the substance, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. IgG antibodies can also be transferred from mother to child through the placenta during pregnancy, providing the baby with some protection against infections during the first few months of life. In addition, some vaccines contain IgG antibodies to help stimulate the immune system and provide protection against specific diseases. Overall, IgG is an important component of the immune system and plays a critical role in protecting the body against infections and diseases.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is produced by various immune cells, including T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, in response to viral or bacterial infections, as well as in response to certain types of cancer. IFN-γ has a wide range of effects on the immune system, including the activation of macrophages and other immune cells, the inhibition of viral replication, and the promotion of T cell differentiation and proliferation. It also plays a role in the regulation of the immune response, helping to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage. In the medical field, IFN-γ is used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and viral infections.

Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) is a severe and potentially life-threatening adverse reaction to certain medications. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms that can include fever, rash, lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), and internal organ involvement, such as liver or kidney damage. DHS is a type of immune-mediated reaction, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the medication as if it were a foreign invader. This can lead to inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues throughout the body. DHS can occur with a wide range of medications, including antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The onset of symptoms can occur anywhere from a few days to several weeks after starting the medication. Treatment for DHS typically involves discontinuing the medication that triggered the reaction and providing supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

Thioxanthenes are a class of organic compounds that contain a thioxanthene ring, which is a six-membered aromatic ring with one sulfur atom and one oxygen atom. They are typically colorless or light yellow solids with a characteristic odor. In the medical field, thioxanthenes have been studied for their potential use as antipsychotic drugs. One example of a thioxanthene antipsychotic is trifluoperazine, which has been used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Thioxanthenes are also being investigated for their potential use in the treatment of other neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as depression and anxiety.

Edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the body's tissues. It can occur in any part of the body, but is most commonly seen in the feet, ankles, legs, and hands. Edema can be caused by a variety of factors, including heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, and certain medications. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as cancer or lymphedema. Edema can be diagnosed through physical examination and medical imaging, and treatment depends on the underlying cause.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

Tooth wear is a common dental condition that refers to the gradual loss of tooth structure due to various factors. It can occur on the surface of the tooth or extend deeper into the tooth structure, affecting the shape, size, and function of the tooth. There are several types of tooth wear, including: 1. Attrition: This is the most common type of tooth wear, which occurs when the tooth surfaces rub against each other, causing the enamel and dentin to wear down. 2. Abrasion: This type of tooth wear occurs when the tooth surface is worn down by external factors such as brushing too hard, grinding teeth, or consuming acidic foods and drinks. 3. Erosion: This type of tooth wear occurs when the tooth surface is worn down by chemical factors such as acid reflux, stomach acid, or frequent exposure to acidic foods and drinks. Tooth wear can cause a variety of dental problems, including sensitivity, pain, difficulty chewing, and even tooth loss. Treatment options for tooth wear depend on the severity of the condition and may include dental bonding, dental crowns, or dental veneers. It is important to maintain good oral hygiene and visit a dentist regularly to prevent and manage tooth wear.

In the medical field, the colon refers to the large intestine, which is the final part of the digestive system. The colon is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter, forming and storing feces, and eliminating waste from the body. The colon is divided into several sections, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. The colon is an important organ for maintaining overall health and wellbeing, and any issues with the colon can lead to a range of medical conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, and diverticulitis.

In the medical field, "Behavior, Animal" refers to the study of the actions, responses, and interactions of animals, including humans, with their environment. This field encompasses a wide range of topics, including animal behavior in the wild, animal behavior in captivity, animal behavior in domestic settings, and animal behavior in laboratory settings. Animal behaviorists study a variety of behaviors, including social behavior, mating behavior, feeding behavior, communication behavior, and aggression. They use a variety of research methods, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to understand the underlying mechanisms that drive animal behavior. Animal behavior research has important applications in fields such as conservation biology, animal welfare, and veterinary medicine. For example, understanding animal behavior can help conservationists develop effective strategies for protecting endangered species, and it can help veterinarians develop more effective treatments for behavioral disorders in animals.

In the medical field, 'precipitins' refer to antibodies that form visible immune complexes when mixed with specific antigens. These immune complexes can cause precipitation, or the formation of visible clumps or aggregates, when the mixture is centrifuged or otherwise agitated. Precipitins are often used as a diagnostic tool to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids. They can also be used to study the immune response to specific antigens or infections.

Ascitic fluid is a clear or yellowish fluid that accumulates in the abdominal cavity, specifically in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space that surrounds the abdominal organs. It is a common complication of various medical conditions, including liver cirrhosis, heart failure, cancer, and infections. The normal amount of ascitic fluid in the abdominal cavity is usually less than 500 milliliters. However, when the amount of fluid exceeds 1 liter, it is considered an accumulation of ascitic fluid, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and shortness of breath. The diagnosis of ascites is usually made through physical examination, abdominal imaging, and laboratory tests. Treatment options for ascites depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and in severe cases, surgical intervention.

In the medical field, nitrobenzenes are a class of organic compounds that contain a nitro group (-NO2) attached to a benzene ring. They are commonly used as precursors for the synthesis of various drugs and pharmaceuticals, as well as in the production of dyes, explosives, and other industrial chemicals. Some examples of nitrobenzenes include aniline, nitrobenzene, and nitrochlorobenzene. These compounds have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects, including as anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, and anticonvulsants. However, they can also be toxic and have been associated with various adverse effects, including liver and kidney damage, respiratory problems, and cancer. In medical research, nitrobenzenes are often used as chemical probes to study the mechanisms of drug action and to develop new drugs and therapies. They can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect and monitor certain diseases, such as cancer and inflammatory disorders.

Hemocyanin is a respiratory pigment found in the hemolymph (the circulatory fluid in invertebrates) of certain mollusks, crustaceans, and some arthropods. It is responsible for the transport of oxygen from the gills to the tissues of these organisms. In contrast to hemoglobin, which is the respiratory pigment found in the red blood cells of vertebrates, hemocyanin does not contain iron but instead contains copper ions. It is a large protein complex made up of two subunits, each of which contains a copper ion coordinated by histidine residues. The copper ions in hemocyanin are capable of binding to oxygen molecules, allowing the protein to transport oxygen throughout the body. When oxygen is not needed, the copper ions are released from the protein, allowing it to return to its original form. Hemocyanin is an important biomolecule in the study of comparative physiology and evolution, as it is found in a wide range of invertebrates and has evolved independently in different lineages.

In the medical field, cross reactions refer to the phenomenon where an individual's immune system reacts to a substance that it has not been specifically exposed to before, but has a similar molecular structure to a substance that it has previously encountered. This can occur when an individual has been exposed to a substance that triggers an immune response, and then later encounters a similar substance that triggers a similar response. For example, if an individual is allergic to peanuts, their immune system may produce antibodies that react to the proteins in peanuts. If they later encounter a similar protein in a different food, such as tree nuts, their immune system may also produce antibodies that react to the protein in tree nuts, even though they have never been exposed to tree nuts before. This is known as a cross reaction. Cross reactions can occur in a variety of medical contexts, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, and infections. They can also occur with vaccines, where the vaccine contains a small amount of a similar substance to the pathogen that it is designed to protect against. In some cases, cross reactions can be mild and harmless, while in other cases they can be severe and even life-threatening.

TRPV cation channels, also known as transient receptor potential vanilloid channels, are a group of ion channels found in the membranes of sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. These channels are activated by a variety of stimuli, including heat, capsaicin (the compound that gives chili peppers their heat), and changes in the pH of the extracellular environment. When TRPV channels are activated, they allow positively charged ions, such as sodium and calcium, to flow into the cell. This influx of ions can cause depolarization of the neuron, leading to the generation of an action potential and the transmission of a sensory signal to the central nervous system. TRPV channels play a role in a variety of physiological processes, including pain sensation, thermoregulation, and the detection of certain chemical stimuli. They are also involved in a number of pathological conditions, including inflammatory pain, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain types of cancer. As such, TRPV channels are an important target for the development of new therapeutic agents.

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. Antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific molecules on the surface of these foreign substances, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. There are five main classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Each class of antibody has a unique structure and function, and they are produced by different types of immune cells in response to different types of pathogens. Antibodies play a critical role in the immune response, helping to protect the body against infection and disease. They can neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing them from entering cells, or they can mark them for destruction by other immune cells. In some cases, antibodies can also help to stimulate the immune response by activating immune cells or by recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection. Antibodies are often used in medical treatments, such as in the development of vaccines, where they are used to stimulate the immune system to produce a response to a specific pathogen. They are also used in diagnostic tests to detect the presence of specific pathogens or to monitor the immune response to a particular treatment.

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acids are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) attached to one of the carbon atoms. They are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs and as starting materials for the preparation of other organic compounds. In the medical field, cyclohexanecarboxylic acids and their derivatives have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-cancer activities. However, more research is needed to fully understand their potential medical applications.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group Proteins (FANC proteins) are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the maintenance of genomic stability and the repair of DNA damage. They are involved in the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway, which is a DNA repair pathway that is activated in response to DNA damage, particularly interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). There are 15 known FANC proteins, which are encoded by 15 different genes. These proteins form a complex that is involved in the recognition and repair of DNA damage, as well as the regulation of cell cycle progression. Mutations in any of the FANC genes can lead to the development of Fanconi Anemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital abnormalities, and an increased risk of cancer. In addition to their role in the FA pathway, FANC proteins have also been implicated in other cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, and apoptosis. Understanding the function of FANC proteins is important for developing new treatments for Fanconi Anemia and for understanding the mechanisms of DNA damage response and repair.

Dermatitis, Occupational is a type of skin inflammation that occurs as a result of exposure to irritants or allergens in the workplace. It is also known as occupational dermatitis or work-related dermatitis. The symptoms of occupational dermatitis can vary depending on the type of irritant or allergen that caused the reaction. Common symptoms include redness, itching, swelling, blistering, cracking, and scaling of the skin. In severe cases, the skin may become thickened, leathery, and prone to infection. Occupational dermatitis can occur in a variety of industries, including healthcare, construction, manufacturing, and agriculture. The most common causes of occupational dermatitis include exposure to chemicals, solvents, metals, rubber, and other irritants or allergens. Treatment for occupational dermatitis typically involves identifying and eliminating the source of the irritant or allergen, as well as using topical creams or ointments to soothe and heal the affected skin. In some cases, oral medications or immunotherapy may also be recommended. It is important for individuals who work in industries that may cause occupational dermatitis to take steps to protect their skin, such as wearing protective clothing and gloves, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms of skin irritation or inflammation.

Serum Albumin, Bovine is a type of albumin, which is a type of protein found in the blood plasma of mammals. It is derived from the blood of cows and is used as a source of albumin for medical purposes. Albumin is an important protein in the body that helps to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood and transport various substances, such as hormones, drugs, and fatty acids, throughout the body. It is often used as a plasma expander in patients who have lost a significant amount of blood or as a replacement for albumin in patients with liver disease or other conditions that affect albumin production.

Egg hypersensitivity, also known as egg allergy, is a type of food allergy that occurs when the immune system reacts to proteins found in eggs. This reaction can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and can occur within minutes to several hours after consuming eggs or egg products. Symptoms of egg hypersensitivity can include hives, itching, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis, which is a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Egg hypersensitivity is typically diagnosed through a combination of a medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing. Treatment involves avoiding foods that contain eggs or egg products, and in some cases, taking medication to manage symptoms or prevent an allergic reaction. It is important to note that egg hypersensitivity is different from egg intolerance, which is a digestive issue that occurs when the body has difficulty digesting eggs or egg products.

Dermatitis is a general term used to describe inflammation of the skin. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, irritants, infections, and other medical conditions. There are many different types of dermatitis, each with its own specific causes and symptoms. Some common types of dermatitis include: - Atopic dermatitis (eczema): A chronic inflammatory skin condition that often begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. Symptoms include dry, itchy skin, redness, and swelling. - Contact dermatitis: A type of dermatitis that occurs when the skin comes into contact with an irritant or allergen. Symptoms include redness, swelling, itching, and a rash. - Seborrheic dermatitis: A chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects the scalp, face, and other areas of the body. Symptoms include redness, itching, and flaking skin. - Nummular dermatitis: A type of dermatitis that appears as round, scaly patches on the skin. Symptoms include itching, redness, and scaling. Treatment for dermatitis depends on the type and severity of the condition. It may include the use of topical creams, ointments, or lotions to soothe the skin, as well as oral medications or other treatments to manage inflammation or allergies. In some cases, lifestyle changes or environmental modifications may also be recommended to help prevent or manage dermatitis.

Dapsone is a medication that is used to treat a variety of infections, including leprosy, dermatitis herpetiformis, and certain types of pneumonia. It is also used to treat certain types of parasitic infections, such as babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Dapsone works by inhibiting the production of folic acid, which is essential for the growth and reproduction of bacteria and parasites. It is usually taken by mouth, although it can also be given intravenously or topically. Side effects of dapsone may include nausea, vomiting, headache, and anemia. It is important to note that dapsone can cause a severe reaction called Steven-Johnson syndrome, which can be life-threatening. Therefore, it should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Carrageenan is a type of polysaccharide that is extracted from certain red seaweed species. It is commonly used as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in a variety of food products, including ice cream, yogurt, and processed meats. In the medical field, carrageenan has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects. Some research suggests that carrageenan may have anti-inflammatory properties and may be useful in the treatment of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of carrageenan in the medical field.

Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors (MIF) are a group of proteins that are produced by various cells in the body, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. MIF plays a role in regulating the immune response by inhibiting the migration of macrophages and other immune cells to sites of inflammation or infection. It also has other functions, such as regulating the production of cytokines and modulating the activity of certain enzymes. MIF has been implicated in a number of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases.

Peanut hypersensitivity, also known as peanut allergy, is a type of food allergy that occurs in response to peanuts or peanut products. It is an immune system reaction to certain proteins found in peanuts, which triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause symptoms such as itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Peanut hypersensitivity can range from mild to severe and can be life-threatening in some cases. It is estimated that peanut allergy affects approximately 2% of children and 0.4% of adults in the United States.

Adoptive Transfer is a medical treatment that involves taking immune cells from a donor and introducing them into the recipient's body to boost their immune response against a specific disease or cancer. The immune cells, typically T cells, are collected from the donor's blood and then activated in a laboratory to enhance their ability to recognize and attack cancer cells or other pathogens. The activated immune cells are then infused back into the recipient's bloodstream, where they can migrate to the site of the disease and mount an immune response against it. Adoptive transfer has been used successfully to treat various types of cancer, including melanoma, leukemia, and lymphoma, and is an active area of research in the field of immunotherapy.

In the medical field, "Administration, Cutaneous" refers to the delivery of medication or other substances through the skin. This method of administration is also known as transdermal administration or topical administration. Cutaneous administration can be achieved through various routes, including patches, gels, creams, sprays, and ointments. The skin acts as a barrier, and the rate of absorption of the substance depends on factors such as the thickness of the skin, the size and shape of the area being treated, and the properties of the substance being administered. Cutaneous administration can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, inflammation, skin disorders, and certain types of cancer. It can also be used to deliver drugs that are not well absorbed orally or that have side effects when taken orally. However, cutaneous administration may not be suitable for all types of medications or conditions, and it is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional when using this method of administration.

Cyclophosphamide is an immunosuppressive drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. It works by inhibiting the growth and division of cells, including cancer cells, and by suppressing the immune system. Cyclophosphamide is usually administered intravenously or orally, and its dosage and duration of treatment depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health. Side effects of cyclophosphamide can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. It can also cause damage to the kidneys, bladder, and reproductive organs, and may increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer later in life.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C Protein (FANCC) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the DNA repair process in cells. It is one of the seven Fanconi Anemia (FA) complementation groups, which are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to repair damaged DNA. FANCC is involved in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which are abnormal chemical bonds that can form between two strands of DNA. When ICLs occur, they can cause DNA damage and lead to mutations, which can lead to cancer and other diseases. FANCC is encoded by the FANCC gene, which is located on chromosome 16 in humans. Mutations in the FANCC gene can cause Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group C, a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to repair DNA. People with this disorder are at an increased risk of developing cancer, particularly leukemia and solid tumors such as breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancer. In addition to its role in DNA repair, FANCC has also been implicated in other cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating the immune system. IL-4 is primarily produced by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, which are a type of immune cell that helps to fight off parasitic infections and allergies. IL-4 has several important functions in the immune system. It promotes the differentiation of Th2 cells and stimulates the production of other Th2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13. IL-4 also promotes the activation and proliferation of B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. Additionally, IL-4 has anti-inflammatory effects and can help to suppress the activity of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells, which are involved in fighting off bacterial and viral infections. In the medical field, IL-4 is being studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, it is being investigated as a treatment for allergies, asthma, and certain autoimmune diseases. IL-4 is also being studied as a potential cancer immunotherapy, as it can help to activate immune cells that can recognize and attack cancer cells.

Anti-allergic agents are medications that are used to treat allergic reactions. These reactions are caused by the immune system's response to substances that are normally harmless, such as pollen, dust, or certain foods. Anti-allergic agents work by blocking the release of histamine, a chemical that is responsible for many of the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, and redness. There are several types of anti-allergic agents, including: 1. Antihistamines: These are the most commonly used anti-allergic agents. They block the action of histamine and can be used to treat symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose. 2. Decongestants: These medications help to reduce swelling in the nasal passages and can be used to treat symptoms such as congestion and runny nose. 3. Leukotriene modifiers: These medications block the action of leukotrienes, which are chemicals that can cause inflammation and bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways). They are used to treat symptoms such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. 4. Mast cell stabilizers: These medications prevent the release of histamine and other chemicals from mast cells, which are cells in the immune system that are responsible for allergic reactions. They are used to treat symptoms such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. 5. Corticosteroids: These medications are powerful anti-inflammatory agents that can be used to treat severe allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis. They are usually given by injection or inhalation. Overall, anti-allergic agents are an important part of the treatment of allergic reactions and can help to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life for people with allergies.

Gamma-globulins are a type of protein found in the blood plasma. They are a component of the immune system and play a role in protecting the body against infections and diseases. There are several different types of gamma-globulins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin D (IgD). Each type of gamma-globulin has a specific function in the immune system and is produced by different types of white blood cells. Gamma-globulins can be measured in the blood as part of a routine blood test and can be used to diagnose and monitor certain medical conditions.

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are a family of non-selective cation channels that are widely expressed in various tissues and cell types throughout the body. These channels are activated by a wide range of stimuli, including changes in temperature, pH, osmolarity, and mechanical forces. TRP channels play important roles in various physiological processes, including sensory perception, pain transmission, and regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. They are also involved in various pathological conditions, such as inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In the medical field, TRP channels are of great interest as potential therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. For example, TRP channels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic pain, and drugs that modulate TRP channel activity are being developed as potential analgesics. Additionally, TRP channels have been shown to play a role in the development and progression of various cancers, and targeting these channels may provide new strategies for cancer treatment.

Capsaicin is a chemical compound found in chili peppers that is responsible for their spicy flavor and pungency. In the medical field, capsaicin is used as a topical analgesic, meaning it is applied to the skin to relieve pain. It works by activating sensory nerves called TRPV1 receptors, which are responsible for detecting heat and pain. When capsaicin binds to these receptors, it causes them to fire, which can help to reduce pain signals to the brain. Capsaicin is often used to treat conditions such as arthritis, nerve pain, and migraines. It is available in various forms, including creams, patches, and gels, and is generally considered safe when used as directed. However, some people may experience side effects such as skin irritation, redness, or burning when using capsaicin products.

Antibodies, fungal, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of fungal antigens. These antigens are molecules found on the surface of fungi that can trigger an immune response. When the immune system encounters fungal antigens, it produces antibodies that can recognize and bind to these antigens. This binding can help to neutralize the fungi and prevent them from causing harm to the body. Antibodies, fungal, can be detected in the blood or other bodily fluids of individuals who have been exposed to fungi or who have an active fungal infection. They are an important part of the immune response to fungal infections and can be used as a diagnostic tool to help identify and monitor fungal infections.

A granuloma is a type of inflammatory response that occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a foreign substance, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. In the respiratory tract, a granuloma is a mass of immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, that forms in response to an infection or injury. Respiratory tract granulomas can occur in various parts of the respiratory system, including the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections with bacteria, viruses, or fungi, exposure to certain chemicals or environmental pollutants, and certain medical conditions, such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis. Respiratory tract granulomas can be asymptomatic or cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the granuloma and may include medications to treat the infection or inflammation, as well as surgery to remove the granuloma if it is causing significant symptoms or complications.

Functional colonic diseases are a group of conditions that affect the large intestine (colon) and are characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and changes in bowel habits. These conditions are not caused by structural abnormalities in the colon, but rather by problems with the way the colon functions. Examples of functional colonic diseases include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional dyspepsia, and functional constipation. These conditions can be difficult to diagnose because their symptoms are similar to those of other digestive disorders, and there is often no identifiable cause. Treatment for functional colonic diseases typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications and stress management, and medications to relieve symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat complications or severe symptoms.

Skin manifestations refer to any changes or abnormalities that occur on the skin as a result of a medical condition or disease. These changes can include rashes, lesions, discoloration, swelling, itching, and other symptoms that affect the skin's appearance or function. Skin manifestations can be caused by a wide range of conditions, including infections, autoimmune disorders, allergies, hormonal imbalances, and cancer. In some cases, skin manifestations may be the first sign of an underlying medical condition, and they may require further evaluation and treatment by a healthcare provider.

In the medical field, a base sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that make up the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of an organism. The base sequence determines the genetic information encoded within the DNA molecule and ultimately determines the traits and characteristics of an individual. The base sequence can be analyzed using various techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to identify genetic variations or mutations that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions.

Cryptococcus is a genus of fungi that can cause a variety of infections in humans and animals. Cryptococcus species are commonly found in soil, bird droppings, and the air, and can be transmitted to humans through inhalation of spores or by contact with contaminated surfaces. Cryptococcosis is the medical term used to describe infections caused by Cryptococcus. The most common form of cryptococcosis is cryptococcal meningitis, which occurs when the fungus enters the brain and spinal cord through the bloodstream. Other forms of cryptococcosis include pulmonary cryptococcosis (infection of the lungs), disseminated cryptococcosis (infection of multiple organs), and cryptococcal skin infections. Cryptococcosis can be a serious and potentially life-threatening infection, particularly in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or amphotericin B, and may also include supportive care to manage symptoms and complications.

Conjunctivitis, allergic, also known as allergic conjunctivitis, is a type of inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye. It is caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust, pet dander, or certain types of cosmetics or contact lenses. Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis may include redness, itching, tearing, swelling of the eyelids, and a feeling of grittiness or scratchiness in the eyes. In severe cases, the conjunctiva may become swollen and produce a thick, yellow or green discharge. Allergic conjunctivitis is usually treated with antihistamines, decongestants, or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, allergy shots or immunotherapy may be recommended to help the body build up a tolerance to the allergen. It is important to identify and avoid the allergen whenever possible to prevent future episodes of allergic conjunctivitis.

Dermatitis, Irritant is a type of skin inflammation that occurs when the skin comes into contact with a substance that irritates it. This type of dermatitis is usually caused by exposure to harsh chemicals, detergents, solvents, or other irritants that can damage the skin's protective barrier. The symptoms of irritant dermatitis can vary depending on the severity of the exposure and the individual's sensitivity to the irritant. Common symptoms include redness, itching, burning, dryness, and scaling of the skin. In severe cases, the skin may become thickened, cracked, and painful. Irritant dermatitis is usually reversible with the removal of the irritant and appropriate treatment, such as moisturizers, anti-inflammatory creams, or corticosteroids. However, if left untreated or if the irritant is not removed, the condition can become chronic and difficult to treat. It is important to identify and avoid irritants that cause dermatitis to prevent future flare-ups.

Mitomycin is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and sarcoma. It works by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Mitomycin is usually given as an intravenous injection or as a solution that is applied directly to the tumor. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mouth sores.

Peripheral nervous system diseases refer to disorders that affect the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. These diseases can affect the nerves themselves or the tissues surrounding them, and can result in a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, weakness, and tingling. Some examples of peripheral nervous system diseases include: 1. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A group of inherited disorders that affect the nerves in the hands and feet, causing weakness, numbness, and loss of sensation. 2. Guillain-Barre syndrome: A rare autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, causing weakness and paralysis. 3. Peripheral neuropathy: A general term for any disorder that affects the peripheral nerves, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, alcoholism, and exposure to certain toxins. 4. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, but can also affect the peripheral nerves, causing symptoms such as numbness and weakness. 5. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nerves controlling muscle movement, leading to weakness and paralysis. Treatment for peripheral nervous system diseases depends on the specific disorder and its underlying cause. In some cases, medications or physical therapy may be used to manage symptoms, while in other cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary.

In the medical field, an antigen-antibody reaction refers to the interaction between a foreign substance, called an antigen, and a protein produced by the immune system called an antibody. Antigens are typically proteins or carbohydrates found on the surface of viruses, bacteria, or other foreign substances that enter the body. When the immune system detects an antigen, it produces antibodies that specifically bind to that antigen. This binding can neutralize the antigen, mark it for destruction by immune cells, or activate other immune responses. Antibodies are produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell in the immune system. Each B cell produces a specific type of antibody that can bind to a specific antigen. Once an antibody binds to an antigen, it forms an antigen-antibody complex, which can be detected by laboratory tests. Antigen-antibody reactions play a critical role in the immune response to infections and other foreign substances. They are also used in medical treatments, such as immunotherapy, where antibodies are used to target specific antigens on cancer cells or other harmful substances.

Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an increase in the number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood. Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte, which are immune cells that play a role in fighting off infections and parasites. Eosinophilia can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer. It can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and some chemotherapy drugs. Eosinophilia can be classified as either absolute eosinophilia, which is an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood regardless of the total number of white blood cells, or relative eosinophilia, which is an increase in the proportion of eosinophils to other types of white blood cells. Eosinophilia can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, and it is important to identify and treat the underlying cause in order to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may involve medications to reduce inflammation or to target the underlying cause of the eosinophilia, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms.

HLA-B antigens are a group of proteins that are expressed on the surface of cells in the human immune system. These proteins play a crucial role in the immune response by helping to identify and recognize foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. HLA-B antigens are encoded by a group of genes located on chromosome 6, and there are many different variations of these antigens, each with a slightly different structure and function. HLA-B antigens are an important component of the immune system and are involved in many different types of immune responses, including the development of autoimmune diseases and the recognition of cancer cells.

Trinitrobenzenes, also known as TNT, are a class of organic compounds that consist of a benzene ring with three nitro groups (-NO2) attached to it. They are commonly used as explosives and have been used in various military and industrial applications. In the medical field, trinitrobenzenes are not typically used for therapeutic purposes. However, they have been studied for their potential use as antitumor agents. TNT has been shown to have cytotoxic effects on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and it has been proposed as a potential treatment for various types of cancer. However, further research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of TNT as an antitumor agent.

Sciatic neuropathy is a condition that occurs when there is damage or compression of the sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the human body. The sciatic nerve runs from the lower back down the back of each leg, and it is responsible for controlling movement and sensation in the lower extremities. There are several potential causes of sciatic neuropathy, including injury, infection, compression by a herniated disk or other spinal condition, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis. Symptoms of sciatic neuropathy can include pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle spasms in the lower back, buttocks, and legs. Treatment for sciatic neuropathy depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, conservative treatments such as physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes may be effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the nerve or repair damage.

Nut hypersensitivity, also known as food allergy, is a medical condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to certain foods, particularly nuts. This reaction can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and can be life-threatening in some cases. Nut hypersensitivity is an immune-mediated response, meaning that the immune system mistakes certain proteins in nuts as harmful invaders and produces antibodies to fight them off. When a person with nut hypersensitivity consumes these nuts, their immune system recognizes the proteins as foreign and triggers an allergic reaction. Symptoms of nut hypersensitivity can vary widely and can occur immediately after consuming the allergen or up to several hours later. Common symptoms include hives, itching, swelling of the mouth and throat, difficulty breathing, and anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause rapid drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for nut hypersensitivity typically involves avoiding the allergen and carrying an epinephrine auto-injector in case of an allergic reaction. In some cases, allergy shots or immunotherapy may be recommended to help desensitize the immune system to the allergen.

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) is a condition characterized by a heightened sensitivity to various environmental chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, cleaning products, perfumes, and other common household and industrial chemicals. People with MCS may experience a range of symptoms, including headaches, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, respiratory problems, skin irritation, and difficulty concentrating, after exposure to low levels of these chemicals. MCS is not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by the American Medical Association or the World Health Organization, and its cause is not well understood. Some experts believe that MCS may be related to an overactive immune system or neurological sensitivity, while others suggest that it may be caused by psychological factors such as anxiety or depression. Treatment for MCS typically involves avoiding exposure to trigger chemicals and managing symptoms through lifestyle changes and medications.

Dental occlusion, traumatic refers to a type of dental injury that occurs when the teeth come into contact with each other in an abnormal or excessive manner, causing damage to the teeth, gums, or jawbone. This type of injury can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, sports injuries, or physical altercations. Symptoms of traumatic dental occlusion may include pain, swelling, difficulty chewing or speaking, and changes in the alignment of the teeth. Treatment for traumatic dental occlusion may involve restorative procedures such as fillings, crowns, or bridges, as well as orthodontic treatment to realign the teeth. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damage to the jawbone.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine, which is a type of signaling molecule that plays a role in regulating the immune system. It is produced by various immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, in response to infection or inflammation. IL-10 has anti-inflammatory properties and helps to suppress the immune response, which can be beneficial in preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage. It also has immunosuppressive effects, which can help to prevent autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. In the medical field, IL-10 is being studied for its potential therapeutic applications in a variety of conditions, including inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. For example, IL-10 has been shown to be effective in reducing inflammation and improving symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory conditions. It is also being investigated as a potential treatment for cancer, as it may help to suppress the immune response that allows cancer cells to evade detection and destruction by the immune system.

Isocyanates are a class of chemicals that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms, with the remaining carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms. They are commonly used in the production of polyurethane plastics, foams, and coatings, as well as in the manufacturing of adhesives, sealants, and elastomers. In the medical field, isocyanates can be found in certain medical devices and implants, such as dental fillings and orthopedic implants. They may also be used as a component in some medical coatings and adhesives. However, isocyanates are also known to be toxic and can cause respiratory irritation, skin irritation, and other health problems if inhaled or come into contact with the skin. Exposure to isocyanates has been linked to certain types of cancer, including lung cancer and bladder cancer. As a result, medical professionals and manufacturers must take precautions to minimize exposure to isocyanates and ensure that they are used safely and responsibly.

In the medical field, "Administration, Topical" refers to the application of medication or other substances directly to the skin or mucous membranes for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes. Topical administration is a common method of delivering drugs to the body, as it allows for targeted delivery of medication to the affected area, while minimizing systemic side effects. Topical medications can be applied in various forms, such as creams, ointments, gels, lotions, sprays, and patches. They are often used to treat skin conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, and insect bites, as well as to relieve pain, itching, and inflammation. Topical administration can also be used to deliver drugs to other areas of the body, such as the eyes, ears, nose, and throat. For example, eye drops are used to treat eye infections and glaucoma, while nasal sprays are used to treat allergies and congestion. It is important to note that while topical administration can be effective, it may not be suitable for all types of medications or conditions. Some medications may not be able to penetrate the skin or mucous membranes effectively, while others may cause irritation or allergic reactions. Therefore, it is important to follow the instructions provided by a healthcare professional when using topical medications.

In the medical field, "cold temperature" refers to a body temperature that is below the normal range of 98.6°F (37°C). This can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to cold temperatures, certain medical conditions, or the use of certain medications. A person with a cold temperature may experience symptoms such as shivering, feeling weak or fatigued, and having difficulty concentrating. In severe cases, a cold temperature can lead to hypothermia, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by a dangerously low body temperature. Medical professionals may use various methods to measure body temperature, including oral thermometers, rectal thermometers, and ear thermometers. If a person's body temperature is found to be below the normal range, they may be treated with measures to raise their body temperature, such as warm blankets or heating pads, and in severe cases, may require hospitalization for further treatment.

In the medical field, cell movement refers to the ability of cells to move from one location to another within a tissue or organism. This movement can occur through various mechanisms, including crawling, rolling, and sliding, and is essential for many physiological processes, such as tissue repair, immune response, and embryonic development. There are several types of cell movement, including: 1. Chemotaxis: This is the movement of cells in response to chemical gradients, such as the concentration of a signaling molecule. 2. Haptotaxis: This is the movement of cells in response to physical gradients, such as the stiffness or topography of a substrate. 3. Random walk: This is the movement of cells in a seemingly random manner, which can be influenced by factors such as cell adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics. 4. Amoeboid movement: This is the movement of cells that lack a well-defined cytoskeleton and rely on changes in cell shape and adhesion to move. Understanding cell movement is important for many medical applications, including the development of new therapies for diseases such as cancer, the study of tissue regeneration and repair, and the design of new materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Histamine is a chemical substance that is produced by certain cells in the body, including immune cells and cells in the digestive system. It plays a role in a variety of physiological processes, including the contraction of smooth muscles, the dilation of blood vessels, and the stimulation of nerve endings. In the medical field, histamine is often used as a diagnostic tool to help identify conditions such as allergies, asthma, and certain types of infections. It is also used as a treatment for certain conditions, such as allergic reactions and certain types of digestive disorders.

Abdominal pain is a common symptom that refers to discomfort or pain in the abdominal region, which includes the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and other organs in the abdomen. It can be acute or chronic, and can range from mild to severe. In the medical field, abdominal pain is often evaluated based on its location, duration, severity, and associated symptoms. The location of the pain can help identify which organ or organ system may be causing the discomfort. For example, pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate a problem with the liver or gallbladder, while pain in the lower left quadrant may indicate a problem with the colon or appendix. The duration and severity of the pain can also provide important clues about the underlying cause. For example, sudden, severe abdominal pain may indicate a medical emergency, such as a ruptured appendix or a perforated ulcer. Associated symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, or fever, can also help doctors diagnose the cause of abdominal pain. In some cases, further diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, or endoscopy, may be necessary to determine the underlying cause of the pain.

Skin diseases refer to any medical conditions that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These conditions can range from minor irritations and infections to more serious and chronic conditions that can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Skin diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, infections, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea, dermatitis, hives, warts, and skin cancer. Treatment for skin diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may involve the use of topical creams, ointments, or medications, as well as lifestyle changes, such as avoiding triggers or making dietary modifications. In some cases, more aggressive treatments, such as surgery or light therapy, may be necessary. Overall, skin diseases are a common and diverse group of medical conditions that can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. Early detection and proper treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

Facial dermatoses refer to skin conditions that affect the face. These conditions can be acute or chronic, and can range from mild to severe. Some common examples of facial dermatoses include acne, rosacea, eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. These conditions can cause a variety of symptoms, such as redness, itching, swelling, and the formation of bumps, pimples, or sores. Treatment for facial dermatoses typically involves the use of topical creams, ointments, or medications, as well as lifestyle changes and other therapies. In some cases, more aggressive treatments such as laser therapy or surgery may be necessary.

Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a lightweight, strong, and highly reactive metal that has been used in various applications in the medical field. In the medical field, beryllium is primarily used in the diagnosis and treatment of beryllium disease, which is a chronic lung disorder caused by exposure to beryllium dust or fumes. Beryllium disease can cause inflammation and scarring of the lungs, which can lead to difficulty breathing and other respiratory problems. Beryllium is also used in the production of medical imaging equipment, such as X-ray machines and computed tomography (CT) scanners. Beryllium is used in the construction of the X-ray tube, which generates X-rays that are used to create images of the inside of the body. In addition, beryllium is used in the production of certain medical devices, such as pacemakers and defibrillators. Beryllium is used in the construction of the magnets that are used to generate the magnetic fields that are necessary for these devices to function properly. Overall, beryllium has a number of important applications in the medical field, but it is also a potent irritant and can cause serious health problems if not handled properly. As a result, medical professionals and researchers who work with beryllium must take appropriate precautions to protect themselves and others from exposure to this hazardous substance.

Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sandflies. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease and typically causes skin sores that can be painful, itchy, and disfiguring. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is a more severe form of the disease that affects internal organs such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare but severe form of the disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes. Leishmaniasis can be treated with a variety of medications, including antimonial drugs, amphotericin B, and miltefosine. Prevention measures include avoiding areas where sandflies are known to be present, using insect repellent, and wearing protective clothing.

CD4-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as CD4+ T-cells or T-helper cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in the immune system. They are a subset of T-cells that express the CD4 protein on their surface, which allows them to recognize and bind to antigens presented by other immune cells. CD4+ T-cells are involved in many aspects of the immune response, including the activation and proliferation of other immune cells, the production of cytokines (chemical messengers that regulate immune responses), and the regulation of immune tolerance. They are particularly important in the response to infections caused by viruses, such as HIV, and in the development of autoimmune diseases. In HIV infection, the virus specifically targets and destroys CD4+ T-cells, leading to a decline in their numbers and a weakened immune system. This is why CD4+ T-cell count is an important marker of HIV disease progression and treatment response.

Dendritic cells are a type of immune cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune response. They are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, lymph nodes, and mucous membranes. Dendritic cells are responsible for capturing and processing antigens, which are foreign substances that can trigger an immune response. They do this by engulfing and breaking down antigens, and then presenting them to other immune cells, such as T cells, in a way that activates the immune response. Dendritic cells are also involved in the regulation of immune responses, helping to prevent the body from overreacting to harmless substances and to maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens. In the medical field, dendritic cells are being studied for their potential use in cancer immunotherapy. They can be genetically modified to recognize and attack cancer cells, and are being tested in clinical trials as a way to treat various types of cancer.

Chromatin is a complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. It plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and maintaining the structure of the genome. In the medical field, chromatin is studied in relation to various diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions. For example, chromatin remodeling is a process that can alter the structure of chromatin and affect gene expression, and it has been implicated in the development of certain types of cancer. Additionally, chromatin-based therapies are being explored as potential treatments for diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Immune sera refers to a type of blood serum that contains antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection or vaccination. These antibodies are produced by B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response. Immune sera can be used to diagnose and treat certain infections, as well as to prevent future infections. For example, immune sera containing antibodies against a specific virus or bacteria can be used to diagnose a current infection or to prevent future infections in people who have been exposed to the virus or bacteria. Immune sera can also be used as a research tool to study the immune response to infections and to develop new vaccines and treatments. In some cases, immune sera may be used to treat patients with severe infections or allergies, although this is less common than using immune sera for diagnostic or preventive purposes.

Candidiasis, cutaneous refers to a fungal infection of the skin caused by the Candida species of yeast. It is commonly known as a yeast infection of the skin and can affect people of all ages and both sexes. The infection is usually characterized by red, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin, which may be accompanied by a burning sensation or pain. Candidiasis, cutaneous can occur in various forms, including athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, and diaper rash. It is often treated with antifungal creams, ointments, or oral medications, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, the infection may recur or become resistant to treatment, requiring more aggressive treatment or referral to a dermatologist.

In the medical field, a cell line refers to a group of cells that have been derived from a single parent cell and have the ability to divide and grow indefinitely in culture. These cells are typically grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the effects of drugs or investigating the underlying mechanisms of diseases. Cell lines are often derived from cancerous cells, as these cells tend to divide and grow more rapidly than normal cells. However, they can also be derived from normal cells, such as fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Cell lines are characterized by their unique genetic makeup, which can be used to identify them and compare them to other cell lines. Because cell lines can be grown in large quantities and are relatively easy to maintain, they are a valuable tool in medical research. They allow researchers to study the effects of drugs and other treatments on specific cell types, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of diseases at the cellular level.

DNA-binding proteins are a class of proteins that interact with DNA molecules to regulate gene expression. These proteins recognize specific DNA sequences and bind to them, thereby affecting the transcription of genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately the production of proteins. DNA-binding proteins play a crucial role in many biological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and development. They can act as activators or repressors of gene expression, depending on the specific DNA sequence they bind to and the cellular context in which they are expressed. Examples of DNA-binding proteins include transcription factors, histones, and non-histone chromosomal proteins. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of genes by recruiting RNA polymerase and other factors to the promoter region of a gene. Histones are proteins that package DNA into chromatin, and non-histone chromosomal proteins help to organize and regulate chromatin structure. DNA-binding proteins are important targets for drug discovery and development, as they play a central role in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and infectious diseases.

In the medical field, a chronic disease is a long-term health condition that persists for an extended period, typically for more than three months. Chronic diseases are often progressive, meaning that they tend to worsen over time, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Chronic diseases can affect any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and arthritis. Chronic diseases often require ongoing medical management, including medication, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Treatment for chronic diseases may also involve rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

The carotid sinus is a dilated portion of the common carotid artery located in the neck, near the base of the skull. It is a sensitive area that responds to changes in blood pressure and heart rate by sending signals to the brainstem, which can trigger reflexes that regulate these variables. The carotid sinus is surrounded by specialized nerve endings called baroreceptors, which detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brainstem to adjust heart rate and blood vessel diameter. The carotid sinus can also be stimulated by external pressure or manipulation, which can cause a reflexive decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. This reflex is known as the carotid sinus reflex or the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Abnormalities in the function of the carotid sinus can lead to various medical conditions, including carotid sinus syndrome, which is characterized by episodes of dizziness, fainting, and syncope.

In the medical field, an amino acid sequence refers to the linear order of amino acids in a protein molecule. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids, and the specific sequence of these amino acids determines the protein's structure and function. The amino acid sequence is determined by the genetic code, which is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter code, and the sequence of these codes is the amino acid sequence of the protein. The amino acid sequence is important because it determines the protein's three-dimensional structure, which in turn determines its function. Small changes in the amino acid sequence can have significant effects on the protein's structure and function, and this can lead to diseases or disorders. For example, mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein involved in blood clotting can lead to bleeding disorders.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins that can mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. They are produced by genetically engineering cells to produce large quantities of a single type of antibody, which is specific to a particular antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response). In the medical field, monoclonal antibodies are used to treat a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously, depending on the condition being treated. Monoclonal antibodies work by binding to specific antigens on the surface of cells or pathogens, marking them for destruction by the immune system. They can also block the activity of specific molecules involved in disease processes, such as enzymes or receptors. Overall, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases, offering targeted and effective therapies with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.

Neuritis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation or damage to one or more nerves. It can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Neuritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, toxins, and injuries. Symptoms of neuritis can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation, but may include pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle spasms. In some cases, neuritis can lead to permanent nerve damage or even paralysis. Treatment for neuritis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or other forms of rehabilitation may also be recommended to help restore function and mobility. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove damaged nerves.

Transfer factor is a protein complex that is produced by activated immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages. It is believed to play a role in the transfer of immune responses from one individual to another, which is why it is sometimes referred to as "transfer factor of immunity." In the medical field, transfer factor is sometimes used as a supplement to boost the immune system and help the body fight off infections and diseases. It is also being studied for its potential use in treating a variety of conditions, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and viral infections. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of transfer factor and its potential therapeutic applications.

P-Azobenzenearsonate (PABA) is a chemical compound that is used in the medical field as a photosensitizer. It is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine and is commonly used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of various types of cancer, including skin cancer, lung cancer, and head and neck cancer. In PDT, a photosensitizer such as PABA is administered to a patient, and then the patient is exposed to a specific wavelength of light. The photosensitizer absorbs the light and becomes excited, and then releases energy in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS can damage and kill cancer cells, while leaving healthy cells relatively unharmed. PABA is also used as a precursor in the production of folic acid, which is an essential nutrient for the growth and development of cells. However, excessive intake of PABA can lead to adverse effects, including skin irritation, nausea, and diarrhea.

Gingival recession is a common dental condition in which the gum tissue that surrounds the teeth becomes detached or pulled away from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth structure. This can cause sensitivity to hot and cold, pain when chewing, and an increased risk of tooth decay and gum disease. Recession can occur due to a variety of factors, including brushing too hard, genetics, periodontal disease, and orthodontic treatment. Treatment options for gingival recession may include gum grafts, scaling and root planing, and the use of special toothpaste and mouthwashes.

In the medical field, a syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs that occur together and suggest the presence of a particular disease or condition. A syndrome is often defined by a specific pattern of symptoms that are not caused by a single underlying disease, but rather by a combination of factors, such as genetic, environmental, or hormonal. For example, Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by a specific set of physical and intellectual characteristics, such as a flattened facial profile, short stature, and intellectual disability. Similarly, the flu syndrome is a set of symptoms that occur together, such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches, that suggest the presence of an influenza virus infection. Diagnosing a syndrome involves identifying the specific set of symptoms and signs that are present, as well as ruling out other possible causes of those symptoms. Once a syndrome is diagnosed, it can help guide treatment and management of the underlying condition.

Dermatitis, Photoallergic is a type of skin inflammation that occurs in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources. It is also known as photoallergic dermatitis or photodermatitis. Photoallergic dermatitis is caused by an allergic reaction to a substance that the body has become sensitized to. When the skin is exposed to UV radiation, the substance is activated and triggers an immune response, leading to inflammation and redness of the skin. The affected area may also be itchy, blistered, or scaly. The substances that can cause photoallergic dermatitis include certain medications, plants, metals, and chemicals. The condition is most common in people with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes, as they are more susceptible to the effects of UV radiation. Treatment for photoallergic dermatitis typically involves avoiding exposure to the triggering substance and using topical creams or ointments to soothe the skin. In severe cases, oral medications may be prescribed to help reduce inflammation and itching. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have photoallergic dermatitis, as it can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.

NAV1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel is a type of ion channel that is responsible for generating action potentials in neurons. It is a voltage-gated sodium channel that is expressed primarily in sensory neurons, including nociceptors, which are responsible for detecting pain. The channel is activated by changes in membrane potential and allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, leading to depolarization and the generation of an action potential. NAV1.9 is thought to play a role in the transmission of pain signals and may be a potential target for the development of new pain medications.

In the medical field, amines are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more carbon atoms. They are often used as drugs, either as medications or as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs. Amines can be classified into several categories based on their chemical structure and properties. Some common types of amines include primary amines, secondary amines, and tertiary amines. Primary amines have one nitrogen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom and two carbon atoms. Examples of primary amines include histamine, which is involved in allergic reactions, and dopamine, which plays a role in the regulation of movement and mood. Secondary amines have one nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom. Examples of secondary amines include epinephrine, which is used to treat severe allergic reactions and asthma, and norepinephrine, which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Tertiary amines have one nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms. Examples of tertiary amines include trimethoprim, which is used to treat bacterial infections, and procainamide, which is used to treat certain types of heart arrhythmias. Amines can also be classified based on their physical properties, such as their solubility in water and their ability to form salts with acids. Some amines are water-soluble and can be used as electrolytes in intravenous solutions, while others are insoluble and are used as local anesthetics.

Cell degranulation is a process in which cells release small granules, called granules, into the surrounding environment. These granules contain various substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters, which can have a variety of effects on the body. In the medical field, cell degranulation is often associated with the immune system. For example, mast cells and basophils are immune cells that contain granules filled with various substances, such as histamine and heparin. When these cells are activated, they release their granules into the surrounding tissue, which can cause inflammation and other immune responses. Cell degranulation can also occur in other types of cells, such as neutrophils and eosinophils, which are white blood cells that play a role in the body's defense against infection. In these cells, degranulation is often associated with the release of enzymes and other substances that can help to kill bacteria and other pathogens. Overall, cell degranulation is an important process in the body's immune system and can have a variety of effects on the body's overall health and well-being.

In the medical field, "administration, oral" refers to the process of delivering medication or other substances to a patient through the mouth. This can include tablets, capsules, liquids, powders, or other forms of medication that are designed to be taken orally. Oral administration is one of the most common methods of medication delivery, as it is convenient and generally well-tolerated by patients. However, it is important to note that not all medications are suitable for oral administration, and some may require alternative routes of delivery, such as injection or inhalation. Additionally, the effectiveness of oral medication can be affected by factors such as the patient's age, health status, and the specific medication being used.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group G Protein, also known as FANCG, is a protein that plays a crucial role in the DNA repair process in cells. It is one of the seven Fanconi Anemia (FA) complementation groups, which are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to repair damaged DNA. FANCG is involved in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which are abnormal chemical bonds that can form between the two strands of DNA. When ICLs occur, they can cause DNA damage and lead to mutations, which can lead to cancer and other diseases. In individuals with Fanconi Anemia, the FANCG protein is missing or not functioning properly, which can lead to a range of symptoms, including bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities, and an increased risk of cancer. Treatment for Fanconi Anemia typically involves bone marrow transplantation and other supportive therapies to manage symptoms and complications.

Berylliosis is a lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium, a heavy metal that is used in a variety of industrial applications, including the production of semiconductors, nuclear weapons, and aerospace components. The disease is characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue, which can lead to shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. In severe cases, berylliosis can cause respiratory failure and death. The symptoms of berylliosis may not appear until many years after exposure to beryllium, and the disease can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to those of other lung diseases. Treatment for berylliosis typically involves the use of medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the lungs. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged lung tissue.

Bee venoms are the toxic secretions produced by honeybees, bumblebees, and other types of bees. These venoms contain a complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and other substances that can cause a range of physiological effects in humans and other animals. In the medical field, bee venom therapy (BVT) is a form of alternative medicine that involves the use of bee venom to treat various conditions. BVT is believed to work by stimulating the body's immune system and promoting the production of natural painkillers called endorphins. BVT has been used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, and allergies. However, the effectiveness of BVT is not well-established, and it can cause serious side effects, including allergic reactions, skin irritation, and even anaphylaxis in some cases. Therefore, the use of bee venom therapy should only be considered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, and patients should be carefully monitored for any adverse reactions.

Vasculitis, leukocytoclastic, cutaneous is a type of inflammation that affects the blood vessels in the skin. It is characterized by the presence of white blood cells, called leukocytes, in the walls of the blood vessels, which can lead to damage to the vessels and the formation of small blood clots. This can cause a variety of skin symptoms, such as redness, swelling, and ulcers. Vasculitis, leukocytoclastic, cutaneous can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. It is typically treated with medications that help to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the blood vessels.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that are commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. They work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause inflammation, pain, and fever. NSAIDs are available over-the-counter (OTC) or by prescription and are used to treat a variety of conditions, including headaches, menstrual cramps, arthritis, and muscle pain. Some common examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and celecoxib (Celebrex). While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can also have side effects, including stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and increased risk of bleeding. Long-term use of high doses of NSAIDs can also increase the risk of serious side effects, such as stomach ulcers, kidney damage, and heart attack or stroke. Therefore, it is important to use NSAIDs only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of any potential side effects.

Corneal transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced with a healthy cornea from a donor. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped outer layer of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. It plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina, which is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain for interpretation. There are two main types of corneal transplantation: penetrating keratoplasty and lamellar keratoplasty. Penetrating keratoplasty involves replacing the entire cornea with a donor cornea, while lamellar keratoplasty involves replacing only the diseased or damaged portion of the cornea. Corneal transplantation is typically performed under local anesthesia, and the procedure usually takes about an hour. After the surgery, the patient will need to wear an eye patch and take medications to prevent infection and inflammation. The recovery period can take several weeks to several months, and the patient will need to attend regular follow-up appointments with their ophthalmologist to monitor their progress. Corneal transplantation is a life-changing procedure for many people who suffer from corneal diseases or injuries. It can improve vision, reduce pain and discomfort, and restore the patient's ability to perform daily activities. However, it is important to note that corneal transplantation is not a cure-all, and there may be some limitations to the patient's vision after the surgery.

Angioedema is a condition characterized by the swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissues, typically involving the face, lips, tongue, and throat. It can also affect other parts of the body, such as the hands, feet, and genitalia. Angioedema can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, infections, medications, hormonal changes, and inherited disorders. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as itching, redness, and pain at the affected site. In severe cases, angioedema can cause difficulty breathing, swallowing, and speaking, which can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves the use of antihistamines, corticosteroids, and other medications to reduce swelling and alleviate symptoms. In some cases, emergency medical treatment may be necessary.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. It is a clear, colorless liquid that has a strong, pungent odor and a sour taste. In the medical field, hydrochloric acid is used as a digestive aid to stimulate the production of stomach acid, which helps to break down food and absorb nutrients. It is also used as a disinfectant and antiseptic to clean wounds and prevent infection. In addition, hydrochloric acid is used in some medical tests and procedures, such as the measurement of gastric acid secretion and the treatment of certain digestive disorders. However, it is important to note that hydrochloric acid can be highly corrosive and can cause serious burns if it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. Therefore, it should be handled with caution and used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A Protein (FANCA) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the DNA repair process in cells. It is one of the seven Fanconi Anemia (FA) complementation groups, which are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to repair damaged DNA. FANCA is involved in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which are abnormal chemical bonds that can form between two strands of DNA. When ICLs occur, they can cause DNA damage and lead to mutations, which can lead to cancer and other diseases. In individuals with Fanconi Anemia, mutations in the FANCA gene can lead to a deficiency in the FANCA protein, which can impair the body's ability to repair DNA damage. This can result in a range of symptoms, including bone marrow failure, congenital abnormalities, and an increased risk of cancer. FANCA is a large protein that is found in the nucleus of cells and is involved in the assembly of a complex called the Fanconi Anemia-BRCA pathway. This pathway is responsible for recognizing and repairing DNA damage, and mutations in any of the genes involved in this pathway can lead to Fanconi Anemia.

Anti-inflammatory agents are medications that are used to reduce inflammation in the body. Inflammation is a natural response of the immune system to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation can lead to a variety of health problems, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Anti-inflammatory agents work by blocking the production of inflammatory molecules, such as prostaglandins and cytokines, which are responsible for causing inflammation. They can also reduce the activity of immune cells that contribute to inflammation. There are several types of anti-inflammatory agents, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and biologic agents. NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in conditions such as arthritis and headaches. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are powerful anti-inflammatory agents that are used to treat a wide range of conditions, including asthma, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Biologic agents, such as TNF inhibitors, are a newer class of anti-inflammatory agents that are used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. It is important to note that while anti-inflammatory agents can be effective in reducing inflammation, they can also have side effects and may not be appropriate for everyone. It is important to work with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for your individual needs.

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. It works by interfering with the normal functioning of the microtubules, which are structures in the cell that help it divide and grow. By disrupting the microtubules, paclitaxel can slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. It is usually administered intravenously, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.

Listeriosis is a rare but serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. It can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Listeriosis can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, it can lead to meningitis, sepsis, and even death. Listeriosis is typically spread through contaminated food, particularly soft cheeses, deli meats, and raw milk or raw milk products. It can also be transmitted through contact with contaminated soil or water, or from person to person in healthcare settings. Diagnosis of listeriosis typically involves culturing the bacteria from a blood, spinal fluid, or other bodily fluid sample. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, although the effectiveness of treatment can be limited in severe cases. Preventing listeriosis involves avoiding contaminated food and practicing good hygiene, particularly when handling raw meat or dairy products. Healthcare providers should also take precautions to prevent the spread of the bacteria in healthcare settings.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) is a type of fluid that is collected from the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is obtained by washing the airways and alveoli with a sterile saline solution using a bronchoscope, which is a thin, flexible tube that is inserted through the mouth or nose into the airways. BALF is used to diagnose and monitor a variety of lung diseases, including pneumonia, lung infections, lung cancer, and interstitial lung diseases. It can also be used to assess the immune response of the lungs and to detect the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The fluid is usually analyzed in a laboratory to determine the number and type of cells present, as well as the levels of various proteins and other substances. This information can help doctors to diagnose and treat the underlying cause of the patient's symptoms.

Dinitrobenzenes are a class of organic compounds that contain two nitro groups (-NO2) attached to a benzene ring. They are commonly used as intermediates in the synthesis of various chemicals and as pesticides. In the medical field, dinitrobenzenes have been studied for their potential use as antimalarial agents, as well as for their ability to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells. However, they can also be toxic and may cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and other adverse effects. As a result, their use in medicine is limited and further research is needed to fully understand their potential benefits and risks.

Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and red skin. It is a common condition that affects both children and adults, and is often associated with a family history of allergies and asthma. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is thought to be caused by an overactive immune system response to irritants or allergens in the environment, which leads to inflammation and dryness of the skin. Symptoms of atopic dermatitis can include red, itchy, and dry skin, which may be covered with scales or crusts. The condition can be very uncomfortable and can lead to sleep disturbances and other quality-of-life issues. It is often treated with moisturizers, corticosteroid creams, and other medications to help reduce inflammation and itching. In some cases, immunosuppressive medications may be prescribed to help control the condition.

Aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary, is a type of allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to the spores of the Aspergillus fungus. This can cause inflammation and damage to the airways in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. In severe cases, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis can cause life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure. It is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications and medications to manage symptoms.

HLA-B15 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) protein that is found on the surface of cells in the immune system. HLA proteins play a crucial role in the immune system by helping to identify and target foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria, for destruction. The HLA-B15 antigen is a specific type of HLA-B protein that is associated with a higher risk of developing certain autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris, a rare skin disorder that causes blistering and sores on the skin and mucous membranes. It is also associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. In addition to its role in autoimmune diseases and cancer, the HLA-B15 antigen has also been linked to an increased risk of developing certain types of drug reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a severe and potentially life-threatening skin reaction that can occur in response to certain medications. Overall, the HLA-B15 antigen is an important biomarker that is used by medical professionals to identify individuals who may be at increased risk for certain diseases and conditions.

Arabidopsis Proteins refer to proteins that are encoded by genes in the genome of the plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant that is widely used as a model organism in plant biology research due to its small size, short life cycle, and ease of genetic manipulation. Arabidopsis proteins have been extensively studied in the medical field due to their potential applications in drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and treatment. For example, some Arabidopsis proteins have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties, making them potential candidates for the development of new drugs. In addition, Arabidopsis proteins have been used as tools for studying human diseases. For instance, researchers have used Arabidopsis to study the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Overall, Arabidopsis proteins have become an important resource for medical research due to their potential applications in drug discovery and disease research.

Afferent pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry sensory information from the body's sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These pathways are responsible for transmitting information about the external environment and internal bodily sensations to the CNS for processing and interpretation. Afferent pathways can be further divided into two types: sensory afferent pathways and motor afferent pathways. Sensory afferent pathways carry information about sensory stimuli, such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, from the body's sensory receptors to the CNS. Motor afferent pathways, on the other hand, carry information about the state of the body's muscles and organs to the CNS. Afferent pathways are essential for our ability to perceive and respond to the world around us. Any damage or dysfunction to these pathways can result in sensory deficits or other neurological disorders.

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes, and can cause a range of symptoms, including skin sores, numbness, and muscle weakness. The disease is transmitted through close contact with an infected person, typically through respiratory droplets or direct skin-to-skin contact. It is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in developing countries. Leprosy can be treated with a combination of antibiotics, which can cure the infection and prevent further damage to the body. However, if left untreated, it can cause permanent nerve damage and disfigurement. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing complications and improving outcomes for people with leprosy.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic, also known as Ab2 antibodies, are a type of antibody that is produced in response to the binding of an antigen to an Ab1 antibody. Ab2 antibodies recognize and bind to the unique epitopes on the Ab1 antibody, rather than the original antigen. This type of immune response is known as an anti-idiotypic response, because Ab2 antibodies are directed against the idiotypes of Ab1 antibodies. Anti-idiotypic antibodies can play a role in the regulation of the immune system, as they can bind to and neutralize Ab1 antibodies, preventing them from binding to their target antigens. This can help to prevent an overactive immune response and reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases. Anti-idiotypic antibodies can also be used as a diagnostic tool, as they can be detected in the blood of individuals with certain diseases. In summary, Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic are a type of antibody that is produced in response to the binding of an antigen to an Ab1 antibody, they recognize and bind to the unique epitopes on the Ab1 antibody, and they play a role in the regulation of the immune system and can be used as a diagnostic tool.

Roseolovirus infections are a group of viral infections caused by viruses belonging to the genus Roseolovirus. The most common member of this genus is the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), which is also known as roseola virus. HHV-6 is a common virus that can cause mild to severe illness in both children and adults. Roseolovirus infections are typically characterized by a fever, a rash, and swollen lymph nodes. The fever and rash usually start a few days after the initial symptoms, which may include fatigue, headache, and body aches. The rash typically starts on the face and spreads to the trunk and limbs, and it may be accompanied by itching. Roseolovirus infections are usually self-limiting, meaning that they will resolve on their own without treatment. However, in some cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, the infection can be more severe and may require hospitalization. Treatment is typically supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Roseolovirus infections are highly contagious and can be spread through respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected individuals, or contact with contaminated surfaces. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

Arthritis, Experimental refers to the study of arthritis using experimental methods, such as animal models or in vitro studies, to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and to develop new treatments. Experimental arthritis is often induced in animals through the use of chemicals or by introducing an infectious agent, such as bacteria or viruses, into the joints. These studies can help researchers identify potential targets for therapy and test the effectiveness of new drugs or other interventions in a controlled setting before they are tested in humans.

Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate (TDI) is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the production of polyurethane foams and coatings. It is a colorless liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor. In the medical field, TDI is not typically used as a medication or treatment. However, exposure to TDI can cause respiratory irritation, skin irritation, and other health problems. In some cases, TDI exposure can be serious and may require medical treatment. If you have been exposed to TDI and are experiencing symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

In the medical field, "latex" refers to a type of rubber that is commonly used to make medical equipment and supplies, such as gloves, catheters, and surgical instruments. Latex is a natural polymer that is derived from the sap of the rubber tree, and it is known for its strength, elasticity, and resistance to chemicals and heat. However, some people may be allergic to latex, which can cause a range of symptoms from mild itching to severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis. As a result, many medical facilities have started to use alternative materials, such as nitrile or vinyl, for medical equipment and supplies to accommodate individuals with latex allergies.

Syncope is a medical condition characterized by a temporary loss of consciousness due to a lack of blood flow to the brain. It is also known as fainting or passing out. Syncope can be caused by a variety of factors, including low blood pressure, heart problems, anemia, dehydration, or certain medications. Symptoms of syncope may include dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, and loss of consciousness. Treatment for syncope depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, or medical procedures.

Phthalic anhydrides are a class of organic compounds that are commonly used as intermediates in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. In the medical field, phthalic anhydrides are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a variety of drugs and other therapeutic agents. One example of a drug that is derived from phthalic anhydrides is diethyl phthalate (DEP), which is used as a solvent and plasticizer in medical devices and pharmaceuticals. DEP has been shown to have estrogenic effects in animal studies, which has raised concerns about its potential impact on human health. Other phthalic anhydrides that are used in the medical field include isophthalic anhydride, which is used as a starting material for the synthesis of certain antibiotics, and terephthalic anhydride, which is used in the production of resins and plastics that are used in medical devices. It is important to note that the use of phthalic anhydrides in the medical field is regulated by various government agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to ensure that they are safe and effective for their intended uses.

Suppressor factors, immunologic, are substances that have the ability to suppress or inhibit the immune response. They can be produced by various cells of the immune system, such as regulatory T cells, and can help to prevent autoimmune diseases and allergies by preventing the immune system from attacking the body's own cells and tissues. However, they can also have the opposite effect and allow infections to persist by suppressing the immune response against the pathogen.

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria, and toxins. They are Y-shaped molecules that recognize and bind to specific antigens, which are molecules found on the surface of pathogens. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Each class has a unique structure and function, and they are produced by different types of immune cells in response to different types of pathogens. Immunoglobulins play a critical role in the immune response by neutralizing pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells, and activating the complement system, which helps to destroy pathogens. They are also used in medical treatments, such as immunoglobulin replacement therapy for patients with primary immunodeficiencies, and in the development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of various diseases.

A leukemoid reaction is a condition in which the bone marrow produces an abnormally high number of white blood cells, similar to the way that leukemia does. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammation, and certain medications. A leukemoid reaction is usually a temporary condition and can resolve on its own, but in some cases it may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. It is important to note that a leukemoid reaction is not the same as leukemia, which is a type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells.

Mycobacterium infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium genus. These bacteria are known for their ability to cause persistent infections in the body, often in the lungs, but can also affect other organs such as the lymph nodes, skin, and bones. The most well-known mycobacterial infection is tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is a highly contagious disease that spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Other mycobacterial infections include leprosy (caused by Mycobacterium leprae), which affects the skin and nerves, and Buruli ulcer (caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans), which affects the skin and underlying tissue. Mycobacterial infections can be difficult to diagnose and treat because the bacteria are slow-growing and can become resistant to antibiotics. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics taken over a long period of time, and in some cases, surgery or other medical interventions may be necessary.

Arabidopsis is a small flowering plant species that is widely used as a model organism in the field of plant biology. It is a member of the mustard family and is native to Europe and Asia. Arabidopsis is known for its rapid growth and short life cycle, which makes it an ideal model organism for studying plant development, genetics, and molecular biology. In the medical field, Arabidopsis is used to study a variety of biological processes, including plant growth and development, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Researchers use Arabidopsis to study the genetic basis of plant diseases, such as viral infections and bacterial blight, and to develop new strategies for crop improvement. Additionally, Arabidopsis is used to study the effects of environmental factors, such as light and temperature, on plant growth and development. Overall, Arabidopsis is a valuable tool for advancing our understanding of plant biology and has important implications for agriculture and medicine.

Nociceptive pain is a type of pain that is caused by the activation of nerve fibers called nociceptors. Nociceptors are specialized sensory receptors that are sensitive to stimuli such as heat, cold, pressure, and chemical irritants. When these stimuli are detected by nociceptors, they send signals to the spinal cord and brain, which are interpreted as pain. Nociceptive pain is the most common type of pain and can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, inflammation, infection, and tissue damage. It is often described as sharp, stabbing, or burning and can be localized to a specific area of the body. Treatment for nociceptive pain typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the pain, such as treating an injury or infection. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids may also be used to manage pain. In some cases, physical therapy or other forms of rehabilitation may be recommended to help reduce pain and improve function.

B-lymphocytes, also known as B-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help the body recognize and fight off foreign substances such as viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. B-cells are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen and lymph nodes. When a B-cell encounters an antigen (a foreign substance that triggers an immune response), it becomes activated and begins to divide rapidly. The activated B-cell then differentiates into plasma cells, which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to the antigen. The antibodies produced by B-cells can neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing them from infecting cells, or they can mark them for destruction by other immune cells. B-cells also play a role in memory, meaning that they can remember specific antigens and mount a faster and more effective immune response if they encounter the same antigen again in the future. B-cell disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and certain types of cancer, can result from problems with the development, activation, or function of B-cells.

Dinitrophenols (DNP) are a class of organic compounds that contain two nitro groups (-NO2) attached to a phenol ring. They have been used as a weight loss drug in the past, but their use has been banned due to their toxic effects on the body. In the medical field, DNP is primarily studied as a research tool to investigate the effects of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) on energy metabolism. UCP1 is a protein found in brown adipose tissue (BAT) that plays a role in thermogenesis, the process by which the body generates heat. DNP is known to activate UCP1 and increase energy expenditure, which can lead to weight loss. However, DNP is also a potent uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which cells generate ATP, the energy currency of the body. This can lead to a number of harmful effects, including increased heart rate, arrhythmias, and even death. As a result, the use of DNP as a weight loss drug has been banned in many countries, and its use in research is highly regulated.

A foreign-body reaction is a type of immune response that occurs when the body recognizes a foreign substance, such as a foreign particle or implant, as a threat and mounts an inflammatory response to try to remove it. This response can lead to the formation of scar tissue around the foreign body, which can cause pain, swelling, and other symptoms. In some cases, the foreign body may also cause an infection or other complications. Foreign-body reactions can occur in response to a wide range of foreign substances, including medications, metals, plastics, and biological materials. They are a common occurrence in the medical field and can be managed with a variety of treatments, depending on the specific cause and severity of the reaction.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. It is produced in response to various environmental stresses, such as drought, extreme temperatures, and exposure to UV radiation. In the medical field, ABA has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. For example, ABA has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, and it may be useful in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. However, it is important to note that ABA is not currently used as a medication in humans, and more research is needed to fully understand its potential therapeutic effects and potential side effects.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that was once commonly used as a solvent in various industrial and commercial applications. In the medical field, TCE has been associated with a number of adverse health effects, including liver and kidney damage, cancer, and neurological disorders. TCE has been used as a general anesthetic in veterinary medicine, but its use has been largely discontinued due to concerns about its toxicity. In humans, TCE has been used as a surgical anesthetic, but it has been largely replaced by safer alternatives. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, TCE has also been used as a cleaning agent, degreaser, and solvent in various industrial and commercial settings. Exposure to TCE can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and it can cause a range of symptoms, including headache, dizziness, nausea, and respiratory problems. In recent years, there has been growing concern about the potential health effects of TCE exposure, particularly in relation to its use in industrial settings. As a result, many countries have implemented regulations to limit the use and release of TCE, and efforts are underway to develop safer alternatives to this toxic chemical.

In the medical field, "Antigens, Plant" refers to substances found in plants that can trigger an immune response in the body. These substances, also known as plant antigens or allergens, can cause an allergic reaction in some individuals who come into contact with them. Plant antigens can be found in a variety of plant-based products, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and grains. Some common examples of plant antigens that can cause allergic reactions include pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds, as well as certain types of fruits and vegetables like peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish. When a person with a plant allergy comes into contact with an antigen, their immune system responds by producing antibodies to fight off the perceived threat. This can lead to symptoms such as itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing, depending on the severity of the reaction. Treatment for plant allergies typically involves avoiding exposure to the allergen and taking medications such as antihistamines or epinephrine to manage symptoms. In some cases, immunotherapy may also be recommended to help desensitize the immune system to the allergen over time.

Rhinitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of the lining of the nose. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, infections, irritants, and certain medications. Symptoms of rhinitis may include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, congestion, postnasal drip, and facial pain or pressure. There are several types of rhinitis, including allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis, and infectious rhinitis. Treatment for rhinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, immunotherapy.

Kerosene is a type of fuel that is commonly used in lamps and heaters. It is not typically used in the medical field, as it is not a medication or medical treatment. However, kerosene can be used as a source of heat in medical settings, such as in tents or trailers used for disaster relief or in remote areas without access to electricity. It is important to use kerosene safely, as it can be flammable and can cause respiratory problems if inhaled in large quantities.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method used to compare the means of three or more groups. In the medical field, ANOVA can be used to compare the effectiveness of different treatments, interventions, or medications on a particular outcome or variable of interest. For example, a researcher may want to compare the effectiveness of three different medications for treating a particular disease. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean response (e.g., improvement in symptoms) between the three groups of patients who received each medication. If the results show a significant difference between the groups, it would suggest that one medication is more effective than the others. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different groups of patients based on a categorical variable, such as age, gender, or race. For example, a researcher may want to compare the mean blood pressure of patients in different age groups. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean blood pressure between the different age groups and determine if there are significant differences. Overall, ANOVA is a powerful statistical tool that can be used to compare the means of different groups in the medical field, helping researchers to identify which treatments or interventions are most effective and to better understand the factors that influence health outcomes.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a type of fungus that can cause a serious infection in humans and animals. It is commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and bird droppings, and can be inhaled into the lungs. The fungus can also cause infections in other parts of the body, such as the brain and spinal cord, and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Infections caused by Cryptococcus neoformans are typically treated with antifungal medications.

Methyl Methanesulfonate (MMS) is a chemical compound that is used in various industries, including the medical field. In medicine, MMS is primarily used as a chemotherapy agent to treat certain types of cancer. It works by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, ultimately leading to their death. MMS is typically administered intravenously or orally, and its effectiveness depends on the type and stage of cancer being treated. However, it is important to note that MMS is a potent and toxic substance, and its use is closely monitored by medical professionals to minimize the risk of side effects and complications. In addition to its use as a chemotherapy agent, MMS has also been studied for its potential use in other medical applications, such as the treatment of viral infections and the prevention of certain types of cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of MMS in these contexts.

Arachis hypogaea, commonly known as peanuts, is a legume plant species that belongs to the family Fabaceae. In the medical field, peanuts are often used as a source of nutrition and as a treatment for various health conditions. Peanuts are a rich source of protein, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, making them an important part of a balanced diet. They are also a good source of antioxidants, which can help protect the body against damage from free radicals. In addition to their nutritional benefits, peanuts have been found to have potential health benefits in the treatment of certain conditions. For example, some studies have suggested that consuming peanuts may help lower the risk of heart disease by reducing inflammation and improving cholesterol levels. Peanuts have also been found to have potential anti-cancer properties, and may help protect against certain types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer. However, it is important to note that peanuts can also cause allergic reactions in some people, and can be a common cause of food allergies. If you have a peanut allergy, it is important to avoid consuming peanuts and to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of an allergic reaction.

The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and the inner surface of the eyelids. It is a highly vascularized tissue that helps to lubricate and protect the eye by producing tears and providing a barrier against foreign particles and infections. The conjunctiva also contains immune cells that help to defend the eye against harmful pathogens. In addition, the conjunctiva contains nerve endings that help to regulate the eye's blood flow and maintain its normal function. Any damage or inflammation of the conjunctiva can lead to a variety of eye conditions, including conjunctivitis (pink eye), dry eye syndrome, and allergic conjunctivitis.

Exanthema subitum, also known as roseola, is a viral illness characterized by a sudden onset of fever and a rash that typically appears on the trunk and spreads to the face and extremities. The rash is usually pink or red and may be accompanied by small, clear bumps or blisters. The fever typically lasts for several days and is followed by the appearance of the rash, which usually lasts for 3-5 days. The illness is caused by the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and is most common in children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years. It is usually a self-limiting illness and does not require specific treatment. However, children with severe symptoms or complications may require hospitalization.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. In the medical field, DNA is often studied as a tool for understanding and diagnosing genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are caused by changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the function of genes, leading to a variety of health problems. By analyzing DNA, doctors and researchers can identify specific genetic mutations that may be responsible for a particular disorder, and develop targeted treatments or therapies to address the underlying cause of the condition. DNA is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique genetic fingerprint. This is because each person's DNA sequence is unique, and can be used to distinguish one individual from another. DNA analysis is also used in criminal investigations to help solve crimes by linking DNA evidence to suspects or victims.

In the medical field, aerosols refer to tiny particles or droplets of liquid or solid matter that are suspended in the air and can be inhaled into the respiratory system. Aerosols can be generated by various sources, including human activities such as talking, coughing, and sneezing, as well as natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and dust storms. Aerosols can contain a variety of substances, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, pollutants, and other particles. When inhaled, these particles can enter the lungs and potentially cause respiratory infections, allergies, and other health problems. In the context of infectious diseases, aerosols are of particular concern because they can transmit pathogens over long distances and remain suspended in the air for extended periods of time. To prevent the spread of infectious diseases, it is important to take measures to reduce the generation and dispersion of aerosols in indoor environments, such as wearing masks, practicing good respiratory hygiene, and improving ventilation systems.

Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3 are a type of protein found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). These receptors are classified as G-protein coupled receptors and are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including nausea, vomiting, and pain perception. The 5-HT3 receptor is primarily expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, where it plays a role in regulating the movement of food through the digestive system. Activation of 5-HT3 receptors by serotonin can cause smooth muscle contractions, leading to nausea and vomiting. 5-HT3 receptors are also found in the brain, where they are involved in regulating mood, anxiety, and pain perception. In the medical field, 5-HT3 receptors are targeted by a class of drugs called 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, which are used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. These drugs work by blocking the action of serotonin at 5-HT3 receptors, thereby preventing the stimulation of smooth muscle contractions and reducing nausea and vomiting. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are also used to treat irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders.

Ketotifen is a medication that is used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. It belongs to a class of drugs called antihistamines, which work by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical that is released by the body in response to an allergic reaction. Ketotifen is available in both oral and nasal spray forms and is usually taken once or twice a day. It can also be used to prevent eye allergies, such as conjunctivitis, and to treat hives and other skin conditions caused by allergies.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein, that plays a crucial role in the immune response and inflammation. It is produced by various cells in the body, including macrophages, monocytes, and T cells, in response to infection, injury, or other stimuli. TNF-alpha has multiple functions in the body, including regulating the immune response, promoting cell growth and differentiation, and mediating inflammation. It can also induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in some cells, which can be beneficial in fighting cancer. However, excessive or prolonged TNF-alpha production can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, which can contribute to the development of various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain types of cancer. In the medical field, TNF-alpha is often targeted in the treatment of these conditions. For example, drugs called TNF inhibitors, such as infliximab and adalimumab, are used to block the action of TNF-alpha and reduce inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory conditions.

Anticonvulsants, also known as antiepileptic drugs, are a class of medications that are used to prevent or control seizures. They work by altering the electrical activity in the brain, which can help to prevent seizures from occurring. Anticonvulsants are often used to treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. They may also be used to treat other conditions that cause seizures, such as brain injury or stroke. There are many different types of anticonvulsants, and they are classified based on their mechanism of action and the type of seizures they are effective against. Some common examples of anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, valproic acid, and phenytoin.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine, a type of signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the immune system. It is produced by activated T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the body's defense against infection and disease. IL-2 has several important functions in the immune system. It promotes the growth and differentiation of T cells, which helps to increase the number of immune cells available to fight infection. It also stimulates the production of other cytokines, which can help to amplify the immune response. IL-2 is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as melanoma and kidney cancer. It works by stimulating the immune system to attack cancer cells. It is typically given as an injection or infusion, and can cause side effects such as fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. In addition to its use in cancer treatment, IL-2 has also been studied for its potential role in treating other conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and viral infections.

Chronic pain is a type of pain that persists for more than 12 weeks and is not relieved by standard medical treatments. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, illness, or underlying medical conditions. Chronic pain can be severe and can significantly impact a person's quality of life, leading to physical and emotional distress, as well as social isolation and disability. Treatment for chronic pain typically involves a combination of medications, physical therapy, and other interventions, and may require the involvement of a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins are proteins that are produced by the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This yeast is commonly used in the production of bread, beer, and wine, as well as in scientific research. In the medical field, S. cerevisiae proteins have been studied for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some S. cerevisiae proteins have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, making them of interest for the development of new therapies.

Glutaral is a colorless, crystalline compound that is a derivative of glutaric acid. It is used in the medical field as a disinfectant and antiseptic, particularly for the treatment of skin and mucous membrane infections. Glutaral is also used as a preservative in some medical products, such as eye drops and contact lens solutions. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people.

Occupational diseases are illnesses or injuries that are caused by exposure to hazards or conditions in the workplace. These hazards or conditions can include chemicals, dusts, fumes, radiation, noise, vibration, and physical demands such as repetitive motions or awkward postures. Occupational diseases can affect various systems in the body, including the respiratory system, skin, eyes, ears, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. Examples of occupational diseases include asbestosis, silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and hearing loss. Occupational diseases are preventable through proper safety measures and regulations in the workplace. Employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthy work environment for their employees, and workers have the right to report hazards and seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms related to their work.

Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by genetically engineering bacteria, yeast, or other organisms to express a specific gene. These proteins are typically used in medical research and drug development because they can be produced in large quantities and are often more pure and consistent than proteins that are extracted from natural sources. Recombinant proteins can be used for a variety of purposes in medicine, including as diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and research tools. For example, recombinant versions of human proteins such as insulin, growth hormones, and clotting factors are used to treat a variety of medical conditions. Recombinant proteins can also be used to study the function of specific genes and proteins, which can help researchers understand the underlying causes of diseases and develop new treatments.

Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic, are a class of drugs derived from plants that have been found to have anti-cancer properties. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, as well as by inducing apoptosis (cell death) in cancer cells. Examples of phytogenic antineoplastic agents include paclitaxel (Taxol), derived from the Pacific yew tree, and vinblastine and vincristine, derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. These agents are often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat a variety of cancers, including breast, ovarian, lung, and colorectal cancer.

Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and the immune system. It is caused by a mutation in the ATM gene, which is responsible for producing a protein that helps repair DNA damage. People with AT have problems with coordination and balance (ataxia), as well as telangiectasias (small, red or purple blood vessels on the skin and mucous membranes), and an increased risk of developing cancer, particularly leukemia and lymphoma. Other symptoms may include sensitivity to radiation, infertility, and an increased risk of infections. There is currently no cure for AT, but treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

CD8-positive T-lymphocytes, also known as cytotoxic T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system's response to infections and diseases. These cells are a subtype of T-lymphocytes, which are a type of immune cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. CD8-positive T-lymphocytes are characterized by the presence of a protein called CD8 on their surface, which helps them to recognize and bind to infected cells or cancer cells. Once bound, these cells release toxic substances that can kill the infected or cancerous cells. CD8-positive T-lymphocytes are an important part of the immune system's response to viral infections, such as HIV and herpes, and to some types of cancer. They are also involved in the immune response to bacterial infections and in the regulation of immune responses to prevent autoimmune diseases. In the medical field, CD8-positive T-lymphocytes are often studied as a way to understand the immune system's response to infections and diseases, and to develop new treatments for these conditions.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii species of yeast. It can affect the lungs, brain, and other organs in the body. Cryptococcosis is commonly found in soil and bird droppings, and can be transmitted to humans through the inhalation of spores. The infection can also be acquired through contact with contaminated food or water, or through the transplantation of contaminated tissue or organs. Symptoms of cryptococcosis can include fever, cough, headache, and fatigue. In severe cases, the infection can lead to meningitis or other life-threatening complications. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, and may also include surgery or other supportive care.

Acetic acid is a weak organic acid that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic sour smell and is the main component of vinegar. In the medical field, acetic acid is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is commonly used to clean and disinfect medical equipment, such as scalpels, needles, and syringes, to prevent the spread of infection. Acetic acid is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, it is used in the treatment of warts and other skin growths. It is applied topically to the affected area and can cause the wart to peel off over time. In addition, acetic acid is used in the production of certain medications, such as aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is also used in the production of some types of plastics and other industrial products. Overall, acetic acid is a versatile compound with many uses in the medical field, including as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and medication ingredient.

Arthritis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of one or more joints in the body. It can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the affected joints, and can limit mobility and range of motion. There are many different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and lupus arthritis, among others. Arthritis can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in older adults. Treatment for arthritis typically involves a combination of medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes, such as exercise and a healthy diet.

Coccidioidin is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of antibodies against the fungus Coccidioides immitis in the blood. This fungus is commonly found in the soil of certain regions of the United States, particularly in the southwestern states, and can cause a respiratory infection called Valley fever. The coccidioidin skin test is performed by injecting a small amount of a suspension of Coccidioides immitis antigen under the skin. If the patient has been exposed to the fungus, their immune system will produce antibodies that will cause a reaction at the injection site. The size of the reaction can be measured to determine the level of exposure to the fungus. The coccidioidin blood test is performed by measuring the level of antibodies against the fungus in the blood. This test is typically used to confirm a diagnosis of Valley fever or to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Both the coccidioidin skin test and the coccidioidin blood test are important tools in the diagnosis and management of Valley fever, which can be a serious and potentially life-threatening infection in certain individuals.

Leukocyte migration-inhibitory factors (LMIFs) are a group of proteins that are produced by various cells in the body, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. These proteins are involved in regulating the migration of leukocytes, which are white blood cells that play a critical role in the immune response. LMIFs work by binding to receptors on the surface of leukocytes and inhibiting their ability to move through the bloodstream and migrate to sites of inflammation or infection. This helps to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage, which can occur when too many leukocytes are present in a particular area. There are several different types of LMIFs, including chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. These proteins are produced in response to various stimuli, such as infection, injury, or inflammation, and they help to coordinate the immune response by regulating the movement of leukocytes to the site of the stimulus. Overall, LMIFs play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage.

Disease susceptibility refers to an individual's increased risk of developing a particular disease or condition due to genetic, environmental, or lifestyle factors. Susceptibility to a disease is not the same as having the disease itself, but rather an increased likelihood of developing it compared to someone who is not susceptible. Genetic factors play a significant role in disease susceptibility. Certain genetic mutations or variations can increase an individual's risk of developing certain diseases, such as breast cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. Environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins or pollutants, can also increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases. Lifestyle factors, such as diet, exercise, and smoking, can also impact disease susceptibility. For example, a diet high in saturated fats and sugar can increase an individual's risk of developing heart disease, while regular exercise can reduce the risk. Understanding an individual's disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers develop personalized prevention and treatment plans to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases or to manage existing conditions more effectively.

Chemotaxis, leukocyte refers to the movement of white blood cells (leukocytes) in response to chemical signals in the body. These chemical signals, also known as chemokines, are released by damaged or infected cells, as well as by immune cells themselves. Chemotaxis allows leukocytes to move towards the site of inflammation or infection, where they can help to fight off pathogens and promote tissue repair. This process is an important part of the immune response and plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and wellbeing.

Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4 are a type of protein found on the surface of cells in the body that bind to the neurotransmitter serotonin. These receptors play a role in regulating a variety of physiological processes, including gastrointestinal motility, heart rate, and mood. Activation of 5-HT4 receptors can stimulate the release of acetylcholine, which can lead to increased muscle contractions and improved gut motility. They are also being studied for their potential therapeutic effects in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and depression.

Antibody-producing cells, also known as B cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. These cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that help the body fight off infections and diseases. B cells are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen. When a B cell encounters a foreign substance, such as a virus or bacteria, it becomes activated and begins to divide rapidly. As the B cells divide, they differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized cells that produce large amounts of antibodies. The antibodies produced by B cells are specific to the foreign substance that triggered their activation. They bind to the substance and mark it for destruction by other immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. This process helps to neutralize the foreign substance and prevent it from causing harm to the body. In summary, antibody-producing cells, or B cells, are an essential component of the immune system that play a critical role in protecting the body against infections and diseases.

I'm sorry, but "Agapornis" is not a term commonly used in the medical field. It is actually a genus of birds in the family Psittacidae, commonly known as lovebirds or parakeets. In the medical field, there are many terms and concepts related to various aspects of health and medicine, such as diseases, symptoms, treatments, and medical procedures. If you have a specific medical question or concern, I would be happy to try to help you.

In the medical field, "air" typically refers to the mixture of gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere, which is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), with trace amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide, argon, and neon. In medical contexts, air can refer to the inhalation of air into the lungs, which is necessary for respiration and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Air can also refer to the presence of air in the body, such as in the case of pneumothorax, where air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. In some medical procedures, such as bronchoscopy or endoscopy, air is used to inflate the airways and create a clear view of the inside of the body. In other cases, air may be used as a contrast medium to help visualize certain structures on medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans.

Candida albicans is a type of yeast that is commonly found in small amounts in the human body, particularly in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina. It is a normal inhabitant of the body and is usually harmless. However, in certain circumstances, Candida albicans can overgrow and cause an infection, known as a candidiasis. Candidiasis can occur in various parts of the body, including the mouth (oral thrush), throat (pharyngitis), esophagus (esophagitis), lungs (pneumonia), gut (gastritis), and vagina (vaginitis). Symptoms of candidiasis can vary depending on the location of the infection, but may include itching, burning, redness, and white patches or discharge. Candidiasis can be treated with antifungal medications, which are available in various forms, including creams, ointments, tablets, and suppositories. In severe cases, intravenous antifungal therapy may be necessary. It is important to note that Candida albicans can become resistant to certain antifungal medications, so it is important to follow the prescribed treatment regimen and to complete the full course of medication.

Maleates are a class of organic compounds that contain a carboxylate group (-COO-) attached to a maleic acid moiety. Maleic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups (-COOH) attached to a central carbon atom. Maleates are commonly used as intermediates in the production of various chemicals, including polymers, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. In the medical field, maleates are used as active ingredients in some medications. For example, glyceryl maleate is used as a laxative to treat constipation, and magnesium maleate is used to treat high blood pressure. Maleic acid itself is also used as a preservative in some medications and as a buffering agent to adjust the pH of certain formulations. Maleates can also be used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations, meaning they are added to a medication to improve its stability, solubility, or other properties. For example, sodium maleate is used as a buffering agent in some oral medications to maintain a stable pH in the stomach and improve the absorption of certain drugs.

Organoplatinum compounds are chemical compounds that contain a carbon atom bonded to a platinum atom. They are commonly used in the medical field as chemotherapy drugs to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, testicular, and lung cancer. Organoplatinum compounds work by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, ultimately leading to their death. Some examples of organoplatinum compounds used in medicine include cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. These drugs can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and kidney damage, but they are often effective at stopping the growth of cancer cells and improving outcomes for patients.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) is a solution that contains fluoride ions and phosphoric acid. It is commonly used in the medical field as a topical fluoride treatment for the prevention of dental caries (cavities). APF is typically applied to the teeth and gums as a gel or foam, and left in place for a period of time before being rinsed off. The fluoride ions in the solution help to strengthen the tooth enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria in the mouth. The phosphoric acid in the solution helps to increase the solubility of the fluoride ions, allowing them to penetrate the tooth enamel more effectively. APF is often used in conjunction with other dental treatments, such as professional cleanings and fluoride varnishes, to help prevent tooth decay and maintain good oral health. It is generally considered safe and effective for use in both children and adults, although it is important to follow the instructions provided by your dentist or healthcare provider when using this treatment.

Nuclear proteins are proteins that are found within the nucleus of a cell. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, where genetic material is stored and regulated. Nuclear proteins play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and gene regulation. There are many different types of nuclear proteins, each with its own specific function. Some nuclear proteins are involved in the structure and organization of the nucleus itself, while others are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Nuclear proteins can also interact with other proteins, DNA, and RNA molecules to carry out their functions. In the medical field, nuclear proteins are often studied in the context of diseases such as cancer, where changes in the expression or function of nuclear proteins can contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Additionally, nuclear proteins are important targets for drug development, as they can be targeted to treat a variety of diseases.

Receptors, IgE (Immunoglobulin E receptors) are proteins found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system, such as mast cells and basophils. These receptors bind to specific molecules called allergens, which are typically harmless substances that trigger an allergic reaction in some people. When an allergen binds to an IgE receptor, it triggers a cascade of chemical reactions that leads to the release of histamine and other inflammatory molecules, causing symptoms such as itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Receptors, IgE play a key role in the development and progression of allergic diseases, such as asthma, hay fever, and food allergies.

Antineoplastic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents or chemotherapeutic agents, are drugs that are used to treat cancer by killing or slowing the growth of cancer cells. These agents work by interfering with the normal processes of cell division and growth, which are necessary for the survival and spread of cancer cells. There are many different types of antineoplastic agents, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, among others. These agents are often used in combination with other treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy, to provide the most effective treatment for cancer.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a mutagen and carcinogen in laboratory studies. It is a yellowish solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. In the medical field, 4-NQO is often used to study the effects of mutagens and carcinogens on cells and organisms, and to develop new treatments for cancer and other diseases. It is also used as a tool to study the mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, and to identify new biomarkers for cancer. However, it is important to note that 4-NQO is a highly toxic compound and should only be handled by trained professionals in a laboratory setting.

In the medical field, "Antigens, CD" refers to a group of proteins found on the surface of certain cells in the immune system. These proteins, known as CD antigens, are recognized by other immune cells and play a crucial role in the immune response to infections and diseases. CD antigens are classified into different families based on their structure and function. Some CD antigens are expressed on the surface of immune cells themselves, while others are found on the surface of cells that are targeted by the immune system, such as cancer cells or cells infected with viruses. The identification and characterization of CD antigens has been important for the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies for a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, monoclonal antibodies that target specific CD antigens have been used in cancer immunotherapy to help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.

In the medical field, "cell count" refers to the measurement of the number of cells present in a specific sample of tissue or fluid. This measurement is typically performed using a microscope and a specialized staining technique to distinguish between different types of cells. For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a common laboratory test that measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Similarly, a urine analysis may include a cell count to measure the number of white blood cells or bacteria present in the urine. Cell counts can be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or cancer. They can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments or to detect any changes in the body's cellular makeup over time.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by the scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, which can lead to difficulty breathing and a reduced ability to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream. This scarring, or fibrosis, is caused by damage to the lungs, which can be the result of a variety of factors, including exposure to environmental pollutants, certain medications, infections, and autoimmune diseases. Pulmonary fibrosis can be a progressive disease, meaning that the scarring and thickening of the lung tissue can worsen over time, leading to more severe symptoms and a reduced quality of life. Treatment for pulmonary fibrosis typically involves managing symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease, but there is currently no cure.

Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) is a fluorescent dye that is commonly used in the medical field for various diagnostic and research purposes. It is a water-soluble, yellow-green fluorescent dye that is highly sensitive to light and can be easily excited by ultraviolet light. In medical applications, FITC is often used as a fluorescent marker to label cells, proteins, and other molecules. It can be conjugated to antibodies, nucleic acids, and other molecules to enable visualization and analysis of these molecules in cells and tissues. FITC is also used in diagnostic tests, such as flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, to detect and quantify specific cells or molecules in biological samples. It is also used in research to study cell biology, immunology, and other areas of biomedical science. Overall, FITC is a valuable tool in the medical field due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body. In a healthy immune system, the body recognizes and attacks foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria, to protect itself. However, in autoimmune diseases, the immune system becomes overactive and begins to attack the body's own cells and tissues. There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, and they can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, muscles, blood vessels, and organs such as the thyroid gland, pancreas, and liver. Some common examples of autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves managing symptoms and reducing inflammation, and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways in the lungs. This can cause symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Asthma can be triggered by a variety of factors, including allergens, irritants, exercise, and respiratory infections. It is a common condition, affecting millions of people worldwide, and can range from mild to severe. Treatment typically involves the use of medications to control inflammation and open up the airways, as well as lifestyle changes to avoid triggers and improve overall lung function.

Asparaginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartate and ammonia. In the medical field, asparaginase is used as a chemotherapy drug to treat certain types of cancer, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It works by depriving cancer cells of asparagine, which is an essential amino acid for their growth and survival. Asparaginase is typically administered as part of a combination chemotherapy regimen and can cause side effects such as fever, nausea, and allergic reactions.

Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth, development, and repair of tissues in the body. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process by which somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) divide to produce two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the process by which germ cells (reproductive cells) divide to produce four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction. Abnormalities in cell division can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including cancer. In cancer, cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors, which can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Esophageal diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The esophagus is responsible for moving food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. Esophageal diseases can be classified into two main categories: structural and functional. Structural esophageal diseases are those that involve changes in the physical structure of the esophagus. Examples include esophageal cancer, Barrett's esophagus, achalasia, and esophageal strictures. These conditions can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and weight loss. Functional esophageal diseases, on the other hand, are those that involve changes in the way the esophagus functions. Examples include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), and nutcracker esophagus. These conditions can cause symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing. Esophageal diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including endoscopy, manometry, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI. Treatment for esophageal diseases depends on the specific condition and may include medications, lifestyle changes, endoscopic procedures, or surgery.

In the medical field, tissue extracts refer to the preparation of substances obtained from tissues of living organisms, such as animals or humans, by extracting or isolating specific components or compounds. These extracts can be used for various purposes, including research, diagnostic testing, and therapeutic applications. Tissue extracts can be prepared using different methods, such as solvent extraction, enzymatic digestion, or chromatographic separation. The resulting extracts may contain a variety of molecules, including proteins, peptides, lipids, nucleic acids, and small molecules, depending on the tissue source and the extraction method used. Tissue extracts are commonly used in research to study the biological functions of specific molecules or to identify potential biomarkers for diseases. They can also be used in diagnostic testing to detect the presence of specific molecules or to monitor the progression of diseases. In addition, tissue extracts may be used in therapeutic applications, such as the development of drugs or the treatment of diseases, by targeting specific molecules or pathways in the body.

Lactoglobulins are a group of proteins found in milk that play important roles in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. They are the most abundant proteins in milk, accounting for about 20% of the total protein content. Lactoglobulins have a number of functions in the body. They help to stabilize and transport fat molecules in the digestive tract, which aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. They also have immune-modulating properties, and may help to protect against certain infections and diseases. In the medical field, lactoglobulins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, they have been used in the development of drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. They have also been studied for their potential use in the prevention and treatment of certain types of cancer. Overall, lactoglobulins are an important component of milk and play a number of important roles in the body.

In the medical field, mineral oil is a type of liquid hydrocarbon that is commonly used as a lubricant, emollient, and antiseptic. It is derived from petroleum and is composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons with carbon chain lengths ranging from C12 to C50. Mineral oil is often used in medical applications due to its low toxicity, low cost, and ability to form a protective barrier on the skin. It is commonly used as a lubricant for medical equipment, such as syringes and catheters, and as a topical ointment for treating dry skin, eczema, and other skin conditions. However, it is important to note that mineral oil can be comedogenic, meaning it can clog pores and cause acne breakouts in some individuals. Additionally, it is not recommended for use on wounds or open skin as it can slow down the healing process and increase the risk of infection.

Pruritus is a medical term used to describe an intense, persistent, and often uncontrollable urge to scratch or rub a particular area of the skin. It is commonly referred to as "itching" and can be caused by a variety of factors, including skin conditions, infections, allergies, hormonal changes, and certain medications. Pruritus can be a symptom of many different medical conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, liver disease, kidney disease, and cancer. It can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as antibiotics, antihistamines, and chemotherapy drugs. Treatment for pruritus depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter creams or ointments may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. In more severe cases, prescription medications or other treatments may be necessary. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you are experiencing persistent or severe itching, as it could be a sign of an underlying medical condition that requires treatment.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a type of complex carbohydrate found on the surface of gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of a lipid A moiety, a core polysaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide. LPS are important components of the bacterial cell wall and play a role in the innate immune response of the host. In the medical field, LPS are often studied in the context of sepsis, a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to an infection causes widespread inflammation. LPS can trigger a strong immune response in the host, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators that can cause tissue damage and organ failure. As a result, LPS are often used as a model for studying the pathophysiology of sepsis and for developing new treatments for this condition. LPS are also used in research as a tool for studying the immune system and for developing vaccines against bacterial infections. They can be purified from bacterial cultures and used to stimulate immune cells in vitro or in animal models, allowing researchers to study the mechanisms of immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Additionally, LPS can be used as an adjuvant in vaccines to enhance the immune response to the vaccine antigen.

Bacterial proteins are proteins that are synthesized by bacteria. They are essential for the survival and function of bacteria, and play a variety of roles in bacterial metabolism, growth, and pathogenicity. Bacterial proteins can be classified into several categories based on their function, including structural proteins, metabolic enzymes, regulatory proteins, and toxins. Structural proteins provide support and shape to the bacterial cell, while metabolic enzymes are involved in the breakdown of nutrients and the synthesis of new molecules. Regulatory proteins control the expression of other genes, and toxins can cause damage to host cells and tissues. Bacterial proteins are of interest in the medical field because they can be used as targets for the development of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. They can also be used as diagnostic markers for bacterial infections, and as vaccines to prevent bacterial diseases. Additionally, some bacterial proteins have been shown to have therapeutic potential, such as enzymes that can break down harmful substances in the body or proteins that can stimulate the immune system.

Menthol is a naturally occurring compound that is commonly found in mint plants. It is often used in over-the-counter medications and personal care products, such as cough drops, toothpaste, and mouthwashes, due to its ability to provide a cooling sensation on the skin and in the mouth. In the medical field, menthol is used for its analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory properties. It is sometimes used topically to relieve pain and itching associated with conditions such as insect bites, sunburn, and eczema. Menthol is also used in some medications to treat respiratory conditions, such as coughs and colds, by acting as a decongestant and expectorant. However, it is important to note that menthol can cause irritation and allergic reactions in some people, and it should be used with caution, especially in individuals with sensitive skin or respiratory conditions. Additionally, some studies have suggested that menthol may have negative effects on lung function in individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), so it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using menthol-containing products.

Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. It is commonly used in the medical field as a preservative for tissues, organs, and other biological samples. Formaldehyde is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is sometimes used to treat certain medical conditions, such as leprosy and psoriasis. In the medical field, formaldehyde is typically used in concentrations of 1-4%, and it is applied to the tissue or organ to be preserved. The formaldehyde causes the cells in the tissue to become rigid and hard, which helps to preserve the tissue and prevent decay. Formaldehyde is also used to disinfect medical equipment and surfaces, and it is sometimes used to treat wounds and skin conditions. While formaldehyde is effective at preserving tissue and disinfecting surfaces, it can also be harmful if it is inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, as well as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Long-term exposure to formaldehyde has been linked to certain types of cancer, including nasopharyngeal cancer and sinonasal cancer.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of disorders that affect the lungs' interstitium, which is the tissue that lies between the air sacs (alveoli) and the walls of the blood vessels. The interstitium is responsible for providing structural support to the lungs and facilitating gas exchange. ILDs can be classified into several categories based on their underlying cause, such as autoimmune disorders, environmental exposures, genetic disorders, infections, and connective tissue diseases. Some common examples of ILDs include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The symptoms of ILDs can vary depending on the specific disease and the severity of the condition. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, and chest pain. In some cases, ILDs can progress to a point where breathing becomes difficult, and oxygen therapy may be required. Treatment for ILDs depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, medications may be used to manage symptoms or slow the progression of the disease. In more severe cases, lung transplantation may be considered as a treatment option.

Clonidine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called alpha-agonists. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing heart rate. Clonidine can also be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults, and to help manage withdrawal symptoms in people who are quitting smoking. It is usually taken by mouth, but can also be given by injection or applied as a patch on the skin. Side effects of clonidine may include dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, and drowsiness.

Fever is a medical condition characterized by an elevated body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F). It is typically a response to an infection or inflammation in the body, and can also be caused by certain medications or other medical conditions. Fever is usually accompanied by other symptoms such as chills, sweating, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and loss of appetite. While a fever can be uncomfortable, it is generally not considered a serious medical condition in itself, and can be a sign that the body is fighting off an infection. In some cases, a fever may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as sepsis or meningitis. If a fever persists for more than a few days, or if it is accompanied by other severe symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention.

In the medical field, "Antigens, Helminth" refers to proteins or other molecules found on the surface of helminths (parasitic worms) that can trigger an immune response in the host. These antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign and can stimulate the production of antibodies and other immune cells to fight off the infection. Helminth antigens are important in the diagnosis and treatment of helminth infections, as well as in the development of vaccines against these parasites.

Serum albumin is a type of protein that is found in the blood plasma of humans and other animals. It is the most abundant protein in the blood, accounting for about 50-60% of the total protein content. Serum albumin plays a number of important roles in the body, including maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood, transporting hormones, fatty acids, and other molecules, and serving as a buffer to regulate pH. It is also an important indicator of liver function, as the liver is responsible for producing most of the serum albumin in the body. Abnormal levels of serum albumin can be an indication of liver disease, kidney disease, or other medical conditions.

Piperidines are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 4. They are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as a building block for the synthesis of a wide range of drugs, including analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antihistamines. Piperidines are also found in natural products, such as alkaloids, and have been used in traditional medicine for their various therapeutic effects. In the medical field, piperidines are often used as a starting point for the development of new drugs, as they can be easily modified to produce a wide range of pharmacological activities.

Sodium fluoride is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the medical field as a fluoride supplement to prevent tooth decay. It is also used in dental products such as toothpaste and mouthwash to help strengthen tooth enamel and prevent cavities. In the medical field, sodium fluoride is typically administered as a solution or tablet to patients who are at risk of developing tooth decay. It is also used in certain medical treatments, such as radiation therapy, to help prevent the development of new blood vessels in tumors. Sodium fluoride is generally considered safe when used as directed, but high doses or prolonged exposure can be harmful. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and use caution when administering sodium fluoride to patients, especially children.

Polyethylenes are a group of synthetic polymers that are commonly used in the medical field for a variety of applications. They are made by polymerizing ethylene monomers, which are small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen atoms. There are several different types of polyethylenes, including low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Each type of polyethylene has its own unique properties and is used for different medical applications. For example, LDPE is often used in medical packaging, such as for syringes and intravenous bags, because it is lightweight, flexible, and has good barrier properties. HDPE is commonly used in medical devices, such as catheters and tubing, because it is strong, durable, and has good chemical resistance. UHMWPE is used in orthopedic implants, such as knee and hip replacements, because it is highly wear-resistant and has good biocompatibility. Overall, polyethylenes are a versatile and widely used material in the medical field due to their many desirable properties.

Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group D2 Protein (FANCD2) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of genomic stability in cells. It is involved in the repair of DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks, which can occur due to various factors such as radiation, chemotherapy, or errors during DNA replication. FANCD2 is a component of the Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway, a complex network of proteins that respond to DNA damage and help prevent the accumulation of mutations that can lead to cancer. The FA pathway is activated in response to DNA damage, and FANCD2 is one of the key proteins that is modified and recruited to sites of DNA damage. Mutations in the FANCD2 gene can cause Fanconi Anemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital abnormalities, and an increased risk of cancer. Individuals with Fanconi Anemia have defects in their ability to repair DNA damage, leading to the accumulation of mutations and an increased risk of cancer. In addition to its role in the FA pathway, FANCD2 has also been implicated in other cellular processes, including cell cycle checkpoint control, DNA repair, and telomere maintenance. Understanding the function of FANCD2 and its role in maintaining genomic stability is important for developing new treatments for cancer and other diseases.

Morphine is a powerful opioid medication that is used to relieve severe pain. It is derived from the opium poppy and is one of the most potent naturally occurring opioids. Morphine works by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which can reduce the perception of pain and produce feelings of euphoria. It is often prescribed for patients who are experiencing severe pain, such as those with cancer or after surgery. Morphine can be administered in a variety of ways, including orally, intravenously, or through injection. It can also be used in combination with other medications to enhance its pain-relieving effects. However, morphine can also be highly addictive and can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms if used for an extended period of time. It is important for patients to use morphine only as directed by their healthcare provider and to avoid taking more than the recommended dose.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a type of immune cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. They are responsible for capturing, processing, and presenting antigens (foreign substances) to T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response. APCs are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the skin, lungs, and digestive tract. They include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. When an APC encounters an antigen, it engulfs and breaks it down into smaller pieces. These pieces are then presented on the surface of the APC in a way that allows T cells to recognize them. This process is known as antigen presentation. Once a T cell recognizes an antigen presented by an APC, it becomes activated and begins to divide, producing a population of T cells that are specific to that antigen. These activated T cells can then migrate to the site of infection or inflammation and mount an immune response against the pathogen. Overall, APCs play a critical role in the immune response by activating T cells and helping to coordinate the immune response against pathogens and other foreign substances.

Calcium carbonate is a mineral that is commonly used in the medical field as a dietary supplement and as a medication. It is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, stomach ulcers, and kidney stones. Calcium carbonate is a source of calcium, which is an essential mineral that is important for maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as for many other functions in the body. It is also used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn and indigestion. In the medical field, calcium carbonate is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and powders. It is usually taken by mouth, although it can also be given intravenously in certain cases. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the specific medical condition being treated and the individual patient's needs.

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a type of cytokine, which is a signaling molecule that plays a role in regulating the immune system. It is primarily produced by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies. IL-5 has a number of functions in the immune system. One of its main functions is to stimulate the growth and differentiation of eosinophils, which are a type of white blood cell that is involved in the immune response to parasitic infections and allergies. IL-5 also promotes the production of antibodies by B cells, which are another type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response. In the medical field, IL-5 is often used as a diagnostic marker for certain types of diseases, such as asthma and eosinophilic disorders. It is also being studied as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these conditions, as well as for the treatment of other immune-related disorders.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that plays a critical role in the immune response to infections and cancer. It is produced by activated immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and acts on other immune cells, such as natural killer cells and T cells, to enhance their ability to kill pathogens and tumor cells. IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of two subunits, p35 and p40, which are encoded by separate genes. The p35 subunit is responsible for the biological activity of IL-12, while the p40 subunit is shared with other cytokines, such as IL-23 and IL-27. IL-12 has several important functions in the immune system. It promotes the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells, which produce IFN-γ and other pro-inflammatory cytokines that are important for the clearance of intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria. IL-12 also enhances the activity of natural killer cells, which are important for the elimination of tumor cells and virally infected cells. In addition to its role in innate and adaptive immunity, IL-12 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, and has been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer and infectious diseases.

Cancer vaccines are a type of vaccine designed to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. They work by introducing cancer-specific antigens, which are proteins or other molecules found on the surface of cancer cells, into the body. The immune system recognizes these antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response against them, which can help to slow the growth of cancer cells or even eliminate them entirely. There are several different types of cancer vaccines, including prophylactic vaccines, which are designed to prevent cancer from developing in the first place, and therapeutic vaccines, which are designed to treat existing cancer. Prophylactic vaccines are typically given to people who are at high risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as those with a family history of the disease or those who have certain genetic mutations. Therapeutic vaccines are given to people who have already been diagnosed with cancer, with the goal of boosting their immune system and helping it to attack cancer cells more effectively. Cancer vaccines are still an active area of research, and while some have shown promise in clinical trials, they are not yet widely available for use in the general population. However, they hold great potential for improving cancer treatment and prevention, and ongoing research is expected to lead to the development of more effective cancer vaccines in the future.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone that is used in the medical field to treat a variety of conditions. It is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent that is commonly used to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and psoriasis. It is also used to treat allergies, asthma, and other respiratory conditions, as well as to reduce swelling and inflammation in the body. In addition, prednisolone is used to treat certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma and leukemia, and to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. It is available in various forms, including tablets, injections, and eye drops, and is typically prescribed by a doctor or other healthcare professional.

In the medical field, "drug-related side effects and adverse reactions" refer to any unwanted or unintended effects that occur as a result of taking a medication. These effects can range from mild and temporary to severe and life-threatening. Side effects are typically caused by the normal functioning of the drug and are not necessarily harmful. They can include common symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and headache. However, some side effects can be more serious and may require medical attention. Adverse reactions, on the other hand, are more severe and unexpected reactions to a medication. They can be caused by an allergic reaction, an interaction with another medication, or an underlying medical condition. Adverse reactions can be life-threatening and may require immediate medical attention. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients for both side effects and adverse reactions while they are taking medication. This can help to ensure that patients are receiving the maximum benefit from their treatment while minimizing the risk of harm.

In the medical field, "cell survival" refers to the ability of cells to survive and continue to function despite exposure to harmful stimuli or conditions. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, or other forms of stress that can damage or kill cells. Cell survival is an important concept in many areas of medicine, including cancer research, where understanding how cells survive and resist treatment is crucial for developing effective therapies. In addition, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell survival can also have implications for other areas of medicine, such as tissue repair and regeneration.

Cyanates are a class of organic compounds that contain a cyano (-CN) group. In the medical field, cyanates are often used as drugs or as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs. One example of a cyanate used in medicine is sodium cyanide, which is a highly toxic compound that is used in some medical treatments, such as the treatment of certain types of cancer. However, sodium cyanide is also highly dangerous and can be lethal if not used properly. Another example of a cyanate used in medicine is thiocyanate, which is a breakdown product of certain amino acids and is found in the blood and urine of most people. Thiocyanate has been studied for its potential anti-cancer effects and has been shown to inhibit the growth of some types of cancer cells in the laboratory. Overall, cyanates are an important class of compounds in the medical field, but they must be handled with care due to their potential toxicity.

Diterpenes are a type of organic compound that are derived from the terpene family. They are typically composed of 20 carbon atoms and are found in a variety of plants, including conifers, oaks, and some species of fungi. Diterpenes have a wide range of biological activities and are used in the medical field for their anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties. Some examples of diterpenes that have been studied for their medicinal potential include artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria, and taxol, which is used to treat breast cancer.

Capillary permeability refers to the ability of fluid and solutes to pass through the walls of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. Capillary permeability is an important factor in regulating blood flow and maintaining fluid balance in the body. There are two types of capillary permeability: hydrostatic and osmotic. Hydrostatic permeability refers to the ability of fluid to move through the capillary walls under the influence of pressure gradients. Osmotic permeability refers to the ability of solutes to move through the capillary walls due to differences in solute concentration between the inside and outside of the capillary. Abnormalities in capillary permeability can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including edema (swelling), inflammation, and certain types of circulatory disorders. For example, increased capillary permeability can cause fluid to leak out of the capillaries and accumulate in tissues, leading to edema. Conversely, decreased capillary permeability can lead to poor blood flow and tissue ischemia (lack of oxygen and nutrients). In the medical field, capillary permeability is often measured using techniques such as the Evans blue dye test or the albumin permeability test. These tests involve injecting a dye or protein into the bloodstream and measuring its uptake by the capillary walls, which can provide information about the permeability of the capillaries.

Anxiety and separation are two related concepts that can have significant impacts on a person's mental health and well-being. Anxiety is a feeling of unease, worry, or fear that can be mild or severe. It is a normal human emotion, but when it becomes excessive or persistent, it can interfere with daily life and lead to a range of physical and mental health problems. Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive and persistent anxiety and fear. Separation anxiety is a type of anxiety that occurs when a person experiences distress or anxiety when separated from a loved one or familiar environment. It is a common experience in children, but it can also occur in adults, particularly those who have experienced trauma or have a history of attachment difficulties. In the medical field, anxiety and separation can be diagnosed and treated through a variety of methods, including therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Treatment is typically tailored to the individual's specific needs and may involve a combination of approaches. It is important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is experiencing excessive or persistent anxiety or separation anxiety.

Fungal vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against fungal infections. Fungal infections can be caused by a variety of different types of fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and others. These infections can be serious and even life-threatening, particularly in people with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions. Fungal vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack specific fungal pathogens. This is typically done by introducing a small piece of the fungus, called an antigen, into the body. The immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and mounts an immune response against it, which can help to protect against future infections. There are several different types of fungal vaccines that are currently being developed or are in use. Some are designed to protect against specific types of fungi, while others are more broad-spectrum and are intended to protect against a range of different fungal pathogens. Fungal vaccines are typically given by injection, but they can also be given by other routes, such as by inhalation or orally. Fungal vaccines have the potential to be an important tool in the prevention and treatment of fungal infections. However, they are still in the early stages of development and more research is needed to fully understand their effectiveness and safety.

Phenytoin is a medication that is used to treat epilepsy and prevent seizures. It is also sometimes used to treat other conditions, such as bipolar disorder and anxiety. Phenytoin works by increasing the levels of a chemical in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which helps to calm the brain and reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. It is usually taken orally in the form of tablets or capsules, and the dosage may need to be adjusted over time to achieve the desired effect. Side effects of phenytoin may include dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and headache.

Glucocorticoids are a class of hormones produced by the adrenal gland that regulate glucose metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They are commonly used in medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including: 1. Inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and asthma 2. Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease 3. Allergies and anaphylaxis 4. Skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis 5. Cancer treatment to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system 6. Endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease Glucocorticoids work by binding to specific receptors in cells throughout the body, leading to changes in gene expression and protein synthesis. They can also increase blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to produce glucose and decreasing the body's sensitivity to insulin. Long-term use of high doses of glucocorticoids can have serious side effects, including weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infection.

In the medical field, the cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of certain types of cells, such as plant cells and some bacteria. The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the cell, and helps to maintain its shape and integrity. It is composed of various polysaccharides, proteins, and other molecules, and is essential for the survival and function of these types of cells. In some cases, the cell wall may also play a role in cell division and communication with other cells.

In the medical field, "Analgesics, Non-Narcotic" refers to a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain without causing addiction or other harmful side effects associated with narcotic painkillers. These drugs work by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the body to the brain. Examples of non-narcotic analgesics include acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and naproxen (Aleve). These drugs are commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, muscle aches, and menstrual cramps. They are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed, but can cause side effects such as stomach upset, nausea, and dizziness. It is important to note that non-narcotic analgesics may not be effective for severe pain or pain that is chronic in nature. In these cases, stronger painkillers, such as opioids, may be necessary. However, the use of opioids carries a higher risk of addiction and other harmful side effects, so they are typically reserved for cases where other pain management options have been exhausted.

Tin fluorides are compounds that contain tin and fluorine atoms. They are commonly used in the medical field as fluoride supplements to prevent tooth decay. Tin(II) fluoride (SnF2) is a commonly used form of tin fluoride, which is available as a toothpaste ingredient or as a dietary supplement. Tin(IV) fluoride (SnF4) is another form of tin fluoride that is used in dental products, such as mouthwashes and gels, to help prevent tooth decay and gum disease. In addition to their use in dental products, tin fluorides have also been studied for their potential use in treating other medical conditions, such as osteoporosis and periodontal disease.

Blastomyces is a genus of fungi that can cause blastomycosis, a rare but serious fungal infection that affects the lungs and other organs in the body. Blastomycosis is most commonly found in North America, particularly in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi River valley, and the Ohio River valley. The Blastomyces fungus is typically found in soil and decaying wood, and it can be inhaled into the lungs when the spores are released into the air. Once inside the body, the fungus can spread to other organs, including the skin, bones, and joints. Symptoms of blastomycosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and which organs are affected. Common symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, fatigue, and night sweats. In severe cases, the infection can cause skin ulcers, joint pain and swelling, and even death if left untreated. Treatment for blastomycosis typically involves antifungal medications, such as itraconazole or ketoconazole. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for a successful outcome.

Vaccines are biological preparations that are used to stimulate the immune system to produce a protective response against specific infectious diseases. They contain weakened or inactivated forms of the pathogen or its components, such as proteins or sugars, that trigger an immune response without causing the disease. When a vaccine is administered, the immune system recognizes the foreign substance and produces antibodies to fight it off. This process primes the immune system to recognize and respond more quickly and effectively if the person is later exposed to the actual pathogen. This can prevent or reduce the severity of the disease and help to control its spread in the population. Vaccines are an important tool in public health and have been responsible for the eradication or control of many infectious diseases, such as smallpox, polio, and measles. They are typically given through injection or oral administration and are recommended for individuals of all ages, depending on the disease and the individual's risk factors.

The term "Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2" refers to a specific type of protein found on the surface of certain cells in the body. These proteins, called CB2 receptors, are part of the endocannabinoid system, which plays a role in regulating a variety of physiological processes, including pain, inflammation, and immune function. CB2 receptors are primarily found in the immune system, although they are also present in other tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Activation of CB2 receptors can have a range of effects on the body, depending on the specific circumstances and the cells involved. Cannabinoids are a class of compounds that interact with CB2 receptors, including endogenous cannabinoids (which are produced by the body) and exogenous cannabinoids (which are derived from plants or other sources). Some cannabinoids, such as THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), are psychoactive and can produce the "high" associated with marijuana use. Other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), are non-psychoactive and have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects. In the medical field, CB2 receptors and their interactions with cannabinoids are being investigated for their potential role in treating a variety of conditions, including chronic pain, inflammation, and certain types of cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which CB2 receptors and cannabinoids exert their effects, and to determine the optimal dosages and treatment regimens for these compounds.

Sensation disorders refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the way a person perceives sensory stimuli, such as touch, pain, temperature, and pressure. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, disease, or genetic abnormalities. Some common types of sensation disorders include: 1. Neuropathy: A condition that affects the nerves and can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the affected area. 2. Peripheral neuropathy: A type of neuropathy that affects the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, often causing symptoms in the hands and feet. 3. Demyelination: A condition in which the protective covering around nerve fibers is damaged, leading to a loss of sensation. 4. Trigeminal neuralgia: A type of facial pain that is caused by damage to the trigeminal nerve. 5. Phantom limb syndrome: A condition in which a person experiences sensations in a limb that has been amputated. 6. Synesthesia: A condition in which a person experiences a cross-wiring of the senses, such as seeing colors when hearing certain sounds. Treatment for sensation disorders depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, physical therapy, surgery, or other interventions.

Blotting, Western is a laboratory technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample by transferring proteins from a gel to a membrane and then incubating the membrane with a specific antibody that binds to the protein of interest. The antibody is then detected using an enzyme or fluorescent label, which produces a visible signal that can be quantified. This technique is commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry to study protein expression, localization, and function. It is also used in medical research to diagnose diseases and monitor treatment responses.

In the medical field, "Animals, Newborn" typically refers to animals that are less than 28 days old. This age range is often used to describe the developmental stage of animals, particularly in the context of research or veterinary medicine. Newborn animals may require specialized care and attention, as they are often more vulnerable to illness and injury than older animals. They may also have unique nutritional and behavioral needs that must be addressed in order to promote their growth and development. In some cases, newborn animals may be used in medical research to study various biological processes, such as development, growth, and disease. However, the use of animals in research is highly regulated, and strict ethical guidelines must be followed to ensure the welfare and safety of the animals involved.

Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions at eMedicine Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C., eds. (2014). "Hypersensitivity: ... Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is an abnormal physiological condition in which there ... Examples of illnesses resulting from type IV hypersensitivity reactions include contact dermatitis and drug hypersensitivity. ... delayed hypersensitivity reaction involving T cells. The first three types are considered immediate hypersensitivity reactions ...
... can be applied at regular intervals to reduce the severity of the symptoms of dentine hypersensitivity. Dentin hypersensitivity ... Dentin hypersensitivity (DH, DHS) is dental pain which is sharp in character and of short duration, arising from exposed dentin ... Dentin hypersensitivity may affect individuals' quality of life. Over time, the dentin-pulp complex may adapt to the decreased ... Gingival recession and cervical tooth wear are a few of the main causes of dentine hypersensitivity, as they lead to the ...
... is caused by an exaggerated immune response (hypersensitivity). Type III hypersensitivity and type ... Hypersensitivity pneumonitis may eventually lead to interstitial lung disease. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) can be ... Two forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are fibrotic and non-fibrotic findings on chest CT. The two differ in terms of their ... In fact, hypersensitivity pneumonitis can often resemble IPF in terms of pulmonary fibrosis in that many patients experience ...
... is a pseudoscientific syndrome promoted by William G. Crook, M.D. It is spuriously claimed that ... "Candidiasis Hypersensitivity". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 18 January 2014. (Articles with short ... The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology strongly criticized the concept of "candidiasis hypersensitivity ... AAAAI's position statement concludes: (1) the concept of candidiasis hypersensitivity is speculative and unproven; (2) its ...
... is not an accepted diagnosis; medically there is no case definition or clinical practice ... Complaints of electromagnetic hypersensitivity may mask organic or psychiatric illness: in a recent psychological model of ... Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a claimed sensitivity to electromagnetic fields, to which negative symptoms are ... "Electromagnetic hypersensitivity". Rubin, G. James; Hillert, Lena; Nieto-Hernandez, Rosa; van Rongen, Eric; Oftedal, Gunnhild ( ...
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the ... Hypersensitivity or hypersensitive may also refer to: Hypersensitivity, or Sensory Processing Sensitivity, a psychological ... Hypersensitization, a cellular increase in the expression of a specific receptor Dentin hypersensitivity, a cause of dental ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hypersensitivity. If an internal link led you here, you may ...
... is similar to anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome, but the onset is often sooner in ... Cribb AE, Pohl LR, Spielberg SP, Leeder JS (August 1997). "Patients with delayed-onset sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions ...
Anticonvulsant/sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is a potentially serious hypersensitivity reaction that can be seen with ... The hypersensitivity syndrome is characterized by a rash that is initially rash that appears similar to measles (morbilliform ... The risk of first-degree relatives developing the same hypersensitivity reaction is higher than in the general population. As ... 2015). "Late-onset Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome Mimicking Lymphoma". Internal Medicine. 54 (24): 3201-3204. doi: ...
Hypersensitivity reactions are idiosyncratic reactions to a drug. Although the term NSAID was introduced to signal a ... Hypersensitivity drug reactions differ from drug toxicity reactions in that drug toxicity reactions result from the ... Kowalski ML, Makowska JS (July 2015). "Seven steps to the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: how to apply a new ... July 2011). "Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - classification, diagnosis and management: ...
Graft-versus-host disease Leprosy Hypersensitivity Type I hypersensitivity Type II hypersensitivity Type III hypersensitivity ... often called delayed-type hypersensitivity, is a type of hypersensitivity reaction that can take a day or more to develop. ... Type IV hypersensitivity can usually be resolved with topical corticosteroids and trigger avoidance. An example of a ... "Hypersensitivity reactions". microbiologybook.org. University of South Carolina School of Medicine - Microbiology and ...
Type I hypersensitivity Type III hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivity "Immunopathology". Warrington, Richard; Watson, Wade ... An example of anti-receptor type II hypersensitivity (also classified as type V hypersensitivity) is observed in Graves disease ... Type II hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, is an antibody mediated process in which ... "Hypersensitivity reactions". Amboss. Retrieved 20 April 2019. Tinegate, Hazel; Birchall, Janet; Gray, Alexandra; Haggas, ...
Type I hypersensitivity Type II hypersensitivity Type IV hypersensitivity Usman, Norina; Annamaraju, Pavan (2021), "Type III ... Skin response to hypersensitivity of this type is referred to as an Arthus reaction and is characterized by local erythema and ... Type III hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, occurs when there is accumulation of ... "Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 22 July 2021. Descotes, Jacques; Choquet- ...
... typically occurs in persons with preexisting kidney failure.: 119 Weeks to months after ...
... (or immediate hypersensitivity), in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, is an ... In type I hypersensitivity, B cells are stimulated (by CD4+ Th2 cells) to produce IgE antibodies specific to an antigen. The ... Type I hypersensitivity can be further classified into immediate and late-phase reactions. Within minutes of exposure to an ... Type I is distinct from type II, type III and type IV hypersensitivities. The relevance of the Gell and Coombs classification ...
... hypersensitivity; obstinacy, stubbornness; Inability to debate, self-consciousness; narrow-mindedness, bigotry; compulsiveness ...
... hypersensitivity; pressure damage (necrosis) if hard bandages are applied too tightly; perichondritis (inflammation of the ...
... hypersensitivity; pain with pressure and cold, pressure damage (necrosis) from too tightly fitting hard bandages; ...
Smolin G (1971). "Medrysone hypersensitivity. Report of a case". Arch. Ophthalmol. 85 (4): 478-9. doi:10.1001/archopht. ...
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; also called allergic alveolitis, bagpipe lung, or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, EAA) is an ... Selman, Moisés; Pardo, Annie; King, Talmadge E. (2012-12-14). "Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis". American Journal of Respiratory ... hypersensitivity pneumonitis, lung fibrosis), infections, lung cancer and mesothelioma. These diseases can be caused directly ... Siderosis Silicosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier's lung Farmer's lung Beckett, W. S. (2000- ...
Hypersensitivity reactions occur in 1.4% of persons treated with dapsone, and can be fatal in medical settings with low ... Hypersensitivity reactions occur in some patients. This reaction may be more frequent in patients receiving multiple-drug ... These toxic reactions may also occur as part of the dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome (a form of SCARs-see above) or dapsone ... Joseph MS (1985). "Hypersensitivity reaction to dapsone. Four case reports". Lepr Rev. 56 (4): 315-20. doi:10.5935/0305- ...
Barrios R. (2008). "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis)". Dail and Hammar's Pulmonary Pathology (3rd ... It is one of several types of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by different agents that have similar clinical features. ... It is classified as a hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis)-an inflammation of the alveoli ... ISBN 978-0-387-72113-2. Peroš-Golubičić T, Sharma OP (2006). "Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis". Clinical Atlas of Interstitial ...
... delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests, fungal and suberin antigen testing, immediate hypersensitivity specific skin tests, ... Hypersensitivity pneumonitis J-F. Cordier (December 2011). European Respiratory Monograph 54: Orphan Lung Diseases. European ... Suberosis is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis usually caused by the fungus Penicillium glabrum (formerly called ... Sharma, O.P. (2012). Clinical Focus Series:: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited. p. ...
Dentine hypersensitivity • Dentinogenesis • Dentinogenesis imperfecta • Dentistry • Dentistry Magazine • Dentistry throughout ...
"Candidiasis Hypersensitivity". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 18 January 2014. Kumamoto CA (August 2011). " ... "Candidiasis hypersensitivity". Some practitioners of alternative medicine have promoted these purported conditions and sold ...
Haines, AT; Nieboer, E (1988). "Chromium hypersensitivity". In Nriagu, JO; Nieboer, E (eds.). Chromium in the Natural and Human ...
2009). "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by occupational exposure to phytase". Eur Respir J. 33 (6): 1507-09. doi:10.1183/ ... Phytase has been reported to cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a human exposed while adding the enzyme to cattle feed. ... Girard M, Cormier Y (2010). "Hypersensitivity pneuomonitis". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 10 (2): 99-103 ...
... and Hypersensitivity", Advances in Food Research, Elsevier, 30: 1-76, doi:10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60347-x, ISBN 9780120164301, ... "Sulfite Hypersensitivity. A Critical Review". CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 17 (3): 185-214. doi:10.3109/ ...
The first is the N1 heterocyclic ring, which causes a type I hypersensitivity reaction. The second is the N4 amino nitrogen ... Of note is the observation that patients with HIV have a much higher prevalence, at about 60%. Hypersensitivity reactions are ... The most common manifestations of a hypersensitivity reaction to sulfa drugs are rash and hives. However, there are several ... Slatore CG, Tilles SA (2004). "Sulfonamide hypersensitivity". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 24 (3): 477-490 ...
"Hypersensitivity Reactions, Delayed". EMedicine. Rothenberg ME; Rothenberg, Marc E. (1998). "Eosinophilia". N. Engl. J. Med. ... should not be confused with delayed hypersensitivity Type IV allergic reaction (which takes 48-72 hours to develop and is ...
Sasseville, D (2004). "Hypersensitivity to preservatives". Dermatol Ther. 17 (3): 251-263. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04028.x ...
... : Age-adjusted death rates by state, U.S. residents age 15 and over, 1996-2005 2009-350 March 2009 ... Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Number of deaths by state, U.S. residents age 15 and over, 2001-2010 2014-811 September 2014 ... Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Number of deaths by sex, race, age group, and median age at death, U.S. residents age 15 and over ... Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Death rates (per million population) by race and sex, U.S. residents age 15 and over, 2005-2014 ...
Hypersensitivity vasculitis is an extreme reaction to a drug, infection, or foreign substance. It leads to inflammation and ... Hypersensitivity vasculitis, or cutaneous small vessel vasculitis, is caused by:. *An allergic reaction to a drug or other ... Hypersensitivity vasculitis is an extreme reaction to a drug, infection, or foreign substance. It leads to inflammation and ... Hypersensitivity vasculitis may look like systemic, necrotizing vasculitis, which can affect blood vessels throughout the body ...
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an inflammatory syndrome of the lung caused by ... What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (or HP for short) is an inflammatory condition of the lung ... How is hypersensitivity pneumonitis treated? In most circumstances, hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be adequately treated by ... Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis is thought to occur primarily via type III hypersensitivity reaction. Most patients show ...
Unusual manifestations of hypersensitivity after a tick bite: report of two cases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79:43-6. ... Immediate hypersensitivity: A defense against arthropods. Perspect Biol Med. 1974;17:233-9.PubMedGoogle Scholar ... Hypersensitivity to Ticks and Lyme Disease Risk. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005;11(1):36-41. doi:10.3201/eid1101.040303.. ... Burke, G., Wikel, S. K., Spielman, A., Telford, S. R., McKay, K., & Krause, P. J. (2005). Hypersensitivity to Ticks and Lyme ...
Tobacco workers lung (TWL) is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) affecting workers exposed to tobacco leaves and ...
... Published: 2011/12/28. Author: American Friends of Tel Aviv University. Peer-Reviewed ... In children, hypersensitivity was an indicator of ritualism, whereas in adults it was related to OCD symptoms. As a whole, ... 2011, December 28). Childhood Hypersensitivity Linked to OCD. Disabled World. Retrieved October 4, 2023 from www.disabled-world ... Dar hopes to conduct a longitudinal study to better understand the connection between hypersensitivity in childhood and adult ...
The hypersensitivity comes into play with tools for communication in the areas of requirements, tasking and tracking. As far as ...
Early exposure to sounds can address hypersensitivity to noise associated with Fragile X Syndrome. Date:. November 6, 2019. ... The loss of these neurons, which reduce brain activity, is most likely responsible for hypersensitivity in FXS. Sound exposure ... 2019, November 6). Early exposure to sounds can address hypersensitivity to noise associated with Fragile X Syndrome. ... "Early exposure to sounds can address hypersensitivity to noise associated with Fragile X Syndrome." ScienceDaily. www. ...
Hypersensitivity You may be allergic, or hypersensitive, to certain drugs. For example, some people are hypersensitive to ... Ask your healthcare provider about the signs of a hypersensitivity reaction so that you can seek medical help should you have ...
Drug Hypersensitivity - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Prognosis for Drug Hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity decreases with time. IgE antibodies are present in 90% of patients 1 year ... Tests for type I (IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity Type I Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are ... Mechanism is a type III hypersensitivity reaction Type III Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are ...
Central Hypersensitivity in Chronic Pain After Whiplash Injury * Psychological and Behavioral Aspects of Complex Regional Pain ... Widespread Sensory Hypersensitivity Is a Feature of Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder but not Chronic Idiopathic Neck Pain. ... Widespread Sensory Hypersensitivity Is a Feature of Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder but not Chronic Idiopathic Neck Pain ... Widespread Sensory Hypersensitivity Is a Feature of Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder but not Chronic Idiopathic Neck Pain ...
... asks whether electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is physical or psychological, and dispels some myths about it and other ... Myths about Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. As if we didnt have enough things to worry ... Its called electromagnetic hypersensitivity or EHS.. Is EHS physical or psychological? Research is problematic because there ... Hi Im Penn Jilette and this is my partner Teller and Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity is Bullshit! Da da da duh da duh da da ...
ASCIA HP Radiocontrast Media Hypersensitivity175.53 KB. Types of hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated RCM. Hypersensitivity ... In delayed-type hypersensitivity due to RCM, skin testing may also have a role with delayed reading. RCM can rarely cause DRESS ... Risk factors for hypersensitivity reactions to iodinated RCM. Risk factors include:. *Previous reactions to RCM, which increase ... Radiocontrast Media Hypersensitivity Radiocontrast media (RCM) are a group of medical drugs used to improve the visibility of ...
A new study finds a high rate of hypersensitivity in children to drugs like Motrin, Aleve and aspirin. ... NSAID Hypersensitivity Frequently Seen in Children, Study Warns. Researchers warn that children are not just small adults, and ... NSAID Hypersensitivity Side Effects. NSAIDs are the primary cause of drug-induced anaphylaxis in adults, children and teens. ... Another study indicated hypersensitivity was detected in 6% of children and teens with angioedema, or swelling from allergic ...
Reconstruction of DNA Repair-deficient Xeroderma Pigmentosum Skin In Vitro: A Model to Study Hypersensitivity to UV Light. ... A Model to Study Hypersensitivity to UV Light," Photochemistry and Photobiology, 81(1), 19-24, (1 January 2005) Include:. ... A Model to Study Hypersensitivity to UV Light," Photochemistry and Photobiology 81(1), 19-24, (1 January 2005). https://doi.org ...
... by Morgan Sherburne, University of Florida ... Opioid tolerance and pain hypersensitivity associated with mTOR activation. Jan 2, 2014 ... Citation: Painkiller reduces hypersensitivity to pain in patients with fibromyalgia (2014, August 1) retrieved 21 September ... 2023 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-08-painkiller-hypersensitivity-pain-patients-fibromyalgia.html ...
Is there any arteriolar dilation at all in Type I HS? According to FA it is only postcapillary venules, but according to Goljan, in bee sting, arteriolar...
Diffuse Nickel Hypersensitivity Reaction Post-cholecystectomy in a Young Female.. Luvsannyam E, Jayaraman A, Jain MS, Jagani RP ... Due to chronic symptoms, the patient was tested for metal allergies and diagnosed with hypersensitivity reactions to nickel ... This case demonstrates a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a foreign body involving multiple body systems and vague symptoms ... Nickel has aided in medical advancements; however, it has been known to cause hypersensitivity reactions. Retained foreign ...
Preliminary report: modulation of parasympathetic nervous system tone influences oesophageal pain hypersensitivity ... Preliminary report: modulation of parasympathetic nervous system tone influences oesophageal pain hypersensitivity ...
Sulfidoleukotriene release assay with recombinant Culicoides allergens for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses ... Sulfidoleukotriene release assay with recombinant Culicoides allergens for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses ... release-assay-with-recombinant-culicoides-allergens-for-diagnosis-of-insect-bite-hypersensitivity-in-horses/ ...
1900 Premedication and Longer Infusion Time Do Not Reduce the Incidence of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Pegaspargase Program: ... Sixteen (12.8%) had hypersensitivity reactions and one (0.8%) had silent inactivation (Figure 1). The majority of reactions ... A likelihood ratio test was used to compare the probability of a hypersensitivity reaction per dose of PEG between periods. ... Abstraction captured data on clinical hypersensitivity reactions to PEG over 3 time periods. PEG 2500 units/m2 was delivered as ...
Physicians may use a desensitization protocol for patients with a presumed IgE-mediated hypersensitivity when only the 5- ... We present two patients with past medical histories of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to metronidazole who were ... Patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to drugs in this class, including metronidazole and ...
There are many potential causes of hypersensitivity vasculitis; however, up to 50% of cases are idiopathic. ... Hypersensitivity vasculitis, which is usually represented histopathologically as leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV), is a term ... Several studies from Spain have been conducted on hypersensitivity vasculitis. [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] Hypersensitivity vasculitis ... Hypersensitivity vasculitis may be acute and self-limited, recurrent, or chronic. Overall, hypersensitivity vasculitis has a ...
The dentin hypersensitivity (hyperaesthesia) is characterized by pain, short-term, acute and sudden suggested by exposure ... All the treatments are effective in reducing presented dentin hypersensitivity, but with diff erent effects. The objective of ... Detin hypersensitivity: a review of literature. Odontol. Clín.-Cient. (Online) [online]. 2010, vol.9, n.3, pp. 205-208. ISSN ... this work will emphasize, through a review of the literature, various aspects related to the dentin hypersensitivity, so that ...
Hypersensitivity or Allergy to Vaccine Components. HPV vaccines are contraindicated for persons with a history of immediate ... and is contraindicated for persons with a history of immediate hypersensitivity to yeast. The tip cap of prefilled syringes of ... hypersensitivity to any vaccine component. HPV4 is produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast) ...
"People Choose Wi-Fi Over Your Existence:" The Management of Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity.  Metadata Field. Value. Language ... "People Choose Wi-Fi Over Your Existence:" The Management of Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity. en_US. ... the population of people living with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is growing. Yet sociologists have only recently ...
Hypersensitivity is an Open Access (Gold OA), peer reviewed, international online publishing journal, which aims to publish ... The study of etiology, mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of disorders due to different types of hypersensitivity and recent ...
Allergic hypersensitivities induced by chemicals : recommendations for prevention / edited by Joseph G. Vos, Maged Younes, ...
Hypersensitivity to thimerosal usually consists of local delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (52,53).. VACCINATION OF ... increasing the risk for hypersensitivity (e.g., tetanus toxoid hypersensitivity). Serologic test results for vaccine- ... HYPERSENSITIVITY TO VACCINE COMPONENTS. VACCINATION OF PRETERM INFANTS. BREAST-FEEDING AND VACCINATION. VACCINATION DURING ... HYPERSENSITIVITY TO VACCINE COMPONENTS. Vaccine components can cause allergic reactions in some recipients. These reactions can ...
  • Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Adults. (nih.gov)
  • Erratum: Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Adults: An Official ATS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. (nih.gov)
  • Erratum for Table 2: Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Adults. (nih.gov)
  • This guideline addresses the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). (nih.gov)
  • What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis? (nih.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a rare immune system disorder that affects your lungs. (nih.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis happens in some people after they breathe in certain substances in the environment, such as mold or the skin cells shed by animals with fur. (nih.gov)
  • Some types of hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be treated by avoiding the substance that is causing the condition or with medicines. (nih.gov)
  • Without treatment, hypersensitivity pneumonitis can cause permanent damage to the lungs. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis can develop quickly or slowly and worsen over months or years. (nih.gov)
  • Your healthcare provider will diagnose hypersensitivity pneumonitis based on your medical history, symptoms, a physical exam, and results from lung tests and blood tests. (nih.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis can happen when you repeatedly breathe in bacteria , mold, or chemicals in your environment that cause inflammation in your lungs. (nih.gov)
  • If you have hypersensitivity pneumonitis, your body's immune system reacts strongly to these substances. (nih.gov)
  • What raises the risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis? (nih.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis can happen at any age, but people often are diagnosed with this condition when they are between 50 and 70 years old. (nih.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is also a common type of long-term interstitial lung disease in children . (nih.gov)
  • People in certain occupations have a higher risk of being exposed to substances that can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (nih.gov)
  • You may have a higher risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis if someone in your family has this condition or another ILD . (nih.gov)
  • Having pets such as birds in your home can raise your risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (nih.gov)
  • Some viral infections in older adults may raise the risk of developing hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (nih.gov)
  • If you have hypersensitivity pneumonitis, treatment can help prevent lung scarring and can improve your symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Cockatiel-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (nih.gov)
  • To address the importance of continued research about forms of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Lung Diseases, especially the early recognition of disease and a better understanding of immune mechanisms involved in the cause and pathogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a syndrome of cough, dyspnea, and fatigue caused by sensitization and subsequent hypersensitivity to environmental (frequently occupational or domestic) antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Over 300 antigens have been identified as triggers for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • in farmers, in whom chronic bronchitis is far more common, occurs independently of smoking status, is linked to thermophilic actinomycete exposure, and leads to findings similar to those of hypersensitivity pneumonitis on diagnostic testing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has clinical similarities to other disorders that have different pathophysiologies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • causes dyspnea in people previously sensitized to an inhaled antigen, but features such as airflow obstruction, airway eosinophilia, and differences in triggering antigens distinguish it from hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Can persulfates cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis? (ers-education.org)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is one possible consequence of exposure to mold in the home. (mold-advisor.com)
  • How is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Diagnosed? (mold-advisor.com)
  • How is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Treated? (mold-advisor.com)
  • Nine of 11 cases rechallenged with docetaxel for the replacement of paclitaxel within 3 days after hypersensitivity reaction appeared, and 8 of them well tolerated docetaxel without any reactions. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of Allergic and Atopic Disorders Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are inappropriate or exaggerated immune reactions to foreign antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) are clinically and functionally heterogeneous. (karger.com)
  • A few are due to certain enzyme deficiencies and may appear as a nonimmune-mediated "hypersensitivity" reaction to drugs but should be better classified as exaggerated reactions - to distinguish them from classical immune-mediated hypersensitivities. (karger.com)
  • The majority of type B reactions involve the immune system and are drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). (karger.com)
  • Objective tools to diagnose local gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory reactions in patients with food hypersensitivity are lacking. (gu.se)
  • IPV contains trace amounts of streptomycin, polymyxin B, and neomycin, and people who are sensitive to these antibiotics can also have hypersensitivity reactions to IPV. (cdc.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity side effects have included reactions ranging from mild skin eruptions and urticaria to angioedema and anaphylaxis . (drugs.com)
  • Hypersensitivity skin reactions are due to an exaggerated immune system reaction towards an antigen, and some reactions can be life-threatening. (osmosis.org)
  • Hypersensitivity skin reactions include urticaria , erythema multiforme , Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome , drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, Stevens-Johnson syndrome , and toxic epidermal necrolysis . (osmosis.org)
  • In this type of hypersensitivity reactions the antibodies produced by the immune response binds to antigens on the patient's own cell surfaces. (ncertmcq.com)
  • Since acute hypersensitivity reactions come on so quickly, the agents, the GBCAs in our case, should all be fully intact, and certainly all the macrocyclic agents should be fully intact. (richardsemelka.com)
  • The refusal by many in Radiology to believe that GDD exists, can be partly understood because it is about as common as severe anaphylactoid hypersensitivity reaction, so something like 1 in 10,000 of moderately severe GDD, and 1 in 100,000 of very severe - very similar numbers as seen with severe acute hypersensitivity reactions. (richardsemelka.com)
  • however, it did not induce hypersensitivity, meaning it did not cause an allergic response in the skin. (nih.gov)
  • Allergic hypersensitivities induced by chemicals : recommendations for prevention / edited by Joseph G. Vos, Maged Younes, Edward Smith. (who.int)
  • Patients with proven food hypersensitivity and birch pollen allergic individuals during season showed increased numbers of inflammatory markers in the duodenal mucosa. (gu.se)
  • The substances causing allergic/hypersensitivity is known as allergens. (ncertmcq.com)
  • This type of hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction provoked by the re-exposure to a specific antigen. (ncertmcq.com)
  • To determine whether people who experience cutaneous hypersensitivity against tick bite have fewer episodes of Lyme disease than those who do not, we examined several factors that might restrict the incidence of Lyme disease among residents of Block Island, Rhode Island. (cdc.gov)
  • Repeated exposure to tick bites has been associated with developing cutaneous hypersensitivity, which results in persistent itch and local swelling at the site of tick attachment ( 12 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Accordingly, we determined whether cutaneous hypersensitivity against tick antigens increases with the frequency of tick exposure and whether such reactivity protects against Lyme disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Malignancy accounts for 1-5% of cases of cutaneous hypersensitivity vasculitis. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of substituting docetaxel for paclitaxel in women who experienced a paclitaxel-associated hypersensitivity reaction while undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian and endometrial cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Reviewing a comprehensive data file, we identified all epithelial ovarian cancer and primary endometrial cancer patients who experienced a documented significant hypersensitivity reaction to paclitaxel and were subsequently treated with docetaxel at our university hospital from March 2004 to August 2008. (medscape.com)
  • We identified a total of 11 patients who met inclusion criteria of hypersensitivity reaction after paclitaxel injection. (medscape.com)
  • The mean number of cycles hypersensitivity reaction appeared was 1.6 cycles. (medscape.com)
  • The use of docetaxel is a reasonable approach for continuing taxane-based chemotherapy in patients with a paclitaxel hypersensitivity reaction. (medscape.com)
  • Mild hypersensitivity reaction to paclitaxel could be the predicting sign for replacement with docetaxel, and early rechallenging with docetaxel is suggested for subsequent successful infusion. (medscape.com)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis is an extreme reaction to a drug, infection, or foreign substance. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome is defined as an idiosyncratic reaction caused by disturbed drug metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • This drug induced haemolytic anaemia is an example of Type II hypersensitivity reaction. (ncertmcq.com)
  • What has been accepted in Radiology for maybe atleast 5 decades is that all contrast agents cause acute hypersensitivity reaction, and maybe hives and nausea+ vomiting not so serious, but anaphylactoid shock is (anaphylactoid means reaction to the first exposure of an antigen, I don't like the word, I prefer first strike immune reaction). (richardsemelka.com)
  • A recent paper described double hypersensitivity reaction to iodine contrast, so first an immediate reaction, then at 24-48 hours a repeat hypersensitivity reaction. (richardsemelka.com)
  • Unlike 'classic' acute hypersensitivity reaction though the disease persists, and in a number of sufferers start later after injection. (richardsemelka.com)
  • What Type of Hypersensitivity Reaction Do You Have? (momomijapan.com)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis may look like systemic, necrotizing vasculitis , which can affect blood vessels throughout the body and not just in the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis most often goes away over time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Contact your provider if you have symptoms of hypersensitivity vasculitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hypersensitivity syndromes and vasculitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Comparative clinical and epidemiological study of hypersensitivity vasculitis versus Henoch-Schönlein purpura in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis, which is usually represented histopathologically as leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV), is a term commonly used to denote a small-vessel vasculitis. (medscape.com)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis may present clinically as cutaneous disease only or it may be a cutaneous manifestation of systemic disease. (medscape.com)
  • The internal organs most commonly affected in hypersensitivity vasculitis are the joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. (medscape.com)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis may be acute and self-limited, recurrent, or chronic. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, hypersensitivity vasculitis has a favorable prognosis, particularly when no internal involvement is present. (medscape.com)
  • Hypersensitivity vasculitis is thought to be mediated by immune complex deposition. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, however, the exact mechanisms causing hypersensitivity vasculitis remain to be elucidated. (medscape.com)
  • Antibiotics are the most common drugs to cause hypersensitivity vasculitis, particularly beta-lactams. (medscape.com)
  • More recently, biologic agents such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors, have been reported to cause hypersensitivity vasculitis. (medscape.com)
  • In particular, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, and lupus erythematosus may have an associated hypersensitivity vasculitis. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, acute knockdown by intrathecal injection of Tmem45b small interfering RNA, either before or after inflammation induction, successfully reduced mechanical pain hypersensitivity. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The dentin hypersensitivity (hyperaesthesia) is characterized by pain, short-term, acute and sudden suggested by exposure dentin in response to thermal stimuli, evaporativos, táteis, osmóticos or chemicals that can not be attributed to any other form of dental disease or defect. (bvsalud.org)
  • During administration of carbamazepine the clinical features included fever, hepatitis and hematological eosinophilia in addition to the skin rash (anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome). (nih.gov)
  • The objective of the Task Force will be to review the International Equestrian Federation's Protocol for Thermography and Clinical Examination (Hypersensitivity of legs) to ascertain, from the perspective of Canada's equestrian sport community, if the protocol and its application are achieving the intended outcomes in an equitable and effective manner. (horse-canada.com)
  • The objective of this work will emphasize, through a review of the literature, various aspects related to the dentin hypersensitivity, so that the surgeon-dentist has a safe and effective conduct clinical: clinical aspects, etiology, triggering mechanism, as well as the types of treatments and the eff ectiveness of them. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to the proposed mechanisms, we also discussed clinical features, treatment progress, prevalence , and prevention of dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome . (bvsalud.org)
  • These studies reveal the pathogenesis , clinical features, and prevalence from the perspectives of genetic susceptibility and innate and adaptive immunity in dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome , thereby guiding clinicians on how to diagnose , prevent, and treat dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome . (bvsalud.org)
  • Hypersensitivity is defined as the exaggerated immunological response leading to severe symptoms and even death in a sensitized individual when exposed for the second time. (ncertmcq.com)
  • Drug hypersensitivity to previously tolerated phenytoin by carbamazepine-induced DRESS syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Overview and Current Advances in Dapsone Hypersensitivity Syndrome. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, dapsone can cause several adverse effects , the most serious being dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome . (bvsalud.org)
  • Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome is characterized by a triad of eruptions, fever , and organ involvement, which limits the application of dapsone to some extent. (bvsalud.org)
  • Persistent mechanical pain hypersensitivity associated with peripheral inflammation, surgery, trauma, and nerve injury impairs patients' quality of life and daily activity. (iasp-pain.org)
  • A second dermal irritancy and hypersensitivity study was performed on crude MCHM using different concentrations to verify the findings of the first study. (nih.gov)
  • MCHM for their ability to irritate the skin or cause skin sensitization (hypersensitivity). (nih.gov)
  • Anticonvulsant drug hypersensitivity. (nih.gov)
  • In this article, we review current research about the interaction model between HLA-B *1301, dapsone , and specific TCR in dapsone -induced drug hypersensitivity . (bvsalud.org)
  • The gradually growing incidence of skin and airway sensitizations and hypersensitivity in Europe requires the intensification of preventive measures. (who.int)
  • Tmem45b is essential for inflammation- and tissue injury-induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Herein, we show that chemical ablation of isolectin B4-binding (IB4) afferents by IB4-saporin injection into sciatic nerves completely and selectively inhibited inflammation- and tissue injury-induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity while thermal and mechanical pain hypersensitivities were normal following nerve injury. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Although Tmem45b-knockout mice showed normal responses to noxious heat and noxious mechanical stimuli under normal conditions, mechanical pain hypersensitivity was selectively impaired after inflammation and tissue incision, reproducing the pain phenotype of IB4 sensory neuron-ablated mice. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Thus, our study demonstrates that Tmem45b is essential for inflammation- and tissue injury-induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity and highlights Tmem45b as a therapeutic target for future treatment. (iasp-pain.org)
  • To determine the molecular mechanism involving the specific types of mechanical pain hypersensitivity, we compared gene expression profiles between IB4 neuron-ablated and control dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
  • While the FEI rules for the hypersensitivity protocol were followed, we believe that there should be a review of this protocol. (horse-canada.com)
  • Since its introduction following the 2008 Beijing Olympics, a number of international horses have been disqualified from competition as a result of the protocol, including McLain Ward's Sapphire (USA) at the 2010 World Cup Finals - a decision which was further investigated by the FEI and resulted in a review of the hypersensitivity protocol. (horse-canada.com)
  • WV Spill: Mouse Dermal Irritation and Hypersensitivity Study. (nih.gov)
  • With Hypersensitivity the Canadian artist sticks firmly to the guns that got him thus far, delivering a purist and beautifully effective session swerving from very Pye Corner Audio-esque acid-electro in Arp294ms and the super crafty nudges of Study for Arp and Other Synthesisers, to cover more widescreen synth-pop feels in Favourable Report and a strange cinematic transition from cawing crows to reticulated electro in the title track. (boomkat.com)