Hydroquinones. Medical search

Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.

Benzene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

An antiseptic and disinfectant aromatic alcohol.

Substances used to obtain a lighter skin complexion or to treat HYPERPIGMENTATION disorders.

A flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or NADPH by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. The enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine.

A low-molecular-weight (16,000) iron-free flavoprotein containing one molecule of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and isolated from bacteria grown on an iron-deficient medium. It can replace ferredoxin in all the electron-transfer functions in which the latter is known to serve in bacterial cells.

A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.

Chemicals that are used to oxidize pigments and thus effect whitening.

Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.

Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.

An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.

A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE. The common names of chokeberry or chokecherry are also used for some species of PRUNUS.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).

Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.

Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)

A genus of SPONGES in the family Dysideidae, in which all skeletal fibers are filled with detritus.

A genus of basidiomycetous fungi, family POLYPORACEAE, order POLYPORALES, that grows on logs or tree stumps in shelflike layers. The species P. ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a choice edible species and is the most frequently encountered member of the genus in eastern North America. (Alexopoulos et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed, p531)

Phenols substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.

A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds.

Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.

A genus of anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria in the family Peptococcaceae, that reductively dechlorinates CHLOROPHENOLS.

An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool.

A family of gram-negative bacteria, in the phylum FIRMICUTES.

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.

A group of compounds that are derivatives of methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H7O.

A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.

Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.

NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. A family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. EC 1.6.99.2 (NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of NADH or NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol. EC 1.6.99.5 (NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADH, is inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. EC 1.6.99.6 (NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.

Flavoproteins that serve as specific electron acceptors for a variety of DEHYDROGENASES. They participate in the transfer of electrons to a variety of redox acceptors that occur in the respiratory chain.

Chemicals used in agriculture. These include pesticides, fumigants, fertilizers, plant hormones, steroids, antibiotics, mycotoxins, etc.

Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.

The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its dosage form as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of its action.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995)

The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations.

Tests to experimentally measure the tumor-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumors or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. The carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumor developed. Though this test differs from the DNA-repair and bacterial microsome MUTAGENICITY TESTS, researchers often attempt to correlate the finding of carcinogenicity values and mutagenicity values.

The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)

Multiple oligodeoxyribonucleotide syntheseson a reusable solid-phase CPG support via the hydroquinone-O,O'-diacetic acid (Q-Linker) linker arm. (1/775)

A strategy for oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis on a reusable CPG solid-phase support, derivatized with hydroxyl groups instead of amino groups, has been developed. Ester linkages, through a base labile hydroquinone- O, O '-diacetic acid ( Q-Linker ) linker arm, were used to couple the first nucleoside to the hydroxyl groups on the support. This coupling was rapidly accomplished (10 min) using O -benzotriazol-1-yl- N, N, N ', N '-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole as the activating reagents. Oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis was performed using existing procedures and reagents, except a more labile capping reagent, such as chloro-acetic anhydride, methoxyacetic anhydride or t-butylphenoxyacetic anhydride, was used instead of acetic anhydride. After each oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis, the product was cleaved from the support with ammonium hydroxide (3 min) and deprotected as usual. Residual linker arms or capping groups were removed by treatment with ammonium hydroxide/methylamine reagent and the regenerated support was capable of reuse. Up to six different oligodeoxyribonucleotide syntheses or up to 25 cycles of nucleoside derivatization and cleavage were consecutively performed on the reusable support. This method may provide a significant cost advantage over conventional single-use solid supports currently used for the manufacture of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides. (+info)

Effects of pyrogallol, hydroquinone and duroquinone on responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation and NO in the rat anococcygeus muscle. (2/775)

1. The hypothesis that endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects the nitrergic transmitter from inactivation by superoxide and that this explains the lack of sensitivity of the transmitter to superoxide generators was tested in the rat isolated anococcygeus muscle. 2. Responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation or to NO were not significantly affected by exogenous SOD or by the Cu/Zn SOD inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETCA). 3. Hydroquinone produced a concentration-dependent reduction of responses to NO with an IC50 of 27 microM, and higher concentrations reduced relaxant responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation with an IC50 of 612 microM. The effects of hydroquinone were only slightly reversed by SOD, so it does not appear to be acting as a superoxide generator. 4. Pyrogallol produced a concentration-dependent reduction in responses to NO with an IC50 value of 39 microM and this effect was reversed by SOD (100-1000 u ml(-1)). Pyrogallol did not affect responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation. Treatment with DETCA did not alter the differentiating action of pyrogallol. 5. Duroquinone produced a concentration-dependent reduction of relaxations to NO with an IC50 value of 240 microM and 100 microM slightly decreased nitrergic relaxations. After treatment with DETCA, duroquinone produced greater reductions of relaxant responses to NO and to nitrergic stimulation, the IC50 values being 8.5 microM for NO and 40 microM for nitrergic nerve stimulation: these reductions were reversed by SOD. 6. The findings do not support the hypothesis that the presence of Cu/Zn SOD explains the greater susceptibility of NO than the nitrergic transmitter to the superoxide generator pyrogallol, but suggest that it may play a role in the effects of duroquinone. (+info)

8-(N,N-diethylamino)-n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate actions on calcium dynamics in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. (3/775)

AIM: To study 8-(N,N-Diethylamino)n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB), a potent Ca(2+)-antagonist, actions on cellular calcium dynamics in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) cultures. METHODS: A7r5 VSMC were cultured with Fura-2 measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i. RESULTS: TMB reduced [Ca2+]i from control levels and blocked [Ca2+]i increase caused by norepinephrine (NE) and 2,5-di (t-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (BHQ). [Ca2+]i reduction by TMB was further enhanced by ryanodine. CONCLUSION: TMB is an effective agent for blocking the [Ca2+]i increase caused by NE and BHQ and for enhancing the [Ca2+]i reduction caused by ryanodine. (+info)

Biodegradative mechanism of the brown rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum: evidence for an extracellular hydroquinone-driven fenton reaction. (4/775)

We have identified key components of the extracellular oxidative system that the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum uses to degrade a recalcitrant polymer, polyethylene glycol, via hydrogen abstraction reactions. G. trabeum produced an extracellular metabolite, 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, and reduced it to 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone. In the presence of 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone, the fungus also reduced extracellular Fe3+ to Fe2+ and produced extracellular H2O2. Fe3+ reduction and H2O2 formation both resulted from a direct, non-enzymatic reaction between 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone and Fe3+. Polyethylene glycol depolymerization by G. trabeum required both 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone and Fe3+ and was completely inhibited by catalase. These results provide evidence that G. trabeum uses a hydroquinone-driven Fenton reaction to cleave polyethylene glycol. We propose that similar reactions account for the ability of G. trabeum to attack lignocellulose. (+info)

Bioavailability and metabolism of hydroquinone after intratracheal instillation in male rats. (5/775)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate and extent of hydroquinone (HQ) absorption and first pass metabolism in the lungs of male rats in vivo. [14C]HQ in physiological saline was administered intratracheally via an indwelling endotracheal tube to simulate inhalation exposure to HQ dust. The bioavailability of HQ was determined by blood sampling simultaneously at arterial and venous sites beginning immediately after administration to conscious rats. Pulmonary absorption and metabolism, and systemic metabolism and elimination were determined by chromatographic analysis of parent compound and metabolites in blood samples after intratracheal administration of [14C]HQ at 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg. Pulmonary absorption of HQ was found to be very rapid with [14C]HQ detectable in arterial blood, and to a lesser extent in venous blood, within 5 to 10 s after dose administration. Only [14C]HQ was detected in the initial (5-10 s) arterial blood samples at all dose levels, indicating that pulmonary metabolism of HQ was not extensive. However, later blood samples (45-720 s) indicated rapid metabolism and elimination of the parent compound and metabolites after intratracheal absorption. The elimination half-life from the 0.1 mg/kg dose was allometrically scaled to human proportions and used to estimate the steady-state (maximum) human blood concentrations of HQ resulting from presupposed workplace exposures. The estimates indicated minimal levels of HQ in human blood after respiratory exposures of greater than 1 h at 0.1 or 2.0 mg/m3; these levels were less than background concentrations of HQ detected in human blood in previous studies. (+info)

Antioxidants reversibly inhibit the spontaneous resumption of meiosis. (6/775)

We previously showed that the cell-permeant antioxidant 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) inhibited germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCC) of the rat. The objective of the present studies was to assess other antioxidants and whether such inhibition was reversible. Spontaneous GVBD in OCC incubated for 2 h was significantly inhibited (P < 0.005) by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA; GVBD = 19.4%), BHA (GVBD = 25.7%), octyl gallate (OG; GVBD = 52.2%), ethoxyquin (EQ; GVBD = 58.8%), 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxymethyl phenol (TBHMP; GVBD = 59%), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; GVBD = 59.5%), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP; GVBD = 60.0%). Other antioxidants that produced lower but significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of oocyte maturation included propyl gallate (PG; GVBD = 70.3%), 2,4,5-trihydroxybutrophenone (THBP; GVBD = 71.4%), and lauryl gallate (LG; GVBD = 71.4%). Antioxidants that had no effect on oocyte maturation at the same concentration (100 microM) included ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and Trolox. Inhibition of GVBD was evident for up to 8 h of incubation of OCC and denuded oocytes (DO) with BHA or NDGA and was reversed by washing. NDGA was less potent than BHA for inhibition of GVBD in DO, unlike that seen with OCC. Oocyte maturation was induced by incubation of follicles for 3 h with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and this response was inhibited by BHA or NDGA. These findings support the conclusion that cell-permeant antioxidants inhibit spontaneous resumption of meiosis, which may implicate a role of oxygen radicals in oocyte maturation. (+info)

Determination of hydroquinone in air by high performance liquid chromatography. (7/775)

A method for measuring hydroquinone in air was evaluated, both in the laboratory and in the workplace. The method involved sampling the inhalable fraction onto a filter contained in a multi-holed sampler with a back-up of Tenax TA, followed by desorption into acetonitrile and analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. It was shown to be effective at measuring hydroquinone over the range 0.1 to 2 times a concentration of 0.5 mg/m3 for 8 h. (+info)

Induction of human UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7) by t-butylhydroquinone and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Caco-2 cells. (8/775)

Human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells were used to study the induction of UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 by aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists and by antioxidant-type inducers with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and t-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), respectively. Early- (PF11) and late-passage clones (TC7) of Caco-2 cells, which show low and high constitutive UGT1A6 expression, respectively, were selected. The following results were obtained: 1) In Caco-2 cells UGT activity (4-methylumbelliferone as substrate) was significantly enhanced by 10 nM TCDD or 40 to 80 microM TBHQ and 2) duplex reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed for the first time that the expression of human UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 was enhanced by 40 to 80 microM TBHQ; both UGT1A6 and UGT1A9 were induced by 10 nM TCDD, whereas UGT2B7 was not induced by TCDD. The results suggest that at least two human UGTs (UGT1A6 and UGT1A9) are inducible by aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists and even more isoforms (UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7) are inducible by antioxidant-type inducers in Caco-2 cells. (+info)

"Hydroquinones". Phenols-Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition. Scholastic. 2013. p. 76.. ... Among several chemicals known to inhibit tyrosinase production, such as hydroquinone, arbutin, and kojic acid, 4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Butylresorcinol

"Hydroquinone Studies Under The National Toxicology Program (NTP)". Food and Drug Administration. "Hydroquinone". Campaign for ... In 2006, the FDA removed previous advice that stated hydroquinone was considered generally safe, as hydroquinone has been ... The process performed with creams containing hydroquinone is banned in some countries, such as the member states of the EU. ... Arbutin, often also called bearberry, can be converted by the body into hydroquinone. Kojic acid was developed as a safer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_bleaching

H2O Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced. Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone. Quinone was ... Oxidation of hydroquinone is facile. One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine ... Quinone is mainly used as a precursor to hydroquinone, which is used in photography and rubber manufacture as a reducing agent ... It is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone. 1,4-Benzoquinone is able to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-Benzoquinone

SnCl2 also reduces quinones to hydroquinones. Stannous chloride is also added as a food additive with E number E512 to some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin(II)_chloride

"Hydroquinone". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_499. Komen L, ... US 4933504, Correale M, Panseri P, Romano U, Minisci F, "Process for the preparation of mono-ethers of hydroquinones" "4- ... Gambarotti C, Melone L, Punta C, Shisodia SU (2013). "Selective Monoetherification of 1,4-Hydroquinone Promoted by NaNO2". ... Monobenzone (benzyloxyphenol) Hydroquinone Guaiacol 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde Stiefel Laboratories, Inc. "Full ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mequinol

Hydroquinone is superadditive with metol, meaning that it acts to "recharge" the metol after it has been oxidised in the ... Hydroquinone can also be toxic to the human operator as well as environment; some modern developers replace it with ascorbic ... Developers for high contrast work have higher concentrations of hydroquinone and lower concentrations of metol and tend to use ... However, the staining effect only appears in solutions with very little sulfite, and most hydroquinone developers contain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer

"FDA Proposes Hydroquinone Ban". Archived from the original on 2007-07-03.FDA bans hydroquinone in skin whitening products "NYC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning

In 1880, he introduced hydroquinone. Abney also introduced new and useful types of photographic paper, including in 1882 a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney

In the EU hydroquinone was banned from cosmetic applications. Oral medication with procyanidin plus vitamins A, C, and E also ... Hydroquinone was the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before the long-term safety concerns were raised, and ... Several are prescription only in the US, especially in high doses, such as hydroquinone, azelaic acid, and koijic acid. Some ... "Hydroquinone - Substance evaluation - CoRAP - ECHA". echa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-02-12. Handog, Evangeline (2009-07-20). "A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpigmentation

Hydroquinone is generally well tolerated; side effects are typically mild (e.g., skin irritation) and occur with the use of a ... Hydroquinone is ineffective for hyperpigmentation affecting deeper layers of skin such as the dermis. The use of a sunscreen ... Hydroquinone lightens the skin when applied topically by inhibiting tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for converting the amino ... In extremely rare cases, the frequent and improper application of high-dose hydroquinone has been associated with a systemic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne

Hydroxylated diterpenoid-hydroquinones can be isolated from C. elegans. Hydroxylated diterpenoid-hydroquinones from cystoseira ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystoseira_elegans

Other synthetically useful products of the Dakin oxidation include guaiacol, a precursor of several flavorants; hydroquinone, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakin_oxidation

Hydroquinone is more commonly used today. It is also used in isolation of inert gases from a mixture of gases, which requires ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrogallol

Catechol, Hydroquinone, 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone 7 C6-C1 1 Phenolic acids, Phenolic aldehydes Gallic, salicylic acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_phenol

... are oxidized to hydroquinones in the Elbs persulfate oxidation. Reaction of naphtols and hydrazines and sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenols

Jovel E, Kroeger P, Towers N (1996). "Hydroquinone: the toxic compound of Agaricus hondensis". Planta Medica. 62 (2): 195. doi: ... Relatively high levels of the chemical hydroquinone are present in fruit bodies. Fungi portal List of Agaricus species Zeller ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_hondensis

Hydroquinone et potasse, nouvelle méthode de développement... Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1889. Traité de photographie par les ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Balagny

with 90ppm hydroquinone - HDODA - 43203 - Alfa Aesar". www.alfa.com. Retrieved 2020-02-27. Ohara, Takashi; Sato, Takahisa; ... Like other acrylate monomers it is usually supplied with a radical inhibitor such as hydroquinone added. The material is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,6-Hexanediol_diacrylate

It has been recommended as an alternative to hydroquinone. As a tyrosinase inhibitor, azelaic acid reduces synthesis of melanin ... Draelos, Z. (Sep-Oct 2007). "Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy". Dermatol. Ther. 20 (5): 308-313. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azelaic_acid

Hydroquinone is ineffective for hyperpigmentation affecting deeper layers of skin such as the dermis.[35] The use of a ... Hydroquinone lightens the skin when applied topically by inhibiting tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for converting the amino ... Hydroquinone is generally well tolerated; side effects are typically mild (e.g., skin irritation) and occur with the use of a ... hydroquinone leads to less hyperpigmentation as darkened skin cells are naturally shed over time.[35] Improvement in skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Vitamin K hydroquinone serves as a cofactor for vitamin K γ‐carboxylase that catalyzes γ‐carboxylation of specific glutamic ... NQO1 catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K1,K2 and K3 into their hydroquinone form, but it only has a high affinity for Vitamin ... A possible explanation is the accumulation of phenols and hydroquinone in the target organ-the bone marrow-and subsequent ... This FAD-binding protein forms homodimers and reduces quinones to hydroquinones. This protein's enzymatic activity prevents the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD(P)H_dehydrogenase_(quinone_1)

The larger of the pair, the storage chamber or reservoir, contains hydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide, while the smaller, the ... The oxygen oxidizes the hydroquinones and also acts as the propellant. The oxidation reaction is very exothermic (ΔH = −202.8 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase

ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. Lander, John J.; Svirbely, W. J. (1945). "The Dipole Moments of Catechol, Resorcinol and Hydroquinone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol

... phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. Hydroquinone, benzenetriol and catechol are ... hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. Most of these metabolites have some value as biomarkers of human exposure, since they ... hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

... is produced by carboxylation of hydroquinone. C6H4(OH)2 + CO2 → C6H3(CO2H)(OH)2 This conversion is an example of ... maleylpyruvate As a hydroquinone, gentisic acid is readily oxidised and is used as an antioxidant excipient in some ... "Hydroquinone" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentisic_acid

The common products used were hydroquinone and corticosteroids. 75% of women who used these creams showed cutaneous adverse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocentrism

Bleach Traditional bleach contains chlorine and/or hydroquinone. Chlorine can irritate and burn skin, as can skin-bleaching ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stain_removal

... is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(COH)2(CH)(CH3). It is formally a derivative of p-hydroquinone. It is an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menadiol

Argon forms a clathrate with hydroquinone (HOC6H4OH)3•Ar. When crystallised from benzene under a pressure of 20 atmospheres of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon_compounds

Lander, John J.; Svirbely, John J. Lander, W. J. (1945). "The Dipole Moments of Catechol, Resorcinol and Hydroquinone". Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorcinol

This application exploits the antioxidant properties of hydroquinone. Hydroquinone can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the ... Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones. The name "hydroquinone" was coined by ... "Hydroquinone" (PDF). OECD SIDS. UNEP Publications.. *^ Lander, John J.; Svirbely, John J. Lander, W. J. (1945). "The Dipole ... Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroquinone

Exposure to hydroquinone may cause irritation to the eyes and central nervous system. Workers may be harmed from exposure to ... hydroquinone. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done ... Hydroquinone (C₆H₄(OH)₂) is a light-tan, light-gray, or colorless crystal. ... Hydroquinone (C₆H₄(OH)₂) is a light-tan, light-gray, or colorless crystal. Exposure to hydroquinone may cause irritation to the ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hydroquinone/default.html

Hydroquinone. CAS No: 123-31-9. NOTE:. (1) Efficacy of Medical Tests has not been evaluated.. (2) NIOSH references include ... Hydroquinone. Editor(s). /Author(s). Specific Medical Test(s) or Examination(s). Reference(s). ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-110/nmed0120.html

I have some scar lotion that has hydroquinone as the active ingredient. It came with a strict warning not to use it at the same ... Co-Q10 is a good example of a quinone/hydroquinone anti-oxidant couple that seems to be well tolerated and has the benefit of ... Hydroquinone is, too, an antioxidant, but it exhibits some toxicity and potential carcenogenicity. The lesson that all " ... Mixing hydroquinone with benzoyl peroxide would be explosively violent, no epoxides formed though, just quinone. Brutal revenge ...

https://scienceblogs.com/moleculeoftheday/2008/04/02/hydroquinone-antioxidant-or-to

Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound. In the United States, Hydroquinone may be used as an active ingredient in OTC ... 1,4-BENZENEDIOL, 1,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, 1,4BENZENEDIOL, 4-HYDROXYPHENOL, HYDROQUINONE, P-DIOXYBENZENE, and P-HYDROXYPHENOL ... When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Hydroquinone. ...

https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredients/703041-hydroquinone/

... hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and hydroquinone, whereas its two ... In enzymology, a hydroquinone glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.218) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP-glucose ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use ... Arend J, Warzecha H, Stockigt J (2000). "Hydroquinone: O-glucosyltransferase from cultivated Rauvolfia cells: enrichment and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroquinone_glucosyltransferase

hydroquinone O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CHEBI:18305) has functional parent hydroquinone (CHEBI:17594) hydroquinone O-β-D- ... hydroquinone O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CHEBI:18305) is a β-D-glucoside (CHEBI:22798) hydroquinone O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CHEBI: ... CHEBI:18305 - hydroquinone O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Main. ChEBI Ontology. Automatic Xrefs. Reactions. Pathways. Models. ... hydroquinone O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CHEBI:18305) has role plant metabolite (CHEBI:76924) ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=18305

Hydroquinone products are very popular in Asian and African markets for their skin-lightening properties. Though there is some ... evidence that hydroquinone may cause cancer in rodents, this has yet to be proven in humans. ... The FDA proposed a ban on over-the-counter sales of hydroquinone-containing products on August 29, 2006. ... hydroquinone use even in persons who have used hydroquinone-containing cosmetics for a short time. Some studies also report ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/fda_proposes_hydroquinone_ban/views.htm

... *Formula: C18H34O2Si2 ... Other names: Hydroquinone, bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) ether * ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi/InChI%3D1S/C18H34O2Si2/c1-17

WHAT TO LOOK FOR ON THE LABEL: Hydroquinone or tocopheryl acetate. WHAT IS HYDROQUINONE? Hydroquinone is marketed most ... Hydroquinone Hydroquinone is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color. It is ... A study on occupational exposure of hydroquinone showed that subjects exposed to hydroquinone had a higher prevalence of a ... Cancer: Hydroquinone works by decreasing the production and increasing the degradation of melanin pigments in the skin. This ...

https://www.safecosmetics.org/get-the-facts/chemicals-of-concern/hydroquinone/

As can be seen from the data, all the hydroquinone formulations showed greater stability compared to hydroquinones of Examples ... In certain embodiments, wherein Rl is -OR8, R4 is -H, and R5 and R6 taken together form a bond, the hydroquinone compound is of ... In certain embodiments, wherein R1 is -OR8, R4 and R7 are -H, and R5 and R6 taken together form a bond, the hydroquinone ... In certain embodiments, wherein R1 is -OH, R4 and R7 are -H, and R5 and R6 taken together form a bond, the hydroquinone ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8778921.html

Triamcinolone rated 8.0/10 vs Hydroquinone Topical rated 3.6/10 in overall patient satisfaction. ... Compare Triamcinolone vs Hydroquinone Topical head-to-head with other drugs for uses, ratings, cost, side effects, interactions ... Hydroquinone topical Remove Hydroquinone topical from your drug comparison Add another drug to compare ... Hydroquinone topical Remove Hydroquinone topical from your drug comparison Add to compare. ...

https://www.drugs.com/compare/triamcinolone-vs-hydroquinone-topical

Hydroquinone, and Tretinoin. Includes indications, proper use, special instructions, precautions, and possible side effects. ... Fluocinolone, Hydroquinone, and Tretinoin. Generic Name: Fluocinolone, Hydroquinone, and Tretinoin (floo oh SIN oh lone, HYE ... Fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical. *Fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin Topical application (Advanced ... How is this medicine (Fluocinolone, Hydroquinone, and Tretinoin) best taken?. Use fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin as ...

https://www.drugs.com/cdi/fluocinolone-hydroquinone-and-tretinoin.html

This page features an image of recrystallized hydroquinone. ... Hydroquinone. Hydroquinone generally appears as an off-white ... View another digital image of recrystallized hydroquinone taken with the optical microscope. ... Hydroquinone is also frequently employed as a chemical intermediate in the production of many dyes, varnishes, motor fuels, ... Hydroquinone is generally produced in small volume through a complex process, and proper handling and precautions are required ...

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/featuredmicroscopist/modderman/hydroquinonesmall.html

Other names: Hydroquinone, bis-PFP * Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future ... Hydroquinone, O,O-bis(pentafluoropropionyl)-. *Formula: C12H4F10O4 ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=U365444&Units=SI&Mask=2000

Hydroquinone is an inhibitor and antioxidant, also is an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils. MedChem ... Ref: GRANGER,FS & NELSON,JM (1921) ECOSAR Class Program (ECOSAR v0.99h): Class(es) found: Phenols Quinone/Hydroquinone Henrys ... of the class of benzosemiquinones which results from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron from hydroquinone (or ... of the class of benzosemiquinones which results from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron from hydroquinone (or ...

http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.764.html?rid=40a55950-3e1a-49f5-9e95-bc766bef2834&page_num=0

A review dealing with different strategies for obtaining bioactive terpenyl quinones/hydroquinones is presented. The different ... hydroquinones from sponges offer promising opportunities for the development of new drugs. ... synthetic approches for the preparation of the most relevant quinones/hydroquinones are described. ... Keywords: terpene quinone; terpene hydroquinone; synthesis; chemical modification terpene quinone; terpene hydroquinone; ...

http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/10/2/358/xml

... that product safety issues involving hydroquinone, the active ingredient in many pigment control products, have led the Food ... The uncertainty surrounding hydroquinone-based products has prompted some companies to explore the use of other skin lightening ... In 2006, the FDA proposed a ban on over-the-counter sales of hydroquinone products due to studies in rodents that indicated ... Although we dont think the FDA will ban the use of over-the-counter hydroquinone-based products, we expect that companies will ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20090908/FDA-undecided-on-safety-guidelines-for-hydroquinone-use.aspx

Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent. It can lighten everything from freckles and acne scars to post-inflammatory marks ... What is hydroquinone?. Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent. It bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating ... Although hydroquinone is generally well-tolerated, there are a few exceptions.. If you have dry or sensitive skin, you may find ... To date, hydroquinone is deemed safe in the United States. There isnt any clinical evidence. currently to suggest that ...

https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/hydroquinone

Hydroquinone. Regulatory process names 2 Translated names 45 CAS names 1 IUPAC names 8 Trade names 6 Other identifiers 4 ...

https://www.echa.europa.eu/nl/web/guest/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.004.199

Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice ...

https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14417/3/1/1

ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, SOLID, N.O.S. (HYDROQUINONE). Chemical name:. HYDROQUINONE. Class:. 9. Packaging group:. ... ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE, SOLID, N.O.S. (HYDROQUINONE). Chemical name:. HYDROQUINONE. Class:. 9. Packaging group:. ...

https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14417/9

Find the most comprehensive real-world treatment information on Hydroquinone-mometasone-tretinoin at PatientsLikeMe. 0 patients ... bipolar I disorder or psoriasis currently take Hydroquinone-mometasone-tretinoin. ...

https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatment/23720-melacare-forte-side-effects-and-efficacy

Find treatment reviews for Fluocinolone-hydroquinone-tretinoin from other patients. Learn from their experiences about ...

https://www.patientslikeme.com/treatment/fluocinolone-hydroquinone-tretinoin

does anybody know if you can buy hydroquinone products at any drug store or wal-mart type store. i am currently using a murad ... hydroquinone info.... iWillBeatAcne. Acne. 3. 02-02-2003 07:19 PM. hydroquinone users PLEASE READ ngs3. Beauty & Cosmetics. 1. ... info on hydroquinone does anybody know if you can buy hydroquinone products at any drug store or wal-mart type store. i am ... hydroquinone 2% SCAR. Acne. 3. 12-27-2003 10:48 AM. hydoquinone, does it work and is it safe??? maybelle. Skin Problems. 6. 11- ...

https://www.healthboards.com/boards/acne/342-info-hydroquinone.html

Find patient medical information for Hydroquinone Skin Bleaching Topical on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, ... Before using hydroquinone, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This ... How to use Hydroquinone Skin Bleaching Cream. Follow all directions on the product package, or use as directed by your doctor. ... Stop using hydroquinone and tell your doctor right away if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: blistering, ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-87530/hydroquinone-skin-bleaching-topical/details

As the name suggests, the soap includes a compound of hydroquinone, which will refresh and whiten your skin. If you are ... the Skin Peel Bar Hydroquinone Soap by Sunsorit is a very special cleansing agent. ... Skin Peel Bar Hydroquinone Soap - An AHA and BHA-based soap, ... Skin Peel Bar Hydroquinone Soap. * Gadgets & Toys Amazing ... An AHA and BHA-based soap, the Skin Peel Bar Hydroquinone Soap by Sunsorit is a very special cleansing agent. As the name ...

https://www.japantrendshop.com/IT-skin-peel-bar-hydroquinone-soap-p-2660.html

Sigma-Aldrich offers Aldrich-110221, Acrolein for your research needs. Find product specific information including CAS, MSDS, protocols and references.

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/110221?lang=en®ion=US

Hydroquinone topical is a skin bleaching agent. Tretinoin topical is a form of vitamin A. It helps the skin to renew itself ... The combination of fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical is used to treat melasma (dark skin patches) of... ... fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical [en Español]. fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical. Skip to the ... Hydroquinone topical is a skin bleaching agent.. Tretinoin topical is a form of vitamin A. It helps the skin to renew itself ...

https://www.cigna.com/healthwellness/hw/medications/fluocinolone-hydroquinone-and-tretinoin-topical-d04791a1

Hydroquinone is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, " liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy , birth control pills , hormone medicine, or injury to the skin . (webmd.com)
The combination of fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical is used to treat melasma (dark skin patches) of the face. (cigna.com)
Hydroquinone-Tretinoin-Mometasone is a demelanizing cream used to treat hyperpigmented skin conditions such as melasma, freckles, and senile lentigines. (internationaldrugmart.com)
Hydroquinone is a local cream prescribed for dark or hyper-pigmented skin marks such as freckles (small flat brown marks on the face and sun exposed areas), melasma (brown patches on skin), age spots, and dark spots due to acne, pregnancy-related scars, skin trauma or use of birth control pills. (medindia.net)
Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy and safety of combined oral tranexamic acid and topical hydroquinone 4% treatment vs. topical hydroquinone 4% alone in melasma: a parallel-group, assessor- and analyst-blinded, randomized controlled trial with a short-term follow-up. (nih.gov)
Oral TA can enhance the efficacy of hydroquinone 4% cream in melasma treatment, but the high incidence of relapse suggests that treatment effects may be temporary, warranting more investigation. (nih.gov)
Hydroquinone is a topical skin treatment for melasma, freckles, age and sun spots, and even acne scars,' Shafer says. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Hydroquinone is very effective at treating sun spots, melasma , freckles, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and pretty much any other type of discolouration. (beautifulwithbrains.com)
As cream containing fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4% and tretinoin 0.05%: Apply a thin layer onto the hyperpigmented areas of melasma once daily, 30 minutes before bedtime. (mims.com)
Hydroquinone: effective ingredient for lightening hyperpigmentation, reducing brown spots and age spots, and melasma. (vipeel.com)
If you have melasma and /or sun damage, our pharmacy can compound a little hydroquinone along with it, and you're golden. (celexa-overnight.com)
Hydroquinone has been, and continues to be the gold standard in the treatment of melasma, brown patches on the face and other parts of the body that are exposed to the sun, and other skin discoloration due to its effectiveness and safety. (celexa-overnight.com)
Hydroquinone can help to eliminate melasma, freckles, dark spots, and other discolorations of the skin. (upn24.com)
This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of fluocinolone acetonide, hydroquinone, and tretinoin (FAHT) cream for the treatment of moderate and severe facial melasma. (springer.com)
Torok HM, Jones T, Rich P, Smith S, Tschen E. Hydroquinone 4 %, tretinoin 0.05 %, fluocinolone acetonide 0.01 %: a safe and efficacious 12-month treatment for melasma. (springer.com)
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic molecule found in skin lightening creams for dermatological melasma treatment. (spie.org)

Hydroquinone is used to treat skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation. (healthline.com)
Hydroquinone may actually worsen hyperpigmentation in darker skin tones. (healthline.com)
Sun exposure can not only make hyperpigmentation worse, but also reverse the effects of your hydroquinone treatment. (healthline.com)
Popularized by its usage as a photo-developer, hydroquinone can be used in any condition causing hyperpigmentation . (aocd.org)
Hydroquinone is a dermatological agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of discoloration of skin, hyperpigmentation of skin. (wikidoc.org)
Hydroquinone is one of the most researched and studied lightening agents, but can cause severe irritation and hyperpigmentation if not used correctly," explains Dr. Michele Green , board-certified dermatologist and RealSelf contributor in New York City. (dermstore.com)
When incorporated into your complexion regimen properly, hydroquinone decreases the production of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase, an enzyme needed for melanin production, to decrease the appearance of hyperpigmentation . (allure.com)
Once you have achieved your desired results, stop using hydroquinone daily and only use it if the hyperpigmentation reappears,' says Aegean Chan , a board-certified dermatologist based in Santa Barbara, California. (allure.com)
Prescription hydroquinone is a skincare product that is often prescribed by doctors or dermatologists to treat areas of dark skin or hyperpigmentation. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Hydroquinone is a kind of ointment that exerts to lessen the dark spots of skin such as hyperpigmentation, freckles, liver spots, age spots, etc. which takes place due to pregnancy, birth control medicine, hormone drugs, or any wound or injury to the skin. (steunmijnclub.nl)
The most popular theories believe you get ochronisis when you use hydroquinone with resorcinol (another ingredient that treats hyperpigmentation) or without sunscreen. (beautifulwithbrains.com)
Hydroquinone is the most effective way to treat hyperpigmentation. (beautifulwithbrains.com)
Safe To Use 3% Hydroquinone To Fade Hyperpigmentation? (ehealthforum.com)
Hydroquinone does not bleach the skin but lightens it, and can only disrupt the synthesis and production of melanin hyperpigmentation. (skinmatrix.com.au)
The condition may lead to splotchy areas of depigmentation with confetti-like areas of hyperpigmentation (leukoderma-en-confetti). (skinmatrix.com.au)

Hydroquinone is marketed most aggressively to women of color for its whitening ability in skin creams. (safecosmetics.org)
Exogenous ochronosis and pigmented colloid milium from hydroquinone bleaching creams. (safecosmetics.org)
Hydroquinone is found in many skin bleaching creams. (lookchem.com)
Eastman™ Hydroquinone, USP, has been formulated for many years into creams, lotions, and gels to produce effective skin- lightening products. (eastman.com)
When first starting hydroquinone and tretinoin creams , alternate them. (celexa-overnight.com)
Setting the controversy aside, hydroquinone creams are the most efficient skin bleaching products to treat dark spots. (becomegorgeous.com)
Just make sure you choose well-renowned brands whose hydroquinone creams have been specifically created for all skin types, so that they can work without causing any possible side effects. (becomegorgeous.com)
There are many creams out there that contain a mixture of vitamin C, tretinoin, glycolic acid, and hydroquinone. (upn24.com)
The creams contained 2% or 3% hydroquinone. (skinmatrix.com.au)
Therefore, it is vitally important to avoid the eye area when applying hydroquinone-containing creams. (futurederm.com)

Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin. (wikipedia.org)
hydroquinone topical may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (drugs.com)
See the full hydroquinone topical side effects document. (drugs.com)
What is the most important information I should know about fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical? (cigna.com)
Hydroquinone topical is a skin bleaching agent. (cigna.com)
What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical? (cigna.com)
Although your skin does not absorb as much tretinoin as if you were taking the medication by mouth, it may be best not to use fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical if you are pregnant. (cigna.com)
How should I use fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical? (cigna.com)
Fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin topical is usually applied nightly, at least 30 minutes before bedtime. (cigna.com)
Hydroquinone is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions. (aocd.org)
The purpose of this Notice of Consultation is to provide an opportunity to comment on the proposal to add hydroquinone to the Prescription Drug List (PDL) when sold in a concentration greater than 2% in topical products. (canada.ca)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) took this into account and still deemed hydroquinone safe for topical application because not enough clear evidence of the risk outweighing the benefits exists. (allure.com)
Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy and safety of combined oral tranexamic acid and topical hydroquinone 4% treatment vs. topical hydroquinone 4. (nih.gov)
Find patient medical information for Hydroquinone Skin Bleaching Topical on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, pictures, warnings and user ratings. (steunmijnclub.nl)
You should not use fluocinolone, hydroquinone , and tretinoin topical if you are allergic to fluocinolone, hydroquinone , or tretinoin . (celexa-overnight.com)
To make sure this medicine is safe for you, tell your doctor if you have: Using fluocinolone, hydroquinone , and tretinoin topical during pregnancy could harm the unborn baby. (celexa-overnight.com)
Hydroquinone products are available in a variety of different forms including soap, liquid wash, topical, and cream. (upn24.com)
Exogenous ochronosis is where your skin basically discolours a brown or blue/black colour due to topical exposure to various compounds, including hydroquinone. (skinmatrix.com.au)

I have some scar lotion that has hydroquinone as the active ingredient. (scienceblogs.com)
In the United States, Hydroquinone may be used as an active ingredient in OTC drug products. (ewg.org)
When used as an active drug ingredient, the established name is Hydroquinone. (ewg.org)
On August 29, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed a ban on over-the-counter sales of cosmetic products containing hydroquinone, a skin-bleaching (lightening) ingredient. (medicinenet.com)
[7] CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel) Final report on the safety assessment of t-butyl hydroquinone. (safecosmetics.org)
A familiar chemical in darkroom and laboratory settings, hydroquinone is an ingredient found in many photographic developers, and it is commonly used in processing black-and-white film. (fsu.edu)
MRG's US Markets for Physician-Dispensed Cosmeceuticals 2009 report finds, however, that product safety issues involving hydroquinone, the active ingredient in many pigment control products, have led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to second guess the use of the compound in such products. (news-medical.net)
Plus, the ingredient has been banned in Europe since 2001 on account of studies finding evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents when hydroquinone was orally administered. (allure.com)
If you have looked into how to get rid of your dark spots, an ingredient called hydroquinone has probably popped up. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Hydroquinone is one ingredient that can greatly improve the appearance of your skin. (upn24.com)
Moreover, hydroquinone is the common name for the ingredient 1,4-dihydroxybenzene and may be used safely in a variety of cosmetics such as skin lighteners, facial and skin cleansers, facial moisturizers, hair conditioners, and finger nail coating products. (coherentmarketinsights.com)

The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of hydroquinone and catechol (benzene-1,2-diol): C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O Other, less common methods include: A potentially significant synthesis of hydroquinone from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas. (wikipedia.org)
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Hydroquinone Derivatives of 17-Amino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin as Potent, Water-Soluble Inhibitors of Hsp90," J. Med. (freepatentsonline.com)
The second part of this thesis discusses the synthesis of two new hybrid catalysts consisting of hydroquinone linked cobalt(II) salophen and cobalt(II) salmdpt, which have been used as oxygen-activating catalysts in aerobic oxidation reactions. (diva-portal.org)
Hydroquinone, also known as quinol, is an aromatic organic compound produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils. (coherentmarketinsights.com)

Other names in common use include arbutin synthase, and hydroquinone:O-glucosyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
Arbutin is a natural form of hydroquinone derived from the bearberry plant," Green says. (dermstore.com)
And even though it's considered natural, avoid arbutin if you are pregnant because it is a derivative of hydroquinone, says Evans. (dermstore.com)
The effects of arbutin haven't been studied, but hydroquinone is not considered pregnancy-safe. (dermstore.com)
Hydroquinone occurs in some plants as free hydroquinone or as arbutin (hydroquinoneÎ²-D-glucopyranoside) and therefore may be found in many consumer products, such as vegetables, fruits, grains, coffee, tea, beer, and wine. (skinmatrix.com.au)
To be on the safe side, most dermatologists recommend using hydroquinone in four-month cycles, alternated in the off-months with milder tyrosinase inhibitors, such as azelaic acid, kojic acid, and arbutin. (futurederm.com)

Stop using hydroquinone and tell your doctor right away if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur: blistering, skin cracking, blue-black darkening of the skin . (webmd.com)
If you're thinking that you should never stop using hydroquinone, consider this: in darker-skinned patients, continued hydroquinone-use has been associated with ochronosis, a darkening of the skin. (futurederm.com)

Historically, there's been some back-and-forth on the safety of hydroquinone. (healthline.com)
But about five years ago, researchers began questioning the safety of hydroquinone because users were at risk for developing ochronosis, a condition that (ironically) darkens the skin. (dermstore.com)
Plus, as Dr Levitt points out in his The safety of hydroquinone: A dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register , hydroquinone increases benign liver tumours in mice but it DECREASES cancerous liver tumours. (beautifulwithbrains.com)

Anyone is vulnerable to the effects of hydroquinone, but skin lighteners are marketed to women of color. (safecosmetics.org)
To explore the molecular pathophysiology that might explain the association between cigarette smoke, aging/diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by examining the effects of hydroquinone (HQ), a toxic compound in cigarette smoke-related tar, and/or advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), compounds produced during the aging and under conditions of hyperglycemia, on human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells. (arvojournals.org)
In this study, the role of selective bioactivation and/or deactivation in the macrophage-selective effects of hydroquinone was examined. (aspetjournals.org)
Moreover, adverse effects of hydroquinone on the environment is also expected to hinder the market growth in these regions. (coherentmarketinsights.com)

Simultaneous Detection and Estimation of Catechol, Hydroquinone, and Resorcinol in Binary and Ternary Mixtures Using Electrochemical Techniques. (ebscohost.com)
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were performed with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with polyglutamic acid (PGA) on the three dihydroxybenzene isomers, catechol (CT), hydroquinone (HQ), and resorcinol (RS). (ebscohost.com)
Reports on a robust international market demand for dihydroxybenzene, which includes three isomers of catechol, hydroquinone, and resorcinol. (ebscohost.com)
The effect of various organic additives e.g. hydroquinone, resorcinol and catechol on the rate of photodegradation has been. (ebscohost.com)
Electrochemical behaviour of catechol, hydroquinone and resorcinol was investigated in KCl, acetate buffer and phosphate buffer at glassy carbon electrod using cyclic voltammetry. (ebscohost.com)
Simultaneous Detection of Hydroquinone and Catechol Using Platinum Nanoparticles Decorated Graphene/Poly-Cyclodextrin/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Nanocomposite Based Biosensor. (americanelements.com)
The simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC) at PtNPs/Gr-CDP-MWCNTs/GCE is reported in the present work. (americanelements.com)
Due to the excellent catalytic activity, enhanced electrical conductivity, high surface area and porous structure of the RGO-MWNTs, the RGO-MWNTs/GCE achieved the simultaneous measurement of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), p-cresol (PC) and nitrite (NO 2 − ) with well-separate four peaks. (deepdyve.com)

Purification and characterization of a tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone reductive dehalogenase from a Flavobacterium sp. (asm.org)

Hydroquinone also has been linked with the medical condition known as ochronosis in which the skin becomes dark and thick. (medicinenet.com)
Dome-shaped yellowish spots and grayish-brown spots also are observed in ochronosis among black women and men in South Africa, Britain, and the U.S. Ochronosis has been observed in conjunction with hydroquinone use even in persons who have used hydroquinone-containing cosmetics for a short time. (medicinenet.com)
Hydroquinone is linked to a skin condition called ochronosis in which the skin (our largest organ) thickens and turns bluish-grey. (safecosmetics.org)
Prolonged usage of hydroquinone has been associated with ochronosis , a blue-black pigmentation with caviar-like papules on the skin. (aocd.org)
Things can go wrong (namely, a rare, unwanted side effect called exogenous ochronosis, 'which is a paradoxical darkening of the treated skin,' Louisiana-based board-certified dermatologist Mamina Turegano tells Allure) if you don't meticulously follow the dos and don'ts of hydroquinone , though. (allure.com)
She's also wary of those with deeper skin tones incorporating hydroquinone into their skin-care routines because the risk of exogenous ochronosis is higher than those with fairer complexions. (allure.com)
Does hydroquinone cause ochronosis? (beautifulwithbrains.com)
Because hydroquinone absorbs UV light in the â sunburn wavebandâ (peak at 293 nm), sunlight likely aggravates and accelerates exogenous ochronosis. (skinmatrix.com.au)
Unfortunately, ochronosis in persons with darker skin is a well-documented phenomenon for those who combine use of resorcinol and hydroquinone. (futurederm.com)
Hundreds of ochronosis cases have been documented from using resorcinol/hydroquinone combination treatments in South Africa before 1984 ( Journal of Dermatological Treatment ). (futurederm.com)

Exposure to hydroquinone may cause irritation to the eyes and central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Hydroquinone may be harmful if inhaled, causing irritation of the nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. (safecosmetics.org)
Use of other skin products while using fluocinolone, hydroquinone, and tretinoin may cause more irritation. (drugs.com)
If you have dry or sensitive skin , you may find that hydroquinone causes further dryness or irritation. (healthline.com)
1,3,5) Direct contact with hydroquinone dust is expected to cause mild irritation, based on limited animal information. (intox.org)
Eye irritation was observed following airborne exposure to hydroquinone with 1,4- benzoquinone present and became more severe at higher concentrations. (intox.org)
Because hydroquinone can cause irritation on its own, Chan also recommends avoiding other potentially irritating ingredients, such as alpha hydroxy acids , aka AHAs , including glycolic, lactic, and citric varieties. (allure.com)
Moreover, hydroquinone is not recommended for dry and sensitive skin type as the phenol further leads to dryness or irritation. (coherentmarketinsights.com)

Hydroquinone , also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol , is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol , a derivative of benzene , having the chemical formula C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 . (wikipedia.org)
99.5%;HYDROQUINONE GPR RECTAPUR;PHOTO GRADE Hydroquinone;HYDROQUINONE PHOTO GRADE 99%;p-Benzediel p-Dihydroxybenzene Hydroquinol 1,4-Benzenediol 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol;Hydroquinone, p.a. (lookchem.com)
Hydroquinone also known as benzene-1, 4-diol and quinol is a aromatic organic compound with formula C6H4(OH)2, It features two hydroxyl groups bonded with benzene ring in a para position. (steunmijnclub.nl)

May 02, 2019· There are 378 hydroquinone price suppliers, mainly located in Asia. (steunmijnclub.nl)
May 19, 2019· If hydroquinone is swallowed, call a doctor or poison control center right away. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Sep 26, 2019· HYDROQUINONE 4.0% What is Hydroquinone? (steunmijnclub.nl)
The global hydroquinone market size is expected to witness potential gains in the future and register a significant CAGR of 4.10% over the forecast period (2019 - 2027). (coherentmarketinsights.com)

Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones. (wikipedia.org)
This compound reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and hydroquinone. (wikipedia.org)
Hydroquinone is an aromatic organic compound. (ewg.org)
As the name suggests, the soap includes a compound of hydroquinone, which will refresh and whiten your skin. (japantrendshop.com)
Hydroquinone is a compound with the ability to create a bleaching effect on hyperpigmented skin. (steunmijnclub.nl)
One molecule of hydroquinone consists of two hydroxyl compounds and the compound benzene. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Sa pangkalahatang pagsasalita, ang isa sa mga pinaka-mahalagang problema sa mga produktong may hydroquinone ay ang paglalaman ng mga ito ng mga thiol compound (sulphites) na idinadagdag bilang mga preserbatibo upang maiwasan ang pagkabulok ng hydroquinone. (globale-dermatologie.com)
We compound hydroquinone by itself or with Tretinoin . (celexa-overnight.com)
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroquinones. (ecmdb.ca)

Hydroquinone can help lighten areas on the skin that have darkened (hyperpigmented). (zooscape.com)
Hydroquinone will lighten the skin, so it is important that you do not apply it to unaffected areas. (upn24.com)

If new pigment control products were able to generate fast, effective results without the use of hydroquinone, the pigment control market would experience tremendous growth,' says Kevin Flewwelling, Manager of the Aesthetics division at MRG. (news-medical.net)
Although we don't think the FDA will ban the use of over-the-counter hydroquinone-based products, we expect that companies will continue to invest in the research and development of new, non-hydroquinone pigment control products because of the tremendous market opportunity. (news-medical.net)
Chemical brightening agents like hydroquinone work by blocking key enzymes along the melanin (pigment) producing pathway in the body. (dermstore.com)
Scientifically engineered with 4% Hydroquinone and our light retinoid blend, works by suppressing the overproduction of melanin while simultaneously lifting existing pigment. (vipeel.com)
Hydroquinone 4% is a therapeutic level for efficacy, has fast results, and is considered a strong pigment fighter. (vipeel.com)
Human retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation by the combined addition of hydroquinone and advanced glycation end-products via up-regulation of VEGF gene. (arvojournals.org)
One theory is that the pigment cell (melanocyte) becomes resisitant to Hydroquinone and starts to over produce pigment. (skinmatrix.com.au)
As long as you continue to use hydroquinone, you will inhibit tyrosinase, and hence pigment, production. (futurederm.com)

My is skin over the top hypersensitive to the sun from retin-a and hydroquinone overuse. (healthtap.com)
I have used retin-a and hydroquinone for years and since i hit menopause it has dramatically worsened. (healthtap.com)

The reduced form of hydroquinone is one of three isomers of dihydroxybenzene, which is chemically designated as p-dihydroxybenzene. (fsu.edu)

The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to hydroquinone. (cdc.gov)
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Hydroquinone pdf icon -DHHS (NIOSH) No. 78-155. (cdc.gov)
Allergy and occupational exposure to hydroquinone and to methionine. (safecosmetics.org)

Some naturally occurring hydroquinone derivatives exhibit this sort of reactivity, one example being coenzyme Q . Industrially this reaction is exploited both with hydroquinone itself but more often with its derivatives where one OH has been replaced by an amine. (wikipedia.org)

If you work in an industry that uses hydroquinone, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheets for hazard information. (cdc.gov)
In enzymology, a hydroquinone glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.218) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP-glucose + hydroquinone ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } UDP + hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and hydroquinone, whereas its two products are UDP and hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside. (wikipedia.org)
The reason cited for the proposed ban is that studies in rodents show "some evidence" that hydroquinone may act as a carcinogen or cancer -causing chemical, although its cancer -causing properties have yet to be proved in humans. (medicinenet.com)
Hydroquinone is also frequently employed as a chemical intermediate in the production of many dyes, varnishes, motor fuels, oils, and paints. (fsu.edu)
Hydroquinone is a chemical that has been used for over a century in skin care products. (steunmijnclub.nl)
This study was sponsored by the Chemical Manufacturers Association Hydroquinone Panel, 1300 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209. (aspetjournals.org)

Co-Q10 is a good example of a quinone/hydroquinone anti-oxidant couple that seems to be well tolerated and has the benefit of being a key player in human metabolism. (scienceblogs.com)
Mixing hydroquinone with benzoyl peroxide would be explosively violent, no epoxides formed though, just quinone. (scienceblogs.com)
Formation of 17-Allylamino-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) Hydroquinone by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxireductase 1: Role of 17-AAG Hydroquinone in Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibition", Cancer Res. (freepatentsonline.com)
In the presence of air and moisture, hydroquinone dust may react to form irritating 1,4-benzoquinone (quinone) which forms a vapour at room temperature. (intox.org)
Bertanha CS, Januário AH, Alvarenga TA, Pimenta LP, Silva MLA, Cunha WR, Pauletti PM. Quinone and Hydroquinone Metabolites from the Ascidians of the Genus Aplidium . (mdpi.com)
Because 17-AAG and related benzoquinone ansamycins contain a quinone moiety, bioreduction to semiquinone and hydroquinone species is a possible metabolic pathway within tumor cells, and formation of these species will depend on the levels of bioreductive enzymes. (aacrjournals.org)
1,4-Benzoquinone was confirmed as a reactive metabolite formed from hydroquinone in macrophage incubations using excess GSH and trapping the reactive quinone as its GSH conjugate, which was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. (aspetjournals.org)
If a quinone-containing macrocycle is used, an intramolecular electron transfer between the hydroquinone unit and the oxidized metal-containing macrocycle may be achieved.I3] + 2HOAc + 1/20, ___) A c O -~ O A +CH20 a' ene. (docme.ru)

Katie, I would guess that the benzoyl peroxide would oxidize the hydroquinone, possibly producing very toxic epoxides. (scienceblogs.com)
Turegano and Chan both agree hydroquinone does not play well with benzoyl peroxide , hydrogen peroxide, or other peroxide products. (allure.com)
2.) Do NOT use any other products containing benzoyl peroxide while you are using products containing hydroquinone. (futurederm.com)
Use of hydroquinone with any products containing peroxides like hydrogen peroxide or benzoyl peroxide may cause a temporary staining of the skin ( Drugs.com ). (futurederm.com)
This staining can typically be removed with soap and water, but it's still best to avoid benzoyl peroxide-based acne treatments and oxygen-infusing skin care treatments (which typically contain hydrogen peroxide) while using hydroquinone. (futurederm.com)

Among the compounds produced by this genus are non-nitrogenous metabolites, mainly prenylated quinones and hydroquinones. (mdpi.com)
To synthesize and characterize novel hydroquinone compounds that exhibit an aspirin-like pharmacological profile devoid of ulcerogenic side effects. (ajol.info)
The synthesized hydroquinone compounds possess analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory properties with low gastric-ulcerogenic potential. (ajol.info)
These are compounds containing a hydroquinone moiety, which consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 4. (ecmdb.ca)

Workers may be harmed from exposure to hydroquinone. (cdc.gov)
Presents a standard to prevent the adverse effects of exposure to hydroquinone over a working lifetime. (cdc.gov)
A study on occupational exposure of hydroquinone showed that subjects exposed to hydroquinone had a higher prevalence of a cough and decreased lung capacity compared to their unexposed counterparts. (safecosmetics.org)
Therefore, exposure to hydroquinone dust may involve exposure to 1,4-benzoquinone vapour which is a respiratory irritant. (intox.org)
Hydroquinone can cause an allergic skin reaction in some individuals See 'Effects of Long-term (Chronic) Exposure' below for additional information. (intox.org)
Layering on ample sunscreen and diligently protecting your skin from UV exposure yields the best results with hydroquinone, Chan says. (allure.com)
Hydroquinone will work best if you avoid excessive exposure to sunlight and wear sunscreens and protective clothing. (zooscape.com)
Ten Eleven Translocation-1 knockdown decreased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine formation following hydroquinone exposure as well as the induction of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and 14-3-3σ. (kennedykrieger.org)
Finally, Ten Eleven Translocation 1 knockdown decreased the percentage of cells accumulating in G2+M following hydroquinone exposure, indicating that it may have a role in cell cycle changes in response to toxicants. (kennedykrieger.org)
This work demonstrates that hydroquinone exposure leads to active and functional DNA demethylation in HEK293 cells in a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species and Ten Eleven Translocation 1 5-methylcytosine dioxygenase. (kennedykrieger.org)

If you don't use one, the theory goes, your skin tends to produce more melanin to protect itself from the sun, compromising the efficacy of hydroquinone. (beautifulwithbrains.com)

The presence of hydroquinone in E. coli arises from the catabolism of tyrosine and other similar aromatic substrates. (ecmdb.ca)

By means of Raman spectroscopy is of great interest the detection of hydroquinone for future medical applications. (spie.org)

It is a safer and effective alternative to hydroquinone and is less cytotoxic to the melanocytes. (dermstore.com)
The Battle Of The Skin-Lighteners: What Is The Best Alternative To Hydroquinone? (beautifulwithbrains.com)

It is sold in the United States as an over-the-counter drug, but with a concentration of hydroquinone not exceeding 2 percent. (skinmatrix.com.au)
HPLC analysis showed the concentration of hydroquinone ranged from 0.002% to 0.092% in the cosmetic samples. (scirp.org)

if you use hydroquinone with sunscreen and without resorcinol, you should be fine. (beautifulwithbrains.com)
A rapid, simple, and sensitive method using a synchronous spectrofluorimetry technique was developed to quantify hydroquinone and resorcinol simultaneously. (ebscohost.com)
The precision of the method (%RSD) was 1.8% and the detection limits were 0.125 mg m-3 and 0.292 mg m-3 for hydroquinone and resorcinol, respectively. (ebscohost.com)
Their unique binding behavior towards hydroquinone, which is different from Nolte's clips (high affinity for resorcinol), has been characterized through 1H NMR and IR. (ebscohost.com)
So I definitely would not recommend using hydroquinone with any of the new resorcinol skin lightening treatments, including Clarins Vital Light Serum and Philosophy Miracle Worker Dark Spot Corrector ( shown above ). (futurederm.com)

Hydroquinone produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes. (aocd.org)
Skin Lightening Complex 2% Hydroquinone works to reduce pigmentation and skin redness in as little as two weeks using a proven botanical formula to limit melanin production. (vipeel.com)
Hydroquinone interferes with melanin production by the melanocytes to produce reversible lightening of the skin. (coherentmarketinsights.com)

Hydroquinone can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular modeling studies also showed that due to increased hydrogen bonding between the hydroquinone and the Hsp90 protein, 17-AAGH 2 was bound more tightly to the ATP-binding site in both yeast and human Hsp90 models. (aacrjournals.org)
Additional experiments revealed that hydroquinone bioactivation to covalent-binding species was hydrogen peroxide dependent in macrophage homogenates. (aspetjournals.org)
Bioactivation of [14C]hydroquinone to protein-binding species by peroxidase was confirmed utilizing purified human myeloperoxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and ovalbumin as a protein source. (aspetjournals.org)
High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of incubations containing purified myeloperoxidase, hydroquinone, and hydrogen peroxide showed that greater than 90% of hydroquinone was removed and could be detected stoichometrically as 1,4-benzoquinone. (aspetjournals.org)

To maintain the desired affect, hydroquinone should be used concurrently with a strong sunscreen . (aocd.org)

Hydroquinone is considered to be a cosmetic toxin (and most brands mix it with other cosmetic toxins which doubles or triples the toxicity) but it is the only skin lightener that is effective on brown ethnic skin. (steunmijnclub.nl)
These data suggest that the macrophage-selective toxicity of hydroquinone results from higher levels of peroxidase-mediated bioactivation and/or lower levels of DT-diaphorase-mediated detoxification. (aspetjournals.org)
However, hydroquinone is also associated with cancer and organ-system toxicity. (coherentmarketinsights.com)

61The rate of oxygen consumption was measured and compared to that of the corresponding reaction catalyzed by free hydroquinone and l. (docme.ru)

It combines the maximum over the counter hydroquinone concentration with 2% Kojic Acid and 2% Bearberry Extract.The overall result is a pretty potent cream. (steunmijnclub.nl)
The over the counter hydroquinone cream may not be effective in your case. (ehealthforum.com)

Benzene and its metabolite hydroquinone have been shown to lead to decreased levels of DNA methylation, although the mechanism is not known. (kennedykrieger.org)
Bone marrow stromal cell bioactivation and detoxification of the benzene metabolite hydroquinone: comparison of macrophages and fibroblastoid cells. (aspetjournals.org)
We have previously shown that macrophages are more sensitive than fibroblastoid stromal cells (LTF cells) to the toxic effects of the benzene metabolite hydroquinone. (aspetjournals.org)

There is limited information regarding Drug Interactions of Hydroquinone in patients. (wikidoc.org)
Before you take a medication for a particular ailment, you should inform the health expert about intake of any other medications including non-prescription medications, over-the-counter medicines that may increase the effect of Hydroquinone-Tretinoin-Mometasone, and dietary supplements like vitamins, minerals and herbal, so that the doctor can warn you of any possible drug interactions. (internationaldrugmart.com)

Consumers should check with companies to confirm the purity of tocopheryl acetate, due to concerns about hydroquinone contamination. (safecosmetics.org)
Hydroquinone is available in a number of specialty grades and typically has a purity of 98.5% and above. (intox.org)
Because a high quality hydroquinone is needed to ensure safety, effectiveness, and consistent purity and potency, Eastman supplies only Eastman™ Hydroquinone, USP Grade or European Pharma Grade for skin-lightening products worldwide. (eastman.com)

If your physician has instructed or directed you to use Hydroquinone-Tretinoin-Mometasone medication in a regular schedule and you have missed a dose of this medicine, use it as soon as you remember. (internationaldrugmart.com)
If no price is listed for this medication, please contact Customer Support for additional assistance in obtaining pricing and availability for Hydrocortisone Acetate/Hydroquinone/Tretinoin . (canadadrugprices.com)

Hydroquinone undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone . (wikipedia.org)
When colorless hydroquinone and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio, a dark-green crystalline charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydrone (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed. (wikipedia.org)
In the presence of air and moisture, hydroquinone may form 1,4-benzoquinone which is more irritating. (intox.org)

The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:hydroquinone-O-beta-D-glucosyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
The in silico studies predicted high binding affinity of the hydroquinone derivatives to the active site of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme. (ajol.info)
It has been proposed that this occurs because hydroquinone inhibits an enzyme called homogentisic acid oxidase within the skin, which in turn causes the dark-colored homogentisic acid to build-up within the skin with prolonged use. (futurederm.com)

Hydroquinone can be used to treat a variety of skincare woes including acne, red marks, photodamage, scarring, blemishes, freckles, and wrinkles hendel's garden goji cream . (upn24.com)
The use of the hydroquinone/tretinoin skincare system with EDC rendered superior esthetic results than the traditional treatment. (multibriefs.com)

Before implementing hydroquinone into your lineup, ask your dermatologist if it's truly right for your skin tone and complexion concerns. (allure.com)
If you have sensitive skin , speak to your dermatologist before using Hydroquinone. (upn24.com)

There is limited information regarding Hydroquinone FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label. (wikidoc.org)
What is the recommended dosage of Generic for Hydroquinone-Tretinoin-Mometasone? (internationaldrugmart.com)
The dosage of Hydroquinone-Tretinoin-Mometasone prescribed to each patient will vary. (internationaldrugmart.com)

According to the FDA, approximately 65 companies sell over 200 different types of skin-lightening products containing hydroquinone in the U.S. Currently, products that contain up to 2 percent hydroquinone may be sold in the U.S. without a prescription, and prescription skin-lightening products may contain up to 4 percent hydroquinone. (medicinenet.com)
Examples of prescription products containing hydroquinone are Lustra, Tri-Luma , and EpiQuin Micro . (medicinenet.com)
Hydroquinone products are popular for their skin-lightening properties in Asian and African cosmetics markets. (medicinenet.com)
Any skin-lightening products containing hydroquinone would be considered new drugs , according to the proposed FDA regulations. (medicinenet.com)
Hydroquinone is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color. (safecosmetics.org)
Although banned in the European Union, a UK news report found that products containing hydroquinone were relatively easy to procure. (safecosmetics.org)
The U.S. Cosmetics Ingredients Review Panel indicates that hydroquinone is unsafe for use in products that are left on the skin, but because of lax enforcement, directions for skin-lightening products containing hydroquinone encourage frequent and consistent use on the skin. (safecosmetics.org)
The FDA continues to allow the availability of products containing hydroquinone in OTC drugs. (safecosmetics.org)
Consumers should avoid products that list hydroquinone. (safecosmetics.org)
In 2006, the FDA proposed a ban on over-the-counter sales of hydroquinone products due to studies in rodents that indicated that hydroquinone may act as a carcinogen. (news-medical.net)
Over-the-counter products containing 2% hydroquinone or less are still sold in the retail market, while products containing up to 4% hydroquinone are available by prescription only. (news-medical.net)
The uncertainty surrounding hydroquinone-based products has prompted some companies to explore the use of other skin lightening ingredients that are safer but yield similar aesthetic results. (news-medical.net)
Additionally, some physicians have refrained from recommending hydroquinone products to their patients. (news-medical.net)
does anybody know if you can buy hydroquinone products at any drug store or wal-mart type store. (healthboards.com)
Hypersensitivity to hydroquinone or any component of hydroquinone products. (wikidoc.org)
Hydroquinone price products are most popular in North America, Domestic Market, and Western Europe. (steunmijnclub.nl)
A true and tried classic, Porcelain's Skin Whitening Serum is one of the best hydroquinone over the counter products for intense brightening. (steunmijnclub.nl)
Used in combination with other acne products such as Retin-A, hydroquinone can help dramatically improve skin complexion. (steunmijnclub.nl)
In the US, hydroquinone can be used in concentrations up to 2% in OTC products and 4% in prescription products. (beautifulwithbrains.com)
What Are The Best Products With Hydroquinone? (beautifulwithbrains.com)
For best results with your hydroquinone products, use the tips mentioned above. (upn24.com)
Because hydroquinone has a high absorption rate in humans, additional studies to determine the safety of dermal use of products containing 2% hydroquinone are required. (skinmatrix.com.au)
While I love each of these products on their own, I would not recommend combining them with any treatments containing hydroquinone, even for those with lighter complexions. (futurederm.com)

Hydroquinone is often combined with other ingredients such as alpha hydroxyl acids. (upn24.com)
For the best results, hydroquinone can be mixed with other ingredients. (upn24.com)
When hydroquinone is used along with other ingredients, it can be very beneficial to the skin. (upn24.com)
But now I am fascinated WHY hydroquinone is banned in some countries and other countries are fighting to have this added to the banned ingredients data base. (skinmatrix.com.au)

The hydroxyl groups of hydroquinone are quite weakly acidic. (ecmdb.ca)

The cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties of many natural sesquiterpene-quinones and -hydroquinones from sponges offer promising opportunities for the development of new drugs. (mdpi.com)
Eastman™ Hydroquinone, USP, meets or exceeds the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia and is produced under conditions of current good manufacturing practices for drugs. (eastman.com)
What other drugs could interact with Generic for Hydroquinone-Tretinoin-Mometasone? (internationaldrugmart.com)
It may be noted that drugs other than those listed above may also interact with Hydroquinone-Tretinoin-Mometasone. (internationaldrugmart.com)

and quantitative determination of their hydroquinone contents. (scirp.org)

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Multiple oligodeoxyribonucleotide syntheseson a reusable solid-phase CPG support via the hydroquinone-O,O'-diacetic acid (Q-Linker) linker arm. (1/775)

Effects of pyrogallol, hydroquinone and duroquinone on responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation and NO in the rat anococcygeus muscle. (2/775)

8-(N,N-diethylamino)-n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate actions on calcium dynamics in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. (3/775)

Biodegradative mechanism of the brown rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum: evidence for an extracellular hydroquinone-driven fenton reaction. (4/775)

Bioavailability and metabolism of hydroquinone after intratracheal instillation in male rats. (5/775)

Antioxidants reversibly inhibit the spontaneous resumption of meiosis. (6/775)

Determination of hydroquinone in air by high performance liquid chromatography. (7/775)

Induction of human UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7) by t-butylhydroquinone and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Caco-2 cells. (8/775)

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Multiple oligodeoxyribonucleotide syntheseson a reusable solid-phase CPG support via the hydroquinone-O,O'-diacetic acid (Q-Linker) linker arm. (1/775)

Effects of pyrogallol, hydroquinone and duroquinone on responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation and NO in the rat anococcygeus muscle. (2/775)

8-(N,N-diethylamino)-n-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate actions on calcium dynamics in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. (3/775)

Biodegradative mechanism of the brown rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum: evidence for an extracellular hydroquinone-driven fenton reaction. (4/775)

Bioavailability and metabolism of hydroquinone after intratracheal instillation in male rats. (5/775)

Antioxidants reversibly inhibit the spontaneous resumption of meiosis. (6/775)

Determination of hydroquinone in air by high performance liquid chromatography. (7/775)

Induction of human UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7) by t-butylhydroquinone and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Caco-2 cells. (8/775)

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hydroquinone usp 4 skin bleaching cream with sunscreens - HydroquinoneCream.us

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ECMDB: Hydroquinone (ECMDB02434) (M2MDB000459)

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