Hydrogen ion concentration. Medical search

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.

The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.

Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)

A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.

A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A genus of chiefly Eurasian and African land snails including the principal edible snails as well as several pests of cultivated plants.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).

Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)

The lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.

The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The dissociation of molecules in the air into positive and negative ions under the influence of an electric field.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Liquid components of living organisms.

Positively-charged atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons. These particles have one or more units of electric charge and a mass exceeding that of the Helium-4 nucleus (alpha particle).

A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.

A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The fluid inside CELLS.

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The chemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata: the effects of ammonia on the growth rate of juvenile snails. (1/46035)

When juvenile specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata were subjected to concentrations of ammonia ranging from 1-100 mug/ml in various media the following effects were observed: the addition of ammonia to borate buffered media caused mortality. Both borate and tris-buffered media caused a decrease in the growth rate of snails when compared with controls in SSW. The growth rates of the snails could be enhanced by increasing the concentration of ammonia to critical thresholds, but further increases beyond these thresholds resulted in growth inhibition. The toxicity of ammonia in ambient water was augmented by an an increase in pH. The possible causation and ecological significance of these effects are discussed. There are indications that the snails are physiologically well-adapted to utilize ammonia when required and also to control its excretion and uptake from the medium. (+info)

Does gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase contribute to carbon dioxide excretion: a comparison between dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (2/46035)

In vivo experiments were conducted on spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in sea water to determine the potential role of externally oriented or gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide excretion. This was accomplished by assessing pH changes in expired water using a stopped-flow apparatus. In dogfish, expired water was in acid-base disequilibrium as indicated by a pronounced acidification (delta pH=-0.11+/-0.01; N=22; mean +/- s.e.m.) during the period of stopped flow; inspired water, however, was in acid-base equilibrium (delta pH=-0.002+/-0.01; N=22). The acid-base disequilibrium in expired water was abolished (delta pH=-0.005+/-0.01; N=6) by the addition of bovine carbonic anhydrase (5 mg l-1) to the external medium. Addition of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (1 mmol l-1) to the water significantly reduced the magnitude of the pH disequilibrium (from -0.133+/-0.03 to -0.063+/-0.02; N=4). However, after correcting for the increased buffering capacity of the water caused by acetazolamide, the acid-base disequilibrium during stopped flow was unaffected by this treatment (control delta [H+]=99.8+/-22.8 micromol l-1; acetazolamide delta [H+]=81.3+/-21.5 micromol l-1). In rainbow trout, expired water displayed an acid-base disequilibrium (delta pH=0.09+/-0.01; N=6) that also was abolished by the application of external carbonic anhydrase (delta pH=0.02+/-0.01). The origin of the expired water acid-base disequilibrium was investigated further in dogfish. Intravascular injection of acetazolamide (40 mg kg-1) to inhibit internal carbonic anhydrase activity non-specifically and thus CO2 excretion significantly diminished the extent of the expired water disequilibrium pH after 30 min (from -0.123+/-0.01 to -0.065+/-0.01; N=6). Selective inhibition of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity using a low intravascular dose (1.3 mg kg-1) of the inhibitor benzolamide caused a significant reduction in the acid-base disequilibrium after 5 min (from -0.11+/-0.01 to -0.07+/-0. 01; N=14). These results demonstrate that the expired water acid-base disequilibrium originates, at least in part, from excretory CO2 and that extracellular carbonic anhydrase in dogfish may have a significant role in carbon dioxide excretion. However, externally oriented carbonic anhydrase (if present in dogfish) plays no role in catalysing the hydration of the excretory CO2 in water flowing over the gills and thus is unlikely to facilitate CO2 excretion. (+info)

Inward rectification in KATP channels: a pH switch in the pore. (3/46035)

Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir channels) stabilize the resting membrane potential and set a threshold for excitation in many types of cell. This function arises from voltage-dependent rectification of these channels due to blockage by intracellular polyamines. In all Kir channels studied to date, the voltage-dependence of rectification is either strong or weak. Here we show that in cardiac as well as in cloned KATP channels (Kir6.2 + sulfonylurea receptor) polyamine-mediated rectification is not fixed but changes with intracellular pH in the physiological range: inward-rectification is prominent at basic pH, while at acidic pH rectification is very weak. The pH-dependence of polyamine block is specific for KATP as shown in experiments with other Kir channels. Systematic mutagenesis revealed a titratable C-terminal histidine residue (H216) in Kir6.2 to be the structural determinant, and electrostatic interaction between this residue and polyamines was shown to be the molecular mechanism underlying pH-dependent rectification. This pH-dependent block of KATP channels may represent a novel and direct link between excitation and intracellular pH. (+info)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B mediates membrane binding and directs sorting from the trans-Golgi network to secretory granules. (4/46035)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B (CgB), a regulated secretory protein with widespread distribution in neuroendocrine cells, is known to be essential for the sorting of CgB from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to immature secretory granules. Here we show that this loop, when fused to the constitutively secreted protein alpha1-antitrypsin (AT), is sufficient to direct the fusion protein to secretory granules. Importantly, the sorting efficiency of the AT reporter protein bearing two loops (E2/3-AT-E2/3) is much higher compared with that of AT with a single disulfide-bonded loop. In contrast to endogenous CgB, E2/3-AT-E2/3 does not undergo Ca2+/pH-dependent aggregation in the TGN. Furthermore, the disulfide-bonded loop of CgB mediates membrane binding in the TGN and does so with 5-fold higher efficiency if two loops are present on the reporter protein. The latter finding supports the concept that under physiological conditions, aggregates of CgB are the sorted units of cargo which have multiple loops on their surface leading to high membrane binding and sorting efficiency of CgB in the TGN. (+info)

Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (5/46035)

The effects of pH and ligand binding on the stability of abrin II, a heterodimeric ribosome-inactivating protein, and its subunits have been studied using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. At pH7.2, the calorimetric scan consists of two transitions, which correspond to the B-subunit [transition temperature (Tm) 319.2K] and the A-subunit (Tm 324.6K) of abrin II, as also confirmed by studies on the isolated A-subunit. The calorimetric enthalpy of the isolated A-subunit of abrin II is similar to that of the higher-temperature transition. However, its Tm is 2.4K lower than that of the higher-temperature peak of intact abrin II. This indicates that there is some interaction between the two subunits. Abrin II displays increased stability as the pH is decreased to 4.5. Lactose increases the Tm values as well as the enthalpies of both transitions. This effect is more pronounced at pH7.2 than at pH4.5. This suggests that ligand binding stabilizes the native conformation of abrin II. Analysis of the B-subunit transition temperature as a function of lactose concentration suggests that two lactose molecules bind to one molecule of abrin II at pH7.2. The presence of two binding sites for lactose on the abrin II molecule is also indicated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Plotting DeltaHm (the molar transition enthalpy at Tm) against Tm yielded values for DeltaCp (change in excess heat capacity) of 27+/-2 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the B-subunit and 20+/-1 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the A-subunit. These values have been used to calculate the thermal stability of abrin II and to surmise the mechanism of its transmembrane translocation. (+info)

A new alkali-resistant hemoglobin alpha2J Oxford gammaF2 in a Sicilian baby girl with homozygous beta0 thalassemia. (6/46035)

A 10-mo-old baby girl with homozygous beta0 thalassemia and alphaJOxford, presenting the clinical picture of homozygous beta thalassemia is described. Hemoglobin electrophoresis showed three bands: the first two with the mobilities of hemoglobin Hb A2 (1%) and Hb F (69%), respectively, the third migrating a little faster than Hb A (30%). About 30% of her alpha chains were J Oxford which, bound to her gamma chains, produced a new alkali-resistant hemoglobin, alpha2 J Oxford gamma F2, which has not been described previously. Hemoglobin synthesis in vitro showed the absence of beta chain synthesis and an alpha/non-alpha ratio of 2. The patient's father was heterozygous for both the Hb J Oxford and beta0 thalassemia genes, the mother a carrier of beta0 thalassemia; four other relatives were carriers of Hb J Oxford, and one was a carrier of beta thalassemia. (+info)

Phe161 and Arg166 variants of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. Implications for NADPH recognition and structural stability. (7/46035)

Phe161 and Arg166 of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens belong to a newly discovered sequence motif in flavoprotein hydroxylases with a putative dual function in FAD and NADPH binding [1]. To study their role in more detail, Phe161 and Arg166 were selectively changed by site-directed mutagenesis. F161A and F161G are catalytically competent enzymes having a rather poor affinity for NADPH. The catalytic properties of R166K are similar to those of the native enzyme. R166S and R166E show impaired NADPH binding and R166E has lost the ability to bind FAD. The crystal structure of substrate complexed F161A at 2.2 A is indistinguishable from the native enzyme, except for small changes at the site of mutation. The crystal structure of substrate complexed R166S at 2.0 A revealed that Arg166 is important for providing an intimate contact between the FAD binding domain and a long excursion of the substrate binding domain. It is proposed that this interaction is essential for structural stability and for the recognition of the pyrophosphate moiety of NADPH. (+info)

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfides under in vivo redox conditions. (8/46035)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I does not quantitatively form its three native disulfide bonds in the presence of 10 mM reduced and 1 mM oxidized glutathione in vitro [Hober, S. et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 1749-1756]. In this paper, we show (i) that both IGF-I and IGF-II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfide bonds at redox conditions that are similar to the situation in the secretory vesicles in vivo and (ii) that the presence of protein disulfide isomerase does not overcome this problem. The results indicate that the previously described thermodynamic disulfide exchange folding problem of IGF-I in vitro is also present in vivo. Speculatively, we suggest that the thermodynamic disulfide exchange properties of IGF-I and II are biologically significant for inactivation of the unbound growth factors by disulfide exchange reactions to generate variants destined for rapid clearance. (+info)

The influence of hydrogen ion concentration. Physiologia Plantarum, 6, 848-858. Olsen, C. (1954) Hvilke betingelser må være ... 2] Olsen, C. (1923) Studies on the hydrogen ion concentration of the soil and its significance to the vegetation, especially to ... Olsen, C. & Linderstrøm-Lang, K. (1927) On the accuracy of the various methods of measuring concentration of Hydrogen ions in ... Olsen, C. (1921) The concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil. Science 54 (1405), 539-541. [1] Olsen, C. (1921) The ecology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_Olsen

In 1923, she worked with Edna H. Fawcett to publish a paper concerning the hydrogen-ion concentration in culture mediums. Their ... Quirk, A.J. & Fawcett, E. H. (1923). Hydrogen-ion concentration vs. titratable acidity in culture mediums. Quirk, A.J. & Smith ... Agnes J. Quirk (1923). Hydrogen-ion concentration vs. titratable acidity in culture mediums. Retrieved 30 March 2012. "Norwich ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_J._Quirk

Brandis K. "2.6 Regulation of Intracellular Hydrogen Ion Concentration". Acid-Base Physiology. Anaesthesia Education Website. ... Since the microelectrode has fluid with a high H+ concentration inside, relative to the outside of the electrode, there is a ... Intracellular pH is typically lower than extracellular pH due to lower concentrations of HCO3−. A rise of extracellular (e.g., ... Based on the ratio between the concentrations of protonated, compared to deprotonated, forms of phosphate compounds in a given ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_pH

The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of ... A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can ... The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge ... the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions: Hydronium ion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ion

McClendon J. F. New hydrogen electrodes and rapid methods of determining hydrogen ion concentrations. Amer. J. Physiol., 1915, ... The hydrogen ion concentrations of the contents of the small intestine. J. of Biological Chemistry, Feb 19, 1918. XXXIV, No 1. ... McClendon J. F. A direct reading potenciometer for measuring hydrogen ion concentration. Amer. J. Physiol., 1915, 38, 2, 186. ... stomachs and duodenums of adults and infants plotted with the acid of imported methods of measuring hydrogen ion concentration ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Francis_McClendon

Menten, M. L.; Crile, G. W. (1915). "Studies on the hydrogen-ion concentration in blood under various abnormal conditions". Am ... This relationship between reaction rate and enzyme-substrate concentration is known as the Michaelis-Menten equation. After ... but also that the rate of reaction rate increases to saturation as the substrate concentration increases. The constant K m {\ ... in terms of the substrate concentration a {\displaystyle a} and constants V {\displaystyle V} and K m {\displaystyle K_{\mathrm ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Menten

1924 The Electrical Charge on a Clay Colloid as Influenced by Hydrogen-Ion Concentration and by Different Salts. With W. C. ... 1917 The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ion Concentration on the Growth of Barley Seedlings. Soil Sci., 3(6) :547-560. 1918 ... Arrhenius, O. (20 September 1922). "Absorption of nutrients and plant growth in relation to hydrogen ion concentration". ... Hydrogen-Ion Effects and the Accumulation of Salt by Barley Roots as Influenced by Metabolism. With T. C. Broyer. Am. J. Bot., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Robert_Hoagland

Thomas, A. W., & Kelly, M. W. (1923). The influence of hydrogen-ion concentration in the fixation of vegetable tannins by hide ... Thomas, A. W. (1920). Tabulation of hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations of some acids and bases. Journal of the American ... Influence of hydrogen-ion concentration upon enzymatic activity of three typical amylases. Journal of the American Chemical ... Contrasting effects of chlorides and sulfates on the hydrogen-ion concentration of acid solutions. Journal of the American ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._Thomas

Arrhenius, O. (1922). "Absorption of nutrients and plant growth in relation to hydrogen ion concentration". Journal of General ... Due to relatively high concentrations in the aqueous stock solutions (cf. Tables 1 and 2) the solution is very good for the ... In Arnon's revision of 1950, only one concentration (Mo 0.011 ppm) was changed compared to 1938 (Mo 0.048 ppm), while the ... The Hoagland solution, originally intended to imitate a (nutrient-) rich soil solution, has high concentrations of N and K so ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagland_solution

The sudden change of the indicator during a typical titration means, as is known, that the concentration of hydrogen ions in ... "hydrogen ion exponent" and the notation p H {\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {H} }} ). By the hydrogen ion exponent ( p H {\ ... die colorimetrische Methode genannt." (There are still two procedures by which the hydrogen or hydroxyl ion concentration of a ... On the measurement and the importance of hydrogen ion concentration during enzymatic processes]. Biochemische Zeitschrift (in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._L._Sørensen

Arnon, Daniel I.; Johnson, Clarence M. (1942). "Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the growth of higher plants under ... Hydrogen ions have a single charge and one-thousandth of a gram of hydrogen ions per 100 grams dry soil gives a measure of one ... Plant nutrient availability is affected by soil pH, which is a measure of the hydrogen ion activity in the soil solution. Soil ... milliequivalent of hydrogen ion. Calcium, with an atomic weight 40 times that of hydrogen and with a valence of two, converts ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

The hydrogen ion concentrations of the contents of the small intestine. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Feb 19, 1918. XXXIV, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Karpman

The average concentration of hydrogen ions was 0.0001 milligrams per liter. The total concentration of nitrogen in the waters ... The concentration of hydrogen ions in the waters of Fishing Creek near Bloomsburg between 2002 and 2012 ranged from 0.00001 to ... The date of the lowest concentration of hydrogen ions at that location was on March 1 and July 16, 2003. The date of the ... highest concentration of hydrogen ions at the location on the creek was December 17, 2003. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology_of_Fishing_Creek_(North_Branch_Susquehanna_River_tributary)

"The Absorption of Water by Plant Tissue in Relation to External Hydrogen-Ion Concentration" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Ingham

This results in decreased gastric acid secretion and gastric volume, and reduced hydrogen ion concentration. Oral absorption: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitidine

When the pH (or equivalent e.m.f., E).is measured, the free concentration of hydrogen ions, [H], is obtained from the measured ... Constant-boiling hydrochloric acid may also be used as a primary standard for hydrogen ion concentration. The most widely used ... A solution of known hydrogen ion concentration may be prepared by standardization of a strong acid against borax. ... With aqueous solutions the concentrations of proton (hydronium ion) and hydroxide ion are constrained by the self-dissociation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determination_of_equilibrium_constants

Redman, Thirza (1929). "The hydrogen ion concentration and the calcium and phosphorus content of the faeces of rachitic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Malt

... is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). In contrast to ... Compensatory mechanisms for this include release of hydrogen ion from tissue buffers and excretion of bicarbonate in the ... Metabolic alkalosis is usually accompanied by low blood potassium concentration, causing, e.g., muscular weakness, muscle pain ... It may also cause low blood calcium concentration. As the blood pH increases, blood transport proteins, such as albumin, become ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalosis

In water the concentration of hydroxide is related to the concentration of hydrogen ions by the self-ionization constant, Kw. K ... The concentration, or activity, of the hydrogen ion is monitored by means of a glass electrode. The data set used for the ... Hence by following the hydrogen ion concentration during a titration of a mixture of M and HL with base, and knowing the acid ... Under conditions of equal copper concentrations and when then concentration of methylamine is twice the concentration of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_constants_of_complexes

... s are adapted to live in an environment where the hydrogen ion concentration is at equilibrium. They are sensitive ... to the concentration, and when the pH become too basic or acidic, the cell's proteins can denature. Depending on the microbe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophile

The borate-guar reaction is reversible, and depends on the pH (hydrogen ion concentration) of the solution. This reaction is ... Guar gum is often crosslinked with boron or chromium ions to make it more stable and heat-resistant. The crosslinking of guar ... Thus, it exhibits a great hydrogen bonding activity having a viscosifying effect in liquids. Guar is drought-tolerant and sun- ... PHGG as sold commercially is completely soluble, acid and heat stable, unaffected by ions, and will not gel at high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guar

However, beyond this pH range, the effective hydrogen-ion activity changes much more rapidly than the concentration. This is ... concentration of 1012 mol/L, as measured by its ability to protonate weak bases. Although the Hammett acidity function is the ... which would imply an impossibly high H3O+ concentration of 10+12 mol/L in ideal solution). Instead it means that the acid ... because some of these reactions use acids in very high concentrations, or even neat (pure). The Hammett acidity function, H0, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function

McClendon J. F. New hydrogen electrodes and rapid methods of determining hydrogen ion concentrations. - Amer. J. Physoil., 1915 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology

Soil acidity (or alkalinity) is the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil. Measured on the pH scale, soil acidity is ... If the concentration occurs repeatedly, the soil becomes cement-like, with little or no structure. Extended exposure to high ... In addition, this ion has negative effects on nitrifying microorganisms, thus affecting nutrient availability in the soil. ... In high levels, sodium ions break apart clay platelets and cause swelling and dispersion in soil. This results in reduced soil ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biodiversity

Chemoreceptors in the body sense a change in partial pressures and pH (hydrogen ion concentration) in the blood. Chemoreceptors ... leading to lowered plasma calcium ions (Hypocalcaemia), causing increased nerve and muscle excitability. This explains the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocapnia

1969). "Effect of hydrogen ion concentration and of temperature on the growth of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in soil extract ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis

It includes hydroxide complexes because the concentration of the hydroxide ions is related to the concentration of hydrogen ... Hydrogen ion concentration can be increased by the presence of carbon dioxide, which behaves as a weak acid. H2O + CO2 ⇌ HCO− 3 ... A better representation would be [HbH]+ + O2 ⇌ HbO2 + H+ as this shows that when hydrogen ion concentration increases the ... Similarly, metal ion hydrolysis causes ions such as [Al(H 2O) 6]3+ to behave as weak acids: [Al(H 2O) 6]3+ ⇌ [Al(H 2O) 5(OH)]2+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry

A. (1935). "Hexamine as an Urinary Antiseptic: I. Its Rate of Hydrolysis at Different Hydrogen Ion Concentrations. II. Its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylenetetramine

pH meter, a tool that uses an electric current to determine the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Oxygen electrode, ... Litmus paper, disposable pH indicator strips that determine hydrogen ion concentrations by color changing chemical reaction. ... Acceptable concentrations for the individual nutrient ions, which comprise that total ppm figure, are summarized in the ... ions is used as a key parameter to estimate the remaining proportions and concentrations of other essential nutrient ions to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics

pH A logarithmic measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an acid or base solution. Phase (matter) In the physical ... Molar concentration Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of ... Osmosis The spontaneous movement of molecules or ions through a semi-permable membrane, tending to equalize concentration on ... two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; H2O). Atoms and complexes connected by non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M–Z

At low enzyme concentration and low OMP concentrations, OMP decarboxylase shows negative cooperativity, whereas, at higher OMP ... There must be an energy balance between the peptide new order and hydrogen bond formation in the loop, between the loop and the ... However, it might not be the case, since lateral chains and the metal ion could neutralize some of the negative charge from the ... However, when enzyme concentrations are higher, these complex kinetics do not manifest. Orotate PRTase activity is activated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthase

Using this approach to create SEI, Wang and Xu dissolved extremely high concentrations of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) ... Water electrolysis occurs outside the stability window causing either oxygen or hydrogen gas formation. Keeping the output ... An aqueous lithium-ion battery is a lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) that uses a concentrated saline solution as an electrolyte to ... Unlike the high voltage yet volatile non-aqueous Li-ion batteries, aqueous Li-ion batteries have the potential to serve as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_lithium-ion_battery

NH4OH is used to increase the concentration of the sulfide ion, by the common ion effect - hydroxide ions from NH4OH combine ... The reagent used can be any substance that gives S2− ions in such solutions; most commonly used are hydrogen sulfide (at 0.2- ... Its purpose is to keep the sulfide ion concentration at a required minimum, so as to allow the precipitation of 2nd group ... PbCl2 is far more soluble than the chlorides of the other two ions, especially in hot water. Therefore, HCl in concentrations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_inorganic_analysis

Certain transparent materials with a small concentration of neodymium ions can be used in lasers as gain media for infrared ... especially dark red hydrogen-alpha emission from nebulae. Neodymium is also used to remove the green color caused by iron ... The Nd3+ ion is similar in size to the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those from lanthanum up to samarium and europium ... Trivalent neodymium ion Nd3+ was the first lanthanide from rare-earth elements used for the generation of laser radiation. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium

Hydrogen production using H. salinarum coupled to a hydrogenase donor like E. coli are reported in literature. A sample of ... The ability of H. salinarum to survive at such high salt concentrations has led to its classification as an extremophile. ... Pérez-Fillol, M; Rodríguez-Valera, F (1986). "Potassium ion accumulation in cells of different halobacteria". Microbiología. 2 ... At extremely high salt concentrations, protein precipitation will occur. To prevent the salting out of proteins, H. salinarum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum

... hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide or ferrous ions to oxygen, nitrate or sulfate. In animals, these reactions involve complex organic ... Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an ... The most important ions are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate and the organic ion bicarbonate. The ... These organisms can use hydrogen, reduced sulfur compounds (such as sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate), ferrous iron ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... ion concentration and low water content, whilst reducing the need for either high additional salt or acid concentrations, ... Pateli, I.M.; Thompson, D.; Alabdullah, S.S.M; Abbott, A.; Jenkin, G.R.T.; Hartley, J. (2020). "The effect of pH and hydrogen ... Most of them are mixtures of choline chloride and a hydrogen-bond donor (e.g., urea, ethylene glycol, malonic acid) or mixtures ... The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy

Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry) and HLE (Hydrogen-Line Extraction) showed this not to be the case. Of particular importance ... and that their Lewis basicities scale with pH of the solution at maximum concentration of the species in solution Complex ... Minerals forming in the core, mantle and deep crust do not incorporate so much hydrogen, and hydrogen is also far less polar at ... electron microprobe and a micro-SIMS for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, and formed a consortium with other local scientists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hawthorne

Fluoride ions readily combine with hydrogen cations to produce hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride subsequently acidifies the ... Most topical fluoride preparations with a concentration exceeding 0.6 ppm should be avoided to reduce risk of dental fluorosis ... Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a transparent solution prepared by dissolving silver ions and fluoride ions in ammonia water. ... The preventive effectiveness in reducing tooth decay and decalcification of different concentration of fluoride toothpaste for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_fluoride

... ions have been identified. The opening and closing of the channels are triggered by changing ion concentration, and hence ... Cherny, V.V.; Markin, V.S.; DeCoursey, T.E. (1995), "The voltage-activated hydrogen ion conductance in rat alveolar epithelial ... This movement of ions down their concentration gradients subsequently generates an electric current sufficient to depolarize ... Voltage-gated proton channels carry currents mediated by hydrogen ions in the form of hydronium, and are activated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

Another important derived quantity is the amount of substance concentration (also called amount concentration, or substance ... 35.5 relative to hydrogen). 1819: Dulong-Petit law relating the atomic weight of a solid element to its specific heat capacity ... The particles or entities may be molecules, atoms, ions, electrons, or other, depending on the context, and should be specified ... the amount concentration, or "molarity", should also be distinguished from "molar concentration", which should be the number of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen are the most abundant elements in the body by weight and make up about 96% of the weight ... Depending on the concentrations, some are in upper part of the picture, while others are in the lower part. The figure includes ... Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut; Sigel, Roland K. O. (27 January 2014). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human ... Minerals are present in a healthy human being's blood at certain mass and molar concentrations. The figure below presents the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)

Potassium ions usually cause less error than sodium ions. Acidic error range - at a very high concentration of hydrogen ions ( ... located on opposite sides of the glass membrane is proportional to the concentration of acid (hydrogen ion concentration). In ... Because of the ion-exchange nature of the glass membrane, it is possible for some other ions to concurrently interact with ion- ... at low concentration of hydrogen ions (high values of pH) contributions of interfering alkali metals (like Li, Na, K) are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_electrode

Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. In the presence of ... The hypertonicity of the medulla (and therefore concentration of urine) is determined in part by the size of the loops of Henle ... Substances secreted include urea, creatinine, potassium, hydrogen, and uric acid. Some of the hormones which signal the tubules ... Aquaporins are membrane proteins that selectively conduct water molecules while preventing the passage of ions and other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron

Its electron affinity is expected to be 3.0 eV, allowing it to form H171, analogous to a hydrogen halide. The 171− ion is ... the increasing concentration of the 1s density close to the nucleus would likely make these electrons more vulnerable to K ... the 1256+ and 1267+ ions are expected to bear a 5g1 configuration, similar to the 5f1 configuration of the Np6+ ion. Similar ... The fission of the compound nucleus 312124 was also studied in 2006 at the tandem ALPI heavy-ion accelerator at the Laboratori ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_periodic_table

... as well as the hydrogen ion concentration. Both of these factors affect pH and, in turn, the balance between vasodilation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_blood_flow_regulation

In the open conformation of H. orenii SPS, fructose 6-phosphate forms hydrogen bonds with Gly-33 and Gln-35 residues in the A ... Whether or not this mechanism requires a divalent ion is currently unclear, but failed attempts to trap and detect the presence ... as high rates of photosynthesis will deplete levels of inorganic phosphate and increase concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate ... After binding, fructose 6-phosphate will interact with UDP via a hydrogen bond, which lowers the activation energy of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose-phosphate_synthase

Thus, as the concentration of hydrogen ions changes, so does the surface charge of the particles. At a certain pH, the average ... the counter ion concentration at the surface, and C o {\displaystyle C_{o}} , the counter ion concentration in the external ... A solution with a higher concentration of electrolytes also increases the size of the counter-ion cloud. This ion/counterion ... The attracted ions thus form a layer balancing the electrode's charge. The closest distance an ion can come to the electrode ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_charge

Hydrogen was pumped into the middle of the tube and would be heated by the fuel as it traveled through the channels as it ... as well as previous tests of fuel rods and ion engines. Development of solid core NTRs started in 1955 under the Atomic Energy ... while the zone of contamination and its concentration would be dependent on prevailing weather and orbital parameters at the ... Using hydrogen as a propellant, a solid core design would typically deliver specific impulses (Isp) on the order of 850 to 1000 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket

The near-surface concentrations of these elements were estimated to vary from 230 cm−3 for hydrogen to 44,000 cm−3 for oxygen, ... ionized hydrogen sulfide). Their abundances relative to sodium are about 0.2 and 0.7, respectively. Other ions such as H3O+ ( ... In 2008 the MESSENGER probe confirmed the presence of atomic hydrogen, although its concentration appeared higher than the 1974 ... Mercury's exospheric hydrogen and helium are believed to come from the Solar wind, while the oxygen is likely to be of crustal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury

... ions. The density of the solution is 1.093 g/mL at 5% concentration, and 1.21 g/mL at 14%, 20 °C. Stoichiometric solutions are ... Bleach can react violently with hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen gas: H2O2 (aq) + NaOCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (aq) + O2 (g ... Its concentration for use varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it dissolves mainly necrotic tissue; at higher ... If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing. A similar concentration of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite

As a result, a target is bombarded by the energetic ions and some atoms are ejected from the target surface, then these atoms ... Some high-entropy alloys such as TiZrCrMnFeNi show fast and reversible hydrogen storage at room temperature with good storage ... The originally defined HEAs as alloys containing at least 5 elements with concentrations between 5 and 35 atomic percent. Later ... Sahlberg, Martin; Karlsson, Dennis; Zlotea, Claudia; Jansson, Ulf (10 November 2016). "Superior hydrogen storage in high- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-entropy_alloy

The metal ion (Mg2+, Mn2+) binds to three conserved amino acids through hydrogen bonds. These amino acids include three ... showed that such high concentrations of D-2HG could act as a direct inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase in mouse T cells. ... The metal-ion forms a little complex through ionic interactions with the oxygen atoms on the fourth and fifth carbons (also ... These two residues will be able to form hydrogen bonds back and forth as long as they are close enough to the substrate. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase

The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a density of 0.880 g/cm3 and is often known as '.880 ... The hydrogen in ammonia is susceptible to replacement by a myriad of substituents. When dry ammonia gas is heated with metallic ... It is a protic substance and is capable of formation of amides (which contain the NH−2 ion). For example, lithium dissolves in ... The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% (by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

The osmolarity and ion concentrations of the solutions match those of the human body (isotonic). PBS has many uses because it ... It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium ... Add 2.84 mM of HCl to shift the buffer to 7.3 mM HPO42− and 4.6 mM H2PO4− for a final pH of 7.4 and a Cl− concentration of 142 ... The resultant 1× PBS will have a final concentration of 157 mM Na+, 140mM Cl−, 4.45mM K+, 10.1 mM HPO42−, 1.76 mM H2PO4− and a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate-buffered_saline

The polymer consists of octahedral [Fe(CN)6]4− centers crosslinked with K+ ions that are bound to the CN ligands. The K+---NC ... It was also obtained commercially from gasworks spent oxide (purification of city gas from hydrogen cyanide). Treatment of ... In the laboratory, potassium ferrocyanide is used to determine the concentration of potassium permanganate, a compound often ... Potassium ferrocyanide is produced industrially from hydrogen cyanide, ferrous chloride, and calcium hydroxide, the combination ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide

However, other studies have found much lower disparities in ammonia and hydrogen cyanide between cannabis and tobacco, and that ... Different plants of the genus Cannabis contain different and often unpredictable concentrations of THC and other cannabinoids ... Electron voltage selected ion monitoring study of cannabinoids". Biomedical Mass Spectrometry. 7 (6): 247-56. doi:10.1002/bms. ... Mainstream cannabis smoke was found to contain higher concentrations of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis

... the concentration of substrate resulting in half maximal enzyme activity) as the concentration of the enzyme's substrate is ... Inhibition mechanism schematic Reversible inhibitors attach to enzymes with non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, ... this drug mimics the planar nature of the ring oxonium ion in the reaction of the viral enzyme neuraminidase. However, not all ... and most proteins are present inside cells at concentrations much lower than the concentration of ATP. As a consequence, if two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

The purpose of the divided cell is to permit the diffusion of ions while restricting the flow of the products and reactants. ... For example, in aqueous conditions the competing reactions in the cell are the formation of oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at ... Instead, as the substrate's concentration decreases the potential across the cell increases in order to maintain the fixed ... The intermediate oxonium ion is trapped by a nucleophile, usually solvent. Anodic electrosynthesis oxidize primary aliphatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosynthesis

"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0-9 ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Hydrogen-Ion+Concentration&type=mesh

Influence of Solute and Hydrogen Ion Concentration on the Water Relations of some Xerophilic Fungi * J. I. Pitt1, Ailsa D. ... Influence of Solute and Hydrogen Ion Concentration on the Water Relations of some Xerophilic Fungi ...

https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/00221287-101-1-35

pH (Hydrogen ion concentration). Chemical Hazards of the Workplace. JB Lippincott Company. 1978.. ... Hydrogen cyanide (Hydrocyanic acid). CAS No: 74-90-8. NOTE:. (1) Efficacy of Medical Tests has not been evaluated.. (2) NIOSH ... Hydrogen cyanide (Hydrocyanic acid). Editor(s). /Author(s). Specific Medical Test(s) or Examination(s). Reference(s). ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-110/nmed0117.html

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration * Kinetics * Mathematics * NAD * NADP * Ornithine * Oxidoreductases / isolation & purification * ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4399881/?dopt=Abstract

... on concentration of aqueous H,sub,2,/sub, [H,sub,2,/sub,(aq)], CH,sub,4,/sub, production, volatile fatty acids (VFA) production ... Hydrogen / chemistry * Hydrogen / metabolism* * Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* * Methane / biosynthesis* * Nitrogen / metabolism * ... Association of aqueous hydrogen concentration with methane production in continuous cultures modulated to vary pH and solids ... The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of altering pH and solids passage rate (kp) on concentration of aqueous ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28456412/

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration [‎8]‎. Hydrogenation [‎1]‎. Hydroquinones [‎2]‎. Hydroxylamines [‎1]‎. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?locale-attribute=zh&etal=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=G&rpp=20&offset=2374&order=ASC&sort_by=-1

Modulations of hydrogen ion concentration in human dental plaque related to various solid sweet foods commonly consumed in ... Modulations of hydrogen ion concentration in human dental plaque related to various solid sweet foods commonly consumed in ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/114766

Concentration of hydrogen ions in several calcium hydroxide pastes over different periods of time.. Vianna, Morgana Eli; Zilio ... The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) of calcium hydroxide [(Ca(OH)2] ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/odontologia/resource/pt/mdl-20126906

pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration.. Term. Definition. Biochemestry. the branch of science concerned with the ...

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... solution saturated with hydrogen sulphide ... which of these solutions precipitation will take place? ... The concentration of suphide ion in `0.1 M HCl` ... The concentration of suphide ion in `0.1 M HCl` solution ... The concentration of sulphide ion in 0.1 M HCl solution saturated with hydrogen sulphide is `1.0xx10^(-9)M`. If 10 mL of this ... The concentration of suphide ion in `0.1 M HCl` solution saturated with hydrogen sulphide is `1.0xx10^(-19)M`. If `10 mL` of ...

https://www.sarthaks.com/1386199/the-concentration-suphide-hcl-solution-saturated-with-hydrogen-sulphide-0xx10-this-added

v) Weakly alkaline? Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration.. AcademicChemistryNCERTClass 10. ... A solution is considered acidic if there is an excess of hydrogen ions (H) over hydroxide ions (OH-). ... "power of hydrogen".The "H" is capitalized because it is the hydrogen element symbol. ...

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T 509 om-15 Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of paper extracts (cold extraction method) ... T 435 om-16 Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of paper extracts (hot extraction method) ... T 567 om-15 Determination of effective residual ink concentration (ERIC) by infrared reflectance measurement ...

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Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration for an aqueous solution that has. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration for an ... Small concentrations are found in some natural gas deposits. It is also used in blimps because of its low density. Its is also ... A piece of sodium metal reacts completely with water as follows: 2Na(s) 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) H2(g) The hydrogen gas generated is ... An unreactive,, gaseuos element that is a product of the nuclear reaction of hydrogen atoms. This reaction occred at the ...

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... which is characterized by elevated hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations. Expectedly, ventilation rises to dispose of the excess ... Hydrogen ion accumulation is now considered to be the cause of acidosis (Robergs, Ghiasvand and Parker, 2004). Thus, slow- ... which also enhances the clearance of lactate and hydrogen ions. Developing a Lactate Threshold Training Program. Now, with the ... twitch muscle fibers have a greater capacity for clearing lactate and hydrogen ions than do fast-twitch muscle fibers. Training ...

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Hydrogen-Ion Concentration. 1. 2004. 2641. 0.010. Why? Protein Structure, Tertiary. 1. 2006. 4055. 0.010. Why? ...

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Inhibition of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase increases the concentration of hydrogen ions intracellularly and decreases the pH. ... Upon binding glutamate, the receptors facilitate the flow of both sodium and calcium ions into the cell, while potassium ions ... Plasma protein binding is 40-60%. The concentration in breast milk is approximately 40% of the serum concentration. The volume ... Peak concentration occurs at 30 minutes after administration. The half-life is 15 minutes, and the drug is presumed to be ...

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Differentiate between acids and bases in terms of hydrogen ion concentration. hr { display: block; margin-top: 0.5em; margin- ... Students will understand the properties that describe solutions in terms of concentration, solutes, solvents, and the behavior ...

https://www.uen.org/core/displayLinks.do?courseNumber=3620&standardId=1358&objectiveId=1361

pH: potential hydrogen ion concentration (see pH scale).. *pH scale: a scale used to express the acidity or alkalinity based on ... the number of hydrogen ions in a solution. On the pH scale of 1-14, 7 is neutral; lower values are more acid and higher values ...

https://manoa.hawaii.edu/sealearning/grade-5/life-science/hydroponics

The analytical parameters, metal ion and hydrogen ion concentrations, were investigated. Metal ion concentrations were ... The distribution of copper (7440508) between a buffered aqueous solution of the metal ion and an organic solution of tobacco ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=hydrogen+chloride&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=16&RecNo=158&View=f&

keywords = "Adult, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intubation, Gastrointestinal, Reference Standards, Journal Article, ...

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Bacteria Hydrogen-ion concentration. Journal Title Abbreviation:. Sc. Rep. Inst. Infect. Dis. ...

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EFFECT OF INHIBITORS ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION AND FLOW OF GASTRIC-JUICE IN CAT. In: GUT. 1978. ... PROSTAGLANDINS ALTER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GASTRIC HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION AND FLOW - EVIDENCE FOR STIMULATION OF NON- ... EFFECT OF INHIBITORS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTAMINE-STIMULATED AND INSULIN-STIMULATED GASTRIC HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION ... Ion transport by human endometrial epithelia in vitro. Human Reproduction 1993, 8(10), 1570-1575. ...

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pH is a measure that represents the hydrogen-ion concentration (activity) of a solution. This section of the National Field ... pH is a measure that represents the hydrogen-ion concentration (activity) of a solution. This section of the National Field ... for determining the concentration of inorganic and organic arsenic species in a water sample. The field-speciation method ... for determining the concentration of inorganic and organic arsenic species in a water sample. The field-speciation method ...

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When urea from the urine and stool mix, urease breaks down the urine, decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration (increasing pH ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/801222-overview

It works in an inverse way such that the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the more acidic and the lower the pH value ... The pH scale indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. ...

https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/news/river-runoff-creates-a-buffer-zone-for-ocean-acidification-in-the-gulf-of-mexico/

"pH" means the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, measured in standard units or s.u. ... The lead agency may require additional protections including defined concentration (C), time (T), or chlorine concentration ...

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... and initial hydrogen ion concentration) were studied. Copper extraction of 98 pct was achieved by leaching 4 hours at 40 pounds ...

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pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration. They are astringent and acidic. The pH level is a number that measures how ... Arsenic concentrations greater than the WHO guideline value of 0.01 mg/ l are toxic. 38 while the pHs of two sources of tap ... In alums each metal ion is surrounded by six water molecules. 1). The toxic effect of aluminum on fish varies with both fish ... effect of alum treatment and ph adjustment on turbidity and levels of selected ions in grey water from githurai, kenya by skudi ...

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An unreactive,, gaseuos element that is a product of the nuclear reaction of hydrogen atoms. (premiumessaywriters.com)
There are very small molecules, like molecular oxygen (O 2 ), which is made up of two oxygen atoms joined together and water (H 2 O) which is made up of two hydrogen atoms joined to one oxygen atom. (arn.org)
There are also slightly larger molecules, like glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), a sugar that is made up of six atoms of carbon and oxygen joined to twelve atoms of hydrogen. (arn.org)
Atomic hydrogen refers to the isolated hydrogen atoms, which are extremely rare in nature. (biologyonline.com)
Hydrogen atoms are mostly found interacting with other atoms in compounds, such as in water and organic compounds. (biologyonline.com)
It consists of two hydrogen atoms bound together ( thus, the name ). (biologyonline.com)
Specifically how the ions are produced is not necessarily understood, but the response of the detector is determined by the number of carbon atoms (ions) hitting the detector per unit time. (wikimili.com)
Treatment" involves extracting atoms and substituting others within the surface of the substrate, for example, a hydrogen atom in a polymer substrate is extracted and replaced with a fluorine atom. (justia.com)

One cup of hydrogen peroxide to a gallon of water can be used as a cleaner. (typepad.com)
Hydrogen peroxide is listed as antibacterial and antiviral from the EPA. (typepad.com)
Hydrogen peroxide will turn into water. (typepad.com)
Hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) is cheap and you can use it to clean minor wounds to prevent infection. (noostuff.com)

It works in an inverse way such that the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the more acidic and the lower the pH value will be. (noaa.gov)
Acidic solutions have a high concentration of hydrogen ions, and are described as having a low pH, or a pH below 7. (scitechdaily.com)
The reason these ideas are false is that our bodies have mechanisms for controlling our chemical composition, including the concentration of hydrogen (H + ) and hydroxide (OH - ) ions that make our body fluids acidic or alkaline. (thinking-about-science.com)
Carbonic acid breaks down into hydrogen ions, which make water more acidic. (massoyster.org)
As the concentration of that key building block drops in more acidic seas, those creatures must expend more energy to assemble the calcium carbonate minerals they need. (massoyster.org)

Through a series of chemical reactions, excess carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) essentially releases hydrogen ions (H + ) from water (H 2 O) molecules. (ufl.edu)
So excess H + ions are converted into H 2 CO 3 molecules. (thinking-about-science.com)
When we add an alkali to the system, we are adding OH - ions ( post 17.50 ) that combine with H + ions to form water (H 2 O) molecules. (thinking-about-science.com)
But the equilibrium is restored, maintaining K a at its constant value, by H 2 CO 3 molecules dissociating into H + and HCO 3 - ions. (thinking-about-science.com)
In this state, the thulium ion is surrounded by nine molecules of water. (cloudfront.net)

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of pH on aluminum solubility and to determine the composition of aluminum Aluminum has a particularly strong tendency to hydrolize in solution, and at any pH above 3.5 various combinations of aluminum with hydroxide ions occur. (jakesonline.org)

Each one-unit change in the pH scale corresponds to a ten-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration. (ufl.edu)
To understand the adsorption of the metals, Batch tests were conducted to measure the adsorption of 1, 2 and 3 mM/L concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc onto kaolinite over periods of 0.1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours and to measure the change in hydrogen ion concentration. (mun.ca)

The generation of these ions is proportional to the concentration of organic species in the sample gas stream. (wikimili.com)
Output current which flows to an external circuit is proportional to the concentration of gas, therefore the current generated is measurable as an indicator of gas levels. (meadobrien.com)

The hydrolysis of amgydalin releases hydrogen cyanide. (cdc.gov)

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate therapy increases plasma bicarbonate, buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, raises blood pH and reverses the clinical manifestations of acidosis. (nih.gov)
Sodium bicarbonate in water dissociates to provide sodium (Na + ) and bicarbonate (HCO 3 ¯) ions. (nih.gov)
Bicarbonate anion is considered "labile" since at a proper concentration of hydrogen ion (H + ) it may be converted to carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and thence to its volatile form, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) excreted by the lung. (nih.gov)

When CO 2 is absorbed by seawater, two things happen: 1) the seawater pH decreases (thus the term ocean acidification), and 2) the number of available carbonate ions decreases (Figure 2). (ufl.edu)
Even tiny plankton use carbonate ions to build shells and skeletons. (massoyster.org)

Resin beads exchange salts in cation and anion form for hydrogen and hydroxide. (mpwservices.com)

A hydride pertains to the anion of the hydrogen, i.e. (biologyonline.com)

Parameters affecting metal extraction (such as temperature, pressure, amount of ferrous chloride, and initial hydrogen ion concentration) were studied. (cdc.gov)
Synonyms for an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride include chlorohydric acid, hydrochloric acid, and muriatic acid. (cdc.gov)
Persons exposed only to hydrogen chloride gas do not pose significant risks of secondary contamination. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen chloride is a colorless, corrosive, nonflammable gas that fumes in air. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen chloride is not absorbed through the skin, but when hydrogen chloride gas comes in contact with moisture, it forms hydrochloric acid, which is corrosive and can cause irritation and burns. (cdc.gov)
At room temperature, hydrogen chloride is a colorless to slightly yellow gas with a pungent odor. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen chloride is available commercially as an anhydrous gas or as aqueous solutions (hydrochloric acid). (cdc.gov)
Commercial concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 36% to 38% hydrogen chloride in water. (cdc.gov)
Inhalation is an important route of exposure to hydrogen chloride. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen chloride vapor is heavier than air and may cause asphyxiation in enclosed, poorly ventilated, or low-lying areas. (cdc.gov)
Children exposed to the same levels of hydrogen chloride as adults may receive larger dose because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
In addition, they may be exposed to higher levels than adults in the same location because of their short stature and the higher levels of hydrogen chloride found nearer to the ground. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen chloride is not absorbed through the skin. (cdc.gov)
Direct contact with aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride or with concentrated vapor can cause severe chemical burns. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen chloride is produced commercially by any of the following reactions: heated hydrogen gas with calcium chloride, sulfuric acid with sodium chloride, sodium chloride with sulfur dioxide and steam, and hydrogen burned in chlorine. (cdc.gov)
Hydrogen chloride can be formed during the combustion of many plastics. (cdc.gov)
There is now more loose negatively charged chloride ions that can bind with those positively charged bacteria in the air. (typepad.com)

Inorganic compounds are those substances that generally lack Carbon-Carbon (C-C) and Carbon-Hydrogen (C-H) bonds. (biologyonline.com)
The operation of the FID is based on the detection of ions formed during combustion of organic compounds in a hydrogen flame . (wikimili.com)

Plasma concentration is regulated by the kidney through acidification of the urine when there is a deficit or by alkalinization of the urine when there is an excess. (nih.gov)
When we add an acid to the carbon dioxide/hydrogen carbonate system, the equilibrium moves to the left to remove excess H + ions and so maintain a constant K a . (thinking-about-science.com)
The kidneys also control the concentration of urine, so allowing the body to get rid of excess water or to retain water when necessary. (thinking-about-science.com)

pH stands for the potential of Hydrogen, and is approximately the negative of the base 10 log of molar concentration of H+ ions. (oswalpublishers.com)
Lipid concentration and molar ratio boundaries for the use of isotropic bicelles. (ibpc.fr)

The pumps move ions from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration and so reverse the spontaneous process of diffusion. (thinking-about-science.com)
We want to drink water from a lake or stream, but it contains too high concentration of contaminants like salt, minerals, and bacteria, that make it undrinkable. (pureaqua.com)

We cannot determine the exact number of hydrogen ions an acid has from the pH value alone, but we can determine the concentration of the hydrogen ions in moles per liter. (enotes.com)
It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (bvsalud.org)

Ion exchange is an ideal technology for addressing perchlorate in low influent concentrations where minimal variations in influent composition are expected and where additional anions are also at low concentrations. (envirogen.com)

For moderate to higher concentrations of influent perchlorate, our biological fluidized bed reactor (FBR) technology offers state-of-the-art performance and excellent economics. (envirogen.com)

The concentration of sulphide ion in 0.1M HCl solution saturated with hydrogen sulphide is 1.0 × 10-19 M. (sarthaks.com)
Which of the following ions is most effective in the coagulation of an arsenious suphide solution? (sarthaks.com)
Adsorption Coefficient (Koc)-- The ratio of the amount of a chemical adsorbed per unit weight of organic carbon in the soil or sediment to the concentration of the chemical in solution at equilibrium. (cdc.gov)
Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration for an aqueous solution that has a pH of 3.45. (premiumessaywriters.com)
The distribution of copper (7440508) between a buffered aqueous solution of the metal ion and an organic solution of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) in 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) has been studied. (cdc.gov)
The pH scale indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. (noaa.gov)
Specifically, it is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. (ufl.edu)
This is based on a law of physical chemistry, known as Henry's Law, that states: if the partial pressure of a gas over a solution is increased, the concentration of the dissolved gas in the solution will increase. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Moreover, if the ionic strength of the solution is high, describing equilibrium constant equations in terms of concentration will produce, at best, only approximate results. (wattsupwiththat.com)
It is a logarithmic scale expressing the concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution. (ubc.ca)
where [H + (aq) ] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the aqueous solution, in mol l −1 . (open.edu)
What is the hydrogen ion concentration in an aqueous solution of pH 5? (open.edu)
The skin hydrogen potential (pH) is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration [H + ] in the watery solution present on the surface. (horiba.com)
Potential of hydrogen," or pH, refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. (catwatchnewsletter.com)
Similar to how the concentration of hydrogen ion determines the acidity or pH of an aqueous solution, the tendency of electron transfer between a chemical species and an electrode determines the redox potential of an electrode couple. (wikipedia.org)
is defined as the negative logarithm of the free electron concentration in solution, and is directly proportional to the redox potential. (wikipedia.org)
1-pH The pH is the measure of Hydrogen ions concentration in the Nutrient Solution. (leafylanka.com)
Indicators are weak acids or weak bases that show a change in colour as the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution changes or the pH of a solution changes. (oswalpublishers.com)
The process of forming ions in aqueous solution is called ionisation. (oswalpublishers.com)
A base which dissociates completely in aqueous solution furnishing OH- ions is called as strong base. (oswalpublishers.com)
Tm 3+ ion in solution. (cloudfront.net)
How can you Determination of Zinc (Zn +2 ) in solution Determination of Zinc ion by Direct Titration using Eriochrome Black T as indicat. (yallascience.com)

Bioconcentration Factor (BCF)-- The quotient of the concentration of a chemical in aquatic organisms at a specific time or during a discrete time period of exposure divided by the concentration in the surrounding water at the same time or during the same period. (cdc.gov)
These amphiphilic free fatty acids release their H + ions into the added water. (horiba.com)
Ca-Mg-HCO 3 , Ca-Cl, Na-Cl, mixed water types ‫܀‬ Silicate weathering and ion exchange impact negatively on quality Gibrilla et al. (researchgate.net)
The indicators dissociate slightly in the water to form ions. (oswalpublishers.com)
An acid which dissociate completely when dissolved in water furnishing is called as H+ ions strong acid. (oswalpublishers.com)
Water that contains mineral salts (as calcium and magnesium ions) which limits the formation of lather with soap. (oswalpublishers.com)
An alkali is a substance that produces OH- ions in water. (oswalpublishers.com)
In particular, sulfide-type all-solid-state batteries are attracting attention for their excellent material properties, such as high lithium-ion conductivity and wide operating temperature range, but their electrolyte tends to generate hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) gas due to hydrolysis reaction with a small amount of water, so sufficient safety measures are required. (horiba.com)
The active ions in water-based CCA are hexavalent chromium, divalent copper, and pentavalent arsenic. (mit.edu)
Ca 2+ + 2 H C O 3 − ⇌ Ca C O 3 + C O 2 + H 2 O (in words: one calcium ion + two hydrogen carbon ate ions ⇌ calcium carbon ate + carbon dioxide + water). (commonseagood.com)
The heat attracts water in the air and separates the salt ions. (typepad.com)
To prevent this damage, power producers traditionally used a combination of membrane separation and ion exchange processes to remove impurities from their feed water. (mpwservices.com)
That means a technician would no longer need to engage in the weekly task of filling the system with salt water at a concentration appropriate for the feed water the plant treats. (mpwservices.com)
Splitting water at the surface of the resin beads creates hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, which continuously regenerate the ion-exchange resins. (mpwservices.com)
To disinfect surfaces, increase the bleach concentration to 3/4 cup per gallon of water. (noostuff.com)
Ion exchange is an alternative and proven treatment method for perchlorate contamination in drinking water. (envirogen.com)
California regulators - who have the greatest experience with this contaminant - have identified two Best Available Control Technologies for perchlorate water treatment: ion exchange and biological treatment, specifically the fluidized bed bioreactor. (envirogen.com)
Reverse osmosis operates by utilizing advanced filtration technology which removes dissolved ions from water. (pureaqua.com)
This is a process by which dissolved ions are removed from water. (pureaqua.com)
Osmosis is the passage of water through a reverse osmosis membrane (like our skin, or the inside of a plant cell) to equalize the concentration of particles dissolved in the water. (pureaqua.com)
Water flows back and forth until the concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, and an equilibrium is formed. (pureaqua.com)

Also, hydrogen that is bound to metals or metalloid is also called hydrides. (biologyonline.com)
Heavy metals are naturally present in soils but in high concentrations they can be hazardous to the environment and human health. (mun.ca)
In addition, the desorption for the 1 mM/L concentrations of the three metals is examined. (mun.ca)
This analysis predicted that under the conditions of codeposition of all three metals, hydrogen and arsine would also be produced. (mit.edu)
As a result of that article, as well as earlier ones that showed the elevated levels of certain metals in reef aquaria and salt mixes, 2,3 many aquarists have become interested in finding out what they can do to lower the toxic metals concentrations in their aquaria. (reefkeeping.com)
I will also use the premise that aquarists want to maintain an aquarium with a lower concentration of such potentially toxic metals, and will provide some guidance and general information on how aquarists might usefully go about operating aquaria in that fashion. (reefkeeping.com)
The two obvious ways to consider lowering the metals concentrations in aquaria are to add less, and export more. (reefkeeping.com)

Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorine are especially dangerous to those who work in and around facilities where they are used or produced, while otherwise harmless gases such as nitrogen can cause oxygen displacement leading to asphyxiation. (meadobrien.com)

The gas is then subjected to an electric discharge to initiate polymerization reactions, generating ions or free radicals which react with and deposit on the substrate. (justia.com)

It can be formed by decreasing the temperature below −259.14 °C. Slush hydrogen is a combination of liquid and solid hydrogen. (biologyonline.com)
The potential of the CSE as a function of temperature over the range of 5 to 45 °C was measured and related to the normal hydrogen electrode potential (317 mV at 25°C, slope of 0.17 mV/°C). Electrolytic deposition was performed using working and reference electrodes specially designed and fabricated for this study. (mit.edu)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of altering pH and solids passage rate (k p ) on concentration of aqueous H 2 [H 2 (aq)], CH 4 production, volatile fatty acids (VFA) production, and fiber digestibility in a continuous culture fermentation system. (nih.gov)
Students will understand the properties that describe solutions in terms of concentration, solutes, solvents, and the behavior of acids and bases. (uen.org)
Differentiate between acids and bases in terms of hydrogen ion concentration. (uen.org)
Lethal concentrations for four acids (H2SO4, HNO3, HCl and H3PO4) were determined on groups of eight fish transferred into each of five aquaria, initially maintained at pH 7.5. (europa.eu)

On the other hand, alkaline solutions have low concentrations of hydrogen ions and therefore have a high pH, or a pH above 7. (scitechdaily.com)

Hydrogen-1 has one proton but no neutrons in its nucleus. (biologyonline.com)
The orthohydrogen is a spin isomer of hydrogen wherein the two proton spins parallel whereas the parahydrogen is one in which the two proton spins antiparallel . (biologyonline.com)
The reads as the pH of an acid is equal to the negative log of the hydrogen ion (proton) concentration. (enotes.com)
So for an acid with a pH of 2, the proton concentration is 0.01 M. (enotes.com)
An acid is any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance. (oswalpublishers.com)

HORIBA offers two types of flat pH electrodes which are based on two different electrode technologies, the 6261-10C combination flat glass pH electrode and 0040-10D ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) pH electrode. (horiba.com)
The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is the reference from which all standard redox potentials are determined, and has been assigned an arbitrary half cell potential of 0.0 V. However, it is fragile and impractical for routine laboratory use. (wikipedia.org)
the first electrode senses the toxic gas, and then the second electrode receives protons generated by the sensing electrode through an ion conductor. (meadobrien.com)

Therefore, our objective was to develop and evaluate a colorimetric technique, as well as a high-performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC), to measure the concentration of oseltamivir phosphate in pharmaceutical preparations. (cdc.gov)

Hydrogen ion forms when the hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. (biologyonline.com)
During the calcification (biomineralisation) reaction, the carbon atom from the first hydrogencarbonate ion is released as a molecule of CO 2 and the carbon atom of the second hydrogencarbonate ion is sequestered as calcium carbonate. (commonseagood.com)

The dilute resin bed gets the highest concentration of divalent ions at the entry point. (mpwservices.com)
This means the highest concentration of divalent "scaling" ions are transferred to the outlet part of the concentrate chamber instead of inlet. (mpwservices.com)

The pH value is an important indicator in numerous chemical and biochemical reactions and stands for 'pondus hydrogenii' - hydrogen weight. (testo.com)

Also the levels of HCO 3 - and H + ions in our body fluids can be adjusted by dialysis in our kidneys ( post 18.27 ). (thinking-about-science.com)
Our kidneys are also responsible for controlling the concentrations of other ions in our body fluids. (thinking-about-science.com)
ion pumps allow ions to be returned to the body fluids if their concentrations are too low. (thinking-about-science.com)

Despite the results of the electrochemical stability analysis, conditions were found experimentally where arsenic, chromium, and copper were deposited from model aqueous CCA type-C solutions over a range of concentrations without the formation of arsine or hydrogen. (mit.edu)
And yet, all of the aquaria in the study mentioned above had copper concentrations within a factor of two of each other. (reefkeeping.com)

Natural gas (methane) and hydrogen are inherently dangerous to work with due to both their combustible nature and flammability. (meadobrien.com)

So adding an alkali removes H + ions. (thinking-about-science.com)

A base is a molecule which is able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid. (oswalpublishers.com)

The vapor is corrosive, and air concentrations above 5 ppm can cause irritation. (cdc.gov)

After a stabilisation period of one week, the fish in four of the aqauria were subjected to increasing concentrations of each acid so that the pH was decreased. (europa.eu)
How many hydrogen ions does an acid have with pH2? (enotes.com)
eNotes Editorial , 9 Mar. 2013, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-many-hydrogen-ions-does-an-acid-have-with-ph2-420936. (enotes.com)
An acid is simply a source of H + ions ( post 17.49 ). (thinking-about-science.com)
Due to the concentration of the doping on the upper part of the polysilicon by ion implantation through the plasma surface processor, severe necking phenomenon occurs when the polysilicon gate is used to remove the hard mask with hot phosphoric acid. (sfi-crf.com)
It is due to the fact that in salicylate ion (conjugate base of salicylic acid) intram. (chemzipper.com)

When urea from the urine and stool mix, urease breaks down the urine, decreasing the hydrogen ion concentration (increasing pH). (medscape.com)

H - . It may also refer to a compound where hydrogen reacts with a more electropositive element or groups, forming a compound. (biologyonline.com)
A chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. (oswalpublishers.com)

Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Evolution of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: Pro-Loop Receptors. (ibpc.fr)

The fact remains that my derived rate law is not first order because the power of concentration terms are not one and so I have demonstrated by exception that woelen 's assertion, that setting all fast steps to be in equilibrium results in the reduction of the rate law to first order, to be incorrect. (sciencemadness.org)
This notion is useful for understanding redox potential, although the transfer of electrons, rather than the absolute concentration of free electrons in thermal equilibrium, is how one usually thinks of redox potential. (wikipedia.org)

These extra hydrogen ions decrease pH and bind carbonate (CO 3 -2 ). (ufl.edu)

To measure pH accurately we use a voltmeter (referred to as a pH meter) linked to two electrodes, one of which is sensitive to H + ions and the other of which is a reference. (open.edu)
To detect these ions, two electrodes are used to provide a potential difference. (wikimili.com)

Silicate weathering and ion exchange are probably the main processes through which major ions enter the groundwater system. (researchgate.net)

Departures of observed 1995 bi-monthly and annual mean hydrogen ion concentrations (µeq/L) from values estimated from seasonalized trend models using NADP/NTN data from 1983 through 1994. (usgs.gov)

For reasons described in the post, the activity of calcium ion in the oceans is assumed to be constant. (wattsupwiththat.com)

One type contained a ratio of metal concentrations similar to that of CCA type-C and is a good candidate for use in CCA remediation and recycling processes. (mit.edu)

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. (semanticscholar.org)

Hydrogen is one of the chemical elements found in nature. (biologyonline.com)
Through these early experiments, the researchers learned that membranes modified with an exotic chemical called an "amidoxime" allowed ions to quickly travel between the anode and cathode. (scitechdaily.com)
We have many complicated mechanisms for changing whatever we consume into something useful, to control the concentrations of the chemical components of our bodies and to get rid of waste products. (thinking-about-science.com)

Our continuous culture system was converted to a closed system to measure CH 4 and H 2 emission while measuring H 2 (aq) concentration and VFA production for complete stoichiometric assessment of fermentation pattern. (nih.gov)
pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. (studystack.com)
The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions ( pH ) of calcium hydroxide [(Ca(OH)2] pastes combined with different vehicles over 7 periods of time . (bvsalud.org)
The pH scale is a direct measure of the hydrogen ion concentration, with a pH value of 1 representing a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 × 10 −1 mol l −1 , and a pH of 14 indicating a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 × 10 −1 4 mol l −1 . (open.edu)

WBV exposure resulted in a significant reduction in number of developing follicles, and decrease in circulating estradiol concentrations, ovarian luteinizing hormone receptor protein levels, and marked changes in transcript levels for several factors involved in follicular development, cell cycle, and steroidogenesis. (cdc.gov)

The ratio of hydrogen ions released to metal adsorbed is presented and the trend for each metal is examined with their respective equations. (mun.ca)

For example, in the automotive development stage, we contribute to safety evaluation by measuring whether CO gas generated in the nail penetration test of automotive lithium-ion batteries flows into the vehicle. (horiba.com)

12H 2 O. NMWs at source may contain levels of fluoride higher than the maximum concentration limits established for the constituents of natural mineral waters by the Commission Directive 2003/40/EEC. (jakesonline.org)
This is good news in terms of climatic impacts because without the oceanic uptake the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 would be much higher than current levels. (ufl.edu)
Older people need a higher concentration of a given substance in the air to detect a smell than do younger people. (encyclopedia.com)
In the research and development of lithium-ion batteries, which are becoming more common in various fields, and all-solid-state batteries, which are expected to become the next-generation batteries, new analysis and evaluation technologies are required to achieve higher quality and performance. (horiba.com)
Higher concentrations are not more effective. (typepad.com)
In males, WBV resulted in a significant reduction in spermatids and circulating prolactin levels, elevation in number of males having higher circulating testosterone concentrations, and marked alterations in levels of transcripts associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and factors involved in regulating the cell cycle. (cdc.gov)

Alterations of soluble TWEAK and CD163 concentrations in patients with chronic heart failure. (edu.pl)

Anatomy10

Organisms8

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs60

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes33

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science2

Health Care2

The chemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata: the effects of ammonia on the growth rate of juvenile snails. (1/46035)

Does gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase contribute to carbon dioxide excretion: a comparison between dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (2/46035)

Inward rectification in KATP channels: a pH switch in the pore. (3/46035)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B mediates membrane binding and directs sorting from the trans-Golgi network to secretory granules. (4/46035)

Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (5/46035)

A new alkali-resistant hemoglobin alpha2J Oxford gammaF2 in a Sicilian baby girl with homozygous beta0 thalassemia. (6/46035)

Phe161 and Arg166 variants of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. Implications for NADPH recognition and structural stability. (7/46035)

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfides under in vivo redox conditions. (8/46035)

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Gastric Acidity Determination

Acid-Base Equilibrium

Carbon Dioxide

Bicarbonates

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen Peroxide

Potassium

Sodium

Hydrogen Sulfide

Protons

Calcium

Buffers

Acidosis

Chlorides

Ions

Ion Channels

Hydrochloric Acid

Acidosis, Respiratory

Kinetics

Osmolar Concentration

Gastric Juice

Magnesium

Membrane Potentials

Acetazolamide

Acidosis, Renal Tubular

Alkalosis, Respiratory

Ion Transport

Partial Pressure

Ammonium Chloride

Biological Transport, Active

Cell Membrane Permeability

Secretory Rate

Extracellular Space

Water

Helix (Snails)

Potassium Chloride

Turtles

Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium Chloride

Temperature

Electrophysiology

Time Factors

Metals

Models, Biological

Cations, Monovalent

Oxygen

Models, Chemical

Phosphates

Ion Channel Gating

Models, Molecular

Cations

Acids

Hypercapnia

Lactates

Ion-Selective Electrodes

Dogs

Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter

Amiloride

Electric Conductivity

Cobalt

Cations, Divalent

Aequorin

Gastric Mucosa

Dinitrophenols

Pentagastrin

Biological Transport

Ionophores

Gastric Acid

Binding Sites

Sulfates

Solutions

Thermodynamics

Manganese

Endolymph

Mathematics

Lasalocid

Zinc

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds