Hydrolases. Medical search

Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., ESTERASES, glycosidases (GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASES), lipases, NUCLEOTIDASES, peptidases (PEPTIDE HYDROLASES), and phosphatases (PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES). EC 3.

Enzymes that catalyze reversibly the formation of an epoxide or arene oxide from a glycol or aromatic diol, respectively.

Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion.

A class of morphologically heterogeneous cytoplasmic particles in animal and plant tissues characterized by their content of hydrolytic enzymes and the structure-linked latency of these enzymes. The intracellular functions of lysosomes depend on their lytic potential. The single unit membrane of the lysosome acts as a barrier between the enzymes enclosed in the lysosome and the external substrate. The activity of the enzymes contained in lysosomes is limited or nil unless the vesicle in which they are enclosed is ruptured. Such rupture is supposed to be under metabolic (hormonal) control. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of N-acylhexosamine residues in N-acylhexosamides. Hexosaminidases also act on GLUCOSIDES; GALACTOSIDES; and several OLIGOSACCHARIDES.

Phosphoric acid esters of mannose.

An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

A group of inherited metabolic diseases characterized by the accumulation of excessive amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides, sphingolipids, and/or glycolipids in visceral and mesenchymal cells. Abnormal amounts of sphingolipids or glycolipids are present in neural tissue. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and skeletal changes, most notably dysostosis multiplex, occur frequently. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, pp36-7)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A receptor that is specific for IGF-II and mannose-6-phosphate. The receptor is a 250-kDa single chain polypeptide which is unrelated in structure to the type 1 IGF receptor (RECEPTOR, IGF TYPE 1) and does not have a tyrosine kinase domain.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucose residues in chitobiose and higher analogs as well as in glycoproteins. Has been used widely in structural studies on bacterial cell walls and in the study of diseases such as MUCOLIPIDOSIS and various inflammatory disorders of muscle and connective tissue.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an alpha L-fucoside to yield an alcohol and L-fucose. Deficiency of this enzyme can cause FUCOSIDOSIS. EC 3.2.1.51.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha- or beta-xylosidic linkages. EC 3.2.1.8 catalyzes the endo-hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages; EC 3.2.1.32 catalyzes the endo-hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-D-xylosidic linkages; EC 3.2.1.37 catalyzes the exo-hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-linkages from the non-reducing termini of xylans; and EC 3.2.1.72 catalyzes the exo-hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-D-linkages from the non-reducing termini of xylans. Other xylosidases have been identified that catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha-xylosidic bonds.

An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.

A genus of aerobic, gram-negative, motile, slightly curved, rod-shaped bacteria. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

An exocellulase with specificity for a variety of beta-D-glycoside substrates. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides with release of GLUCOSE.

A family of galactoside hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with an O-galactosyl linkage. EC 3.2.1.-.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the lysosomal degradation of the N-glycosylprotein glycans. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme in humans result in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease BETA-MANNOSIDOSIS.

Enzymes which catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in XYLANS.

Polysaccharides consisting of xylose units.

A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.6.

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phenol sulfate to yield a phenol and sulfate. Arylsulfatase A, B, and C have been separated. A deficiency of arylsulfatases is one of the causes of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.1.

A hexosaminidase specific for non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides. It acts on GLUCOSIDES; GALACTOSIDES; and several OLIGOSACCHARIDES. Two specific mammalian isoenzymes of beta-N-acetylhexoaminidase are referred to as HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Deficiency of the type A isoenzyme causes TAY-SACHS DISEASE, while deficiency of both A and B isozymes causes SANDHOFF DISEASE. The enzyme has also been used as a tumor marker to distinguish between malignant and benign disease.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.

A group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases found in aqueous extracts of a variety of animal tissues. They function optimally within an acidic pH range. The cathepsins occur as a variety of enzyme subtypes including SERINE PROTEASES; ASPARTIC PROTEINASES; and CYSTEINE PROTEASES.

Enzymes that hydrolyze O-glucosyl-compounds. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.-.

Glycoside hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of alpha or beta linked MANNOSE.

A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.

An intracellular proteinase found in a variety of tissue. It has specificity similar to but narrower than that of pepsin A. The enzyme is involved in catabolism of cartilage and connective tissue. EC 3.4.23.5. (Formerly EC 3.4.4.23).

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A class of enzymes that transfers substituted phosphate groups. EC 2.7.8.

A family of glycosidases that hydrolyse crystalline CELLULOSE into soluble sugar molecules. Within this family there are a variety of enzyme subtypes with differing substrate specificities that must work together to bring about complete cellulose hydrolysis. They are found in structures called CELLULOSOMES.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A group of four homologous sphingolipid activator proteins that are formed from proteolytic cleavage of a common protein precursor molecule referred to as prosaposin.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.

An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE and cellotetraose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing ends of beta-D-glucosides with release of CELLOBIOSE.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.

A group of hydrolases which catalyze the hydrolysis of monophosphoric esters with the production of one mole of orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.

Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.

An enzyme that catalyzes the HYDROLYSIS of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides. The enzyme plays a role in the processing of newly formed N-glycans and in degradation of mature GLYCOPROTEINS. There are multiple isoforms of alpha-mannosidase, each having its own specific cellular location and pH optimum. Defects in the lysosomal form of the enzyme results in a buildup of mannoside intermediate metabolites and the disease ALPHA-MANNOSIDOSIS.

Enzymes that catalyze the exohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages with release of alpha-glucose. Deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase may cause GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE II.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

A carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal amino acid with a broad specificity. It also plays a role in the LYSOSOMES by protecting BETA-GALACTOSIDASE and NEURAMINIDASE from degradation. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.12.1 and EC 3.4.21.13.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Enzyme catalyzing reversibly the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA or other long-chain acyl coenzyme A compounds to yield CoA and palmitate or other acyl esters. The enzyme is involved in the esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. EC 3.1.2.2.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

An order of fungi in the phylum NEOCALLIMASTIGOMYCOTA comprising anaerobic chytrids that inhabit the RUMEN; and CECUM of herbivorous animals. Genera (all in the lone family Neocallimastigaceae) include NEOCALLIMASTIX, Orpinomyces, PIROMYCES, Anaeromyces, Cyllamyces, and Caecomyces.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A genus of gram-negative, straight or curved rods which are motile by means of a single, polar flagellum. Members of this genus are found in coastal waters and the open ocean. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine and water to N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and L-aspartate. It acts only on asparagine-oligosaccharides containing one amino acid, i.e. the ASPARAGINE has free alpha-amino and alpha-carboxyl groups. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria in the family Fibrobacteraceae, isolated from the human GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-D-glucans including laminarin, paramylon, and pachyman.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.

Organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly used as precursors for POLYMERS such as EPOXY RESINS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.

Carboxylesterase is a serine-dependent esterase with wide substrate specificity. The enzyme is involved in the detoxification of XENOBIOTICS and the activation of ester and of amide PRODRUGS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

An exocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages of 1,4-beta-D-glucans resulting in successive removal of GLUCOSE units.

A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTICALES, containing uniflagellate zoospores.

An imperfect fungus causing smut or black mold of several fruits, vegetables, etc.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

A thioester hydrolase which acts on esters formed between thiols such as DITHIOTHREITOL or GLUTATHIONE and the C-terminal glycine residue of UBIQUITIN.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A zinc containing enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the removal of the N-terminal amino acid from most L-peptides, particularly those with N-terminal leucine residues but not those with N-terminal lysine or arginine residues. This occurs in tissue cell cytosol, with high activity in the duodenum, liver, and kidney. The activity of this enzyme is commonly assayed using a leucine arylamide chromogenic substrate such as leucyl beta-naphthylamide.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

A lysosomal cysteine proteinase with a specificity similar to that of PAPAIN. The enzyme is present in a variety of tissues and is important in many physiological and pathological processes. In pathology, cathepsin B has been found to be involved in DEMYELINATION; EMPHYSEMA; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, and NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS.

A mitosporic fungal genus frequently found in soil and on wood. It is sometimes used for controlling pathogenic fungi. Its teleomorph is HYPOCREA.

A family of glycoprotein cofactors that are required for the efficient catabolization of SPHINGOLIPIDS by specific acid hydrolases such as GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE; GALACTOCEREBROSIDASE; BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASE; and CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE.

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

A suspension of radioactive gold particles emitting negative beta particles and gamma irradiation. It was formerly used for liver scans and irradiation treatment of some metastatic malignancies.

A genus of facultatively anaerobic coccoid ARCHAEA, in the family SULFOLOBACEAE. Cells are highly irregular in shape and thermoacidophilic. Lithotrophic growth occurs aerobically via sulfur oxidation in some species. Distribution includes solfataric springs and fields, mudholes, and geothermically heated acidic marine environments.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A family of gram-negative aerobic bacteria in the class BETA PROTEOBACTERIA, encompassing the acidovorans rRNA complex. Some species are pathogenic for PLANTS.

A subclass of exopeptidases that includes enzymes which cleave either two or three AMINO ACIDS from the end of a peptide chain.

Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

A subclass of EXOPEPTIDASES that act on the free N terminus end of a polypeptide liberating a single amino acid residue. EC 3.4.11.

A genus of flagellate EUKARYOTES possessing three long anterior flagella.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in SOIL; HUMUS; and FRESHWATER and marine habitats.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A genus of gram-positive bacteria in the family Lachnospiraceae that inhabits the RUMEN; LARGE INTESTINE; and CECUM of MAMMALS.

Extracellular structures found in a variety of microorganisms. They contain CELLULASES and play an important role in the digestion of CELLULOSE.

An enzyme complex found in the brush border membranes of the small intestine. It is believed to be an enzyme complex with different catalytic sites. Its absence is manifested by an inherited disease called sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.

A strictly autotrophic species of bacteria that oxidizes sulfur and thiosulfate to sulfuric acid. It was formerly called Thiobacillus thiooxidans.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

A linear polysaccharide of beta-1->4 linked units of ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE. It is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, found especially in INSECTS and FUNGI. When deacetylated it is called CHITOSAN.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Enzymes that catalyze the endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glycosidic linkages in STARCH; GLYCOGEN; and related POLYSACCHARIDES and OLIGOSACCHARIDES containing 3 or more 1,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units.

A family of fungi, order POLYPORALES, found on decaying wood.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerol monoesters of long-chain fatty acids EC 3.1.1.23.

The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A group of anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.

Naphthalene derivatives containing the -CH2CCO2H radical at the 1-position, the 2-position, or both. Compounds are used as plant growth regulators to delay sprouting, exert weed control, thin fruit, etc.

Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.

An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a pesticide.

Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A partitioning within cells due to the selectively permeable membranes which enclose each of the separate parts, e.g., mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A broad category of proteins involved in the formation, transport and dissolution of TRANSPORT VESICLES. They play a role in the intracellular transport of molecules contained within membrane vesicles. Vesicular transport proteins are distinguished from MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS, which move molecules across membranes, by the mode in which the molecules are transported.

An imperfect fungus present on most agricultural seeds and often responsible for the spoilage of seeds in bulk storage. It is also used in the production of fermented food or drink, especially in Japan.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.

A xylosidase that catalyses the random hydrolysis of 1,3-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in 1,3-beta-D-xylans.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-galactose residues in alpha-galactosides including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans, and galactolipids.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Hydrolytic enzyme activity used as a histocytochemical test for the presence of esterases in tissue. Substrate used is 3-hydroxy-4'-nitro-2-naphthanilide chloroacetate (naphthol AS-D).

The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.

An enzyme which catalyzes the catabolism of S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE to ADENOSINE and HOMOCYSTEINE. It may play a role in regulating the concentration of intracellular adenosylhomocysteine.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.

A genus of fungi in the family Neocallimasticaceae, order NEOCALLIMASTIGALES. They contain polyflagellate zoospores and grow on a range of simple and complex carbohydrates in the rumen of sheep and cattle.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

An exocellulase with specificity for 1,3-beta-D-glucasidic linkages. It catalyzes hydrolysis of beta-D-glucose units from the non-reducing ends of 1,3-beta-D-glucans, releasing GLUCOSE.

EXOPEPTIDASES that specifically act on dipeptides. EC 3.4.13.

A ubiquitously-expressed cysteine protease that plays an enzymatic role in POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING of proteins within SECRETORY GRANULES.

Mononuclear cells with pronounced phagocytic ability that are distributed extensively in lymphoid and other organs. It includes MACROPHAGES and their precursors; PHAGOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS; HISTIOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and MICROGLIA. The term mononuclear phagocyte system has replaced the former reticuloendothelial system, which also included less active phagocytic cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 2d ed.)

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Organic esters of thioglycolic acid (HS-CH2COOH).

Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A group of compounds which consist of a nucleotide molecule to which an additional nucleoside is attached through the phosphate molecule(s). The nucleotide can contain any number of phosphates.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

An acetyl ester of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE formed during NAD-dependent deacetylation of proteins by SIRTUINS. The acetate group resides on the ribose ring where nicotinamide was cleaved from NAD during the reaction. Several isomers of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose have been isolated from the reaction.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.

A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. EC 3.5.1.11.

Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects in specific lysosomal hydrolases and resulting in intracellular accumulation of unmetabolized substrates.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria characterized by an outer membrane that contains glycosphingolipids but lacks lipopolysaccharide. They have the ability to degrade a broad range of substituted aromatic compounds.

A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include EUPENICILLIUM and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. II. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release by polysaccharides in response to Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis. (1/2136)

The release of lysosomal hydrolases from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) has been postulated in the pathogenesis of tissue injury in periodontal disease. In the present study, lysosomal enzyme release was monitored from rabbit peritoneal exudate PMNs exposed to Streptocccus mutans or Streptococcus sanguis. S. mutans grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth failed to promote significant PMN enzyme release. S. sanguis grown in BHI broth, although more effective than S. mutants, was a weak stimulus for promotion of PMN hydrolase release. Preincubation of washed, viable S. mutans in sucrose or in different-molecular-weight dextrans resulted in the ability of the organisms to provoke PMN release reactions. This effect could bot be demonstrated with boiled or trypsinized S. mutans or with viable S. sanguis. However, when grown in BHI broth supplemented with sucrose, but not with glucose, both S. mutans and S. sanguis triggered discharge of PMN enzymes. The mechanism(s) whereby dextran or sucrose modulates PMN-bacterial interaction may in some manner be related to promotion of microbial adhesiveness or aggregation by dextran and by bacterial synthesis of glucans from sucrose. (+info)

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. III. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release response to Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans by immunoglobulins and complement. (2/2136)

In the absence of antiserum, rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) released lysosomal enzymes in response to Actinomyces viscosus (19246) but not to Streptococcus mutans (6715). Antibodies had a marked modulating influence on these reactions. PMN hydrolase release was significantly enhanced to both organisms when specific rabbit antiserum and isolated immunoglobulin G (IgG) were included in the incubations. Immune complex F(ab')2 fragments of IgG directed against S. mutans agglutinated bacteria. Immune complexes consisting of S. mutans and F(ab')2 fragments of IgG directed against this organism were not effective as bacteria-IgG complexes in stimulating PMN release. The intensity of the release response to bacteria-IgG complexes was also diminished when PMNs were preincubated with isolated Fc fragments derived from IgG. Fresh serum as a source of complement components had no demonstrable effect on PMN release either alone or in conjuction with antiserum in these experiments. These data may be relevant to the mechanisms and consequences of the interaction of PMNs and plaque bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. (+info)

Thermodynamic analysis of halide binding to haloalkane dehalogenase suggests the occurrence of large conformational changes. (3/2136)

Haloalkane dehalogenase (DhlA) hydrolyzes short-chain haloalkanes to produce the corresponding alcohols and halide ions. Release of the halide ion from the active-site cavity can proceed via a two-step and a three-step route, which both contain slow enzyme isomerization steps. Thermodynamic analysis of bromide binding and release showed that the slow unimolecular isomerization steps in the three-step bromide export route have considerably larger transition state enthalpies and entropies than those in the other route. This suggests that the three-step route involves different and perhaps larger conformational changes than the two-step export route. We propose that the three-step halide export route starts with conformational changes that result in a more open configuration of the active site from which the halide ion can readily escape. In addition, we suggest that the two-step route for halide release involves the transfer of the halide ion from the halide-binding site in the cavity to a binding site somewhere at the protein surface, where a so-called collision complex is formed in which the halide ion is only weakly bound. No large structural rearrangements are necessary for this latter process. (+info)

A new hydrolase specific for taurine-conjugates of bile acids. (4/2136)

Through the investigation of the bile acid-deconjugation activities of human intestinal anaerobes, a new enzyme was discovered in Peptostreptococcus intermedius which hydrolyzed specifically the taurine-conjugates, but not the glycine-conjugates of bile acids. However, the enzymes in Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus brevis hydrolyzed chiefly the glycine-conjugates. (+info)

Identification and characterization of alkenyl hydrolase (lysoplasmalogenase) in microsomes and identification of a plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 in cytosol of small intestinal epithelium. (5/2136)

A lysoplasmalogenase (EC 3.3.2.2; EC 3.3.2.5) that liberates free aldehyde from 1-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (lysoplasmalogen) was identified and characterized in rat gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells. Glycerophosphoethanolamine was produced in the reaction in equimolar amounts with the free aldehyde. The microsomal membrane associated enzyme was present throughout the length of the small intestines, with the highest activity in the jejunum and proximal ileum. The rate of alkenyl ether bond hydrolysis was dependent on the concentrations of microsomal protein and substrate, and was linear with respect to time. The enzyme hydrolyzed both ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogens with similar affinities; the Km values were 40 and 66 microM, respectively. The enzyme had no activity with 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine or -choline (intact plasmalogen), thus indicating enzyme specificity for a free hydroxyl group at the sn-2 position. The specific activities were 70 nmol/min/mg protein and 57 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for ethanolamine- and choline-lysoplasmalogen. The pH optimum was between 6.8 and 7.4. The enzyme required no known cofactors and was not affected by low mM levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, EDTA, or EGTA. The detergents, Triton X-100, deoxycholate, and octyl glucoside inhibited the enzyme. The chemical and physical properties of the lysoplasmalogenase were very similar to those of the enzyme in liver and brain microsomes. In developmental studies the specific activities of the small intestinal and liver enzymes increased markedly, 11.1- and 3.4-fold, respectively, in the first approximately 40 days of postnatal life. A plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 activity was identified in the cytosol of the small intestines (3.3 nmol/min/mg protein) and liver (0.3 nmol/min/mg protein) using a novel coupled enzyme assay with microsomal lysoplasmalogenase as the coupling enzyme. (+info)

Galactosyltransferase, pyrophosphatase and phosphatase activities in luminal plasma of the cauda epididymidis and in the rete testis fluid of some mammals. (6/2136)

Galactosyltransferase activity was measured in the luminal plasma of the cauda epididymidis of mice, rats, rabbits, rams and boars, and in the rete testis fluid of rams and boars. The activities of nucleotide pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, which compete with galactosyltransferase for substrate, were also determined. In these species, galactosyltransferase activity in the luminal plasma of the cauda epididymidis was similar when the inhibitory effect of pyrophosphatase and phosphatase was minimized by assay conditions. However, under assay conditions that did not minimize the effect of these enzymes, the galactosyltransferase activities of these species were very different and were inversely correlated with the activities of pyrophosphatase and phosphatase. The ratio of galactosyltransferase activity to pyrophosphatase and phosphatase activity was much higher in the rete testis fluid than in the luminal plasma of the cauda epididymidis in both rams and boars. In rams, galactosyltransferase in the luminal plasma of the cauda epididymidis was more heat resistant than that in serum. These results suggest that there is a species difference in the availability of galactosyltransferase activity in the luminal plasma of the cauda epididymidis and that in some species, galactosyltransferase in the luminal fluid is unlikely to have any function. The results are also discussed with respect to the possible function of galactosyltransferase, pyrophosphatase and phosphatase in epididymal luminal plasma and rete testis fluid. (+info)

Molecular cloning of cDNAs of mouse peptidylarginine deiminase type I, type III and type IV, and the expression pattern of type I in mouse. (7/2136)

Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a group of post-translational enzymes, catalyze the conversion of protein-bound arginine residues to citrulline residues in a calcium ion-dependent manner and are widely distributed in various organs of vertebrates. Although the existence of four isoforms of PAD (types I, II, III, and IV) is reported in rodents, the relative functions of the isoforms with respect to their colocation in the tissues have yet to be explored. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA encoding mouse PAD type I by screening a uterine cDNA library and using the RACE method. This cDNA consists of an open reading frame of 1989 bases encoding 662 amino acids (73,823 Da), a 5'-untranslated region of 127 bases and a 3'-untranslated region of 1639 bases. Comparative reverse transcription-PCR and Northern-blot analyses detected PAD type I mRNA only in the epidermis and uterus. Administration of estrogen to adult ovariectomized mice increased the content of PAD type I mRNA in the uterus, providing evidence that its expression is under the control of the sex steroid hormone. We also cloned the full-length cDNAs of mouse PAD type III and type IV by the reverse transcription-PCR and RACE methods. The primary structure of PAD type III contains 664 amino acids (75,098 Da) deduced from the coding region of 1995 bases, and the primary structure of PAD type IV consists of 666 amino acids (74,475 Da) deduced from the coding region of 2001 bases. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of all four isoforms of PAD showed about 50% identity with each other, the 3' regions being highly homologous compared with the 5' regions. (+info)

Degradation of 1,2-dibromoethane by Mycobacterium sp. strain GP1. (8/2136)

The newly isolated bacterial strain GP1 can utilize 1, 2-dibromoethane as the sole carbon and energy source. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the organism was identified as a member of the subgroup which contains the fast-growing mycobacteria. The first step in 1,2-dibromoethane metabolism is catalyzed by a hydrolytic haloalkane dehalogenase. The resulting 2-bromoethanol is rapidly converted to ethylene oxide by a haloalcohol dehalogenase, in this way preventing the accumulation of 2-bromoethanol and 2-bromoacetaldehyde as toxic intermediates. Ethylene oxide can serve as a growth substrate for strain GP1, but the pathway(s) by which it is further metabolized is still unclear. Strain GP1 can also utilize 1-chloropropane, 1-bromopropane, 2-bromoethanol, and 2-chloroethanol as growth substrates. 2-Chloroethanol and 2-bromoethanol are metabolized via ethylene oxide, which for both haloalcohols is a novel way to remove the halide without going through the corresponding acetaldehyde intermediate. The haloalkane dehalogenase gene was cloned and sequenced. The dehalogenase (DhaAf) encoded by this gene is identical to the haloalkane dehalogenase (DhaA) of Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 13064, except for three amino acid substitutions and a 14-amino-acid extension at the C terminus. Alignments of the complete dehalogenase gene region of strain GP1 with DNA sequences in different databases showed that a large part of a dhaA gene region, which is also present in R. rhodochrous NCIMB 13064, was fused to a fragment of a haloalcohol dehalogenase gene that was identical to the last 42 nucleotides of the hheB gene found in Corynebacterium sp. strain N-1074. (+info)

"Glycoside hydrolases". CAZypedia. Retrieved 2021-04-30. Frandsen TP, Svensson B (May 1998). "Plant alpha-glucosidases of the ... glycoside hydrolase family 31. Molecular properties, substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, and comparison with family ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltase-glucoamylase

... (EC 3.2.1.65, levan hydrolase, 2,6-beta-D-fructan fructanohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name (2->6)-beta-D- ... "Fructan hydrolases". Methods Enzymol. 8: 621-628. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(66)08112-6. Levanase at the US National Library of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanase

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP_cyclohydrolase_II

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinyl-diaminopimelate_desuccinylase

Its sequence domains include a P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase and a small GTP-binding protein domain.[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC42

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-proteins

... s are a large family of hydrolase enzymes that bind to the nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and hydrolyze it to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase

Hydrolases: acid anhydride hydrolases (EC 3.6). 3.6.1. *Pyrophosphatase *Inorganic. *Thiamine. *Apyrase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynein

hydrolase activity. • 3-hydroxykynureninase activity. Cellular component. • cytosol. • mitochondrion. • cytoplasm. • ... Kynureninase or L-Kynurenine hydrolase (KYNU) (EC 3.7.1.3) is a PLP dependent enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of kynurenine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynureninase

hydrolase activity. • protein deacetylase activity. • identical protein binding. • core promoter binding. • RNA polymerase II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC4

Mier, P. D.; van den Hurk, J. J. (October 1975). "Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. 2. Ester hydrolases". The British ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baway_Wala

Cysteine and serine hydrolasesEdit. The same triad geometries been converged upon by serine proteases such as the chymotrypsin[ ... The same triad has also convergently evolved in α/β hydrolases such as some lipases and esterases, however orientation of the ... Enzymes that contain a catalytic triad use it for one of two reaction types: either to split a substrate (hydrolases) or to ... 2017). "Alpha/beta-hydrolases: A unique structural motif coordinates catalytic acid residue in 40 protein fold families". ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_triad

Acid hydrolases: further digest bacteria. *Lysozyme: dissolves cell walls of some gram-positive bacteria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocytopenia

The domain is also found in an Olive pollen allergen as well as at the C terminus of family 17 glycosyl hydrolases. Simpson C, ... Henrissat B, Davies GJ (December 2000). "Glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases. Families, modules, and implications for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X8_protein_domain

... ribonucleoside hydrolase, nucleoside hydrolase, N-ribosyl purine ribohydrolase, nucleosidase g, N-D-ribosylpurine ribohydrolase ... This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N-glycosyl compounds. The ... Tarr HLA (1955). "Fish muscle riboside hydrolases". Biochem. J. 59 (3): 386-391. doi:10.1042/bj0590386. PMC 1216255. PMID ... Mazumder-Shivakumar D, Bruice TC (2005). "Computational study of IAG-nucleoside hydrolase: determination of the preferred ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_nucleosidase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligosaccharyltransferase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-alanine—pyruvate_transaminase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-alkenal_reductase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgotein

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-xylulose_reductase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK4

Hydrolase: sugar hydrolases (EC 3.2). 3.2.1: Glycoside hydrolases. Disaccharidase. *Sucrase/Sucrase-isomaltase/Invertase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucosidase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoisocitrate_dehydrogenase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphogluconate_dehydratase

hydrolase activity. Cellular component. • endoplasmic reticulum lumen. • intrinsic component of external side of plasma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_X

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAD_antibodies

EC3 Hydrolases (list). *EC4 Lyases (list). *EC5 Isomerases (list). *EC6 Ligases (list) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muramyl_ligase

hydrolase activity. • metal ion binding. • identical protein binding. • serine-type endopeptidase activity. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1s

hidrolasa (es); 加水分解酵素 (yue); Hidrolasa (eu); Гидролазы (ru); Hydrolase (de-ch); Hydrolase (de); hydrolase (en-gb); Հիդրոլազներ ... hydrolase (sco); Гідролази (uk); hydrolase (nn); hydrolase (nl); Hidrolaza (sh); 水解酶 (zh); hydrolazy (pl); Hydrolaasit (fi); ... Hydrolase (en-ca); hydroláza (cs); நீராற்பகுப்பி (ta); Idrolasi (it); hydrolase (fr); Гідралязы (be-tarask); hidrolasa (ca); ... Media in category "Hydrolases". The following 175 files are in this category, out of 175 total. ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrolases

Glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex ... Main article: List of glycoside hydrolase families. Glycoside hydrolases are classified into EC 3.2.1 as enzymes catalyzing the ... Bairoch, A. "Classification of glycosyl hydrolase families and index of glycosyl hydrolase entries in SWISS-PROT". 1999. ... a b CAZy Family Glycoside Hydrolase *^ Henrissat B, Callebaut I, Mornon JP, Fabrega S, Lehn P, Davies G (1995). "Conserved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase

14-tetraenoate hydrolase. Other names in common use include LTA4 hydrolase, LTA4H, and leukotriene A4 hydrolase. This enzyme ... This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on ether bonds (ether hydrolases). The systematic ... Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, also known as LTA4H is a human gene.[1][2][3] The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional ... This hydrolase article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene-A4_hydrolase

Phosphoric monoester hydrolases (or phosphomonoesterases) are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of O-P bonds by nucleophilic ... Hydrolases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e Metabolism portal. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_monoester_hydrolases

Acid anhydride hydrolases are a class of hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride bond. They are ... 2012). Acid Anhydride Hydrolases: Advances in Research and Application. Media related to Acid anhydride hydrolases at Wikimedia ... Commons Acid+anhydride+hydrolases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Biology portal v t e. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_anhydride_hydrolases

An overview of the different classes of peptidoglycan hydrolases and their cleavage sites is provided. The physiological ... Most bacteria have multiple peptidoglycan hydrolases capable of cleaving covalent bonds in peptidoglycan sacculi or its ... Bacterial peptidoglycan (murein) hydrolases FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008 Mar;32(2):259-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00099.x. ... Specialized hydrolases enlarge the pores in the peptidoglycan for the assembly of large trans-envelope complexes (pili, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18266855/?dopt=Abstract

These unique hydrolases are scarcely studied for biocatalytical applications in organic... ... Retro-Friedel-Crafts hydrolases are co-factor independent enzymes with unusual reactivity and selectivity. ... Two Friedel-Crafts hydrolases were selected, namely 2,6-diacetylphloroglucinol hydrolase (PhlG) from Pseudomonas fluorescens ... C-C hydrolase Enzyme stability Solvent tolerance Retro-Friedel-Crafts acylation This is a preview of subscription content, log ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11244-013-0193-0

Polysaccharide hydrolase activity was assayed in a group of 28 selected Rhizopusstrains. The production of lichenases, ... Polysaccharide hydrolase activity was assayed in a group of 28 selectedRhizopus strains. The production of lichenases, ... Lukášová J., Zemek J., Augustín J., Kuniak L.: Production of hydrolases in staphylococci isolated from foodstuffs.Arch. ... Vincúrová M., Zemek J., Augustín J., Schwartz E., Kuniak L.: Hydrolases of polysaccharides in typical and atypical ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02818537

Glycoside hydrolase superfamily (IPR017853). Short name: Glycoside_hydrolase_SF Overlapping entries *Glycoside hydrolase family ... Glycosyl hydrolases family 1, N-terminal conserved site (IPR033132). *Glycosyl hydrolase family 30, TIM-barrel domain ( ... Glycoside hydrolase, family 2, active site (IPR023232). *Uncharacterised protein family, glycosyl hydrolase catalytic domain ( ... O-Glycosyl hydrolases (EC:3.2.1.) are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR017853

As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards. The RCSB PDB also provides a variety of tools and resources. Users can perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function. These molecules are visualized, downloaded, and analyzed by users who range from students to specialized scientists.

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1rge

Recombinant Hydrolase Expression and Purification.. Hydrolases were expressed and purified as described (22, 23). ... Quantification of Hydrolase Binding to Culture Supernatants.. Details of culture supernatant production and hydrolase binding ... Treatment of A. fumigatus with Glycoside Hydrolases.. To visualize the effects of hydrolases on cell wall-associated GAG, ... Recombinant hydrolase domains from these proteins (Sph3h from A. fumigatus and PelAh from P. aeruginosa) were found to degrade ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/27/7124

Glycoside hydrolase, family 45 (IPR000334). Short name: Glyco_hydro_45 Domain relationships *RlpA-like protein, double-psi beta ... O-Glycosyl hydrolases (EC:3.2.1.) are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more ... Glycoside hydrolase family 45 GH45 comprises enzymes with only one known activity; endoglucanase (EC:3.2.1.4). ... One of these families is known as the cellulase family K or as the glycosyl hydrolases family 45 [PMID: 8352747]. The best ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR000334

MULTISPECIES: glycosyl hydrolase [Bacteroides] MULTISPECIES: glycosyl hydrolase [Bacteroides]. gi,496045954,ref,WP_008770461.1, ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WP_008770461.1

... Br J Dermatol. 1975 Jul;93(1):1-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30/

Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for hydrolase All GO annotations for Pla2g5 (50) ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/go/marker/MGI:101899?header=hydrolase

Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for hydrolase All GO annotations for Fig4 (23) ...

http://www.informatics.jax.org/go/marker/MGI:2143585?header=hydrolase

Glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases: families and functional modules.. Bourne Y1, Henrissat B. ... The past year has witnessed the expected increase in the number of solved structures of glycoside hydrolases and ... These structures show that, while glycoside hydrolases display an extraordinary variety of folds, glycosyltransferases and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11785761?dopt=Abstract

In this example, were going to look at the industrial use of hydrolase enzymes, in particular the use of hydrolases to ... Industrial Example 1: Hydrolases. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that ... Lipase is a hydrolase and in this case its working in reverse. So rather than hydrolyzing an ester were converting an alcohol ... Many hydrolase reactions are enantioselective and the enantioselectivity is governed by the chiral nature of protein. The ...

https://www.coursera.org/lecture/industrial-biotech/industrial-example-1-hydrolases-jr8HU?authMode=signup

PROCLAVAMINATE AMIDINO HYDROLASE. A, B, C. 313. Streptomyces clavuligerus. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: pah. EC: 3.5.3.11 (PDB ... Oligomeric Structure of Proclavaminic Acid Amidino Hydrolase: Evolution of a Hydrolytic Enzyme in Clavulanic Acid Biosynthesis ... by clavaminic acid synthase is separated from the other two by a step catalysed by proclavaminic acid amidino hydrolase (PAH), ... by clavaminic acid synthase is separated from the other two by a step catalysed by proclavaminic acid amidino hydrolase (PAH), ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1GQ6

The present invention provides amino acid sequences for the hydrolase. The present invention provides host cells which comprise ... animal feeds and compositions used to treat a textile that include the hydrolase of the present invention. ... The present invention relates to the identification of novel hydrolases in gram positive microorganisms. ... nucleic acid encoding the hydrolase. The present invention also provides cleaning compositions, ...

http://www.google.com.au/patents/US20020061580

... The serine hydrolase superfamily is one of the largest known enzyme families comprising approximately 1% of ... Hydrolase: esterases (EC 3.1). 3.1.1: Carboxylic ester hydrolases. Cholinesterase - Pectinesterase - 6-phosphogluconolactonase ... EC1 Oxidoreductases/list - EC2 Transferases/list - EC3 Hydrolases/list - EC4 Lyases/list - EC5 Isomerases/list - EC6 Ligases/ ... The serine hydrolase superfamily is one of the largest known enzyme families comprising approximately 1% of the genes in the ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Serine_hydrolase.html

Gene Ontology Term: carboxylic ester hydrolase activity. GO ID. GO:0052689 Aspect. Molecular Function. Description. Catalysis ... carboxylic ester hydrolase activity, carboxylic esterase activity, cocaine esterase activity, esterase A, esterase B, ... carboxyl ester hydrolase activity, carboxylate esterase activity, carboxylesterase activity, carboxylic acid esterase activity ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/go/GO:0052689

Glycosyl hydrolase family 61 (GH61) was one of 60 different families of glycosyl hydrolases (D9), and not all its members - ... T 0823/12 (Glycosyl hydrolase/NOVOZYMES) of 23.8.2016. European Case Law Identifier:. ECLI:EP:BA:2016:T082312.20160823. ... 2.8 The appellant further argued that, even if starting from D1 as the closest prior art, it was known that glycosyl hydrolases ... Even if one expected that more glycosyl hydrolase genes could be found, these would not necessarily be members of the GH61 ...

https://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/t120823eu1.html

... with the lytic potential of the same cells prior to phagocytosis estimated from the activity of six lysosomal hydrolase enzymes ... with the lytic potential of the same cells prior to phagocytosis estimated from the activity of six lysosomal hydrolase enzymes ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/00036312.html

CN hydrolasePROSITE-ProRule annotation. ,p>Manual validated information which has been generated by the UniProtKB automatic ... N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase activity Source: UniProtKB ,p>Inferred from Direct Assay,/p> ,p>Used to indicate a direct ... N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase1 Publication. ,p>Manually curated information which has been inferred by a curator based on ... sp,Q5S260,DCAS_ENSAD N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid hydrolase OS=Ensifer adhaerens OX=106592 PE=1 SV=1 ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q5S260

Enzyme assays showed that dienelactone hydrolase activity of the mutants Arg 81 and Arg 206 was totally abolished. The DLHase ... Site-specific mutants of dienelactone hydrolase were created using mismatched oligonucleotides to prime DNA synthesis. ... The role of individual amino acid residues of the enzyme dienelactone hydrolase was investigated. Using the polymerase chain ... Chen, Wei, 1965-. Site Directed Mutagenesis Of Dienelactone Hydrolase, thesis, December 1992; Denton, Texas. (digital.library. ...

https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500900/

What is Peptide hydrolases? Meaning of Peptide hydrolases medical term. What does Peptide hydrolases mean? ... Looking for online definition of Peptide hydrolases in the Medical Dictionary? Peptide hydrolases explanation free. ... redirected from Peptide hydrolases). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. endopeptidase. [en″do-pep´tĭ-dās] any ... Peptide hydrolases , definition of Peptide hydrolases by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Peptide+hydrolases

Rabbit polyclonal Epoxide hydrolase antibody validated for WB, IHC, ICC/IF and tested in Human. Referenced in 1 publication. ... All lanes : Anti-Epoxide hydrolase antibody (ab96695) at 1/1000 dilution. Lane 1 : HeLa whole cell lysate. Lane 2 : HepG2 whole ... ab96695, at a 1/200 dilution, staining Epoxide hydrolase in methanol fixed HeLa cells by Immunofluorescence analysis. Lower ... ab96695, at a 1/500 dilution, staining Epoxide hydrolase in paraffin embedded SG xenograft by Immunohistochemical analysis. ...

http://www.abcam.com/epoxide-hydrolase-antibody-ab96695.html

Compare Anti-LTA4 Hydrolase Antibody Products from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View specifications, prices, citations, ... Anti-LTA4 Hydrolase Antibody Products. Listed below are anti-LTA4 Hydrolase antibodies from multiple suppliers. LTA4 Hydrolase ... is a reported alias name for the human gene LTA4H, or leukotriene A4 hydrolase. The 611-amino acid protein is a member of the ...

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2005) Novel hydrolase diversity retrieved from a metagenome library of bovine rumen microflora. Environ Microbiol 7:1996-2010. ... Other abundant glycosyl hydrolase families, which contain enzymes active on side chains of hemicelluloses and pectins, include ... Gene-centric metagenomics of the fiber-adherent bovine rumen microbiome reveals forage specific glycoside hydrolases. Jennifer ... In contrast, metagenomic analysis of a bovine rumen expression library (17) identified 22 glycoside hydrolase (GH) clones of ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/106/6/1948?ijkey=704276fcda4d90fe3ba9b8be67e1745726b1f10a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

One of the important occurrences of glycoside hydrolases in bacteria is the enzyme beta-galactosidase (LacZ), which is involved in regulation of expression of the lac operon in E. coli . (wikipedia.org)
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases , specifically those acting on ether bonds (ether hydrolases). (wikipedia.org)
The serine hydrolase superfamily is one of the largest known enzyme families comprising approximately 1% of the genes in the human genome. (bionity.com)
The role of individual amino acid residues of the enzyme dienelactone hydrolase was investigated. (unt.edu)
Enzyme assays showed that dienelactone hydrolase activity of the mutants Arg 81 and Arg 206 was totally abolished. (unt.edu)
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if polymorphisms in microsomal epoxide hydrolase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of reactive intermediates of vinyl chloride (VC), contribute to the variable susceptibility to the mutagenic effects of vinyl chloride among exposed workers. (cdc.gov)
In biochemistry , a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond . (wikidoc.org)
The latter pathway features an isothiocyanate hydrolase that is homologous to a previously characterized bacterial enzyme, and converts isothiocyanate into products that are not toxic to the fungus. (nature.com)
These endogenous lipid mediators are converted into inactive diols by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), and so inhibiting this enzyme would be expected to enhance the stability and therapeutic actions of EETs [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Thus, human tumors can metabolize BLM, and while BLM hydrolase activity may be important in tumor resistance to the drug, these data suggest that either ( a ) the enzyme activity in the tumor homogenate does not reflect that in the clonogenic cells or ( b ) other mechanisms of resistance may be operative. (aacrjournals.org)
The specific activities of three glycosyl hydrolases, including an α-glucosidase ( malA ), a β-glycosidase ( lacS ), and the major secreted α-amylase, were measured in the mutant strains using enzyme activity assays, Western blot analysis, and Northern blot analysis. (genetics.org)
These revertants were pleiotropic and restored glycosyl hydrolase activity either partially or completely to wild-type levels as indicated by enzyme assays and Western blots. (genetics.org)
Catalytic characteristics of hexahistidine-containing organophosphorus hydrolase (His 6 -OPH) and its enzyme-polyelectrolyte complexes with poly- l -glutamic acid or poly- l -aspartic acid (His 6 -OPH/PLD 50 ), hydrolyzing organophosphorous compounds, and N -acyl homoserine lactones were studied in the presence of various antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and rifampicin). (mdpi.com)
A key enzyme in chronic lung inflammation is leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). (harvard.edu)
The Purification and Characterization of Phosphonopyruvate Hydrolase, a Novel Carbon-Phosphorus Bond Cleavage Enzyme from Variovorax sp. (semanticscholar.org)
Acyl-enzyme intermediates are formed during lipase-catalyzed reactions and in an analogous way, retaining glycoside hydrolases form glycosyl-enzyme intermediates during catalysis. (lu.se)
Probing enzyme promiscuity of SGNH hydrolases. (semanticscholar.org)

A comparison of the glycoside hydrolase and cellulosome functional genes revealed that in the rumen microbiome, initial colonization of fiber appears to be by organisms possessing enzymes that attack the easily available side chains of complex plant polysaccharides and not the more recalcitrant main chains, especially cellulose. (pnas.org)
The glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) β -glucosidases are a structurally diverse family of enzymes. (iucr.org)
Glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) is one of the larger families in the CAZy classification and currently contains over 13 600 annotated protein sequences. (iucr.org)

Effect of wounding on cell wall hydrolase activity in tomato fruit. (springer.com)
Bacterial SH3 (SH3b) domains are commonly fused with papain-like Nlp/P60 cell wall hydrolase domains. (osti.gov)
Each cell wall hydrolase (CWH) has a specific role regarding the PG: (i) cell wall amidase (CWA) cleaves the amide bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and L-alanine residue at the N-terminal of the stem peptide, (ii) cell wall glycosidase (CWG) catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages, whereas (iii) cell wall peptidase (CWP) cleaves amide bonds between amino acids within the PG chain. (frontiersin.org)

Leukotriene A4 hydrolase , also known as LTA4H is a human gene . (wikipedia.org)
Other names in common use include LTA4 hydrolase , LTA4H , and leukotriene A4 hydrolase . (wikipedia.org)
Molecular cloning of a cDNA coding for human leukotriene A4 hydrolase. (wikipedia.org)
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in the human lung. (wikipedia.org)
Other enzymes with epoxide hydrolase activity include leukotriene A4 hydrolase , Cholesterol-5,6-oxide hydrolase , MEST (gene) (Peg1/MEST), and Hepoxilin-epoxide hydrolase . (wikidoc.org)
Epoxide hydrolase that catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of the proinflammatory mediator leukotriene B4. (antibodies-online.com)
Additionally we are shipping Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Antibodies (94) and Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Proteins (14) and many more products for this protein. (antibodies-online.com)
Mariana Trivilin Mendes and Paulo Flavio Silveira, "The Interrelationship between Leukotriene B4 and Leukotriene-A4-Hydrolase in Collagen/Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats," BioMed Research International , vol. 2014, Article ID 730421, 9 pages, 2014. (hindawi.com)
The leukotriene A 4 hydrolase (LTA 4 H) protein is regarded as a relevant target for cancer therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
Characterization of human airway epithelial cell leukotriene A4 hydrolase. (ovid.com)
We have previously shown that human airway epithelial cells contain leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase activity. (ovid.com)

investigated whether inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) alters responses of dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic pain ( Fig. 1 ). (jneurosci.org)
Epoxyeicosatrienoic and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids dilate human coronary arterioles via BK(Ca) channels: implications for soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition. (wikipathways.org)
Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition reveals novel biological functions of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). (wikipathways.org)

We offer Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase Peptides and Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase Proteins for use in common research applications: ELISA, Protein Array, Western Blot. (novusbio.com)
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Staphylococcus aureus produces two major PG hydrolases: major autolysin (Atl) and Aaa, a autolysin/ adhesin protein. (amrita.edu)
The Peptidyl-tRNA Hydrolase 2 (PTRH2) gene codes for a highly conserved mitochondrial protein. (cags.org.ae)

Recent development of inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase are proving to have potent anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and anti-nociceptive properties. (wikipathways.org)
Augmentation of levels of endocannabinoids with inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is analgesic in models of acute and inflammatory pain states. (jneurosci.org)

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) terminates the endocannabinoid signaling pathway that regulates numerous neurobehavioral processes in animals by hydrolyzing a class of lipid mediators, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). (unt.edu)
The activity of AEA at its receptors is limited by cellular uptake through a specific membrane transporter, followed by intracellular degradation by a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). (ingentaconnect.com)
The signaling function of NAE is terminated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which hydrolyzes NAE to ethanolamine and free fatty acid. (frontiersin.org)
Here we provide evidence that a critical balance between anandamide synthesis by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-selective phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and its degradation by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in mouse embryos and oviducts creates locally an appropriate "anandamide tone" for normal development of embryos and their oviductal transport. (ovid.com)

To better understand the basis of this system, spontaneous glycosyl hydrolase mutants were isolated using a genetic screen for mutations, which reduced expression of the lacS gene. (genetics.org)
We conclude that the early flowering phenotype of AtFAAH overexpressors is, in part, explained by elevated FT gene expression resulting from the enhanced NAE hydrolase activity of AtFAAH, suggesting that NAE metabolism may participate in floral signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)

Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase: A Potential Target for Next Generatio. (ingentaconnect.com)
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 (FAAH1) is a plasma membrane-bound hydrolase that converts oleamide to oleic acid (2). (cellsignal.com)
This hydrolase also converts the cannabinoid anandamide, the endogenous ligand for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, to arachidonic acid, suggesting a role in fatty-acid amide inactivation (2). (cellsignal.com)
With the exception of the 5(6)-EET, these epoxy fatty acids are good substrates for the soluble epoxide hydrolase. (wikipathways.org)

Our Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase Peptides and Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase Proteins can be used in a variety of model species: Human. (novusbio.com)
Choose from our Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase Peptides and Proteins. (novusbio.com)

Think about an active hydrolase which breaks down peptide bonds. (biology-online.org)
A hydrolase which breaks down peptide bonds would break down its bonds as well. (biology-online.org)
1. Uncentrifuged and centrifuged rat intestinal contents were assayed for peptide hydrolase activity with glycyl-l-phenylalanine (Gly-Phe) and l-phenylalanyl-glycine (Phe-Gly) as substrates in the absence and presence of the intestinal cytosol peptide hydrolase inhibitor p -hydroxymercuribenzoate. (portlandpress.com)
3. p -Hydroxymercuribenzoate markedly inhibited jejunal peptide hydrolase activity. (portlandpress.com)
Although the presence of soluble bacterial enzymes cannot be excluded, peptide hydrolase enzymes in jejunal contents have the characteristics of mucosal cytosol enzymes whereas enzymes in ileal contents have the characteristics of mucosal brush border as well as cytosol enzymes. (portlandpress.com)

These unique hydrolases are scarcely studied for biocatalytical applications in organic chemistry yet, although many other hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. lipases) are commonly applied as catalysts. (springer.com)
The alpha/beta hydrolase fold common to several hydrolytic enzymes of differing phylogenetic origin and catalytic function was described by Ollis et al. (google.com.au)
In order to address this problem, this paper reports the application of a 96-well microplate fluorogenic assay, originally designed for purified hydrolytic enzymes, 12,13 to screen microbial whole cells for epoxide hydrolases (EHs) and Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). (scielo.br)
The karrikin-1 (KAR1) ligand sits in the opening to the active site abutting a helical domain insert but distal from the canonical catalytic triad (Ser95-His246-Asp217) of α/β-hydrolases, consistent with the lack of detectable hydrolytic activity by purified KAI2. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases ) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars . (wikipedia.org)
Glycoside hydrolases are classified into EC 3.2.1 as enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of O- or S-glycosides. (wikipedia.org)
Glycoside hydrolases can also be classified according to the stereochemical outcome of the hydrolysis reaction: thus they can be classified as either retaining or inverting enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
Phosphoric monoester hydrolases (or phosphomonoesterases) are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of O-P bonds by nucleophilic attack of phosphorus by cysteine residues or coordinated metal ions. (wikipedia.org)
Acid anhydride hydrolases are a class of hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an acid anhydride bond. (wikipedia.org)
Interestingly, bacteria have also been reported to detoxify ITC hydrolysis products, but in a manner that is remarkably distinct from those in herbivores, by directly degrading ITCs into carbonyl sulfide and their corresponding amines using metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) enzymes named ITC hydrolases (ITCases) 18 , 19 . (nature.com)
In this thesis, fungal glycoside hydrolases, cellulases and hemicellulases were studied with the aim of increasing our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and lignocellulose. (lu.se)

1) A hydrolase which binds other hydrolase molecules of its type may have gotten eliminated thru natural selection if it did not impart any evolutionary advantage to the organism. (biology-online.org)

Seventeen strains of lactic acid bacteria were assayed for their glycerol ester hydrolase activity by using an improved agar-well technique, and eight strains by determining the activity in cell-free extracts using a p H-stat procedure. (asm.org)

In this field, hydrolases have been mainly studied due to their commercial availability, high stability, broad substrate scope and high catalytic efficiency in media containing organic solvents. (rsc.org)
To understand how the modular architecture of SH3b and NlpC/P60 affects the activity of the catalytic domain, three putative NlpC/P60 cell wall hydrolases were biochemically and structurally characterized. (osti.gov)
Maslova O, Aslanli A, Stepanov N, Lyagin I, Efremenko E. Catalytic Characteristics of New Antibacterials Based on Hexahistidine-Containing Organophosphorus Hydrolase. (mdpi.com)

Several hydrolases of the SGNH superfamily, including the lipase SrLip from Streptomyces rimosus (Q93MW7), the acyl-CoA thioesterase I TesA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Q9HZY8) and the two lipolytic enzymes EstA (from P. aeruginosa, O33407) and EstP (from Pseudomonas putida, Q88QS0), were examined for promiscuity. (semanticscholar.org)

Acylpeptide hydrolases (APHs) catalyze the removal of N -acylated amino acids from blocked peptides. (mdpi.com)
Peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases or autolysins are a group of enzymes which catalyze the degradation of bacterial cell wall at specific sites. (amrita.edu)
The transglycosylases, hydrolases which naturally catalyze mainly transfer reactions, are of special interest and might be useful guides for engineering of other hydrolases. (lu.se)

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Polysaccharide hydrolase activity was assayed in a group of 28 selected Rhizopus strains. (springer.com)
Estimation of the uptake potential of rabbit alveolar macrophages is performed in-vitro using P-32 labeled bacteria, with the lytic potential of the same cells prior to phagocytosis estimated from the activity of six lysosomal hydrolase enzymes and related to macrophages as a means for comparison with uptake activities. (cdc.gov)
Results: Compared to the low-activity microsomal epoxide hydrolase genotype stratum, the odds ratio for the presence of the VC-induced mutant biomarkers increased to 1.16 (95% CI: 0.64-2.10) in the medium-activity genotype stratum and to 1.35 (95% CI: 0.66-2.77) in the high-activity genotype stratum. (cdc.gov)
Recent studies show increased activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) during obesity and metabolic dysfunction. (hindawi.com)
The activity of some pneumococcal murein hydrolases (MHs) appears to be constrained by the membrane lipoteichoic acid (LTA) at the posttranslational level. (asmscience.org)
The importance of BLM hydrolase in limiting the therapeutic effectiveness of BLM was examined by measuring BLM hydrolase activity and the response of human tumors to BLM in culture. (aacrjournals.org)
No correlation was observed, however, between BLM hydrolase activity and response to BLM in soft agar. (aacrjournals.org)
LTA4 hydrolase activity was present in the 15,000 x g and the 100,000 x g supernatants and was inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C or by pronase, as is the case for neutrophil LTA4 hydrolase. (ovid.com)
Anion exchange chromatography of epithelial cell samples revealed that LTA4 hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity did not co-elute, whereas one of three peaks of aminopeptidase activity did co-elute in chromatograms of neutrophil samples. (ovid.com)
Repeat kinetic analysis on 179-fold purified epithelial LTA4 hydrolase again revealed that it lacked significant aminopeptidase activity and retained its unique kinetic properties. (ovid.com)
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L3 promotes interferon antiviral activity by stabilizing type I-interferon receptor. (sigmaaldrich.com)

In higher organisms glycoside hydrolases are found within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus where they are involved in processing of N-linked glycoproteins , and in the lysosome as enzymes involved in the degradation of carbohydrate structures. (wikipedia.org)
The glycoside hydrolases are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of glycogen in the body. (wikipedia.org)

Biocatalysis reactions were performed on microtiter plates (200 µL) aiming at the utilization of fluorogenic substrates (100 µmol L -1 ) for rapid whole cell screening for epoxide hydrolases (EHs) and Baeyer-Villiger monoxygenases (BVMOs). (scielo.br)
Gerry Brooks and epoxide hydrolases: four decades to a pharmaceutical. (wikipathways.org)

A classification system for glycosyl hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of more than 100 different families. (wikipedia.org)

The CW is remodelled by bacterial hydrolases, whose activities are carefully regulated to maintain cell integrity or lead to bacterial death. (frontiersin.org)

Most bacteria have multiple peptidoglycan hydrolases capable of cleaving covalent bonds in peptidoglycan sacculi or its fragments. (nih.gov)
An overview of the different classes of peptidoglycan hydrolases and their cleavage sites is provided. (nih.gov)
Moreover, peptidoglycan hydrolases are involved in lysis phenomena such as fratricide or developmental lysis occurring in bacterial populations. (nih.gov)

These results also suggest that new pathways for recycling PG turnover products, such as tracheal cytotoxin, may have evolved in bacteria in the human gut microbiome that involve NlpC/P60 cell wall hydrolases. (osti.gov)

Polymorphisms of microsomal epoxide hydrolase in French vinyl chloride workers. (cdc.gov)
Conclusions: The results suggest that polymorphisms in microsomal epoxide hydrolase do not play a significant role in susceptibility to the mutagenic effects of vinyl chloride. (cdc.gov)
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (epoxide hydrolase 1, EH1, or mEH), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH, epoxide hydrolase 2, EH2, or cytoplasmic epoxide hydrolase), and the more recently discovered but not as yet well defined functionally, epoxide hydrolase 3 (EH3) and epoxide hydrolase 4 (EH4) are structurally closely related isozymes . (wikidoc.org)
mEH therefore may play a minor role, compared to sEH, in limiting the bioactivity of these cell signaling compounds (see microsomal epoxide hydrolase ). (wikidoc.org)

EPHX2 (soluble Epoxide Hydrolase 2, sEH) converts biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrinolytic effectors into the less biologically active metabolites, dihydroxyeicostrienoic acids. (diabetesjournals.org)

C. perfringens produces a battery of secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes called glycoside hydrolases whose activities suggest that their substrates are complex eukaryotic glycans, such as those found in the mucosal layer of the gut. (queensu.ca)

Deficiency in specific lysosomal glycoside hydrolases can lead to a range of lysosomal storage disorders that result in developmental problems or death. (wikipedia.org)
Lysosomal hydrolases of the epidermis. (nih.gov)

Given that DHA metabolism by cytochrome P450 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymes affects retinal angiogenesis and vascular stability, we investigated the role of sEH in a mouse model of ROP. (jci.org)

Recent progress in glycosidase sequence analysis and 3D structure comparison has allowed the proposal of an extended hierarchical classification of the glycoside hydrolases. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. (wikidoc.org)

Smoke-derived karrikin perception by the α/β-hydrolase KAI2 from Arabidopsis. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Genetic studies in Arabidopsis implicate an α/β-hydrolase, KARRIKIN-INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) as a receptor for karrikins, germination-promoting butenolide small molecules found in the smoke of burned plants. (sigmaaldrich.com)

By diminishing the anti-inflammatory activities of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has been considered a potential therapeutic target for epileptic seizures. (omicsonline.org)
The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which is expressed in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, metabolizes cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to their less active diols. (ahajournals.org)

Glycoside hydrolases are found in the intestinal tract and in saliva where they degrade complex carbohydrates such as lactose , starch , sucrose and trehalose . (wikipedia.org)
Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action. (biomedsearch.com)
On the other hand, the presence of polyglutamyl folate necessitates the action of intestinal hydrolases, which could be affected by food constituents. (biomedsearch.com)

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases: Advances in Research and Application. (wikipedia.org)
Acid Anhydride Hydrolases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Acid Anhydride Hydrolases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Acid Anhydride Hydrolases" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Acid Anhydride Hydrolases" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)

The present invention provides amino acid sequences for the hydrolase. (google.com.au)
The present invention provides the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences for the hydrolases and methods for their use. (google.com.au)
Recombinant fragment, corresponding to a region within amino acids 1-193 of Human Epoxide hydrolase (NP_000111). (abcam.com)

Retro-Friedel-Crafts hydrolases are co-factor independent enzymes with unusual reactivity and selectivity. (springer.com)

To date, the binding pose of organophosphorus (OP) compounds of APH, as well as the different OP compounds binding and inducing conformational changes in two domains, namely, α/β hydrolase and β-propeller, remain poorly understood. (mdpi.com)

The present invention provides host cells which comprise nucleic acid encoding the hydrolase. (google.com.au)
For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids. (wikidoc.org)

[3] Glycoside hydrolases can also be classified as exo or endo acting, dependent upon whether they act at the (usually non-reducing) end or in the middle, respectively, of an oligo/polysaccharide chain. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy17

Organisms35

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs133

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes44

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science5

Health Care3

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. II. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release by polysaccharides in response to Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis. (1/2136)

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. III. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release response to Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans by immunoglobulins and complement. (2/2136)

Thermodynamic analysis of halide binding to haloalkane dehalogenase suggests the occurrence of large conformational changes. (3/2136)

A new hydrolase specific for taurine-conjugates of bile acids. (4/2136)

Identification and characterization of alkenyl hydrolase (lysoplasmalogenase) in microsomes and identification of a plasmalogen-active phospholipase A2 in cytosol of small intestinal epithelium. (5/2136)

Galactosyltransferase, pyrophosphatase and phosphatase activities in luminal plasma of the cauda epididymidis and in the rete testis fluid of some mammals. (6/2136)

Molecular cloning of cDNAs of mouse peptidylarginine deiminase type I, type III and type IV, and the expression pattern of type I in mouse. (7/2136)

Degradation of 1,2-dibromoethane by Mycobacterium sp. strain GP1. (8/2136)

Hydrolases

Glycoside Hydrolases

Epoxide Hydrolases

Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases

Lysosomes

Acid Phosphatase

Glucuronidase

Hexosaminidases

Mannosephosphates

N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase

Peptide Hydrolases

Mucolipidoses

Molecular Sequence Data

Substrate Specificity

Thiolester Hydrolases

Receptor, IGF Type 2

Amino Acid Sequence

Acetylglucosaminidase

alpha-L-Fucosidase

Hydrolysis

Xylosidases

Cellulase

Cellvibrio

beta-Glucosidase

Galactosidases

beta-Mannosidase

Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases

Xylans

Acid Anhydride Hydrolases

Arylsulfatases

beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases

Disaccharidases

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Pyrophosphatases

Cathepsins

Amidohydrolases

Glucosidases

Mannosidases

N-Glycosyl Hydrolases

Cathepsin D

Cell Wall

Monocrotophos

Cloning, Molecular

Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups)

Cellulases

Catalytic Domain

Esterases

Kinetics

Vacuoles

Sequence Alignment

Catalysis

Cellulose

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Bacterial Proteins

Saposins

Acetylesterase

Cellulose 1,4-beta-Cellobiosidase

Sulfatases

Models, Molecular

Sucrase

Sterol Esterase

Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases

Glucans

alpha-Mannosidase

alpha-Glucosidases

Enzyme Stability

Cathepsin A

Oligosaccharides

Crystallography, X-Ray

Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase

Phylogeny

Neocallimastigales

Escherichia coli

Alteromonas

Aspartylglucosylaminase

Fibrobacter

Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase

Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases

Epoxy Compounds

Recombinant Proteins