Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.
The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the URETER to the KIDNEY CALICES.
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.
Radiography of any part of the urinary tract.
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.
One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the KIDNEY PELVIS to the URINARY BLADDER.
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.
Graphic tracing over a time period of radioactivity measured externally over the kidneys following intravenous injection of a radionuclide which is taken up and excreted by the kidneys.
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.
A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.
A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.
Recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. Urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (From Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 3d ed, p211)
Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.
Surgery performed on the urinary tract or its parts in the male or female. For surgery of the male genitalia, UROLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES, MALE is available.
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the urinary tract or its organs or demonstration of its physiological processes.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Pathological processes of the URINARY TRACT in both males and females.
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
Surgical incision or puncture into a URINARY BLADDER. Cystotomy may be used to remove URINARY CALCULI, or to perform tissue repair and reconstruction.
Devices worn in the vagina to provide support to displaced uterus or rectum. Pessaries are used in conditions such as UTERINE PROLAPSE; CYSTOCELE; or RECTOCELE.
A condition characterized by neck stiffness, headache, and other symptoms suggestive of meningeal irritation, but without actual inflammation of the meninges (MENINGITIS). Spinal fluid pressure may be elevated but spinal fluid is normal. (DeJong, The Neurologic Examination, 4th ed, p673)
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Perinatal nephropathies. (1/384)

The purpose of this paper is to review the development of the mammalian kidney and to assess the influence that various perinatal manipulations may have on the developmental process either morphologically or functionally. Immature kidneys in general have less functional capacity than adult kidneys and a low rate of glomerular filtration, perhaps related to renal blood flow, which appears to limit the disposition of a fluid or solute load. Tubular reabsorption is also limited leading to the urinary loss of glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate and phosphate. Although the relatively low function of the immature kidney is a normal part of development, its capacity to respond under conditions of stress may be less adequate than in adults. An additional concern is that a variety of perinatal manipulations, such as the incidental or accidental ingestion of a chemical, may lead to varying degrees of altered morphogenesis or functional development of the kidney. Chemical induced renal anomalies may be of several types, but in typical teratology experiments hydronephrosis may be the most frequent observation. The functional consequences of these renal malformations may be lethal or inconsequential or while an animal may be able to survive and develop normally in the presence of a renal malformation, it is possible that a stressful situation would unmask a functional malformation which could compromise survival. Thus, some renal abnormalities may be subtle enough to go unnoticed without experimental tests. Without such tests it is impossible to evaluate the effect of functional alterations on successful adaptation.  (+info)

Obstructive uropathy and hydronephrosis in male KK-Ay mice: a report of cases. (2/384)

Uropathy associated with hydronephrosis was observed frequently in our male KK-Ay mouse colony during a long-term study of diabetes. The lesion occurred in 24 of the 31 KK-Ay male mice and accounted for the greatest number of spontaneous deaths among them. It was observed after 4 months of age and involved about hard plugs of altered seminal material resembling the seminal vesicle secretion. The plugs became impacted in the urethral bulb and the bladder. The penile anatomy, with its flexure, pressure on the urethra from the bulbocavernosus muscle, and the characteristic ability of the seminal fluid to easily coagulate to form the vaginal plug may have contributed to the lesion. Correlation between development of the uropathy and diabetes has not been established.  (+info)

Utility of ultrasound of the upper urinary tract in elderly men with indicators of obstructive symptoms or abnormal flow: how often can silent hydronephrosis be detected in general practice? (3/384)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: While the prevalence of hydronephrosis is very low in obduction studies, a prevalence of 3-13% is reported for patients with an obstruction who are listed for prostatectomy. In order to evaluate the usefulness of transabdominal ultrasound in primary care, we determined the occurrence of hydronephrosis in males with symptoms of urinary obstruction in a general practice setting. METHOD: A micturition questionnaire (a modified Boyarsky) was sent to all men of 55 years or more who were registered in 10 general practices in Maastricht, and was followed by an examination at their general practice. Men with obstructive symptoms and/or with a free-flow abnormality were examined in the hospital with transabdominal ultrasound in order to detect dilatation of the upper urinary tract. This ultrasound was repeated approximately 15 months later. RESULTS: At the first measurement, none of the examined men (n = 178) had hydronephrosis, and this was still the case for 94 men 15 months later. CONCLUSION: Renal ultrasound is not necessary in general practice for men with uncomplicated obstructive complaints.  (+info)

Systemic multifocal fibrosclerosis. (4/384)

We describe a case of hydronephrosis as a result of retroperitoneal fibrosis in a patient who had previous sclerosing lobulitis of the breast. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported association between these two conditions in the english literature. We presume these conditions are linked and unify them under the general heading of systemic multifocal fibrosclerosis.  (+info)

Resistive indices in the evaluation of infants with obstructive and nonobstructive pyelocaliectasis. (5/384)

Diagnosing obstructive uropathy by renal resistive indices calculated from duplex Doppler sonographic waveforms has been supported as well as challenged in the radiology literature relating to adults. Despite reports of normally higher resistive indices in children as compared to adults, two studies have documented high sensitivity and specificity of renal Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of obstructive uropathy in children, using the same discriminatory criterion of a resistive index of 0.7 or greater as used in adults. We evaluated 43 infants with significant or bilateral pyelocaliectasis secondary to both obstructive and unobstructive uropathy and found no significant difference in the mean resistive indices or the mean difference in resistive indices of two kidneys in one patient. We conclude that Doppler sonography in infants has no value in differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive pyelocaliectasis.  (+info)

Gastroschisis associated with bladder evisceration complicated by hydronephrosis presenting antenatally. (6/384)

We report here a case of gastroschisis associated with bladder evisceration and complicated by rapidly developing hydronephrosis diagnosed antenatally. The timing of delivery was determined by the hydronephrosis, associated bowel dilatation and polyhydramnios. The case highlights the need for continuing ultrasonographic surveillance of fetuses with gastroschisis to identify further associated complications which were hitherto absent but whose presence may influence the timing of delivery and neonatal care.  (+info)

Two cases of metastatic bladder cancers showing diffuse thickening of the bladder wall. (7/384)

Metastatic bladder cancer showing diffuse thickening of the bladder wall is very rare. We report two cases of metastatic bladder cancer arising from a stomach cancer and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Hydronephrosis and diffuse thickening of the bladder wall were revealed by ultrasonography and computed tomography. Transurethral biopsy and percutaneous whole wall needle biopsy of the bladder were useful for diagnosis. The possibility of metastasis or recurrence of prior and other malignancies should therefore be considered when the clinical features described here are encountered.  (+info)

Sonographic diagnosis of ureteral tumors. (8/384)

We present our experience with transabdominal ultrasonographic diagnosis of ureteral tumors. During the years 1989 to 1998, 16 patients were diagnosed as having ureteral tumors. These patients were referred for sonographic examination for evaluation of hematuria (seven patients) or flank pain (four patients) or for follow-up screening in patients who were asymptomatic but at high risk for transitional cell carcinoma because of known past bladder tumor (five patients). Ten of these patients underwent intravenous urography examination, three patients had retrograde pyelography, and 11 patients underwent CT scanning. Ultrasonography revealed the ureteral tumors in all 16 patients, which appeared as hypoechoic intraluminal soft tissue. Three tumors were localized in the upper ureter, four in the middle ureter, and nine in the distal ureter. The degree of ureterohydronephrosis was minimal (two cases), mild (five cases), moderate (eight cases), or severe (one case). Eleven tumors caused local widening of the ureteral diameter. On intravenous urography, four patients had a nonfunctioning kidney, three patients had unexplained ureterohydronephrosis, and three patients showed ureteral filling defects, of which only two had irregular contours. On retrograde pyelography, two patients had filling defects (one of which with smooth margins), and one had a truncated ureter. On CT the tumor was clearly demonstrated in only seven patients. We found that ultrasonography can be a useful diagnostic tool in the workup of ureteral tumors.  (+info)

Hydronephrosis is a medical condition characterized by the swelling of one or both kidneys due to the accumulation of urine. This occurs when the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder is obstructed, causing urine to back up into the kidney. The obstruction can be caused by various factors such as kidney stones, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. If left untreated, hydronephrosis can lead to serious complications including kidney damage and infection. It is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

Ureteral obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the partial or complete blockage of the ureter, which is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. This blockage can be caused by various factors such as kidney stones, tumors, blood clots, or scar tissue, leading to a backup of urine in the kidney (hydronephrosis). Ureteral obstruction can cause pain, infection, and potential kidney damage if not treated promptly.

The kidney pelvis, also known as the renal pelvis, is the funnel-shaped part of the upper end of the ureter in the kidney. It receives urine from the minor and major calyces, which are extensions of the renal collecting tubules, and then drains it into the ureter, which carries it to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body. The kidney pelvis is lined with transitional epithelium, which is designed to stretch and accommodate changes in urine volume.

Urethral obstruction is a medical condition that refers to a blockage in the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as scar tissue, stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate gland in men. Symptoms may include difficulty in urinating, painful urination, frequent urination, and urinary retention. If left untreated, urethral obstruction can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage or infection.

Urography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It involves the use of a contrast material that is injected into a vein or given orally, which then travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys and gets excreted in the urine. This allows the radiologist to visualize the structures and any abnormalities such as tumors, stones, or blockages. There are different types of urography, including intravenous urography (IVU), CT urography, and retrograde urography.

Ureteral diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the ureters, which are the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as pain in the side or back, fever, and changes in urinary patterns. Here are some examples of ureteral diseases:

1. Ureteral stricture: A narrowing of the ureter that can be caused by scarring, inflammation, or tumors. This can lead to a backup of urine, which can cause kidney damage or infection.
2. Ureteral stones: Small, hard mineral deposits that form in the ureters and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine.
3. Ureteral cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the ureters and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and bloody urine.
4. Ureteral reflux: A condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, causing infection and kidney damage.
5. Ureteral trauma: Injury to the ureters can occur due to accidents, surgeries, or other medical procedures. This can lead to bleeding, scarring, or blockages in the ureters.

Treatment for ureteral diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or minimally invasive procedures such as stenting or balloon dilation.

A ureter is a thin, muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. In humans, there are two ureters, one for each kidney, and they are typically about 10-12 inches long. The ureters are lined with a special type of cells called transitional epithelium that can stretch and expand as urine passes through them. They are located in the retroperitoneal space, which is the area behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The ureters play a critical role in the urinary system by ensuring that urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body.

Vesico-Ureteral Reflux (VUR) is a medical condition that affects the urinary system, specifically the junction where the ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) connect with the bladder. In normal physiology, once the bladder fills up with urine and contracts during micturition (urination), the pressure within the bladder should prevent the backflow of urine into the ureters.

However, in VUR, the valve-like mechanism that prevents this backflow does not function properly, allowing urine to flow backward from the bladder into the ureters and potentially even into the kidneys. This reflux can lead to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney damage, and other complications if left untreated. VUR is more commonly diagnosed in children but can also occur in adults.

Radioisotope renography is a type of nuclear medicine test used to evaluate the function and anatomy of the kidneys. It involves the intravenous administration of a small amount of radioactive material, called a radiopharmaceutical or radioisotope, which is taken up by the kidneys and emits gamma rays that can be detected by a special camera.

The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for renography is technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Tc-99m MAG3). The patient is positioned under the gamma camera, and images are taken at various intervals after the injection of the radioisotope.

The test provides information about the blood flow to the kidneys, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the kidneys filter waste products from the blood, and the drainage of urine from the kidneys into the bladder. Renography can help diagnose conditions such as renal artery stenosis, hydronephrosis, and kidney obstruction.

It is important to note that while radioisotope renography involves exposure to a small amount of radiation, the benefits of the test in terms of diagnostic accuracy and patient management often outweigh the risks associated with the radiation exposure.

The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is released through the urethra during urination. Any part of this system can become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide is a radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine imaging procedures. It is a technetium-labeled compound, where the radioisotope technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) is bound to mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3). The resulting complex is known as ^99m^Tc-MAG3 or Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide.

This radiopharmaceutical is primarily used for renal function assessment, including evaluation of kidney blood flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and detection of renal obstructions or other abnormalities. After intravenous administration, Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide is rapidly excreted by the kidneys, allowing for visualization and quantification of renal function through gamma camera imaging.

It's important to note that the use of radiopharmaceuticals should be performed under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as they involve the administration of radioactive materials for diagnostic purposes.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Flank pain is defined as discomfort or pain located in the area of the body between the lower ribcage and the pelvis, specifically in the region of the abdomen that lies posterior to the axillary line (the line drawn from the underarm down the side of the body). This region contains several vital organs such as the kidneys, ureters, pancreas, colon, and parts of the reproductive system. Flank pain can be a symptom of various medical conditions affecting these organs, including but not limited to kidney stones, pyelonephritis (kidney infection), musculoskeletal issues, or irritable bowel syndrome. The intensity and character of flank pain may vary depending on the underlying cause, ranging from a dull ache to sharp stabbing sensations.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare and progressive condition characterized by the abnormal growth of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space, which is the area behind the peritoneum (the lining that covers the abdominal cavity). This fibrous tissue can encase and compress vital structures such as the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves, leading to various symptoms.

RPF can be idiopathic (without a known cause) or secondary to other conditions like infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, or medications. The exact pathogenesis of RPF is not fully understood, but it's believed that an abnormal immune response and inflammation play significant roles in its development.

Symptoms of RPF may include:

1. Flank pain or back pain
2. Renal insufficiency or kidney failure due to ureteral compression
3. Hydronephrosis (dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces)
4. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) due to vascular compression
5. Neurological symptoms due to nerve compression
6. Weight loss, fatigue, and fever (in some cases)

Diagnosis of RPF typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with laboratory tests and sometimes biopsy for confirmation. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but generally involve immunosuppressive medications, corticosteroids, and surgical intervention in severe cases.

Urolithiasis is the formation of stones (calculi) in the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These stones can be composed of various substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or struvite. The presence of urolithiasis can cause symptoms like severe pain in the back or side, nausea, vomiting, fever, and blood in the urine. The condition can be managed with medications, increased fluid intake, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be required to remove the stones.

A kidney calculus, also known as a kidney stone or nephrolith, is a solid concretion or crystal aggregation that forms in the kidney from minerals in urine. These calculi can vary in size and location within the urinary tract. They can cause pain, bleeding, infection, or blockage of the urinary system if they become too large to pass through the urinary tract.

Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate are the most common types of kidney calculi. Other less common types include uric acid stones, struvite stones, and cystine stones. The formation of kidney calculi can be influenced by various factors such as diet, dehydration, family history, medical conditions (e.g., gout, hyperparathyroidism), and certain medications.

Ureteral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ureters, which are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign ureteral neoplasms are rare and usually do not pose a significant health risk, although they may need to be removed if they cause obstructions or other complications.

Malignant ureteral neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant ureteral neoplasm is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), which arises from the cells that line the inside of the ureters. Other types of malignant ureteral neoplasms include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma.

Symptoms of ureteral neoplasms may include hematuria (blood in the urine), flank pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as CT scans or MRIs, as well as urine cytology and biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Urologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries that are performed on the urinary system and male reproductive system. These surgeries can be invasive (requiring an incision) or minimally invasive (using small incisions or scopes). They may be performed to treat a range of conditions, including but not limited to:

1. Kidney stones: Procedures such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are used to remove or break up kidney stones.
2. Urinary tract obstructions: Surgeries like pyeloplasty and urethral dilation can be done to correct blockages in the urinary tract.
3. Prostate gland issues: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), simple prostatectomy, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy are some procedures used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer.
4. Bladder problems: Procedures such as cystectomy (removal of the bladder), bladder augmentation, and implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter can be done for conditions like bladder cancer or incontinence.
5. Kidney diseases: Nephrectomy (removal of a kidney) may be necessary for severe kidney damage or cancer.
6. Testicular issues: Orchiectomy (removal of one or both testicles) can be performed for testicular cancer.
7. Pelvic organ prolapse: Surgeries like sacrocolpopexy and vaginal vault suspension can help correct this condition in women.

These are just a few examples; there are many other urologic surgical procedures available to treat various conditions affecting the urinary and reproductive systems.

Ureteral calculi, also known as ureteric stones or ureteral stones, refer to the presence of solid mineral deposits (calculi) within the ureters, the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. These calculi can vary in size and composition, and their formation is often associated with conditions such as dehydration, urinary tract infections, or metabolic disorders. Ureteral calculi may cause symptoms like severe pain, hematuria (blood in the urine), and obstruction of urine flow, potentially leading to serious complications if left untreated.

Diagnostic techniques in urology are methods used to identify and diagnose various urological conditions affecting the urinary tract and male reproductive system. These techniques include:

1. Urinalysis: A laboratory examination of a urine sample to detect abnormalities such as infection, kidney stones, or other underlying medical conditions.
2. Urine Culture: A test used to identify and grow bacteria from the urine to determine the type of bacterial infection present in the urinary tract.
3. Imaging Studies: Various imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI scans are used to visualize the internal structures of the urinary tract and identify any abnormalities.
4. Cystoscopy: A procedure that involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the bladder through the urethra to examine the bladder and urethra for signs of disease or abnormality.
5. Urodynamics: A series of tests used to evaluate bladder function, including measuring bladder pressure and urine flow rate.
6. Biopsy: The removal and examination of tissue from the urinary tract or male reproductive system to diagnose conditions such as cancer.
7. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: A blood test used to screen for prostate cancer by measuring the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
8. Voiding Diary: A record of urinary habits, including the frequency and volume of urination, that can help diagnose conditions such as overactive bladder or urinary incontinence.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Urologic diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra in both males and females, as well as the male reproductive system. These diseases can range from relatively common conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), to more complex diseases like kidney stones, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer.

Some of the common urologic diseases include:

1. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs are more common in women than men.
2. Kidney Stones: These are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside the kidneys and can cause pain, nausea, and blood in the urine when passed.
3. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): This is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause difficulty urinating, frequent urination, and a weak urine stream.
4. Bladder Cancer: This is a type of cancer that begins in the bladder, usually in the lining of the bladder.
5. Prostate Cancer: This is a type of cancer that occurs in the prostate gland, which is a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces seminal fluid.
6. Erectile Dysfunction (ED): This is a condition where a man has trouble achieving or maintaining an erection.
7. Overactive Bladder (OAB): This is a condition characterized by the sudden and strong need to urinate frequently, as well as involuntary loss of urine (incontinence).

Urologic diseases can affect people of all ages and genders, although some conditions are more common in certain age groups or among men or women. Treatment for urologic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Polyuria is a medical term that describes the production of large volumes of urine, typically defined as exceeding 2.5-3 liters per day in adults. This condition can lead to frequent urination, sometimes as often as every one to two hours, and often worsens during the night (nocturia). Polyuria is often a symptom of an underlying medical disorder such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus, rather than a disease itself. Other potential causes include kidney diseases, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and certain medications. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying condition are essential to manage polyuria effectively.

Pathologic dilatation refers to an abnormal and excessive widening or enlargement of a body cavity or organ, which can result from various medical conditions. This abnormal dilation can occur in different parts of the body, including the blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, or heart chambers.

In the context of the cardiovascular system, pathologic dilatation may indicate a weakening or thinning of the heart muscle, leading to an enlarged chamber that can no longer pump blood efficiently. This condition is often associated with various heart diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, or long-standing high blood pressure.

In the gastrointestinal tract, pathologic dilatation may occur due to mechanical obstruction, neuromuscular disorders, or inflammatory conditions that affect the normal motility of the intestines. Examples include megacolon in Hirschsprung's disease, toxic megacolon in ulcerative colitis, or volvulus (twisting) of the bowel.

Pathologic dilatation can lead to various complications, such as reduced organ function, impaired circulation, and increased risk of infection or perforation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the root problem and prevent further enlargement.

Cystotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision into the urinary bladder. This type of surgery may be performed for various reasons, such as to remove bladder stones, to take a biopsy of the bladder tissue, or to repair damage to the bladder.

During a cystotomy, a veterinarian or surgeon makes an incision in the bladder and then carefully inspects the interior of the organ. Any abnormalities, such as bladder stones or tumors, can be removed during the procedure. The incision is then closed with sutures or staples.

Cystotomy is typically performed under general anesthesia, and patients will need to recover in a veterinary hospital or surgical center for several days following the procedure. During recovery, they may require pain medication and antibiotics to prevent infection. It's important to follow all post-operative instructions carefully to ensure proper healing.

A pessary is a medical device that is inserted into the vagina to provide support for the uterus, vaginal vault, or bladder. It is often used in the management of pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and other gynecological conditions. Pessaries come in various shapes and sizes, and they are typically made of silicone, rubber, or plastic. They can be worn for extended periods of time and are usually removable and cleanable. The selection and fitting of a pessary should be performed by a healthcare professional, such as a gynecologist or nurse midwife.

Meningismus is not a specific medical condition but rather a set of symptoms that suggest inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The term "meningitis" refers to the infection or inflammation of the meninges, while "meningism" describes the non-specific signs of this inflammation.

Meningismus symptoms include:

1. Stiff neck (nuchal rigidity) - resistance to passive flexion of the neck due to spasm of the neck muscles.
2. Photophobia - sensitivity to light.
3. Headache.
4. Fever.
5. Altered mental status, such as confusion or irritability.

Meningismus can be caused by various conditions, including bacterial and viral infections, fungal infections, chemical irritants, or non-infectious causes like autoimmune disorders or certain medications. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you suspect meningismus symptoms, as they may indicate a severe underlying condition requiring prompt medical attention.

Urogenital abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies that affect the urinary and genital systems. These two systems are closely linked during embryonic development, and sometimes they may not develop properly, leading to various types of congenital defects. Urogenital abnormalities can range from minor issues like a bifid scrotum (a condition where the scrotum is split into two parts) to more severe problems such as bladder exstrophy (where the bladder develops outside the body).

These conditions may affect urination, reproduction, and sexual function. They can also increase the risk of infections and other complications. Urogenital abnormalities can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, or genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes.

Dysuria is a medical term that describes painful or difficult urination. This symptom can be caused by various conditions, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder infections, kidney stones, enlarged prostate, and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Dysuria can also occur as a side effect of certain medications or medical procedures.

The pain or discomfort associated with dysuria can range from a burning sensation to a sharp stabbing pain, and it may occur during urination, immediately after urination, or throughout the day. Other symptoms that may accompany dysuria include frequent urination, urgency to urinate, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, blood in the urine, and lower abdominal or back pain.

If you are experiencing dysuria, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. In many cases, dysuria can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other interventions.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Nephrocalcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma, specifically within the tubular epithelial cells and interstitium of the kidneys. This process can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and ultimately impaired renal function if left untreated.

The condition is often associated with metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, distal renal tubular acidosis, or hyperoxaluria; medications like loop diuretics, corticosteroids, or calcineurin inhibitors; and chronic kidney diseases. The diagnosis of nephrocalcinosis is typically made through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause, modifying dietary habits, and administering medications to control calcium levels in the body.

Renal ultrasonography of hydronephrosis Stone causing hydronephrosis Stone causing hydronephrosis Urine jets Peripelvic renal ... Hydronephrosis can either be acute or chronic. In acute hydronephrosis full recovery of kidney function is seen. However, with ... The prognosis of hydronephrosis is extremely variable and depends on the condition leading to hydronephrosis, whether one ( ... CT scan of bilateral hydronephrosis due to a bladder cancer Massive hydronephrosis as marked by the arrow. ...
"Hydronephrosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 July 2021. "Kidney Failure". National Institute of Diabetes ... Hydronephrosis and kidney failure may also occur. Urinary retention Prostatitis Bladder dysfunction Urethral diverticulum ... Periurethral abscess Fournier's gangrene Urethral fistula Bilateral hydronephrosis Urinary infections Urinary calculus Urethral ...
"Hydronephrosis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 25 July 2021. Grady RW, Mitchell ME (October 1999). "Complete ... contraindications despite bladder adequacy include duplication of the penis or scrotum and significant bilateral hydronephrosis ...
No hydronephrosis. Small left lower pole kidney cyst. Ascites: None. Aorta: Visualized portions normal in caliber, 16 x 15 mm. ...
It accounts for 20% of cases of hydronephrosis detected in utero. It is also most commonly seen in males and involved both ... Also called hydronephrosis. Kidneys and ureters located in incorrect position, including horseshoe kidney and ectopic ureters. ... It is the most common cause of hydronephrosis detected in utero and is the most common anomaly detected on prenatal ultrasounds ... Decreased flow of urine leads to swelling of the urinary tract, called hydronephrosis. This process of decreased flow of urine ...
When viewed on CT in absence of contrast, they can mimic hydronephrosis. If symptomatic, they can be laparoscopically ... Minor changes: 1 October 2019 Zinn, H. L.; Becker, J. A. (1997). "Peripelvic cysts simulating hydronephrosis". Abdominal ...
No hydronephrosis is present. Measurement of kidney length on the US image is illustrated by '+' and a dashed line. Figure 20. ... Hydronephrosis with dilated anechoic pelvis and calyces, along with cortical atrophy. The width of a calyx is measured on the ... In adults, hydronephrosis can be caused by urolithiasis, obstructing the outlet of the renal pelvis or the ureter, and ... Hydronephrosis can also be caused by non-obstructive conditions, such as brisk diuresis in patients treated with diuretics, in ...
"Hydronephrosis - Overview - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13. Zuckier, L. S.; Patel, Y. D.; Fine, E. J.; ... This imaging would be a CT scan or a renal ultrasound, which would show evidence of hydronephrosis, and lead to the same ... Hydronephrosis Dimitar Vasileff Georgieff (October 2001). "A case of upper polar hydrocalycosis of right kidney after chronic ... "Hydronephrosis: A Defense Mechanism for the Kidneys". www.nationwidechildrens.org. Retrieved 2019-12-13. Marchione, Dr Victor ( ...
Physiological hydronephrosis may appear from six weeks. Changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) system during pregnancy are caused ... Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which are normal. Progesterone causes ... Rasmussen PE, Nielsen FR (March 1988). "Hydronephrosis during pregnancy: a literature survey". European Journal of Obstetrics, ...
They also may be affected by hydronephrosis. Symptoms of this disease can start at very young ages. Many people with this ... Most patients older than the age of toilet training, present with enuresis, urinary-tract infection, hydronephrosis, and a ...
It can cause hydronephrosis and abdominal pain. It usually does not progress to kidney failure. Abyssinians can be affected by ...
The condition may also result in hydronephrosis. Children with a pelvic kidney may need to wear certain protective equipment ...
All had marked dilatation of the bladder and some had hydronephrosis and the external appearance of prune belly. The infants ... It can be diagnosed in the womb by ultrasound, revealing the enlarged bladder and hydronephrosis. Long-term survival with ... "Orphanet: Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis hydronephrosis Berdon syndrome". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2018-03-18 ... hydronephrosis and dilated small bowel. The pathological findings consist of an abundance of ganglion cells in both dilated and ...
These include congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, fetal hydronephrosis, caudal ... "Sacrococcygeal teratoma with hydrops fetalis and bilateral hydronephrosis". Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 28 (5): 414-8. doi: ...
Hydronephrosis Sacrococcygeal teratoma Spina bifida Vesicoureteral reflux Breen, Micheál; Phelps, Andrew; Estrada, Carlos; Chow ...
It can occur as a complication of hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis.[citation needed] CECT is investigation of choice. This ...
They include frank teratogenicity such as cleft palate and hydronephrosis. Development of some organs may be even more ...
... hydronephrosis, and nephrolithiasis". In Jennette, JC; Olson, JL; Schwartz, MM; et al. (eds.). Heptinstall's Pathology of the ...
However, Holm was forced to withdraw from the bout citing hydronephrosis. In turn, Peña was also removed from the card in favor ...
In rare cases the disease can manifest with hydronephrosis and hydroureter. All these symptoms are non-specific and can also ...
Postrenal azotemia and hydronephrosis can be observed following the obstruction of urine flow through one or both ureters. Pain ... presence of hydronephrosis, body mass index, and distance of the stone from the surface of the skin. Common adverse effects of ... Hydronephrosis, and Nephrolithiasis". In Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG (eds.). Heptinstall's Pathology of the ... because it gives details about the presence of hydronephrosis, suggesting that the stone is blocking the outflow of urine. ...
Patients with this can have hydronephrosis, seizures, visual impairments, or alacrima. Sleep apnea may also be present, Most ... hydronephrosis) and other anomalies. Babies born with Schinzel-Giedion syndrome have severe mental retardation, growth ...
... hydronephrosis and hydrops fetalis. Even a small SCT can produce complications of mass effect, if it is presacral (Altman Type ... IV). In the fetus, severe hydronephrosis may contribute to inadequate lung development. Also in the fetus and newborn, the anus ...
However, Holm was forced to withdraw from the bout citing hydronephrosis. Peña was expected to face Amanda Nunes for the UFC ...
However, Holm was forced to withdraw from the bout, citing hydronephrosis. Holm was scheduled to face Norma Dumont in a ...
Individuals with Okamoto syndrome are usually born with hydronephrosis, or dilation of the internal structures of the kidneys, ... Both infants had congenital hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction stenosis, low muscle tone, developmental delay and ... congenital hydronephrosis, and characteristic face". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 68 (3): 347-349. doi:10.1002/(SICI) ... is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic condition characterised by congenital hydronephrosis, low muscle tone, heart defects ...
Percutaneous nephrostomy is also used to treat hydronephrosis caused by kidney stones, pregnancy, stricture of the urinary ... Nephrostomies may also be required to treat pyonephrosis, hydronephrosis and kidney stones. Percutaneous nephrostomy is used in ...
November 5. Wishart, John (1890). "Abdominal nephrectomy for hydro-nephrosis, with a report of two operations" (PDF). Montreal ...
... hydronephrosis, omphalocele and meningocele (spina bifida) are also common. Cystic hygromas occur but are uncommon.[citation ...
Genitourinary abnormalities include vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis, inguinal hernia, cryptorchidism, and genital ...
Renal ultrasonography of hydronephrosis Stone causing hydronephrosis Stone causing hydronephrosis Urine jets Peripelvic renal ... Hydronephrosis can either be acute or chronic. In acute hydronephrosis full recovery of kidney function is seen. However, with ... The prognosis of hydronephrosis is extremely variable and depends on the condition leading to hydronephrosis, whether one ( ... CT scan of bilateral hydronephrosis due to a bladder cancer Massive hydronephrosis as marked by the arrow. ...
Hydronephrosis is defined as distention of the renal calyces and pelvis with urine as a result of obstruction of the outflow of ... Hydronephrosis and hydroureter are common clinical conditions encountered not only by urologists but also by emergency medicine ... encoded search term (Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter) and Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter What to Read Next on Medscape ... Rarely, obstructive nephropathy may occur in the absence of hydronephrosis. [2] Thus, the terms hydronephrosis and obstruction ...
Pediatric urologists in our nationally ranked program diagnose and treat children born with hydronephrosis. ... Expert Care for Hydronephrosis. Finding the Cause Is the First Step. Finding the cause of your childs hydronephrosis is the ... Hydronephrosis is a common condition that may be diagnosed while your child is still in the womb or after birth. It may resolve ... Most children with hydronephrosis do not need medications, but in some cases, antibiotics are recommended to prevent infection ...
Prenatal hydronephrosis is the swelling of a kidney in a fetus or infant. View a list of causes and treatment options at the ... What is Prenatal Hydronephrosis?. Prenatal hydronephrosis is the swelling of a kidney in a fetus or infant. This is typically ... Diagnosing Prenatal Hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is typically diagnosed before birth in a prenatal ultrasound. It also may be ... Prenatal Hydronephrosis Causes. Potential causes of prenatal hydronephrosis are:. *Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction ( ...
... due to hydronephrosis - an enlargement of the kidney caused by a blockage to normal urine flow. (The klidneys normal urine ...
Hydronephrosis can result from anatomic or functional processes interrupting the flow of urine. This interruption can occur ... Hydronephrosis is transmitted in autosomal dominant pattern.[3]. *Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in hereditary ... Hydronephrosis can result from anatomic or functional processes interrupting the flow of urine. ... Specimen of a kidney that has undergone extensive dilation due to hydronephrosis. Note the extensive atrophy and thinning of ...
Communities>Urology>How do I relieve hydronephrosis caused by cronic UPJ obstruction? ...
Learn about diagnosis and specialist referrals for Coloboma porencephaly hydronephrosis. ...
hydronephrosis Last reviewed 01/2018. Hydronephrosis is an aseptic distension of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidney ...
What Is Hydronephrosis?. Hydronephrosis (pronounced high-dro-nef-row-sis) is a radiology term for swelling or fluid in the ... How Is Hydronephrosis Diagnosed?. Hydronephrosis is usually determined on imaging studies such as renal ultrasounds, CT scan or ... Is Surgery Required for Hydronephrosis?. If the hydronephrosis is not symptomatic and is improving, then surgical intervention ... What Symptoms Are Associated with Hydronephrosis?. Most children with prenatal hydronephrosis have no symptoms and experience ...
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Hydronephrosis is swelling in the urinary tract. It can be mild or severe. Learn more from Childrens Health. ... Can hydronephrosis go away without harming my baby?. Mild hydronephrosis usually goes away on its own. Because it can be hard ... What is Pediatric Hydronephrosis?. Fetal hydronephrosis is found in 1-5% of all pregnancies. It can be found on a prenatal ... What causes Pediatric Hydronephrosis?. Hydronephrosis can be caused by a blockage at any part of the urinary system. It also ...
This article focuses on hydronephrosis that is detected by prenatal ultrasonography. This method of surveillance detects a ... Studies have uniformly shown that timing of hydronephrosis is important. Early onset of hydronephrosis in fetal development is ... encoded search term (Antenatal Hydronephrosis) and Antenatal Hydronephrosis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Antenatal hydronephrosis. Fetal and neonatal management. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1997 Oct. 44(5):1299-321. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Hydronephrosis can affect both children and adults. In fact, it can even affect ... Read More ... Many people have never heard of the term hydronephrosis. Thats because it is only prevalent in around 1% of the general ...
Hydronephrosis in the course of ureteropelvic junction obstruction: An underestimated problem? Current opinions on the ... Untreated UPJO may cause hydronephrosis, chronic infection or urolithiasis and will often result in progressive deterioration ... Nowadays, thanks to the widespread use of maternal and prenatal ultrasound examinations, asymptomatic hydronephrosis is ...
In some cases, Kidneys get affected and one of them is Hydronephrosis. ... Causes of Hydronephrosis. In a few cases of Hydronephrosis, the cause might be unknown but the most common causes of ... Symptoms of Hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis symptoms depend on the seriousness of the condition and its cause of it. Many ... Treatment of Hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is treated by Surgery, Lithotripsy, or Ureteroscopy. These treatments are for ...
Cat hydronephrosis: causes, symptoms, treatment. Hydronephrosis is basically the dilation of the renal pelvis usually caused by ... WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF HYDRONEPHROSIS?. Hydronephrosis can be caused by any condition that can obstruct the ureters. The causes ... Hydronephrosis can be both unilateral and bilateral. Lets say that it is not a very frequent pathology, it is rarely seen, but ... If the obstruction occurs at the urethral level, bilateral hydronephrosis is frequent, which means rapid acute post-renal ...
Chronic hydronephrosis:. *. In chronic hydronephrosis, the loss of function is usually irreversible even with correction of the ... The causes of hydronephrosis can be congenital or acquired.. *. It is important to understand that hydronephrosis does not ... Hydronephrosis means "water inside the kidney".. *. Hydronephrosis is defined as distension and dilation of the renal pelvis ... 2.3 Etiology of Hydronephrosis. *. The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from ...
Hydronephrosis means literally water inside the kidney and refers to the distension and dilatation of the pyelocalyceal system ... Hydronephrosis is caused by an obstruction of the urine flow from the kidney. ... Diagnostic Workup in Hydronephrosis. Classification of hydronephrosis in grade I-IV (Beetz and others, 2001). Hydronephrosis ... Hydronephrosis. Index. Groin lumps. Index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z References. Gleason, P. E.; ...
Hydronephrosis and hydroureter - Video answers are found in the Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines powered by Unbound Medicine ... "Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter - Video." Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines, Duodecim Medical Publications Limited, 2019. ... Hydronephrosis and hydroureter - Video. (2019). In Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. Duodecim Medical Publications Limited. ... Hydronephrosis and hydroureter - Video. Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines. Duodecim Medical Publications Limited; 2019. https ...
Miyara S, Molmenti E. Miyara S, & Molmenti E Miyara, Santiago J, and Ernesto P Molmenti.Hematuria and Hydronephrosis. In: ... Miyara S, Molmenti E. Miyara S, & Molmenti E Miyara, Santiago J, and Ernesto P Molmenti. "Hematuria and Hydronephrosis." ... Miyara S, Molmenti E. Miyara S, & Molmenti E Miyara, Santiago J, and Ernesto P Molmenti. (2023). Hematuria and hydronephrosis. ... CT scan reveals the bladder to be filled with thrombus (red arrow). Recurrent episodes of hematuria and hydronephrosis required ...
Obstructive nephrolithiasis and hydronephrosis in a cat To access this post, you must purchase Mastering Ultrasound in Dogs and ... Tags: calculus, hydronephrosis, hydroureter, perirenal effusion, renal pelvis, retroperitoneal effusion, ureter, ureteral ...
... Jong-Ho Kim, Jae-Reyung Kwak, Jee ... Key words: Congenital hydronephrosis , Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) , Renal ultrasound , Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) ... Purpose : We checked voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in patients with congenital hydronephrosis (CHN) and followed up the ... occurrence of hydronephrosis. The incidence of VUR was 18.9% among 122 CHN patients and no laterality difference was found to ...
Results: Of the 189 patients 31 (17.4%) had hydronephrosis; in 20 (10.6%) patients the hydronephrosis was mild, in 7 (3.7%) it ... Results: Of the 189 patients 31 (17.4%) had hydronephrosis; in 20 (10.6%) patients the hydronephrosis was mild, in 7 (3.7%) it ... Results: Of the 189 patients 31 (17.4%) had hydronephrosis; in 20 (10.6%) patients the hydronephrosis was mild, in 7 (3.7%) it ... Results: Of the 189 patients 31 (17.4%) had hydronephrosis; in 20 (10.6%) patients the hydronephrosis was mild, in 7 (3.7%) it ...
Longitudinal section of the left kidney showing hydronephrosis. Request information on how to purchase usage rights to this ... Longitudinal section of the left kidney showing hydronephrosisLongitudinal section of the left kidney showing... ...
1. There was disagreement in diagnosing hydronephrosis on POCUS, especially mild hydronephrosis. Emergency physicians ... 1. There was disagreement in diagnosing hydronephrosis on POCUS, especially mild hydronephrosis. Emergency physicians ... Emergency Physician Accuracy in Identifying and Grading Hydronephrosis. Ultrasound G.E.L. Podcast Blog. Published on May 21, ... Their hydronephrosis definitions:. *Mild: separation of the renal sinus and enlargement of calicies, preservation of renal ...
Treatment of hydronephrosis in the kidney stones with open surgical stone removal ★ Direct prices from the best hospitals in ... Kidney Stones With Hydronephrosis - Surgical Stone Removal: treatment in the Best Hospitals in the World ➤Treatment of ... hydronephrosis in the kidney stones with open surgical stone removal ★ Direct prices from the best hospitals in the world $ We ...
... numbers of Best Treatments for Hydronephrosis in Dehradun ... Best Treatments for Hydronephrosis in Dehradun : Find Best ...
This is not always due to obstruction, and in the converse, obstruction does not always cause hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is ... How is hydronephrosis differentiated from Wilms tumor on imaging?. How is renal cell carcinoma differentiated from Wilms tumor ... When hydronephrosis is considerable, the entire collecting system is outlined as a series of connected fluid-filled channels. ... Ultrasonographic findings can help in differentiating multicystic dysplastic kidney and hydronephrosis from other conditions in ...
  • Hydronephrosis that occurs acutely with sudden onset (as caused by a kidney stone) can cause intense pain in the flank area (between the hips and ribs) known as a renal colic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Structural abnormalities of the junctions between the kidney, ureter and bladder that lead to hydronephrosis can occur during fetal development. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common cause of hydronephrosis in young adults is kidney stones. (wikipedia.org)
  • In acute hydronephrosis full recovery of kidney function is seen. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, with chronic hydronephrosis, permanent loss of kidney function is seen even once obstruction is removed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most children with hydronephrosis do not need medications, but in some cases, antibiotics are recommended to prevent infection and minimize kidney damage. (dukehealth.org)
  • Prenatal hydronephrosis is the swelling of a kidney in a fetus or infant. (upmc.com)
  • Prenatal hydronephrosis is often treated with antibiotics to prevent kidney infections. (upmc.com)
  • A 35 year old patient (Egypt) at Bugshan Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, had 22 litres (38.7 pints) of urine removed from his kidney on 16 June 1999, due to hydronephrosis - an enlargement of the kidney caused by a blockage to normal urine flow. (guinnessworldrecords.com)
  • Specimen of a kidney that has undergone extensive dilation due to hydronephrosis. (wikidoc.org)
  • Hydronephrosis is an aseptic distension of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidney with urine. (gpnotebook.com)
  • Hydronephrosis (pronounced high-dro-nef-row-sis) is a radiology term for swelling or fluid in the kidney. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Hydronephrosis is not a disease, but can be a radiographic sign of other kidney or bladder problems or developmental issues. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • When the hydronephrosis occurs later on and is acute, it is usually accompanied with these symptoms as it represents a sudden obstruction of urine flow and stretching of the kidney. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Regular X-rays can show the outlines of an enlarged kidney, but hydronephrosis is not typically diagnosed on this type of film. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Acquired hydronephrosis is due to some event or disease process that happens after birth, like a kidney stone blocking flow of urine or some kind of external mass compressing the urine tube. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Depending on the severity of hydronephrosis and its cause, additional follow up studies are usually necessary over time to track the improvement or worsening of the kidney swelling. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • So, basically, Hydronephrosis is a condition in which the kidney swells up due accumulation of urine. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • We will let you know the symptoms, causes, and treatment of Hydronephrosis which is also known as Kidney Swelling. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • Kidney stones - Kidney stones are some of the hard deposits that can form in the kidneys and due to this the tube that carries urine from the kidney that is ureter gets blocked and hydronephrosis condition occurs. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • When unilateral obstruction occurs, if the other kidney is functioning normally, the kidney affected by hydronephrosis will atrophy and become a fibrous pouch. (petlifey.com)
  • Hydronephrosis is usually caused by obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney. (abdominalkey.com)
  • It is important to understand that hydronephrosis does not always mean there is obstruction to the flow of urine from the kidney and hydronephrosis is a secondary effect of some other disease. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Hydronephrosis: descriptive term, greek meaning water (hydro) in kidney (nephros): dilatation of the renal pelvis and/or calyces. (urology-textbook.com)
  • Mrs. Diaz, 35 years old, has had a nephrostomy for treatment of hydronephrosis caused by a renal stone in the pelvis of the kidney. (medicalessays.com)
  • As urine accumulates in the kidney, a condition known as hydronephrosis results, causing the kidney to enlarge. (medicalessays.com)
  • Hydronephrosis is swelling of the part of the kidney that drains urine. (healthtap.com)
  • Hydronephrosis describes hydrostatic dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces as a result of obstruction to urine flow downstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis depend upon whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydronephrosis is caused by obstruction of urine before the renal pelvis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydronephrosis is defined as distention of the renal calyces and pelvis with urine as a result of obstruction of the outflow of urine distal to the renal pelvis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Thus, the terms hydronephrosis and obstruction should not be used interchangeably. (medscape.com)
  • Conversely, in chronic hydronephrosis the loss of function is irreversible even with correction of the obstruction. (medscape.com)
  • How do I relieve hydronephrosis caused by cronic(chronic) UPJ obstruction? (medhelp.org)
  • How do I relieve hydronephrosis caused by cronic UPJ obstruction? (medhelp.org)
  • Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in hereditary hydronephrosis caused by pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction with one locus assigned to chromosome 6p has been found. (wikidoc.org)
  • Hydronephrosis in the course of ureteropelvic junction obstruction: An underestimated problem? (wikidoc.org)
  • It may result from conditions causing bladder outflow obstruction, or from congenital stenosis of the ureters - see pelvic hydronephrosis. (gpnotebook.com)
  • Therefore, a deficiency at any point along the urinary tract can lead to transient or permanent partial or complete obstruction of urine flow, causing proximal dilation of the collecting system that manifests as antenatal hydronephrosis. (medscape.com)
  • Hydronephrosis is basically the dilation of the renal pelvis usually caused by an obstruction of the urinary flow. (petlifey.com)
  • If the obstruction occurs at the urethral level, bilateral hydronephrosis is frequent, which means rapid acute post-renal failure with the patient's death in a short time. (petlifey.com)
  • Hydronephrosis can be caused by obstruction anywhere along the upper or lower urinary tract. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Ureterovesical junction obstruction and megaureter are fairly uncommon and, therefore, pediatric patients who have hydronephrosis and a normal voiding cystourethrogram are presumed to have ureteropelvic junction obstruction. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Extensive use of prenatal ultrasound has led to an increased rate of diagnosis of neonatal hydronephrosis, of which ureteropelvic junction obstruction is the most frequent cause. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Ureteropelvic junction obstruction occurs in approximately 1 in every 2,000 live births and accounts for approximately half of the cases of prenatal hydronephrosis. (abdominalkey.com)
  • In most cases, neonatal hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction gradually resolves without surgical intervention. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Hydronephrosis can be present without relevant obstruction. (urology-textbook.com)
  • Malignant psoas syndrome and bilateral hydronephrosis without evident obstruction in colorectal cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • We present a case of a man who presented with refractory back pain and bilateral hydronephrosis without hydroureter who had no evident initial obstruction and showed stent -placement failure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Kume H, Kitamura T. Spontaneous regression of bilateral hydronephrosis due to retroperitoneal fibrosis. (medscape.com)
  • Other causes such as during pregnancy, the growing uterus can put pressure on the ureters, and because of this hydronephrosis condition arises but it is considered mild. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • Hydronephrosis can be caused by any condition that can obstruct the ureters. (petlifey.com)
  • Hydronephrosis is typically diagnosed before birth in a prenatal ultrasound. (upmc.com)
  • Much of the hydronephrosis seen in children is diagnosed prior to birth during a prenatal ultrasound of the fetus which checks the organs and development of the baby before birth. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Most hydronephrosis in children is first diagnosed with a renal ultrasound. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Nowadays, thanks to the widespread use of maternal and prenatal ultrasound examinations, asymptomatic hydronephrosis is diagnosed very early. (qxmd.com)
  • Renal ultrasound: hydronephrosis grade II with dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. (urology-textbook.com)
  • Ultrasound has been shown to be a good first step in assessment - to determine the presence and degree of hydronephrosis. (emdocs.net)
  • As many are switching to this approach and since management might change based on the degree of hydronephrosis found, it is important to establish that point of care ultrasound is accurate in this determination. (emdocs.net)
  • This would be called prenatal or congenital hydronephrosis . (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Surgery can become necessary if the disease associated with the congenital hydronephrosis worsens or the child develops an acute cause of hydronephrosis. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • We checked voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in patients with congenital hydronephrosis (CHN) and followed up the occurrence of urinary tract infection(UTI) in these patients. (chikd.org)
  • Hydronephrosis can be both unilateral and bilateral. (petlifey.com)
  • Most patients with CHN were male (73%) and there was a tendency of preferences for unilateral (77%) and left (84%) occurrence of hydronephrosis. (chikd.org)
  • [ 4 ] Furthermore, early diagnosis of hydronephrosis may cause significant parental anxieties during the rest of the pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] The most common causes of hydronephrosis in children are anatomical abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydronephrosis and hydroureter are common clinical conditions encountered not only by urologists but also by emergency medicine specialists and primary care physicians. (medscape.com)
  • The presence of hydronephrosis or hydroureter can be physiologic or pathologic. (medscape.com)
  • The etiology and presentation of hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter in adults differ from that in neonates and children. (medscape.com)
  • Hydronephrosis or hydroureter is a normal finding in pregnant women. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence Central , evidence.unboundmedicine.com/evidence/view/EBMG/452219/all/Hydronephrosis_and_hydroureter___Video. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Most children with prenatal hydronephrosis have no symptoms and experience no pain, although there can be abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting in some children who have severe hydronephrosis. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Hydronephrosis can be mild or severe because it depends on various symptoms and causes. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • in 20 (10.6%) patients the hydronephrosis was mild, in 7 (3.7%) it was moderate and in 4 (2.7%) it was severe. (tau.ac.il)
  • We see more cases of hydronephrosis than almost any other center in our region, which means we have deep experience treating this condition. (childrens.com)
  • In mild cases of hydronephrosis, doctors monitor the condition closely without immediate intervention. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • Their interpretation of the degree of hydronephrosis was compared to a consensus interpretation from emergency radiologists. (emdocs.net)
  • With mild hydronephrosis in babies and younger children, there usually is no pain. (childrens.com)
  • 1. There was disagreement in diagnosing hydronephrosis on POCUS, especially mild hydronephrosis. (emdocs.net)
  • Is it ok to drink lots of water if i have mild hydronephrosis? (healthtap.com)
  • Mild hydronephrosis can be a normal finding, particularly if found incidental. (healthtap.com)
  • Hydronephrosis can result from anatomic or functional processes interrupting the flow of urine. (medscape.com)
  • Hydronephrosis can either be acute or chronic. (wikipedia.org)
  • To distinguish acute and chronic hydronephrosis, one may consider acute as hydronephrosis that, when corrected, allows full recovery of renal function. (medscape.com)
  • Often, children with hydronephrosis need ongoing monitoring to make sure their kidneys are functioning properly. (dukehealth.org)
  • In hydronephrosis detected during pregnancy, imaging shows swelling in the baby's kidneys or bladder. (childrens.com)
  • In some cases, Kidneys get affected and one of them is Hydronephrosis. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • For discussion of fetal hydronephrosis, see Antenatal Hydronephrosis . (medscape.com)
  • Fetal hydronephrosis is found in 1-5% of all pregnancies. (childrens.com)
  • Fetal hydronephrosis is usually diagnosed before the child is born and treatment varies widely. (kidshealth.org)
  • Objectives: To assess the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) before radical cystectomy (RC) in a retrospective multicentre cohort of patients with cT2N0M0 bladder cancer (BCa) without preoperative hydronephrosis. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Conclusions: In patients with cT2N0 BCa and no preoperative hydronephrosis, NAC increased the rate of pathological complete response and downstaging. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Limitations included the observational setting and the lack of variables such as tumour grade, multifocality and preoperative hydronephrosis. (lu.se)
  • Hydronephrosis can be caused by a blockage at any part of the urinary system. (childrens.com)
  • We report a case of obstructive uropathy resulting in hydronephrosis secondary to female genital mutilation and review the medical literature regarding this and other complications of genital mutilation "surgery. (nih.gov)
  • The Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) has developed a more accurate numerical grading system for hydronephrosis. (abdominalkey.com)
  • If you have been told your child has hydronephrosis, our pediatric urologists and nephrologists can diagnose and manage the cause of your child's condition. (dukehealth.org)
  • What is Pediatric Hydronephrosis? (childrens.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of Pediatric Hydronephrosis? (childrens.com)
  • How is Pediatric Hydronephrosis diagnosed? (childrens.com)
  • however, antenatal hydronephrosis can be the result of nonobstructive processes, such as vesicoureteral reflux, nonrefluxing nonobstructed megaureter, and prune belly syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • With the widespread use of prenatal ultrasounds, antenatal hydronephrosis is currently the most common diagnosed prenatal condition. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Untreated UPJO may cause hydronephrosis, chronic infection or urolithiasis and will often result in progressive deterioration of renal function. (qxmd.com)
  • Conversely, hydronephrosis that develops gradually over time will generally cause either a dull discomfort or no pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most anomalies of the urinary tract discovered in the prenatal period are characterized by hydronephrosis or dilatation of the upper urinary tract. (medscape.com)
  • The degree and laterality of hydronephrosis may depend on the stage of pregnancy and the underlying etiology. (medscape.com)
  • Back pain which occurs due to hydronephrosis may be dull, aching, or sharp. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • Hydronephrosis that occurs acutely with sudden onset can cause intense pain in the flanks (Dietl's crisis). (abdominalkey.com)
  • Including this, fever is also an indication of urinary tract infection and this could be hydronephrosis too. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • This article focuses on hydronephrosis that is detected by prenatal ultrasonography. (medscape.com)
  • After adjusting for age and type of prolapse, only patients with uterine prolapse remained significantly more likely to suffer from hydronephrosis (adjusted odds ratio 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.2). (tau.ac.il)
  • Conclusion: The prevalence of hydronephrosis in patients with genital prolapse is appreciable and is related primarily to degree of uterine prolapse. (tau.ac.il)
  • Surgery is usually not needed for hydronephrosis, but if your child needs surgery, you can feel confident knowing your child will receive the most effective, least invasive care possible. (dukehealth.org)
  • Is Surgery Required for Hydronephrosis? (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • Hydronephrosis is treated by Surgery, Lithotripsy, or Ureteroscopy. (criticarehospital.co.in)
  • Hydronephrosis is usually determined on imaging studies such as renal ultrasounds, CT scan or MRIs. (drvivekviswanathan.com)
  • We also may do genetic testing to look for conditions that may cause hydronephrosis, in cases where other organs may be affected. (childrens.com)
  • This method of surveillance detects a significant fetal anomaly in 1% of pregnancies, of which 20-30% of cases are genitourinary in origin, and 50% manifest as hydronephrosis. (medscape.com)
  • Postpartal ovarian vein thrombophlebitis: 1/3000 pregnancies, may cause hydronephrosis. (urology-textbook.com)