Hylobates
Hylobatidae
Gorilla gorilla
Hominidae
DNA, Mitochondrial
The RD114/simian type D retrovirus receptor is a neutral amino acid transporter. (1/160)
The RD114/simian type D retroviruses, which include the feline endogenous retrovirus RD114, all strains of simian immunosuppressive type D retroviruses, the avian reticuloendotheliosis group including spleen necrosis virus, and baboon endogenous virus, use a common cell-surface receptor for cell entry. We have used a retroviral cDNA library approach, involving transfer and expression of cDNAs from highly infectable HeLa cells to nonpermissive NIH 3T3 mouse cells, to clone and identify this receptor. The cloned cDNA, denoted RDR, is an allele of the previously cloned neutral amino acid transporter ATB0 (SLC1A5). Both RDR and ATB0 serve as retrovirus receptors and both show specific transport of neutral amino acids. We have localized the receptor by radiation hybrid mapping to a region of about 500-kb pairs on the long arm of human chromosome 19 at q13.3. Infection of cells with RD114/type D retroviruses results in impaired amino acid transport, suggesting a mechanism for virus toxicity and immunosuppression. The identification and functional characterization of this retrovirus receptor provide insight into the retrovirus life cycle and pathogenesis and will be an important tool for optimization of gene therapy using vectors derived from RD114/type D retroviruses. (+info)How clonal are human mitochondria? (2/160)
Phylogenetic trees constructed using human mitochondrial sequences contain a large number of homoplasies. These are due either to repeated mutation or to recombination between mitochondrial lineages. We show that a tree constructed using synonymous variation in the protein coding sequences of 29 largely complete human mitochondrial molecules contains 22 homoplasies at 32 phylogenetically informative sites. This level of homoplasy is very unlikely if inheritance is clonal, even if we take into account base composition bias. There must either be 'hypervariable' sites or recombination between mitochondria. We present evidence which suggests that hypervariable sites do not exist in our data. It therefore seems likely that recombination has occurred between mitochondrial lineages in humans. (+info)A point-mass model of gibbon locomotion. (3/160)
In brachiation, an animal uses alternating bimanual support to move beneath an overhead support. Past brachiation models have been based on the oscillations of a simple pendulum over half of a full cycle of oscillation. These models have been unsatisfying because the natural behavior of gibbons and siamangs appears to be far less restricted than so predicted. Cursorial mammals use an inverted pendulum-like energy exchange in walking, but switch to a spring-based energy exchange in running as velocity increases. Brachiating apes do not possess the anatomical springs characteristic of the limbs of terrestrial runners and do not appear to be using a spring-based gait. How do these animals move so easily within the branches of the forest canopy? Are there fundamental mechanical factors responsible for the transition from a continuous-contact gait where at least one hand is on a hand hold at a time, to a ricochetal gait where the animal vaults between hand holds? We present a simple model of ricochetal locomotion based on a combination of parabolic free flight and simple circular pendulum motion of a single point mass on a massless arm. In this simple brachiation model, energy losses due to inelastic collisions of the animal with the support are avoided, either because the collisions occur at zero velocity (continuous-contact brachiation) or by a smooth matching of the circular and parabolic trajectories at the point of contact (ricochetal brachiation). This model predicts that brachiation is possible over a large range of speeds, handhold spacings and gait frequencies with (theoretically) no mechanical energy cost. We then add the further assumption that a brachiator minimizes either its total energy or, equivalently, its peak arm tension, or a peak tension-related measure of muscle contraction metabolic cost. However, near the optimum the model is still rather unrestrictive. We present some comparisons with gibbon brachiation showing that the simple dynamic model presented has predictive value. However, natural gibbon motion is even smoother than the smoothest motions predicted by this primitive model. (+info)Hepadnavirus infection in captive gibbons. (4/160)
The recent isolation of a nonhuman primate hepadnavirus from woolly monkeys prompted an examination of other primates for potentially new hepadnaviruses. A serological analysis of 30 captive gibbons revealed that 47% were positive for at least one marker of ongoing or previous infection with a hepatitis B virus (HBV). The amino acid sequences of the core and surface genes of human and gibbon virus isolates were very similar. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the gibbon isolates lie within the human HBV family, indicating that these HBV isolates most likely stem from infection of gibbons from a human source. (+info)How reliable are human phylogenetic hypotheses? (5/160)
Cladistic analysis of cranial and dental evidence has been widely used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses about humans and their fossil relatives. However, the reliability of these hypotheses has never been subjected to external validation. To rectify this, we applied identical methods to equivalent evidence from two groups of extant higher primates for whom reliable molecular phylogenies are available, the hominoids and papionins. We found that the phylogenetic hypotheses based on the craniodental data were incompatible with the molecular phylogenies for the groups. Given the robustness of the molecular phylogenies, these results indicate that little confidence can be placed in phylogenies generated solely from higher primate craniodental evidence. The corollary of this is that existing phylogenetic hypotheses about human evolution are unlikely to be reliable. Accordingly, new approaches are required to address the problem of hominin phylogeny. (+info)Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus variants in nonhuman primates. (6/160)
We characterized hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates from sera of 21 hepatitis B virus surface antigen-positive apes, members of the families Pongidae and Hylobatidae (19 gibbon spp., 1 chimpanzee, and 1 gorilla). Sera originate from German, French, Thai, and Vietnamese primate-keeping institutions. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced two genomic regions, one located within the pre-S1/pre-S2 region and one including parts of the polymerase and the X protein open reading frames. By comparison with published human and ape HBV isolates, the sequences could be classified into six genomic groups. Four of these represented new genomic groups of gibbon HBV variants. The gorilla HBV isolate was distantly related to the chimpanzee isolate described previously. To confirm these findings, the complete HBV genome from representatives of each genomic group was sequenced. The HBV isolates from gibbons living in different regions of Thailand and Vietnam could be classified into four different phylogenetically distinct genomic groups. The same genomic groups were found in animals from European zoos. Therefore, the HBV infections of these apes might have been introduced into European primate-keeping facilities by direct import of already infected animals from different regions in Thailand. Taken together, our data suggest that HBV infections are indigenous in the different apes. One event involving transmission between human and nonhuman primates in the Old World of a common ancestor of human HBV genotypes A to E and the ape HBV variants might have occurred. (+info)Evolution of the ABO blood group gene in Japanese macaque. (7/160)
We determined 5 sequences of Japanese macaque ABO blood group gene exon 7 (ca. 0.5 kb) and 2 sequences for exon 5 and intron 6 (ca. 1.7 kb). We compared those data with published sequences of other Old World monkey species, and the results suggest that alleles A and B were polymorphic in the ancestral species of macaques, and that B type allele evolved independently in macaque and baboon lineages. (+info)TT virus infection in gibbons. (8/160)
TT virus (TTV) is not only an infectious agent of worldwide distribution but has also been demonstrated in various non-human primates in addition to humans. In the present study, we subjected the sera of 67 gibbons to PCR and nucleotide sequencing, with subsequent phylogenetic analysis to determine the nature of the relationship between TTV found in humans and non-human primates. We discovered the virus in 9/67 (13.4%) of the gibbon sera and subjected 6 of those to direct sequencing. The phylogenetic tree constructed encompassed all TTV species known to date, revealing a close proximity between the gibbon virus and those detected in Thai individuals, whereas the chimpanzee strains were phylogenetically more remote. (+info)"Hylobates" is not a medical term, but a biological genus name. It refers to a group of small, tailless primates known as gibbons or lesser apes, which are native to the forests of Southeast Asia. They are known for their agility in moving through trees by brachiation (arm-over-arm swinging).
There are currently 10 species recognized in the genus Hylobates, including the lar gibbon, agile gibbon, and siamang. While not a medical term, understanding the natural history of animals like gibbons can be important for medical professionals who work with them or study their diseases, as well as for conservationists and others interested in their welfare.
Hylobatidae is not a medical term, but a biological classification. It refers to a family of primates commonly known as gibbons or lesser apes. These are small, arboreal apes found in the forests of Southeast Asia. They are known for their long arms and extraordinary ability to brachiate, or swing, through the trees.
The medical community might be interested in Hylobatidae in the context of zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans) or comparative studies in primate anatomy, physiology, and behavior.
"Gorilla gorilla" is the scientific name for the Western Gorilla, a subspecies of the Gorilla genus. Western Gorillas are divided into two subspecies: the Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli). Western Gorillas are native to the forests of central Africa, with Western Lowland Gorillas found in countries such as Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, and Equatorial Guinea, and Cross River Gorillas having a more restricted range along the border region of Nigeria and Cameroon.
Western Lowland Gorillas are the most numerous and widespread of all gorilla subspecies, but they still face significant threats from habitat loss, poaching, and disease. Cross River Gorillas are one of the world's 25 most endangered primates, with only a few hundred individuals remaining in the wild. Conservation efforts are underway to protect both subspecies and their habitats, including anti-poaching patrols, habitat restoration, and community education programs.
Hominidae, also known as the "great apes," is a family of primates that includes humans (Homo sapiens), orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei), bonobos (Pan paniscus), and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). This family is characterized by their upright walking ability, although not all members exhibit this trait. Hominidae species are known for their high intelligence, complex social structures, and expressive facial features. They share a common ancestor with the Old World monkeys, and fossil records suggest that this split occurred around 25 million years ago.
A mitochondrial genome refers to the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are small organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus). The mitochondrial genome is typically circular and contains a relatively small number of genes compared to the nuclear genome.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes essential components of the electron transport chain, which is vital for cellular respiration and energy production. MtDNA also contains genes that code for some mitochondrial tRNAs and rRNAs needed for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.
In humans, the mitochondrial genome is about 16.6 kilobases in length and consists of 37 genes: 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 13 protein-coding genes. The mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally, as sperm contribute very few or no mitochondria during fertilization. Mutations in the mitochondrial genome can lead to various genetic disorders, often affecting tissues with high energy demands, such as muscle and nerve cells.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.
MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.
Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.
Hylobates
List of mammals of China
List of primates by population
Bornean white-bearded gibbon
Pileated gibbon
List of mammals of Indonesia
Eastern grey gibbon
Kloss's gibbon
The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates
List of hominoids
Western grey gibbon
Agile gibbon
Müller's gibbon
Silvery gibbon
Lar gibbon
List of commonly used taxonomic affixes
Yunnan lar gibbon
Carpenter's lar gibbon
Sumatran lar gibbon
Malaysian lar gibbon
Phu Pha Daeng Wildlife Sanctuary
Central lar gibbon
List of Terminalia species
Yunnan
Northern white-cheeked gibbon
Mirror test
Brachiation
Primate
Siamang
Gibbon
Hylobates - Wikipedia
Lar Gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Isolation and tissue distribution of type-C virus and viral components from a gibbon ape (Hylobates lar) with lymphocytic...
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Gibbons10
- The genus Hylobates /ˌhaɪloʊˈbeɪtiːz/ is one of the four genera of gibbons. (wikipedia.org)
- Hylobates means "forest walker" which makes sense because these gibbons can climb through the trees very fast. (kid-facts.com)
- There are 17 different types of hylobates gibbons, from the Lar gibbons with white feet and hands, to the Bornean white bearded gibbon with a big white fluffy beard. (kid-facts.com)
- All of the gibbons have a kind of beard around their face, but these 17 different hylobates gibbons all look a little different and usually live in different places. (kid-facts.com)
- Javan gibbons ( Hylobates moloch ) are endangered, and healthy captive populations are important to the species' conservation. (cwu.edu)
- The results of gene sequences were analyzed qualitatively to show the relationship between individual samples of Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) and data from NCBI with access codes HQ622784.1 (intraspecies), then compared to Hoolock gibbons (Hoolock hoolock) access codes KY250073.1 and Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) access code HQ622798.1 (interspesies) using the BioEdit® program, Basic Local Aligment Search Tool (BLAST) from NCBI, and programs Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA). (ub.ac.id)
- Influences of Forest Structure on the Density and Habitat Preference of Two Sympatric Gibbons (Symphalangus syndactylus and Hylobates lar). (ccpl.org)
- Siamangs and Gibbons are generally put in the same genus, Hylobates , with several different species recognized, including lar (White-handed), moloch (Silvery), and syndactylus (Siamang). (boneclones.com)
- Apel is a male gibbon of species Hylobates Muelleri muelleri, one of gibbons species who live in Kalimantan, Indonesia. (kalaweit.org)
- Female Songs Of The Nonduetting Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) Function For Territorial De. (uncg.edu)
Moloch3
- Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) merupakan primata endemik yang hanya ditemukan di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia. (ub.ac.id)
- Hasil sekuen gen dianalisa secara deskriptif kualitatif untuk memperlihatkan kekerabatan antar sampel individu owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) dengan data dari NCBI dengan kode akses HQ622784.1 (intraspesies), lalu dibandingkan dengan owa Hoolock (Hoolock hoolock) kode akses KY250073.1 dan Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) kode akses HQ622798.1 (interspesies) menggunakan program BioEdit®, Basic Local Aligment Search Tool (BLAST) dari NCBI, dan program Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA). (ub.ac.id)
- Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is an endemic primate found only on Java, Indonesia. (ub.ac.id)
Symphalangus1
- still others use both Hylobates and Symphalangus synonymously. (boneclones.com)
Luca Bucchini1
- Luca Bucchini, managing director of Hylobates Consulting, told NutraIngredients that turmeric extracts with high curcumin concentrations have been very popular in Italy for some time. (nutraingredients.com)
Species2
- Hylobates remains the most species-rich and widespread of gibbon genera, ranging from southern China (Yunnan) to western and central Java. (wikipedia.org)
- Probes were used from two gibbon species (Hylobates concolor and H. syndactylus) which both showed highly rearranged karyotypes. (nih.gov)
Consulting1
- Food law specialist and managing director at Hylobates Consulting said he had doubts over Wathelet's comment that food taste cannot be identified in a precise or objective manner. (foodnavigator.com)
Syndactylus1
- Hylobates agilis, Hylobates syndactylus. (birdlife.org)
Years1
- After public health and food risk assessment studies at Johns Hopkins, in the US, he co-founded the Rome-based food consultancy Hylobates - 18 years ago. (nutrevent.com)
Gibbon7
- Hylobates remains the most species-rich and widespread of gibbon genera, ranging from southern China (Yunnan) to western and central Java. (wikipedia.org)
- 1996 Spatial and behavioral use of an outdoor habitat by the white-cheeked gibbon ( Hylobates leucogenys ). (luc.edu)
- Apel is a male gibbon of species Hylobates Muelleri muelleri, one of gibbons species who live in Kalimantan, Indonesia. (kalaweit.org)
- The White-Handed or Lar Gibbon ( Hylobates lar ) - Monkeyland's only lesser ape species. (monkeyland.co.za)
- Cherokee is a white handed gibbon ( Hylobates lar ) who was born at Noah's Ark in 2000. (noahs-ark.org)
- An endangered two-year old pileated Gibbon (Hylobates pileatus) at the Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB) in Siem Reap, Cambodia. (joelsartore.com)
- Prague, July 29 (CTK) - A silver gibbon (Hylobates moloch) young was born in Prague's zoological garden during the night being the first offspring of the most endangered primate born in the Czech Republic, the zoo's press department has told CTK. (praguemonitor.com)
Pileatus1
- In order to check the types and extent of evolutionary conserved breakpoints we studied here for the first time the chromosomes of Hylobates pileatus (HPI) compared to HSA and Hylobates lar (HLA) by means of molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Genus1
- Muskeln und periphere Nerven des Genus hylobates. (nih.gov)
Page1
- Help support Wordnik (and make this page ad-free) by adopting the word hylobates . (wordnik.com)
Means1
- Hylobates means dweller in the trees. (nih.gov)
FISH1
- 16. Detailed Hylobates lar karyotype defined by 25-color FISH and multicolor banding. (nih.gov)