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Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationGastric Acidity DeterminationAcid-Base EquilibriumCarbon DioxideBicarbonatesHydrogenHydrogen BondingHydrogen PeroxidePotassiumSodiumHydrogen SulfideProtonsCalciumBuffersAcidosisChloridesIonsIon ChannelsHydrochloric AcidAcidosis, RespiratoryKineticsOsmolar ConcentrationGastric JuiceMagnesiumMembrane PotentialsAcetazolamideAcidosis, Renal TubularAlkalosis, RespiratoryIon TransportPartial PressureAmmonium ChlorideBiological Transport, ActiveCell Membrane PermeabilitySecretory RateExtracellular SpaceWaterHelix (Snails)Potassium ChlorideTurtlesSodium BicarbonateSodium ChlorideTemperatureElectrophysiologyTime FactorsMetalsModels, BiologicalCations, MonovalentOxygenModels, ChemicalPhosphatesIon Channel GatingModels, MolecularCationsAcidsHypercapniaLactatesIon-Selective ElectrodesDogsSodium-Hydrogen AntiporterAmilorideElectric ConductivityCobaltCations, DivalentAequorinGastric MucosaDinitrophenolsPentagastrinBiological TransportIonophoresGastric AcidBinding SitesSulfatesSolutionsThermodynamicsManganeseEndolymphMathematicsLasalocidZincQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsElectrochemistryMolecular Sequence DataProtein ConformationGramicidinHydrogen CyanideDepression, ChemicalChromiumOxidation-ReductionStrontiumNeuronsEnzymesAbsorptionOsmosisCatsCalcium ChloridePotassium IsotopesRats, Inbred StrainsAir IonizationChelating AgentsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyBody FluidsHeavy IonsCopperUrinary BladderStatic ElectricityNucleic Acid ConformationAnuraNickelFluorescent DyesEgtazic AcidPermeabilityOuabainFura-2Protein BindingIntracellular FluidElectrolytesSalinityPhysicochemical PhenomenaAmino Acid SequenceAdenosine TriphosphateEscherichia coliChemistry, PhysicalCarbonatesSaltsCattleCell Membrane
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Gastric Acidity Determination: Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.Acid-Base Equilibrium: The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.Potassium: An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.Sodium: A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.Acidosis: A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.Acidosis, Respiratory: Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Osmolar Concentration: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.Gastric Juice: The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)Magnesium: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.Membrane Potentials: The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)Acidosis, Renal Tubular: A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.Alkalosis, Respiratory: A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.Partial Pressure: The pressure that would be exerted by one component of a mixture of gases if it were present alone in a container. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.Biological Transport, Active: The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.Cell Membrane Permeability: A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.Secretory Rate: The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Helix (Snails): A genus of chiefly Eurasian and African land snails including the principal edible snails as well as several pests of cultivated plants.Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.TurtlesSodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Metals: Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Cations, Monovalent: Positively charged atoms, radicals or group of atoms with a valence of plus 1, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.Ion Channel Gating: The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Cations: Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.Acids: Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Hypercapnia: A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.Lactates: Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.Ion-Selective Electrodes: Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)Sodium-Hydrogen Antiporter: A plasma membrane exchange glycoprotein transporter that functions in intracellular pH regulation, cell volume regulation, and cellular response to many different hormones and mitogens.Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.Cations, Divalent: Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.Aequorin: A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350).Gastric Mucosa: Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.Dinitrophenols: Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)Endolymph: The lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Mathematics: The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.Zinc: A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.Electrochemistry: The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.Depression, Chemical: The decrease in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Enzymes: Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.Absorption: The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.Potassium Isotopes: Stable potassium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element potassium, but differ in atomic weight. K-41 is a stable potassium isotope.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Air Ionization: The dissociation of molecules in the air into positive and negative ions under the influence of an electric field.Chelating Agents: Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms.Heavy Ions: Positively-charged atomic nuclei that have been stripped of their electrons. These particles have one or more units of electric charge and a mass exceeding that of the Helium-4 nucleus (alpha particle).Copper: A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.Urinary Bladder: A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.Static Electricity: The accumulation of an electric charge on a objectNucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.Anura: An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.Fluorescent Dyes: Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.Permeability: Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Intracellular Fluid: The fluid inside CELLS.Electrolytes: Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Salinity: Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.Physicochemical Phenomena: The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Adenosine Triphosphate: An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Chemistry, Physical: The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Salts: Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The chemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata: the effects of ammonia on the growth rate of juvenile snails. (1/46035)

When juvenile specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata were subjected to concentrations of ammonia ranging from 1-100 mug/ml in various media the following effects were observed: the addition of ammonia to borate buffered media caused mortality. Both borate and tris-buffered media caused a decrease in the growth rate of snails when compared with controls in SSW. The growth rates of the snails could be enhanced by increasing the concentration of ammonia to critical thresholds, but further increases beyond these thresholds resulted in growth inhibition. The toxicity of ammonia in ambient water was augmented by an an increase in pH. The possible causation and ecological significance of these effects are discussed. There are indications that the snails are physiologically well-adapted to utilize ammonia when required and also to control its excretion and uptake from the medium.  (+info)

Does gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase contribute to carbon dioxide excretion: a comparison between dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (2/46035)

In vivo experiments were conducted on spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in sea water to determine the potential role of externally oriented or gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide excretion. This was accomplished by assessing pH changes in expired water using a stopped-flow apparatus. In dogfish, expired water was in acid-base disequilibrium as indicated by a pronounced acidification (delta pH=-0.11+/-0.01; N=22; mean +/- s.e.m.) during the period of stopped flow; inspired water, however, was in acid-base equilibrium (delta pH=-0.002+/-0.01; N=22). The acid-base disequilibrium in expired water was abolished (delta pH=-0.005+/-0.01; N=6) by the addition of bovine carbonic anhydrase (5 mg l-1) to the external medium. Addition of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (1 mmol l-1) to the water significantly reduced the magnitude of the pH disequilibrium (from -0.133+/-0.03 to -0.063+/-0.02; N=4). However, after correcting for the increased buffering capacity of the water caused by acetazolamide, the acid-base disequilibrium during stopped flow was unaffected by this treatment (control delta [H+]=99.8+/-22.8 micromol l-1; acetazolamide delta [H+]=81.3+/-21.5 micromol l-1). In rainbow trout, expired water displayed an acid-base disequilibrium (delta pH=0.09+/-0.01; N=6) that also was abolished by the application of external carbonic anhydrase (delta pH=0.02+/-0.01). The origin of the expired water acid-base disequilibrium was investigated further in dogfish. Intravascular injection of acetazolamide (40 mg kg-1) to inhibit internal carbonic anhydrase activity non-specifically and thus CO2 excretion significantly diminished the extent of the expired water disequilibrium pH after 30 min (from -0.123+/-0.01 to -0.065+/-0.01; N=6). Selective inhibition of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity using a low intravascular dose (1.3 mg kg-1) of the inhibitor benzolamide caused a significant reduction in the acid-base disequilibrium after 5 min (from -0.11+/-0.01 to -0.07+/-0. 01; N=14). These results demonstrate that the expired water acid-base disequilibrium originates, at least in part, from excretory CO2 and that extracellular carbonic anhydrase in dogfish may have a significant role in carbon dioxide excretion. However, externally oriented carbonic anhydrase (if present in dogfish) plays no role in catalysing the hydration of the excretory CO2 in water flowing over the gills and thus is unlikely to facilitate CO2 excretion.  (+info)

Inward rectification in KATP channels: a pH switch in the pore. (3/46035)

Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir channels) stabilize the resting membrane potential and set a threshold for excitation in many types of cell. This function arises from voltage-dependent rectification of these channels due to blockage by intracellular polyamines. In all Kir channels studied to date, the voltage-dependence of rectification is either strong or weak. Here we show that in cardiac as well as in cloned KATP channels (Kir6.2 + sulfonylurea receptor) polyamine-mediated rectification is not fixed but changes with intracellular pH in the physiological range: inward-rectification is prominent at basic pH, while at acidic pH rectification is very weak. The pH-dependence of polyamine block is specific for KATP as shown in experiments with other Kir channels. Systematic mutagenesis revealed a titratable C-terminal histidine residue (H216) in Kir6.2 to be the structural determinant, and electrostatic interaction between this residue and polyamines was shown to be the molecular mechanism underlying pH-dependent rectification. This pH-dependent block of KATP channels may represent a novel and direct link between excitation and intracellular pH.  (+info)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B mediates membrane binding and directs sorting from the trans-Golgi network to secretory granules. (4/46035)

The disulfide-bonded loop of chromogranin B (CgB), a regulated secretory protein with widespread distribution in neuroendocrine cells, is known to be essential for the sorting of CgB from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to immature secretory granules. Here we show that this loop, when fused to the constitutively secreted protein alpha1-antitrypsin (AT), is sufficient to direct the fusion protein to secretory granules. Importantly, the sorting efficiency of the AT reporter protein bearing two loops (E2/3-AT-E2/3) is much higher compared with that of AT with a single disulfide-bonded loop. In contrast to endogenous CgB, E2/3-AT-E2/3 does not undergo Ca2+/pH-dependent aggregation in the TGN. Furthermore, the disulfide-bonded loop of CgB mediates membrane binding in the TGN and does so with 5-fold higher efficiency if two loops are present on the reporter protein. The latter finding supports the concept that under physiological conditions, aggregates of CgB are the sorted units of cargo which have multiple loops on their surface leading to high membrane binding and sorting efficiency of CgB in the TGN.  (+info)

Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (5/46035)

The effects of pH and ligand binding on the stability of abrin II, a heterodimeric ribosome-inactivating protein, and its subunits have been studied using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. At pH7.2, the calorimetric scan consists of two transitions, which correspond to the B-subunit [transition temperature (Tm) 319.2K] and the A-subunit (Tm 324.6K) of abrin II, as also confirmed by studies on the isolated A-subunit. The calorimetric enthalpy of the isolated A-subunit of abrin II is similar to that of the higher-temperature transition. However, its Tm is 2.4K lower than that of the higher-temperature peak of intact abrin II. This indicates that there is some interaction between the two subunits. Abrin II displays increased stability as the pH is decreased to 4.5. Lactose increases the Tm values as well as the enthalpies of both transitions. This effect is more pronounced at pH7.2 than at pH4.5. This suggests that ligand binding stabilizes the native conformation of abrin II. Analysis of the B-subunit transition temperature as a function of lactose concentration suggests that two lactose molecules bind to one molecule of abrin II at pH7.2. The presence of two binding sites for lactose on the abrin II molecule is also indicated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Plotting DeltaHm (the molar transition enthalpy at Tm) against Tm yielded values for DeltaCp (change in excess heat capacity) of 27+/-2 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the B-subunit and 20+/-1 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the A-subunit. These values have been used to calculate the thermal stability of abrin II and to surmise the mechanism of its transmembrane translocation.  (+info)

A new alkali-resistant hemoglobin alpha2J Oxford gammaF2 in a Sicilian baby girl with homozygous beta0 thalassemia. (6/46035)

A 10-mo-old baby girl with homozygous beta0 thalassemia and alphaJOxford, presenting the clinical picture of homozygous beta thalassemia is described. Hemoglobin electrophoresis showed three bands: the first two with the mobilities of hemoglobin Hb A2 (1%) and Hb F (69%), respectively, the third migrating a little faster than Hb A (30%). About 30% of her alpha chains were J Oxford which, bound to her gamma chains, produced a new alkali-resistant hemoglobin, alpha2 J Oxford gamma F2, which has not been described previously. Hemoglobin synthesis in vitro showed the absence of beta chain synthesis and an alpha/non-alpha ratio of 2. The patient's father was heterozygous for both the Hb J Oxford and beta0 thalassemia genes, the mother a carrier of beta0 thalassemia; four other relatives were carriers of Hb J Oxford, and one was a carrier of beta thalassemia.  (+info)

Phe161 and Arg166 variants of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. Implications for NADPH recognition and structural stability. (7/46035)

Phe161 and Arg166 of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens belong to a newly discovered sequence motif in flavoprotein hydroxylases with a putative dual function in FAD and NADPH binding [1]. To study their role in more detail, Phe161 and Arg166 were selectively changed by site-directed mutagenesis. F161A and F161G are catalytically competent enzymes having a rather poor affinity for NADPH. The catalytic properties of R166K are similar to those of the native enzyme. R166S and R166E show impaired NADPH binding and R166E has lost the ability to bind FAD. The crystal structure of substrate complexed F161A at 2.2 A is indistinguishable from the native enzyme, except for small changes at the site of mutation. The crystal structure of substrate complexed R166S at 2.0 A revealed that Arg166 is important for providing an intimate contact between the FAD binding domain and a long excursion of the substrate binding domain. It is proposed that this interaction is essential for structural stability and for the recognition of the pyrophosphate moiety of NADPH.  (+info)

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfides under in vivo redox conditions. (8/46035)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I does not quantitatively form its three native disulfide bonds in the presence of 10 mM reduced and 1 mM oxidized glutathione in vitro [Hober, S. et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 1749-1756]. In this paper, we show (i) that both IGF-I and IGF-II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfide bonds at redox conditions that are similar to the situation in the secretory vesicles in vivo and (ii) that the presence of protein disulfide isomerase does not overcome this problem. The results indicate that the previously described thermodynamic disulfide exchange folding problem of IGF-I in vitro is also present in vivo. Speculatively, we suggest that the thermodynamic disulfide exchange properties of IGF-I and II are biologically significant for inactivation of the unbound growth factors by disulfide exchange reactions to generate variants destined for rapid clearance.  (+info)

Electrostatic energy calculation on the pH-induced conformational change of influenza virus hemagglutinin<...Electrostatic energy calculation on the pH-induced conformational change of influenza virus hemagglutinin<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Electrostatic energy calculation on the pH-induced conformational change of influenza virus hemagglutinin. AU - Ho, Sup Choi. AU - Huh, June. AU - Won, Ho Jo. PY - 2006. Y1 - 2006. N2 - The pH-induced conformational change of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) has been investigated by calculating the change of electrostatic energy of the fragment of HA2 upon pH change. The average charge and electrostatic free energy are calculated as a function of pH for the fusion peptide (residues 1-20 of HA2) and the polypeptide of residues 54-77 of HA2 by using the finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann method. It is found that as pH decreases from 8 to 5, the electrostatic free energy of the fusogenic state is lowered by ∼2 kcal/mol and the fusogenic state is less ionized compared to that of the native state for both polypeptides. For the fusion peptide at the fusogenic state, most of ionizable residues are neutral at acidic pH except Glu-11. For the polypeptide of residues 54-77 at the ...
Academic JournalsAcademic Journals
Authors: MURAT CENGİZ, GÜLÇE HEPBOSTANCI Abstract: In this study, combination antimicrobial therapy, due to its higher potential against resistant bacteria, was evaluated for the inhibition of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains. The influence of pH as an environmental variable on the activity of antimicrobial combinations was evaluated by calculating the factional concentration indexes at pH values 5.0, 6.0, 7.3, and 8.0. The highest synergistic activity rates of ceftriaxone + colistin, danofloxacin + colistin, danofloxacin + ceftiofur, and ceftiofur + gentamicin combinations were 50%, 33%, 100%, and 50%, respectively measured at ≥7.3 pH. The lowest synergistic activity rates for all combinations were observed at the acidic pH values of 5.0 and 6.0. The results of this study clearly demonstrated that acidic pH of the medium impaired the activity of the antimicrobial combinations. Although ceftriaxone and ceftiofur exert optimal activity at acidic pH values, the synergistic activity of the ...
Effects of increasing extracellular pH on protein synthesis and protein degradation in the perfused working rat heart |...Effects of increasing extracellular pH on protein synthesis and protein degradation in the perfused working rat heart |...
Increasing the extracellular pH over the range pH 7.4-8.9 stimulated protein synthesis by about 60% in the rat heart preparation anterogradely perfused in vitro. Protein degradation was inhibited by this pH increase. The magnitudes of the effects at pH 8.9 on protein synthesis and degradation were similar to those of high concentrations of insulin. Cardiac outputs were increased, as were cardiac phosphocreatine contents, indicating that the alterations in extracellular pH did not adversely affect the physiological viability of the preparation. ATP contents were unaltered. The creatine kinase equilibrium was used to assess the magnitude of the change in intracellular pH induced by these treatments. The increase in intracellular pH was about 0.2 for a 1-unit increase in extracellular pH. Thus small changes in intracellular pH have dramatic effects on cardiac protein turnover. ...
Protein folding and amyloid formation in various environmentsProtein folding and amyloid formation in various environments
Understanding and predicting the effect of various environments that differ in terms of pH and the presence of cosolutes and macromolecules on protein properties is a formidable challenge. Yet this knowledge is crucial in understanding the effect of cellular environments on a protein. By combining thermodynamic theories of solution condition effects with statistical mechanics and computer simulations we develop a molecular perspective of protein folding and amyloid formation that was previously unobtainable. The resulting Molecular Transfer Model offers, in some instances, quantitatively accurate predictions of cosolute and pH effects on various protein properties. We show that protein denatured state properties can change significantly with osmolyte concentration, and that residual structure can persist at high denaturant concentrations. We study the single molecule mechanical unfolding of proteins at various pH values and varying osmolyte and denaturant concentrations. We find that the the ...
Remarkable enhancement of bacterial inactivation in wastewater through promotion of solar photo-Fenton at near-neutral pH by...Remarkable enhancement of bacterial inactivation in wastewater through promotion of solar photo-Fenton at near-neutral pH by...
In this work, the near-neutral photo-Fenton process, as a means of wastewater disinfection, was enhanced by the addition of Organic Acids (OAs), namely citric, ascorbic, tartaric and caffeic acid. The addition of OAs exhibited significant bacterial inactivation enhancement, compared to the classic photo-Fenton systems (Fe2+/H2O2/solar and Fe3+/H2O2/solar). The improved disinfection performance was not attributed to pH variations by the addition of OAs, but to the increase of the initial dissolved iron in the system, facilitating the Fe3+/Fe2+ turnover in the catalytic photo-Fenton reaction and consequently, the hydroxyl radicals production. For citric and tartaric acid, increased photo-activity of the complexes was associated with their high capability to complex Fe3+ and to promote ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT), which is of key importance to feed Fe2+ to the Fenton process. On the other hand, for ascorbic and caffeic acid, the acceleration of the homogeneous Fenton reaction was ...
Buffer solution - WikipediaBuffer solution - Wikipedia
When some strong acid is added to an equilibrium mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base, the equilibrium is shifted to the left, in accordance with Le Châteliers principle. Because of this, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of strong acid added. Similarly, if strong alkali is added to the mixture the hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of alkali added. The effect is illustrated by the simulated titration of a weak acid with pKa = 4.7. The relative concentration of undissociated acid is shown in blue and of its conjugate base in red. The pH changes relatively slowly in the buffer region, pH = pKa ± 1, centered at pH = 4.7 where [HA] = [A−]. The hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected because most of the added hydroxide ion is consumed in the reaction ...
A new technique for measurement of pharyngeal pH: Normal values and discriminating pH threshold<...A new technique for measurement of pharyngeal pH: Normal values and discriminating pH threshold<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A new technique for measurement of pharyngeal pH. T2 - Normal values and discriminating pH threshold. AU - Ayazi, S.. AU - Lipham, J. C.. AU - Hagen, J. A.. AU - Tang, A. L.. AU - Zehetner, J.. AU - Leers, J. M.. AU - Oezcelik, A.. AU - Abate, E.. AU - Banki, F.. AU - DeMeester, S. R.. AU - DeMeester, T. R.. PY - 2009/7/1. Y1 - 2009/7/1. N2 - Introduction Identifying gastroesophageal reflux disease as the cause of respiratory and laryngeal complaints is difficult and depends largely on the measurements of increased acid exposure in the upper esophagus or ideally the pharynx. The current method of measuring pharyngeal pH environment is inaccurate and problematic due to artifacts. A newly designed pharyngeal pH probe to avoid these artifacts has been introduced. The aim of this study was to use this probe to measure the pharyngeal pH environment in normal subjects and establish pH thresholds to identify abnormality. Methods Asymptomatic volunteers were studied to define the normal ...
Cytoplasmic pH Response to Acid Stress in Individual Cells of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Observed by Fluorescence...Cytoplasmic pH Response to Acid Stress in Individual Cells of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Observed by Fluorescence...
We show that pH homeostasis varies among individual bacterial cells, both among planktonic cells adhered to a slide and among cells within a biofilm grown on a slide. This variability implies that the pH response and recovery measurements obtained for cell suspensions miss important aspects of pH homeostasis of individual cells. The variation we saw could be associated with substrate adherence and with variability among suspended cells. Properties of adherent cells are highly important for medical, environmental, and industrial applications.. To measure pH homeostasis, we used ratiometric GFP combined with fluorescence microscopy, both for E. coli (Fig. 4) and for B. subtilis (Fig. 8). Ratiometric pHluorin (18) combines the advantages of GFP fluorimetry (14, 15, 36) and fluorescence microscopy. Fluorimetry reports only the average response of cell populations, with no capacity to monitor individual cells. For single cells, cytoplasmic pH has been measured previously by ratio imaging with a ...
Proteomic analysis reflects an environmental alkalinization-coupled pH-dependent mechanism of regulating lignocellulases in...Proteomic analysis reflects an environmental alkalinization-coupled pH-dependent mechanism of regulating lignocellulases in...
Filamentous fungi have the ability to efficiently decompose plant biomass, and thus are widely used in the biofuel and bioprocess industries. In process, ambient pH has been reported to strongly affect the performance of the applied functional filamentous fungi. In this study, Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 was investigated under the fermentation of rice straw at different initial pH values for a detailed study. The results showed that NJAU4742 strain could tolerate ambient pH values ranging from 3.0 to 9.0, but had significantly higher growth speed and extracellular enzyme activities under acidic conditions. At low ambient pH (| 4), NJAU4742 strain achieved rapid degradation of rice straw by elevating the ambient pH to an optimal range through environmental alkalinization. Further proteomic analysis identified a total of 1139 intracellular and extracellular proteins during the solid-state fermentation processes, including the quantified 190 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) responsible for rice
Cancer Cells Thrive in an Acidic, Low oxygen, Low pH Environment - Here is How to Check Your pH Balance | Humans Are FreeCancer Cells Thrive in an Acidic, Low oxygen, Low pH Environment - Here is How to Check Your pH Balance | Humans Are Free
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Ionization Constants of Acids and BasesIonization Constants of Acids and Bases
H3O+ + OH-. The position of any equilibrium is given by an equilibrium constant, K, which for the dissociation of water according to the acid-base reaction just described is:. K = a(H3O+)a(OH-)/a2(H2O). In this equation, the chemical activities a can be approximated by the appropriate molar concentrations, indicated here by the use of square brackets in the form K = [H3O+][OH-]/[H2O]2 Since the concentration of water is approximately constant, it is normally included with the equilibrium constant of water (in other words, the chemical activity of water is taken as that of pure water, which is unity). In that case the equilibrium constant above is known as the ion product of water or the autoionization constant of water and indicated by the subscript w, so that by definition:. Kw = [H3O+][OH-]. The ionization constants of acids and bases other than water are dealt with in a similar way. The ionization of acetic acid in water is described by the equilibrium. CH3COOH(aq) + H2O ...
Comparative evaluation of magnesium bisulfite pretreatment under different pH values for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover :...Comparative evaluation of magnesium bisulfite pretreatment under different pH values for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover :...
Comparative Evaluation of Magnesium Bisulfite Pretreatment under Different pH Values for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corn Stover. Jiwei Ren,a Lei Liu,b Qianqian Xu,b Xin Li,b Qiang Yong,c and Jia Ouyang b,c,*. During pretreatment, the pretreatment pH often plays an important role in removing hemicelluloses and lignin for improving the conversion of biomass to sugars. In this study, corn stover was subjected to magnesium bisulfite pretreatment (MBSP) under various pH conditions. The obtained data showed that the hemicelluloses and lignin were solubilized by MBSP, which led to changes in the structural and chemical properties of the pretreated material. The pretreatment pH could alter the existing forms of SO2, and magnesium bisulfite was the most effective reagent for removing lignin. A relatively neutral MBSP (pH 5.13) not only considerably improved the enzymatic hydrolysis yield (80.18%), but also produced a large amount of high-value xylo-oligosaccharides in the spent liquor. Furthermore, only the ...
A Brief Note on Hydrogen Ion Concentration and the Role of BuffersA Brief Note on Hydrogen Ion Concentration and the Role of Buffers
The hydrogen ion concentration is extremely important to the structural and functional integrity of living systems. Even slight changes in may cause profound changes in the large molecules and
Every Single Person Who Has Cancer Has a pH That Is Too Acidic. Here Is The Easiest Way To Check Your pH Balance - Mr. Space To...Every Single Person Who Has Cancer Has a pH That Is Too Acidic. Here Is The Easiest Way To Check Your pH Balance - Mr. Space To...
Toxic chemicals and both prescription and over-the-counter drugs lower body`s pH levels, which is the reason why they come with a wide range of side effects and little or no effectiveness. Enzymes are deactivated when the pH drops below 6.4, which in turn compromises both digestion and assimilation of vitamins, minerals, and food supplements. Acid reduces the energy production on cellular level, the ability to detoxify heavy metals, the capacity to repair cells, and makes the body more prone to illness and fatigue.. It has been scientifically shown that disease cannot thrive in an alkaline environment, and that bacteria, yeast, mold, candida, fungus, and cancer cells thrive in an acidic and low pH environment. The most common causes of an acidic pH include emotional stress, toxic overload, an acid forming diet, and depletion of oxygen and nutrients. In turn, the body tries to compensate for acid by using alkaline mineral reserves, which then leads to development of a wide array of ...
Ethanol Oxidation on Pt Single-Crystal Electrodes: Surface-Structure Effects in Alkaline Medium - Busó-Rogero - 2014 -...Ethanol Oxidation on Pt Single-Crystal Electrodes: Surface-Structure Effects in Alkaline Medium - Busó-Rogero - 2014 -...
Ethanol oxidation in 0.1 M NaOH on single-crystal electrodes has been studied using electrochemical and FTIR techniques. The results show that the activity order is the opposite of that found in acidic solutions. The Pt(111) electrode displays the highest currents and also the highest onset potential of all the electrodes. The onset potential for the oxidation of ethanol is linked to the adsorption of OH on the electrode surface. However, small (or even negligible) amounts of COads and carbonate are detected by FTIR, which implies that cleavage of the ...
JCI - Quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Streptococcal infectionsJCI - Quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Streptococcal infections
The pH levels in dental biofilms are highly variable and frequently shift from above pH 7.0 in the resting pH state to as low as pH 3.0 during the ingestion of dietary carbohydrates by the host. Thus, pH exerts a significant ecological pressure on S. mutans, and its ability to tolerate and grow in low pH environments is crucial to its survival and eventual dominance in dental plaque, leading to caries (27). Considerable evidence has shown that S. mutans has evolved a number of sophisticated mechanisms to survive these pH changes including induction of an ATR in which exposure of S. mutans cells to a mild or moderately acidic pH (5.0-6.0) results in enhanced survival of a significant proportion of the cell population in a lower pH of 3.0-3.5 (28). This ATR involves a number of de novo proteins that appear to be important for adaptation to an acidic environment (29). Although many of the molecular mechanisms of the ATR in S. mutans remain unclear, this "signal pH" that results in synthesis of ...
The PH EffectThe PH Effect
... on the bleached hair was presented by Dr. Ernesta Malinauskyte during the Hair S19 Conference, organized by DWI in September of 2019. We have received many requests to share our findings by attendees of the conference, as well as those who attended our seminar held at TRI at the end of 2019. Unfortunate
Osmolytes Contribute to pH Homeostasis of Escherichia coli by Joan Slonczewski, Ryan Kitko et al."Osmolytes Contribute to pH Homeostasis of Escherichia coli" by Joan Slonczewski, Ryan Kitko et al.
Background Cytoplasmic pH homeostasis in Escherichia coli includes numerous mechanisms involving pH-dependent catabolism and ion fluxes. An important contributor is transmembrane K+ flux, but the actual basis of K+ compensation for pH stress remains unclear. Osmoprotection could mediate the pH protection afforded by K+ and other osmolytes. Methods and Principal Findings The cytoplasmic pH of E. coli K-12 strains was measured by GFPmut3 fluorimetry. The wild-type strain Frag1 was exposed to rapid external acidification by HCl addition. Recovery of cytoplasmic pH was enhanced equally by supplementation with NaCl, KCl, proline, or sucrose. A triple mutant strain TK2420 defective for the Kdp, Trk and Kup K+ uptake systems requires exogenous K+ for steady-state pH homeostasis and for recovery from sudden acid shift. The K+requirement however was partly compensated by supplementation with NaCl, choline chloride, proline, or sucrose. Thus, the K+ requirement was mediated in part by osmolarity, possibly by
Na+/H+ antiport and buffering capacity in human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. - Oxford NeuroscienceNa+/H+ antiport and buffering capacity in human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes. - Oxford Neuroscience
1. Na+/H+ antiport activity was measured in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells of 12 healthy subjects by using an intracellular pH clamp technique to determine the external Na(+)-dependent H+ efflux rate in cells loaded with a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, bis(carboxyethyl)carboxyfluorescein. The change in external Na+ concentrations for all pH measurements was similar in both cell types. 2. A significant difference between the two types of cells was found, the polymorphonuclear leucocytes having a higher Na+/H+ antiport activity than the lymphocytes. Cellular intrinsic buffering capacity measured in the absence of HCO3- was also higher in the polymorphonuclear cells than in the lymphocytes. 3. These differences may be associated with a difference in the role of the Na+/H+ exchanger in these two types of cells, although in vivo the presence of HCO3-/Cl- exchangers may also contribute to intracellular pH homoeostasis.
Why is it important for me to know my saliva pH? | OraWellnessWhy is it important for me to know my saliva pH? | OraWellness
Around here, we talk a lot about feedback loops. A feedback loop is simply some way to objectively quantify some measurement to gain insight to our current location.. An example we commonly use to bring light to this idea of a feedback loop is how we find our way around a shopping mall weve never been in before.. Of course, we would go find the kiosk/map of the mall. And the first thing we look for is the You Are Here big red arrow, right?. Why? Because knowing where we are gives us perspective to determine if whatever action we undertake helps us to move in the right direction or not.. Saliva pH is a helpful feedback loop to see how well our systems are doing managing an optimal oral pH environment. If the saliva pH is too high, were asking for trouble. And if the pH is too low, this provokes more tooth decay because the bugs implicated with tooth decay thrive in a low pH environment.. Heres an article that dives into this fascinating subject, titled Tracking your saliva pH - part 2 ...
Alkaline haematin and nitrogenous ligands | Biochemical JournalAlkaline haematin and nitrogenous ligands | Biochemical Journal
1. Pyridine reacts with alkaline haematin to form a dipyridine dihydroxy dimeric haematin in which there is no competition between pyridine and OH− for coordination positions on the iron of haematin. 2. Imidazole competes directly with OH− to form the monomeric imidazole parahaematin in alkaline media. 3. The monomeric imidazole parahaematin aggregates readily to form a species that is precipitated on standing. 4. A structure is proposed for the haematin-pyridine compound in alkaline media.. ...
Blood and Urine Determination of Drugs: An Application to the Control of the Presence of Illegal Substances in DriversBlood and Urine Determination of Drugs: An Application to the Control of the Presence of Illegal Substances in Drivers
1 ml of urine is diluted to 4 ml with a phosphate buffer at pH 6. 1ml of blood is de-proteinized by mean of sonication (15 minutes), vortex mixing (30 sec) and added with a phosphate buffer at pH 6. 5 min. Centrifugation is following (5 min. 300 r/min) and the precipitate eliminated. The B.E.C. column is conditioned with 2 ml of Methanol, 2 ml of water and 3 ml of a phosphate buffer solution at pH 6. Conditioning flow rate is 1.5 ml/min. The sample is then loaded onto the column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Before elution, the column is rinsed with 1 ml of buffer solution and dried under vacuum for 5 min. Column pH is lowered to the value of 3 by Acetic Acid teatment at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Stationary phase is dried again under vacuum for 5 min and wet with 1.0 ml of hexane. Elution is performed at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min with the following conditions: ...
Media pH and EC Effects - Greenhouse Product NewsMedia pH and EC Effects - Greenhouse Product News
All growers should do their own media pH and EC testing every week, at least on key crops. They can then send in periodic samples to a reputable testing lab for complete media (and tissue) analysis to back up their own findings, when they have problems showing up, or when they change something big such as the media or fertilizer program. Samples should be taken from commercial mixes out of the bag or your own hopper before sowing or planting the crop. To determine the true effect of the lime in the media, I suggest you also take samples after watering the flats or trays for one and two weeks with just your water, no feed. You should be able to see how the lime will affect the media pH within the first two weeks. Afterwards, I tell growers to monitor key crops, the ones more likely to show problems with media pH or EC. Here are my recommendations:. If you test one or more crops from each list weekly, you can avoid problems on those crops before they show up. All other crops will fall somewhere in ...
Mechanistic studies of ruthenium(III)-catalyzed oxidation ofDL-methionine by hexacyanoferrate(III) in an alkaline mediumMechanistic studies of ruthenium(III)-catalyzed oxidation ofDL-methionine by hexacyanoferrate(III) in an alkaline medium
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Polymers | Free Full-Text | pH-Triggered Sheddable Shielding System for Polycationic Gene CarriersPolymers | Free Full-Text | pH-Triggered Sheddable Shielding System for Polycationic Gene Carriers
For improving the therapeutic efficiency of tumors and decreasing undesirable side effects, ternary complexes were developed by coating pH-sensitive PEG-b-PLL-g-succinylsulfathiazole (hereafter abbreviated as PPSD) with DNA/PEI polyplexes via electrostatic interaction. PPSD can efficiently shield the surface charge of DNA/PEI. The gene transfection efficiency of ternary complexes was lower than that of DNA/PEI at pH 7.4; however, it recovered to the same level as that of DNA/PEI at pH 6.0, attributed to the pH-triggered release of DNA/PEI from ternary complexes. Cell uptake results also exhibited the same trend as transfection at different pH values. The suitable ability for pH-triggered shielding/deshielding estimated that PPSD demonstrates potential as a shielding system for use in in vivo gene delivery.
Developing Hybrid Approaches to Predict pKa Values of Ionizable Groups by Shawn Witham, Kemper Talley et al."Developing Hybrid Approaches to Predict pKa Values of Ionizable Groups" by Shawn Witham, Kemper Talley et al.
Accurate predictions of pKa values of titratable groups require taking into account all relevant processes associated with the ionization/deionization. Frequently, however, the ionization does not involve significant structural changes and the dominating effects are purely electrostatic in origin allowing accurate predictions to be made based on the electrostatic energy difference between ionized and neutral forms alone using a static structure. On another hand, if the change of the charge state is accompanied by a structural reorganization of the target protein, then the relevant conformational changes have to be taken into account in the pKa calculations. Here we report a hybrid approach that first predicts the titratable groups, which ionization is expected to cause conformational changes, termed
Random mutagenesis screening indicates the absence of a separate H+-sensor in the pH-sensitive Kir channels - Oxford...Random mutagenesis screening indicates the absence of a separate H+-sensor in the pH-sensitive Kir channels - Oxford...
Several inwardly-rectifying (Kir) potassium channels (Kin l 1, Kir41 and Kir4 2) are characterised by their sensitivity to inhibition by intracellular H+ within the physiological range The mechanism by which these channels are regulated by intracellular pH has been the subject of intense scrutiny for over a decade, yet the molecular identity of the titratable pH-sensor remains elusive In this study we have taken advantage of the acidic intracellular environment of S cerevisiae and used a K+-auxotrophic strain to screen for mutants of Kin 1 1 with impaired pH-sensitivity In addition to the previously identified K80M mutation, this unbiased screening approach identified a novel mutation (S172T) in the second transmembrane domain (TM2) that also produces a marked reduction in pH-sensitivity through destabilization of the closed-state However, despite this extensive mutagenic approach, no mutations could be identified which removed channel pH-sensitivity or which were likely to act as a separate H+-sensor
Ph Treatment News on Environmental XPRTPh Treatment News on Environmental XPRT
Get the latest ph treatment news on Environmental XPRT, the worlds largest environmental industry marketplace and information resource.
Thermodynamic analysis of the chemotactic protein from Escherichia coli, CheY | MetaThermodynamic analysis of the chemotactic protein from Escherichia coli, CheY | Meta
CheY, the 129 amino acid chemotactic protein from Escherichia coli, is a good model for studies of folding of parallel alpha/beta proteins. We report here the thermodynamic characterization of the wild-type CheY at different pH values and in different buffers and denaturation conditions. The denaturation of CheY by urea monitored by circular dichroism and fluorescence fits the two-state unfolding model. The stability of the protein is ionic strength dependent, probably due to the presence of three Asp residues in very close proximity in its active site. The presence of a Mg2+ ion, which seems to interact with Asp 13 in the active site, stabilizes the native structure by up to 6.9 kJ mol-1. The CheY maximum stability (31.7 +/- 2.1 kJ mol-1), without magnesium, is reached at pH 5.1. Analysis of scanning calorimetry data has shown that temperature-induced unfolding of CheY is not a two-state process and proceeds through a highly populated intermediate state, corresponding to protein dimers, as was ...
Patent US6310199 - pH dependent ion exchange matrix and method of use in the isolation of ... - Google PatentsPatent US6310199 - pH dependent ion exchange matrix and method of use in the isolation of ... - Google Patents
pH dependent ion exchange matrices are provided, with methods for making such matrices, and methods for using such matrices to isolate a target nucleic acid, such as plasmid DNA, chromosomal DNA, or RNA from contaminants, including proteins, lipids, cellular debris, or other nucleic acids. Each pH dependent ion exchange matrix of this invention comprises at least two different ion exchange functional groups, one of which is capable of acting as an anion exchanger at a first pH, and the other of which is capable of acting as a cation exchanger at a second, higher pH. The matrix has an overall neutral charge in a pH range between the first and second pH. The pH dependent ion exchange matrices of the present invention are designed to bind to the target nucleic acid at a pH wherein the overall charge of the matrix is positive, and to release the target nucleic acid as the pH of the surrounding solution is increased. The target nucleic acid can be released from the pH dependent matrix in little or no salt
Urine PH Measurement Device PHS-2F for Sale, View digital urine ph meter, OEM Product Details from Guangzhou Allfine Medlab Co....Urine PH Measurement Device PHS-2F for Sale, View digital urine ph meter, OEM Product Details from Guangzhou Allfine Medlab Co....
Urine PH Measurement Device PHS-2F for Sale, US $ 120 / Piece, Guangdong, China, OEM, PHS-2F.Source from Guangzhou Allfine Medlab Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com.
Why does pH affect enzyme activity? | Reference.comWhy does pH affect enzyme activity? | Reference.com
According to Florida State Universtiy, pH affects enzyme activity by altering or inhibiting an enzyme from catalyzing a reaction. Changes in pH affect polar and non-polar forces, alter the shape of...
I had cancer :: El LibertarioI had cancer :: El Libertario
I know cancer develops in an acid environment and can not survive in an alkaline medium; I usually have with me an alkalizing called Alkalife; I soaked a cotton ball directly with Alkalife, which is extremely alkaline and to my surprise after passing the cotton by the swelling it went away as if would be just a patch of foam; in this area remains today a small sink but the problem disappeared until today; I burned an area of adjacent good tissues because of the extreme alkalinity, but I no longer worried about the matter, as I have reviewed many times the area and has no symptoms of reproduction; I think I should have diluted a little the preparation. ...
Phenomenex HPLC Application #16098: Non-Polar Acids at pH 2.5 using Onyx C18 3.0mm IDPhenomenex HPLC Application #16098: Non-Polar Acids at pH 2.5 using Onyx C18 3.0mm ID
HPLC Application #16098: Non-Polar Acids at pH 2.5 using Onyx C18 3.0mm ID. Column used: Onyx™ Monolithic C18, LC Column 100 x 3 mm, Ea Part#: CH0-8158
Chemical Analysis: An Advanced Text and Reference by Herbert August Laitinen, Walter E. Harris - GO JAPAN BooksChemical Analysis: An Advanced Text and Reference by Herbert August Laitinen, Walter E. Harris - GO JAPAN Books
Interpretations of pH values are soundest when associated with dilute aqueous solutions of simple solutes; they become unsound when associated with nonaqueous solvents, colloids, or solutions of high ionic strength. For most applications the pH value may be regarded as a practical and comparative measure of acidity, and no attempt need be made to interpret it rigorously in terms of single-ion activity. In many calculations the hydrogen ion concentration is more accessible than the activity. For example, the electroneutrality condition is written in terms of concentrations rather than activities. Ka CA- + [HI] Solution of strong acid A strong acid, by definition, is one for which (3-11) is complete to the right, so that [HA] is essentially zero. From (3-14) [H] = + CHA [OH-] (3-18) The total concentration of hydrogen ion is that from the strong acid plus that from the water (equal to [OH-]). Unless the solution is extremely dilute (CHA< M), the second term may be neglected. Consider, for ...
Following the Dynamics of pH in Endosomes of Live Cells with SERS Nanosensors - DTU OrbitFollowing the Dynamics of pH in Endosomes of Live Cells with SERS Nanosensors - DTU Orbit
The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of a reporter molecule attached to gold or silver nanostructures, which is pH-sensitive, can deliver information on the local pH in the environment of the nanostructure. Here, we demonstrate the use of a mobile SERS nanosensor made from gold nanaoaggregates and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA) attached as a reporter for monitoring changes in local pH of the cellular compartments of living NIH/3T3 cells. We show that SERS nanosensors enable the dynamics of local pH in individual live cells to be followed at subendosomal resolution in a timeline of cellular processes. This information is of basic interest for a better understanding of a broad range of physiological and metabolic processes as well as for a number of biotechnological applications ...
Chemical mechanism of glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase: pH-dependent changes in the rate-limiting step. - DimensionsChemical mechanism of glycerol 3-phosphate phosphatase: pH-dependent changes in the rate-limiting step. - Dimensions
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Temperature effects in pH measurement - METTLER TOLEDOTemperature effects in pH measurement - METTLER TOLEDO
This free online seminar addresses various ways in which temperature impacts pH measurements and discusses temperature compensation during calibration of instruments with buffers and measurement of pH in samples.
Effect of Intraluminal pH on the Absorption of Pteroylmonoglut...Effect of Intraluminal pH on the Absorption of Pteroylmonoglut...
Effect of Intraluminal pH on the Absorption of Pteroylmonoglutamic Acid: The administration of pteroylmonoglutamic acid and either sodium bicarbonate or phenyto
Diabetes 60 Day Challenge ‹ Travel Water Alkaline and Antioxidant WaterDiabetes 60 Day Challenge ‹ Travel Water Alkaline and Antioxidant Water
A base is also called alkaline, is the opposite of an acid. Some examples of a base substance are baking soda and ammonia. The body needs balance to function optimally, but the number 7 is not necessarily the magic number for all parts of the body. Inside, the bodys biochemical environment prefers to be on the slightly more on the alkaline side. The optimal measurement here actually is 7.39.. The blood however, functions properly only as long as the pH measurement falls within the range of 7.36 (a bit more acidic) to 7.45 (a bit more alkaline). This range of 7.36 and 7.45 is vital to persons well being. The body will go through great lengths to maintain the appropriate, slightly alkaline, nature of its internal environment. Measurements outside this range significantly compromise the bloods ability to function properly and can even result in death.. Alkalosis results when the bloods pH measurement falls between 7.42 and 7.8. Acidosis results when the bloods pH measurement ranges from 7 to ...
At normal pH, penicillin remains inAt normal pH, penicillin remains in
1)   solvent phase  ,  2)  aqueous phase  ,  3)  precipitates ,  4)  both ( and (
HistoNet 2000HistoNet 2000
Hematoxylin is a positively charged dye (at low pH values). It therefore colors negatively charged (basophilic) structures blue, like the DNA of nuclear chromatin, the RNA of rough endoplasmatic reticulum, and the acidic glycosaminoglycans of hyaline cartilage ...
DRINKFACTORY: ph meters by Steffi HoltDRINKFACTORY: ph meters by Steffi Holt
Ionic charges work in the same way as magnets and opposites attract, so the amount of molecules that this happens to in pure water is relatively low - only 1 in 555million water molecules stays separated in this way, and as there is nothing else in the solution for the ions to bind to, the number of H+ equals the number of OH-. This gives pure water a pH of 7, and other solutions are compared to this. When the water is impure (has things mixed into it) the ionic balance is disrupted - either the OH- or the H+s will bind to the molecules within the solution and leave an excess of the other. Due to the nature of the calculation giving us pH, as the concentration of H+ increases, the pH decreases, so the more acidic a solution, the lower the pH ...
pH Measurement - the pH Theory GuidepH Measurement - the pH Theory Guide
How to do correct and accurate pH measurement? The right equipment selection, handling and maintenance are explained in this pH Theory Guide.
Cytoplasmic pH Measurement and Homeostasis in Bacteria and Archaea by Joan Slonczewski, Makoto Fujisawa et al."Cytoplasmic pH Measurement and Homeostasis in Bacteria and Archaea" by Joan Slonczewski, Makoto Fujisawa et al.
Of all the molecular determinants for growth, the hydronium and hydroxide ions are found naturally in the widest concentration range, from acid mine drainage below pH 0 to soda lakes above pH 13. Most bacteria and archaea have mechanisms that maintain their internal, cytoplasmic pH within a narrower range than the pH outside the cell, termed
Plus itPlus it
The major findings of this study are the demonstration of a tumor-selective increase in pO2 in response to a bolus systemic administration of nitrite and the proof of concept that such a procedure is therapeutically exploitable to radiosensitize tumors. Moreover, we have identified tumor cell respiration but not tumor perfusion as a critical target of nitrite, and low pH, as encountered in many tumor types, as a necessary condition to promote the nitrite conversion into bioactive NO.. We found that both vascular and tumor cells may be influenced by nitrite exposure to a larger extent under acidic conditions than at physiologic pH. The same dose of nitrite (100 μmol/L) showed, for instance, a 3-fold higher capacity to dilate isolated arterioles (Fig. 1A) and a reduction in tumor cell O2 consumption by ∼40% (Fig. 4B) when the pH was set at 6.7 to 6.8 (versus pH 7.4). Together with the observation that a blocker of the NO/cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate pathway prevented these effects, ...
THE MECHANISM OF COMPLEMENT ACTION | JGPTHE MECHANISM OF COMPLEMENT ACTION | JGP
It has been shown:. 1. That complement exposed to ultra-violet light is not thereby sensitized to the action of heat (which indicates that it is not protein).. 2. That inactivation of complement by ultra-violet light is accompanied by a decrease in its surface tension.. 3. That photoinactivation of complement is not a result of any changes in hydrogen ion concentration since these are less than 0.05 pH.. 4. That hydrogen ion concentrations high enough to transform serum proteins from the cation to the anion condition (i.e. past the isoelectric point) permanently inactivate complement.. These facts together with those given in previous papers lead to the following hypotheses.. 1. That there is present in serum a hemolytic substance which is formed from a precursor (which may resemble lecithin) and is constantly being formed and simultaneously being broken down into inactive products.. 2. That both precursor and lysin contain the same photosensitive molecular group.. 3. That the lytic substance is ...
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN EXUDATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION | JEMHYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN EXUDATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION | JEM
The hydrogen ion concentration in the lesions of experimental pneumococcus infection has been estimated directly by pH determinations on exudates from living animals. For indirect evidence of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration within the lesions, the difference in sugar content between exudate and blood from animals with pneumococcus infection has been measured.. With sanguinous exudate from the consolidated lungs of dogs with experimental pneumococcus pneumonia, the findings were not always consistent, but usually there was either direct or indirect evidence of increased hydrogen ion concentration. The physicochemical changes in exudate from animals treated with artificial pneumothorax showed no important differences from those in other specimens. In concurrence with Lords (1, 2) observation of increased acidity in pneumonia exudate obtained at autopsy, sugar concentrations, which are low in the blood, were markedly reduced in exudates from animals which had died of the ...
中国科学院大连化学物理研究所机构知识库(DICP OpenIR): Comparative study of methanol adsorption and electro-oxidation on carbon-supported platinum...中国科学院大连化学物理研究所机构知识库(DICP OpenIR): Comparative study of methanol adsorption and electro-oxidation on carbon-supported platinum...
Methanol electro-oxidation reaction over carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles, including methanol adsorption, apparent reaction order and activation energy, in acidic and alkaline media was investigated comparatively. The results show that the rate constant for methanol adsorption in 1 M NaOH is significantly higher than that in 0.5 M H2SO4 at the relatively low potential and the COad removal in alkaline media is easier, due to the availability of oxygen-containing species, than in acidic media at the same potential. The apparent activation energy for the MOR in alkaline media is 25.3-14.6 kJ mol(-1), significantly lower than that in acidic media (34.9-28.5 kJ mol(-1)). The better MOR activity of Pt/C in alkaline media is attributed to the faster methanol adsorption and the availability of oxygen-containing species. Crown Copyright (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved ...
Mechanistic investigations of oxidation of isatins by sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in alkaline medium: A kinetic studyMechanistic investigations of oxidation of isatins by sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in alkaline medium: A kinetic study
|p|Oxidation of isatins (isatin, 5-methylisatin, 5-bromoisatin and 5-nitroisatin) to their anthranilic acids was performed efficiently with sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide or chloramine-B (CAB) in alkaline medium at 35±0.1°C. The reactions follow identical kinetics for all the isatins, being first-order dependence each in [CAB]o and [Isatin]o and inverse fractional-order on [NaOH]. Addition of halide ions and benzenesulfonamide, reduction product of CAB, do not significantly affect the rate. Variation of ionic strength of the medium had no effect on the rate, while the dielectric effect is negative. The solvent isotope effect was studied using D2O. Activation parameters for the overall reaction have been computed. The rates satisfactorily correlate with the Hammett σ relationship and the reaction constant ρ is −0.31 signifies that electron releasing groups accelerate the reaction while the electron withdrawing groups retard the rate. Values of ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ are linearly
JAIRO | Acid-Treated Nickel-Rich Platinum-Nickel Alloys for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions in Alkaline MediaJAIRO | Acid-Treated Nickel-Rich Platinum-Nickel Alloys for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions in Alkaline Media
Acid-Treated Nickel-Rich Platinum-Nickel Alloys for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions in Alkaline MediaAcid-Treated Nickel-Rich Platinum-Nickel Alloys for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions in Alkaline Media ...
Direct measurement of intracellular pH changes in Xenopus eggs at fertilization and cleavage. | Journal of Cell Biology |...Direct measurement of intracellular pH changes in Xenopus eggs at fertilization and cleavage. | Journal of Cell Biology |...
We have used Thomas-type recessed-tip pH-sensitive microelectrodes to measure the intracellular pH (pHi) in Xenopus eggs during both fertilization and ionophore activation. The average pHi in unfertilized eggs is 7.33 +/- 0.11 (SD; n = 21) with a resting membrane potential of -10.1 +/- 3.5 (SD; n = 38) mV. Within 2 min after the onset of the fertilization potential, there is a slight, transient pHi decrease of 0.03 +/- (SD, n = 8), followed by a distinct, permanent pHi increase of 0.31 +/- 0.11 (SD; n = 7) beginning approximately 10 min after the start of the fertilization potential and becoming complete approximately 1 h later. The pHi remains near this level of 7.67 +/- 0.13 (SD, n = 10) through at least 10 cleavage cycles, but it is possible to discern pHi oscillations with a mean amplitude of 0.03 +/- 0.02 (SD, n = 38). Eggs perfused for at least 2 h in Na+-free solution with 1 mM amiloride exhibited all of these pHi changes, so these changes do not require extracellular Na+. Similar ...
SID - Hyperchloremic acidosisSID - Hyperchloremic acidosis
Strong ions are cations and anions that exist as charged particles dissociated from their partner ions at physiologic pH. The SID (Strong Ion Difference) is the difference between the positively- and negatively-charged strong ions in plasma. This method of evaluating acid-base disorders was developed to help determine the mechanism of the disorder rather than simply categorizing them into metabolic vs. respiratory acidosis/alkalosis as with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Strong cations predominate in the plasma at physiologic pH leading to a net positive plasma charge of approximately +40: SID = [strong cations] - [strong anions] = [Na+ + K+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+] - [Cl- + lactate- + SO42-] Disturbances that increase the SID increase the blood pH while disorders that decrease the SID lower the plasma pH. According to the law of electroneutrality the sum of positive charges is equal to the sum of negative charges. Therefore the SID must be equal to the sum of weak anions in the body (such as ...
Water | Free Full-Text | Environmental pH, O2 and Capsular Effects on the Geochemical Composition of Statoliths of Embryonic...Water | Free Full-Text | Environmental pH, O2 and Capsular Effects on the Geochemical Composition of Statoliths of Embryonic...
Spawning market squid lay embryo capsules on the seafloor of the continental shelf of the California Current System (CCS), where ocean acidification, deoxygenation and intensified upwelling lower the pH and [O2]. Squid statolith geochemistry has been shown to reflect the squids environment (e.g., seawater temperature and elemental concentration). We used real-world environmental levels of pH and [O2] observed on squid-embryo beds to test in the laboratory whether or not squid statolith geochemistry reflects environmental pH and [O2]. We asked whether pH and [O2] levels might affect the incorporation of element ratios (B:Ca, Mg:Ca, Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, Pb:Ca, U:Ca) into squid embryonic statoliths as (1) individual elements and/or (2) multivariate elemental signatures, and consider future applications as proxies for pH and [O2] exposure. Embryo exposure to high and low pH and [O2] alone and together during development over four weeks only moderately affected elemental concentrations of the statoliths, and
Conformational and molecular responses to pH variation of the purified membrane adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus...Conformational and molecular responses to pH variation of the purified membrane adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus...
A preparation of ATPase from the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, solubilized and more than 95% pure, showed two main bands in analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They did not correspond to isoenzymes because one band could be converted into the other by exposure to a mildly alkaline pH value. The conversion was paralleled by changes in molecular weight, circular dichroism and catalytic properties. Denaturation by pH at 25 degrees C was followed by means of circular dichroism, ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A large conformational transition took place in the acid range with midpoints at about pH = 3.6 (I = 10(-4) M), 4.3 (I = 0.03 M) and 5.3 (I = 0.1 M). The transition was irreversible. Strong aggregation of the protein occurred in this range of pH. The final product was largely random coil, but even at pH 1.5 dissociation into individual subunits was not complete. However, partial dissociation took place at pH 5 (I = 0.028 M). At this pH value the enzyme
Methods for accelerating nitrate reduction using zerovalent iron at near-neutral pH: Effects of H2-reducing pretreatment and...Methods for accelerating nitrate reduction using zerovalent iron at near-neutral pH: Effects of H2-reducing pretreatment and...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Methods for accelerating nitrate reduction using zerovalent iron at near-neutral pH. T2 - Effects of H2-reducing pretreatment and copper deposition. AU - Liou, Y. H.. AU - Lo, S. L.. AU - Lin, C. J.. AU - Hu, C. Y.. AU - Kuan, W. H.. AU - Weng, S. C.. PY - 2005/12/15. Y1 - 2005/12/15. N2 - Both surface treatments, H2-reducing pretreatment at 400 °C and the deposition of copper as a catalyst, were attempted to enhance the removal of nitrate (40 (mg N) L-1) using zerovalent iron in a HEPES buffered solution at a pH of between 6.5 and 7.5. After the iron surface was pretreated with hydrogen gas, the removal of the passive oxide layers that covered the iron was indicated by the decline in the oxygen fraction (energy dispersive X-ray analysis) and the overlap of the cyclic polarization curves. The reaction rate was doubled, and the lag of the early period disappeared. Then, the deposition of copper onto freshly pretreated iron promoted nitrate degradation more effectively than that ...
Alkali Resistance in a Strain of Bacillus cereus Pathoǵenic for the Larch Sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii | Microbiology SocietyAlkali Resistance in a Strain of Bacillus cereus Pathoǵenic for the Larch Sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii | Microbiology Society
SUMMARY: Upon repeated subculture in media of gradually increasing pH value a strain of Bacillus cereus developed the ability to grow under strongly akaline conditions. Organisms with the highest alkali resistance could grow at pH 10·3, and stocks of intermediate resistance were also obtained. When growing on alkaline agar, resistant bacteria underwent marked morphological changes. In liquid media, the bacteria retained the ability to synthesize lecithinase. Resistance was not lost upon several transfers on a neutral medium. Resistant bacteria when growing in alkaline media caused a rapid decrease in pH value. A similar pH decrease was caused by sensitive bacteria in media of the highest degree of alkalinity in which they could grow. The decline of pH value accompanied, but did not precede, growth; acid production by the resistant bacteria does not appear to be a primary mechanism of resistance.
Proteins and Wave Functions: Computing apparent pKa values using QM energies of isodesmic reactionsProteins and Wave Functions: Computing apparent pKa values using QM energies of isodesmic reactions
In the Bochevarov et al. implementation the user defines the titrateable group for which the apparent pKa is computed. However, in my approach all possible protonation states so the assignment of the apparent pKa value to a particular ionizable group is not immediately obvious. Inspection of Eq $\ref{eqn:pkapp}$ shows that the largest microscopic pKa values will dominate the sum over $N$, while the smallest of these maximum pKa values will dominate the sum over $M$. Thus, the apparent pKa is assigned to the functional group corresponding to the microscopic ...
Proteins and Wave Functions: Computing apparent pKa values using QM energies of isodesmic reactionsProteins and Wave Functions: Computing apparent pKa values using QM energies of isodesmic reactions
In the Bochevarov et al. implementation the user defines the titrateable group for which the apparent pKa is computed. However, in my approach all possible protonation states so the assignment of the apparent pKa value to a particular ionizable group is not immediately obvious. Inspection of Eq $\ref{eqn:pkapp}$ shows that the largest microscopic pKa values will dominate the sum over $N$, while the smallest of these maximum pKa values will dominate the sum over $M$. Thus, the apparent pKa is assigned to the functional group corresponding to the microscopic ...
Blood and erythrocyte hydrogen ion concentrations in acid-base imbalance from respiratory disorders. - Semantic ScholarBlood and erythrocyte hydrogen ion concentrations in acid-base imbalance from respiratory disorders. - Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar extracted view of Blood and erythrocyte hydrogen ion concentrations in acid-base imbalance from respiratory disorders. by A. Rizzo et al.
Temperature and pH effects on the kinetics of 2-aminophenol auto-oxidation in aqueous solution - Open Chemistry - Tom 1, Numer...Temperature and pH effects on the kinetics of 2-aminophenol auto-oxidation in aqueous solution - Open Chemistry - Tom 1, Numer...
The kinetics of the auto-oxidation of 2-aminophenol (OAP) to 2-amino-phenoxazin-3-one (APX) was followed in air-saturated aqueous solutions and the influence of temperature and pH on the auto-oxidation rate was studied. The kinetic analysis was based on a spectrophotometric method following the increase of the absorbance of APX. The process follows first order kinetics according to the rate law-d[OAP]/dt=k′[OAP]. The experimental data, within the pH range 4-9.85, were analyzed using both differential and incremental methods. The temperature variation of the overall rate constant was studied at pH=9.85 within the range 25-50°C and the corresponding activation energy was evaluated ...
Ion trap pH electrode -...'Ion trap' pH electrode -...
A robust pH sensor from Endress+Hauser can now solve the problem of reference contamination commonly experienced during pH measurement in ultra harsh conditions such as mining slurries and paper & pulp applications.. pH measurement within ultra harsh applications that include high solid content poses several challenges. Because of the harmful ions that defuse into the pH electrode reference system and the high solid content, the potential to disable the electrode by blocking the diaphragm under these extreme conditions is high. The surface area of the pH electrode diaphragm therefore needs to be enlarged to avoid blockage. However this increases the risk of reference contamination as the diaphragm is porous and more harmful ions can now enter the reference system of the pH electrode.. Traditionally, these enlarged diaphragms have been made from wood due to its resistance to contamination, but the wooden diaphragm is relatively thick and slows down the electrodes response time. In most critical ...
Respiration gating and Bloch fitting improve pH measurements with acidoCEST MRI in an ovarian orthotopic tumor model<...Respiration gating and Bloch fitting improve pH measurements with acidoCEST MRI in an ovarian orthotopic tumor model<...
TY - GEN. T1 - Respiration gating and Bloch fitting improve pH measurements with acidoCEST MRI in an ovarian orthotopic tumor model. AU - Jones, Kyle M.. AU - Randtke, Edward A.. AU - Howison, Christine M.. AU - Pagel, Mark "Marty". PY - 2016. Y1 - 2016. N2 - We have developed a MRI method that can measure extracellular pH in tumor tissues, known as acidoCEST MRI. This method relies on the detection of Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) of iopamidol, an FDA-approved CT contrast agent that has two CEST signals. A log10 ratio of the two CEST signals is linearly correlated with pH, but independent of agent concentration, endogenous T1 relaxation time, and B1 inhomogeneity. Therefore, detecting both CEST effects of iopamidol during in vivo studies can be used to accurately measure the extracellular pH in tumor tissues. Past in vivo studies using acidoCEST MRI have suffered from respiration artifacts in orthotopic and lung tumor models that have corrupted pH measurements. In addition, the ...
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity | Experiment #17B from Agricultural Science with VernierEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity | Experiment #17B from Agricultural Science with Vernier
AWV #17B: In this experiment, you will Use a Gas Pressure Sensor to measure the production of oxygen gas as hydrogen peroxide is destroyed by the enzyme catalase or peroxidase at various enzyme concentrations. Measure and compare the initial rates of reaction for this enzyme when different concentrations of enzyme react with H2O2. Measure the production of oxygen gas as hydrogen peroxide is destroyed by the enzyme catalase or peroxidase at various temperatures. Measure and compare the initial rates of reaction for the enzyme at each temperature. Measure the production of oxygen gas as hydrogen peroxide is destroyed by the enzyme catalase or peroxidase at various pH values. Measure and compare the initial rates of reaction for the enzyme at each pH value.
API Freshwater/Saltwater High Range pH Test Kit, Test kit of 250 tests - Marine DepotAPI Freshwater/Saltwater High Range pH Test Kit, Test kit of 250 tests - Marine Depot
API Freshwater/Saltwater High Range pH Test Kit, Test kit of 250 tests Use to measure pH changes in marine aquariums, aquariums with African cichlids, and very alkaline tap water. Reads the pH of water within the high range of 7.4 to 8.8.250 tests per kit.Freshwater/Saltwater High Range pH Test Inst
How does the pH affect the activity of amylase - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.comHow does the pH affect the activity of amylase - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Introduction. How does pH affect the activity of the Amylase? In this investigation I am going to consider how different pH levels will affect the rate in which amylase will break down the starch molecules. I will be measuring the time it takes for a yellow brown liquid to be shown, which would show that there is no starch present in the solution because it would have been broken down by amylase in solutions under ph levels. Hypothesis I would expect that when the pH is increasing towards the optimum level the rate of reaction would be at the highest point but when it has reached its optimum level the rate of the activity of the enzyme would decrease. The change in pH would affect the ionisation of the side groups in the enzymes amino acid residues this would then affect the overall shape of the enzyme molecule and would then affect the efficiency of formation of enzyme-substrate complexes. Variables The independent variable is pH as I am adjusting the pH in each experiment, the pHs that are ...
Pigments Present in VegetablesPigments Present in Vegetables
Green colour in green vegetables is due to the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll, which is affected by pH. In an acid medium the colour of a green vegetable changes to olive green and in alkaline medium it changes to bright green. This is the reason why some cooks add cooking soda or any other alkaline medium while cooking greens. When a green vegetable is cooked covered, the plants natural acid is leached into the cooking liquid and is trapped there creating an acidic cooking medium. This, combined with the heat present, destroys the pigment. Green vegetables should also be cooked uncovered so that the natural acids present, are expelled into the air. ...
Intracellular pH Regulation in Primary Rat Astrocytes and C6 Glioma Ce by Lamara D. Shrode and Robert W. Putnam"Intracellular pH Regulation in Primary Rat Astrocytes and C6 Glioma Ce" by Lamara D. Shrode and Robert W. Putnam
We used the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF to study intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in primary cultures of rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. Both cell types contain three pH-regulating transporters: (1) alkalinizing Na+/H+ exchange; (2) alkalinizing Na+ + HCO3 −/Cl−exchange; and (3) acidifying Cl−/HCO3− exchange. Na+/H+ exchange was most evident in the absence of CO2; recovery from acidification was Na+ dependent and amiloride sensitive. Exposure to CO2 caused a cell alkalinization that was inhibited by DIDS, dependent on external Na+, and inhibited 75% in the absence of Cl− (thus mediated by Na+ + HCO3−/Cl− exchange). When pHi was increased above the normal steady-state pHi, a DIDS-inhibitable and Na+ -independent acidifying recovery was evident, indicating the presence of Cl− /HCO3−exchange. Astrocytes, but not C6 cells, contain a fourth pH-regulating transporter, Na+ −HCO3− cotransport; in the presence of CO2, depolarization caused an alkalinization of 0.12 +− 0.01 (n
Effects of Fluorinated and Hydrogenated Surfactants on Human Serum Albumin at Different pHsEffects of Fluorinated and Hydrogenated Surfactants on Human Serum Albumin at Different pHs
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Table 1 | N-Terminal Region of GbIspH1, Ginkgo biloba IspH Type 1, May Be Involved in the pH-Dependent Regulation of Enzyme...Table 1 | N-Terminal Region of GbIspH1, Ginkgo biloba IspH Type 1, May Be Involved in the pH-Dependent Regulation of Enzyme...
Table 1: |i|N|/i|-Terminal Region of GbIspH1, |i|Ginkgo biloba|/i| IspH Type 1, May Be Involved in the pH-Dependent Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Administration and <sup>1</sup>H MRS, detection of histidine in human brain: Application to in vivo pH...Administration and <sup>1</sup>H MRS, detection of histidine in human brain: Application to in vivo pH...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Administration and 1H MRS, detection of histidine in human brain. T2 - Application to in vivo pH measurement. AU - Vermathen, Peter. AU - Capizzano, Aristides A.. AU - Maudsley, Andrew A.. PY - 2000/5/17. Y1 - 2000/5/17. N2 - Measurement of histidine in vivo offers the potential for tissue pH measurement using routinely performed 1H MR spectroscopy. In the brain, however, histidine concentrations are generally too low for reliable measurement. By using oral loading of histidine, this study demonstrates that brain concentrations can be significantly increased, enabling detection of histidine by localized 1H MR measurements and making in vivo pH measurement possible. In studies carried out on healthy human subjects at 1.5 T, a consistent spectral quality downfield from water was achieved using a PRESS sequence at short echo times. Measurements at different TE values helped to characterize the downfield spectral region. Histidine loading of 400 mg/kg of body weight increased brain ...
E+h Ph Meter, E+h Ph Meter Suppliers and Manufacturers at Alibaba.comE+h Ph Meter, E+h Ph Meter Suppliers and Manufacturers at Alibaba.com
E+h Ph Meter, Wholesale Various High Quality E+h Ph Meter Products from Global E+h Ph Meter Suppliers and E+h Ph Meter Factory,Importer,Exporter at Alibaba.com.
Working Principle of pH Meter | pH Meter PrincipleWorking Principle of pH Meter | pH Meter Principle
What Is The pH Meter Principle? Working principle of pH sensor electrode and pH meter used in quality control and manufacturing area. A pH meter is used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. A solution containing more H+ ions
Inter Research » DAO » v39 » n2 » p135-141Inter Research » DAO » v39 » n2 » p135-141
ABSTRACT: Spironucleus vortens were cultivated in either an artificial medium at different temperatures, or in medium at various pH conditions or supplemented with different bile concentrations at 25°C. Temperature, pH and bile requirements for the optimal growth of the parasite were determined. Parasites multiplied quickly at 28 and 31°C and reached maximum numbers on Day 4 of cultivation, whereafter they did not survive. At 25°C, parasites survived longer than those at 28 and 31°C with no difference in multiplication rate during the exponential phase. The longest survival period was seen at 22°C, although the growth rate of the parasite was not as high as those at 25°C. At a higher temperature of 37°C, no parasites were observed alive after the second day of cultivation. Optimal pH range for the parasite¹s growth was 6.5 to 7.5, with the highest cell number at pH 7.5. Parasites survived longest (15 d) at pH 6.0, although the maximum number of cells was lower than those at the optimal ...
Health and Science Portal: Cancer acidity and its potential as therapeutic targetHealth and Science Portal: Cancer acidity and its potential as therapeutic target
The link between cancer metabolism and immunosuppression, inflammation and immune escape has generated major interest in investigating the effects of low pH on tumor immunity. Indeed, microenvironmental acidity may differentially impact on diverse components of tumor immune surveillance, eventually contributing to immune escape and cancer progression. Although the molecular pathways underlying acidity-related immune dysfunctions are just emerging, initial evidence indicates that antitumor effectors such as T and NK cells tend to lose their function and undergo a state of mostly reversible anergy followed by apoptosis, when exposed to low pH environment. At opposite, immunosuppressive components such as myeloid cells and regulatory T cells are engaged by tumor acidity to sustain tumor growth while blocking antitumor immune responses. Local acidity could also profoundly influence bioactivity and distribution of antibodies, thus potentially interfering with the clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies
Ph Meter, Ph Meter Suppliers and Manufacturers at Alibaba.comPh Meter, Ph Meter Suppliers and Manufacturers at Alibaba.com
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Nanofiltration of mine water: Impact of feed pH and membrane charge on resource recovery and water discharge - Murdoch...Nanofiltration of mine water: Impact of feed pH and membrane charge on resource recovery and water discharge - Murdoch...
Two nanofiltration membranes, a Dow NF 270 polyamide thin film and a TriSep TS 80 polyamide thin film, were investigated for their retention of ionic species when filtering mine influenced water streams at a range of acidic pH values. The functional iso-electric point of the membranes, characterized by changes in retention over a small pH range, were examined by filtering solutions of sodium sulphate. Both membranes showed changes in retention at pH 3, suggesting a zero net charge on the membranes at this pH. Copper mine drainage and synthetic solutions of mine influenced water were filtered using the same membranes. These solutions were characterized by pH values within 2 and 5, thus crossing the iso-electric point of both membranes. Retention of cations was maximized when the feed solution pH was less than the iso-electric point of the membrane. In these conditions, the membrane has a net positive charge, reducing the transmission rate of cations. From the recoveries of a range of cations, the ...
alkaline water pain | ionized alkaline water with molecular hydrogen & BEST WATER IONIZERSalkaline water pain | ionized alkaline water with molecular hydrogen & BEST WATER IONIZERS
Dr. William Kelly, author, Cancer Cure.. Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in alkaline diets and living an alkaline lifestyle. Part of this interest may involve drinking alkaline, ionized water from a water ionizer as a way to improve wellness, enhance performance, and prolong vitality. Alkaline, ionized water is water that has been selectively altered in a water ionizer to raise pH from neutral to pH 9 or more and also to display negative change (-ORP). Water above a pH 7 is alkaline and water below pH 7 is acidic. pH can be easily measured by using pH reagent or a meter, and ORP is measured using an ORP meter.. Life on earth depends on appropriate pH levels in and around living organisms and cells. Human life requires a tightly controlled pH level in the serum of about 7.4 (a slightly alkaline range of 7.35 to 7.45) to survive. The ability of the body to maintain this level of pH can be compromised by poor diet, lack of or excessive exercise, pollutants, dehydration, and ...
FAQ Page | Climetal heat exchanger manufacturerFAQ Page | Climetal heat exchanger manufacturer
What other measures or recommendations should be taken in order to minimize the risk of corrosion?. As we have seen, the extraordinary alloy combination design and manufacturing process of CLIMETALs coils assure a very low risk of corrosion. However, you should also think of your HVAC unit as a whole. Once we understand the nature of aluminum and how galvanic corrosion works there are some simple rules you should take into account to make your coils last for years:. 1. Avoid extreme pH environments.. 2. Avoid contact between aluminum and other metals by using some plastic, rubber or polymer washers. Be aware that there are some materials that have a high metal content like pressure treated wood (plywood) and concrete.. 3. Avoid grounding electrical circuits to aluminum coils. Make sure your AC systems are completely ground isolated and that there is no electrical derivation going through the coil.. 4. Cleaning: Pollutants with extreme pH levels can attack the aluminum oxide layer. Therefore, ...
THE COLLOIDAL BEHAVIOR OF PROTEINS | JGPTHE COLLOIDAL BEHAVIOR OF PROTEINS | JGP
1. It is well known that neutral salts depress the osmotic pressure, swelling, and viscosity of protein-acid salts. Measurements of the P.D. between gelatin chloride solutions contained in a collodion bag and an outside aqueous solution show that the salt depresses the P.D. in the same proportion as it depresses the osmotic pressure of the gelatin chloride solution.. 2. Measurements of the hydrogen ion concentration inside the gelatin chloride solution and in the outside aqueous solution show that the difference in pH of the two solutions allows us to calculate the P.D. quantitatively on the basis of the Nernst formula. See PDF for Equation. if we assume that the P.D. is due to a difference in the hydrogen ion concentration on the two sides of the membrane.. 3. This difference in pH inside minus pH outside solution seems to be the consequence of the Donnan membrane equilibrium, which only supposes that one of the ions in solution cannot diffuse through the membrane. It is immaterial for this ...
In Silico Modeling of Nonspecific Binding to Human Liver Microsomes | Drug Metabolism & DispositionIn Silico Modeling of Nonspecific Binding to Human Liver Microsomes | Drug Metabolism & Disposition
Experimental Methods.Microsomal binding incubations. Microsomal binding in human liver microsomes was performed in triplicate using a 96-well equilibrium dialysis as adapted from a previous described method (Banker et al., 2003). Each dialysis membrane strip was conditioned sequentially for 15 min in deionized water, 30% ethanol, and then 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. A conditioned membrane strip was then loaded into a 96-well dialysis apparatus. Experimental compound was diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide to a concentration of 100 μM. Human liver microsomes were thawed and diluted with 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) to a final protein concentration of 0.76 mg/ml. Experimental compound was then further diluted 100-fold to yield 1 μM final concentration with the diluted microsomal solution. The compound and microsomes were thoroughly mixed, and 150 μl of the resulting solution was added to one side of the dialysis well as a donor side and 20 μl of this solution was retained ...
Interactions of proteins with other polyelectrolytes in a two-phase system containing phenol and aqueous buffers at various pH...Interactions of proteins with other polyelectrolytes in a two-phase system containing phenol and aqueous buffers at various pH...
1. Interactions of proteins with neutral polysaccharides and such polyacids as polygalacturonic acid, chondroitin sulphate, RNA and DNA in a two-phase system composed of phenol and aqueous buffers in the
Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane - Registration Dossier - ECHADodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane - Registration Dossier - ECHA
The hydrolysis rate of dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) has been estimated using two different methods (Dow Corning Corporation, 2009). In the first method, acid and alkali catalysed rate constants were extrapolated from reliable measured data for the related siloxanes hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). The rate constants at pH 4, 7 and 9 were then calculated using the equation: k(pred)/h-1= K(H+)[H+] + k(-OH)[-OH] Hydrolysis half-lives of 42 h at pH 4, 401 d (approximately 9600 h) at pH 7 and 125 h at pH 9 and 25°C were determined. In the second method, screening experiments were carried out at elevated temperature and basic pH (40°C and pH 10, and 60°C and pH 9). A hydrolysis half-life of 4600-7500 h at pH 9 was determined; half-lives at pH 4 and 7 could not be determined using the data from this method. The two results obtained by method 2 were in reasonable agreement with each other but differ significantly from the ...
AgResearchAgResearch
The question of bioaccessibility of nutrients within a food matrix has become of increasing interest in the fields of nutrition and food science as bioaccessibility is the precursor to bioavailability. By analyzing the propagation of the wetting front of acidic water in raw carrot core and Edam cheese as model systems, we show that the diffusion of the acidic water is dependent on the pH of the gastric fluid and the food matrix. In addition, we demonstrate that the diffusion of NaCl during cheese brining is also dependent upon the concentration of the NaCl. This demonstrates that Fickian diffusion, along with a concentration dependent diffusion coefficient, is a valid model for describing concentration profiles in multiple food systems.Utilizing the diffusion rates found at various pH levels (1.50, 2.00, 3.50, 4.30, 5.25 and 7.00), we developed a model to describe the measured non-linear rate of soluble solid loss during digestion at various constant pH levels. Additionally, we have developed a ...
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: FUNCTIONAL AND DISSOCIATION PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION...Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: FUNCTIONAL AND DISSOCIATION PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION...
1. The molecular weight of the native hemocyanin from Ampullaria canaliculata determined by gel filtration has a molecular mass of 7.5 x 10(6) Da. Dialysis against buffer free of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions dissociated the hemocyanin into molecular species of 1.0 x 10(6) and 3.2 x 10(5) Da. 2. The oxygen-binding curves of hemocyanin were sigmoidal with Hill coefficient of about 2. A positive Bohr effect was demonstrable at pH values ranging from 6.5 to 9.0. 3. Differences between associated and dissociated hemocyanin as well as the effect of the divalent cations on the aggregation of hemocyanin molecule were illustrated by immunoelectrophoresis analysis. 4. Negatively stained preparations of hemocyanin observed by TEM showed the cylindrical configuration of molluscan hemocyanins molecules. Its inner structure, enhanced by the negative contrasting, reveals a regular periodicity as a result of the alignment of serial subunits ...
A Healthier MeA Healthier Me
Recent advances in Immunology Research proves that the bodys Immune System works properly in an Alkaline pH environment. Acidic pH levels block the bodys natural filtering processes thus allowing bacteria and diseases, such as Cancer to flourish and spread throughout. Tests show that natural ingredients, such as Coral Calcium, Sodium-Bicarbonate and Zeta Crystals, when working together are the quickest way to convert pH levels from Acidicity to Alkalinity! ...
Frontiers | Genetically encoded proton sensors reveal activity-dependent pH changes in neurons | Frontiers in Molecular...Frontiers | Genetically encoded proton sensors reveal activity-dependent pH changes in neurons | Frontiers in Molecular...
The regulation of hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is fundamental to cell viability, metabolism and enzymatic function. Within the nervous system, the control of pH is also involved in diverse and dynamic processes including development, synaptic transmission and the control of network excitability. As pH affects neuronal activity, and can also itself be altered by neuronal activity, the existence of tools to accurately measure hydrogen ion fluctuations is important for understanding the role pH plays under physiological and pathological conditions. Outside of their use as a marker of synaptic release, genetically encoded pH sensors have not been utilised to study hydrogen ion fluxes associated with network activity. By combining whole-cell patch clamp with simultaneous two-photon or confocal imaging, we quantified the amplitude and time course of neuronal, intracellular, acidic transients evoked by epileptiform activity in two separate in vitro models of temporal lobe epilepsy. In doing so, we
Microbe-Lift® 7.5 pH Buffer StabilizerMicrobe-Lift® 7.5 pH Buffer Stabilizer
... safely buffers pH levels and prevents wide pH swings, with alkalinity for nitrification. Specifically formulated to control the event of fish toxicity due to potential overdosing.
Effect of Hypercapnia on Intracellular pH in Neurons from Chemosensiti by Robert W. Putnam, Nick A. Ritucci et al."Effect of Hypercapnia on Intracellular pH in Neurons from Chemosensiti" by Robert W. Putnam, Nick A. Ritucci et al.
Putnam, R. W., Ritucci, N. A., & Dean, J. B. (1997). Effect of Hypercapnia on Intracellular pH in Neurons from Chemosensitive and Insensitive Areas of Medullary Brainstem Slices. The FASEB Journal, 11 (3), 3676 ...
Mglur Pathway | Page 2Mglur Pathway | Page 2
Fraction D3 was then dialyzed against 10 mM NH4OAc buffer (pH 5.1) before chromatography on a 2.5 × 20 cm column of carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose (Sigma) in 10 mM NH4OAc buffer (pH 5.1). After elution of unadsorbed proteins, the adsorbed proteins were eluted successively. using 10 mM NH4OAc buffer (pH 5.1) containing 50, 150 and 1000 mM NaCl. Fraction C3 eluted with 150 mM NaCl was dialyzed against 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) before chromatography on a 1 × 15 cm column of Q-Sepharose (GE Healthcare) in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7). After removal of unadsorbed proteins (fraction Q1), adsorbed proteins were desorbed with a 0-0.4 M NaCl gradient in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6). The first adsorbed fraction (Q2) was then subjected to selleck screening library gel filtration on a Superdex 75 HR 10/30 column (GE Healthcare) in 0.2 M NH4HCO3 buffer (pH 8.5) using an AKTA Purifier (GE Healthcare). The second fraction (SU2) with a molecular mass of 29 kDa constituted purified hemolysin, which was ...
Micromethod determination of N-acetyl-|tex|$\alpha$|/tex|-d-glucosaminidase in human-leukocytes and study of some of its...Micromethod determination of N-acetyl-|tex|$\alpha$|/tex|-d-glucosaminidase in human-leukocytes and study of some of its...
1. A very easy fluorescent micromethod is described to measure leukocyte N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase in human leukocytes. The method presents the following advantages: possibility to measure low activity due to prolonged linearity, very moderate consumption of substrate, use of total homogenate without the need for protein removal by precipitation after the enzyme reaction, and minimal handling after the addition of the stopping reagent. 2. A number of enzyme characteristics as linearity (up to 16 hr), pH optimum (4), thermoresistance at different temperatures (up to 24 hr at room temperature) and at different pH values (no differences between 3-8) and solubilization by digitonine and Triton X-100 were deter-mined. The characteristics (acid pH optimum, binding to Concanavaline A and stability for prolonged time at 0 and 23-degrees-C) are in agreement with the known properties of most lyosomal enzymes. 3. The specific activity of the enzyme is very low and an unexplained low latency (about ...
Indole derivatives interact with DOPC in Langmuir..."Indole derivatives interact with DOPC in Langmuir...
Molecular interactions between indole derivatives and 1,2-di-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) were studied using a Nima Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) trough. A 0.25 M phosphate buffer sub-phase was used with a physiological pH range of 7.31-7.48. The air-phosphate buffer interface was examined at room temperature. Constant ionic strength was maintained by 0.100 M potassium chloride (KCl). Two different indole derivatives were used, indole and tryptophan, in concentrations of 3.0 uM and 5.0 uM. It is evident when examining the isotherms that the DOPC monolayer is expanded in the presence of indole derivatives, as the area per molecule was increased by 0.02nm2/molecule ...
Disturbances of acid-base homeostasis - Oxford MedicineDisturbances of acid-base homeostasis - Oxford Medicine
Despite a daily load of protons, derived mainly from metabolism, the hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood in health is tightly maintained within a slightly alkaline range (pH 7.36-7.42); concentrations of intracellular hydrogen ions are also controlled. Failure adequately to excrete or neutralize protons causes acidic conditions to prevail (decreased pH): undue intake of base, uncompensated loss of protons-or the substrates from which they are derived-induces an alkaline milieu (raised pH)....
DIY pH Meter & Probe | eHowDIY pH Meter & Probe | eHow
Build an accurate, easy-to-use, do-it-yourself pH meter and probe device from widely available, inexpensive materials. Purchase high quality tools to give a professional finish to the kit. Use your new pH meter and probe for a variety of different purposes around the home. Check the pH level of your aquarium, measure the acidity or alkalinity of your home brewing kits or test your medicines to ensure your supplies are in the correct, safe pH range for their respective purposes.. ...
Carsten OlsenCarsten Olsen
Respiratory alkalosisRespiratory alkalosis
Agnes J. QuirkAgnes J. Quirk
Hydrofluoric acidHydrofluoric acid
Jesse Francis McClendonJesse Francis McClendon
Benjamin KarpmanBenjamin Karpman
RanitidineRanitidine
Arthur W. ThomasArthur W. Thomas
GastroenterologyGastroenterology
Hydrology of Fishing Creek (North Branch Susquehanna River)Hydrology of Fishing Creek (North Branch Susquehanna River)
HypocapniaHypocapnia
GuarGuar
pH - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediapH - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
HexamethylenetetramineHexamethylenetetramine
Dennis Robert HoaglandDennis Robert Hoagland
Equilibrium constantEquilibrium constant
Acid-base homeostasisAcid-base homeostasis
Acidic oxideAcidic oxide
AlkalosisAlkalosis
Stability constants of complexesStability constants of complexes
NeutrophileNeutrophile
OsteoclastOsteoclast
Hammett acidity functionHammett acidity function
Bromous acidBromous acid
Soil biodiversitySoil biodiversity
Paracoccidioides brasiliensisParacoccidioides brasiliensis
Equilibrium chemistryEquilibrium chemistry
Buffer solutionBuffer solution
East Branch Lackawanna RiverEast Branch Lackawanna River
KetoneKetone
Group 3 elementGroup 3 element
Alkali metalAlkali metal
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulatorGABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator
അലൂമിനിയം ക്ലോറൈഡ് - വിക്കിപീഡിയഅലൂമിനിയം ക്ലോറൈഡ് - വിക്കിപീഡിയ
Super-KamiokandeSuper-Kamiokande
Methanol fuelMethanol fuel
Materials scienceMaterials science
Mineral (nutrient)Mineral (nutrient)
ArchaeaArchaea
BiofuelBiofuel
කොලෙස්ටරෝල් - විකිපීඩියා, නිදහස් විශ්වකෝෂයකොලෙස්ටරෝල් - විකිපීඩියා, නිදහස් විශ්වකෝෂය
Ionic liquidIonic liquid
Artemis 1Artemis 1
Water coolingWater cooling
SilaneSilane
Acute inhalation injuryAcute inhalation injury
Pepper sprayPepper spray
Chemical polarityChemical polarity
Superoxide dismutaseSuperoxide dismutase
ChemistryChemistry
ProteasomeProteasome
MineralMineral
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factorEndothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
Solar cellSolar cell
Flow measurementFlow measurement
Enriched uraniumEnriched uranium
அசிட்டிக் காடி - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாஅசிட்டிக் காடி - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
Molecular gastronomyMolecular gastronomy
Electric batteryElectric battery
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationGastric Acidity DeterminationAcid-Base EquilibriumCarbon DioxideBicarbonatesHydrogenHydrogen BondingHydrogen PeroxidePotassiumSodiumHydrogen SulfideProtonsCalciumBuffersAcidosisChloridesIonsIon ChannelsHydrochloric AcidAcidosis, RespiratoryKineticsOsmolar ConcentrationGastric JuiceMagnesiumMembrane PotentialsAcetazolamideAcidosis, Renal TubularAlkalosis, RespiratoryIon TransportPartial PressureAmmonium ChlorideBiological Transport, ActiveCell Membrane PermeabilitySecretory RateExtracellular SpaceWaterHelix (Snails)Potassium ChlorideTurtlesSodium BicarbonateSodium ChlorideTemperatureElectrophysiologyTime FactorsMetalsModels, BiologicalCations, MonovalentOxygenModels, ChemicalPhosphatesIon Channel GatingModels, MolecularCationsAcidsHypercapniaLactatesIon-Selective ElectrodesDogsSodium-Hydrogen AntiporterAmilorideElectric ConductivityCobaltCations, DivalentAequorinGastric MucosaDinitrophenolsPentagastrinBiological TransportIonophoresGastric AcidBinding SitesSulfatesSolutionsThermodynamicsManganeseEndolymphMathematicsLasalocidZincQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsElectrochemistryMolecular Sequence DataProtein ConformationGramicidinHydrogen CyanideDepression, ChemicalChromiumOxidation-ReductionStrontiumNeuronsEnzymesAbsorptionOsmosisCatsCalcium ChloridePotassium IsotopesRats, Inbred StrainsAir IonizationChelating AgentsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyBody FluidsHeavy IonsCopperUrinary BladderStatic ElectricityNucleic Acid ConformationAnuraNickelFluorescent DyesEgtazic AcidPermeabilityOuabainFura-2Protein BindingIntracellular FluidElectrolytesSalinityPhysicochemical PhenomenaAmino Acid SequenceAdenosine TriphosphateEscherichia coliChemistry, PhysicalCarbonatesSaltsCattleCell Membrane
In vivo determination of the hydrogen ion concentration of the vaginas of domestic animalsIn vivo determination of the hydrogen ion concentration of the vaginas of domestic animals
A Brief Note on Hydrogen Ion Concentration and the Role of BuffersA Brief Note on Hydrogen Ion Concentration and the Role of Buffers
Buffer solution - WikipediaBuffer solution - Wikipedia
For each hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentration | bartlebyFor each hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentration | bartleby
Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration, in moles | bartlebyCalculate the hydrogen ion concentration, in moles | bartleby
Hydrogen-ion Concentration | Definition of Hydrogen-ion Concentration by Merriam-WebsterHydrogen-ion Concentration | Definition of Hydrogen-ion Concentration by Merriam-Webster
Concentration of Hydrogen IonsConcentration of Hydrogen Ions
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN EXUDATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION | JEMHYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN EXUDATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION | JEM
PH and molar concentration of hydrogen ionPH and molar concentration of hydrogen ion
JCI - Hydrogen ion concentration is not the sole determinant of muscle metaboreceptor responses in humans.JCI - Hydrogen ion concentration is not the sole determinant of muscle metaboreceptor responses in humans.
Experts and Doctors on hydrogen ion concentration in Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaExperts and Doctors on hydrogen ion concentration in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Massive Blood Replacement: Correlation of Ionized Calcium, Citrate, and Hydrogen Ion ConcentrationMassive Blood Replacement: Correlation of Ionized Calcium, Citrate, and Hydrogen Ion Concentration
Electrostatics of soft charged interfaces with pH-dependent charge density: effect of consideration of appropriate hydrogen ion...Electrostatics of soft charged interfaces with pH-dependent charge density: effect of consideration of appropriate hydrogen ion...
Bio Exams 1-3 - Bio Exams 1-3 Exam#1 1 What is the H(hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution that has a pH of 2 0.01...Bio Exams 1-3 - Bio Exams 1-3 Exam#1 1 What is the H(hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution that has a pH of 2 0.01...
The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the precipitating and protective actions of mixtures of two proteins on colloidal...The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on the precipitating and protective actions of mixtures of two proteins on colloidal...
REGULATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND ITS RELATION TO METABOLISM AND RESPIRATION IN THE STARFISH | JGPREGULATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND ITS RELATION TO METABOLISM AND RESPIRATION IN THE STARFISH | JGP
Article | Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe...Article | Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe...
THE USE OF THE FINAL HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENTIATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TYPES |...THE USE OF THE FINAL HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENTIATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TYPES |...
Blood and erythrocyte hydrogen ion concentrations in acid-base imbalance from respiratory disorders. - Semantic ScholarBlood and erythrocyte hydrogen ion concentrations in acid-base imbalance from respiratory disorders. - Semantic Scholar
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration | ISHAR OnlineHydrogen-Ion Concentration | ISHAR Online
Effects of ischemic interval and temperature on renal surface hydrogen ion concentration.Effects of ischemic interval and temperature on renal surface hydrogen ion concentration.
aqueous solution - Concentration of Hydrogen Ions - Chemistry Stack Exchangeaqueous solution - Concentration of Hydrogen Ions - Chemistry Stack Exchange
March 1928 - Scientific AmericanMarch 1928 - Scientific American
What Is The Hydrogen Ion Concentration Of Stomach Acid Ph=2 | Stomach Acid or GerdWhat Is The Hydrogen Ion Concentration Of Stomach Acid Ph=2 | Stomach Acid or Gerd
Methyl alcohol (Methanol) (2005-110) | NIOSH | CDCMethyl alcohol (Methanol) (2005-110) | NIOSH | CDC
Acrylonitrile (2005-110) | NIOSH | CDCAcrylonitrile (2005-110) | NIOSH | CDC
eCFR - Code of Federal RegulationseCFR - Code of Federal Regulations
EUR-Lex - 31998L0083 - EN - EUR-LexEUR-Lex - 31998L0083 - EN - EUR-Lex
Hydrogen ion - definition of hydrogen ion by The Free DictionaryHydrogen ion - definition of hydrogen ion by The Free Dictionary
Four-step method of interpreting arterial blood gas analysis | Clinical | Nursing TimesFour-step method of interpreting arterial blood gas analysis | Clinical | Nursing Times
FixationFixation
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationGastric Acidity DeterminationAcid-Base EquilibriumCarbon DioxideBicarbonatesHydrogenHydrogen BondingHydrogen PeroxidePotassiumSodiumHydrogen SulfideProtonsCalciumBuffersAcidosisChloridesIonsIon ChannelsHydrochloric AcidAcidosis, RespiratoryKineticsOsmolar ConcentrationGastric JuiceMagnesiumMembrane PotentialsAcetazolamideAcidosis, Renal TubularAlkalosis, RespiratoryIon TransportPartial PressureAmmonium ChlorideBiological Transport, ActiveCell Membrane PermeabilitySecretory RateExtracellular SpaceWaterHelix (Snails)Potassium ChlorideTurtlesSodium BicarbonateSodium ChlorideTemperatureElectrophysiologyTime FactorsMetalsModels, BiologicalCations, MonovalentOxygenModels, ChemicalPhosphatesIon Channel GatingModels, MolecularCationsAcidsHypercapniaLactatesIon-Selective ElectrodesDogsSodium-Hydrogen AntiporterAmilorideElectric ConductivityCobaltCations, DivalentAequorinGastric MucosaDinitrophenolsPentagastrinBiological TransportIonophoresGastric AcidBinding SitesSulfatesSolutionsThermodynamicsManganeseEndolymphMathematicsLasalocidZincQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsElectrochemistryMolecular Sequence DataProtein ConformationGramicidinHydrogen CyanideDepression, ChemicalChromiumOxidation-ReductionStrontiumNeuronsEnzymesAbsorptionOsmosisCatsCalcium ChloridePotassium IsotopesRats, Inbred StrainsAir IonizationChelating AgentsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyBody FluidsHeavy IonsCopperUrinary BladderStatic ElectricityNucleic Acid ConformationAnuraNickelFluorescent DyesEgtazic AcidPermeabilityOuabainFura-2Protein BindingIntracellular FluidElectrolytesSalinityPhysicochemical PhenomenaAmino Acid SequenceAdenosine TriphosphateEscherichia coliChemistry, PhysicalCarbonatesSaltsCattleCell Membrane
Hydroxide ionLogarithmDecreasesAcidSolutionAtomsEquilibriumBufferHydroxylHydroxideAlkalinityFree hydrogen ionsAcidsAtomsHigher the hydrogen ion concentraAqueous solutionCompoundsCationsChlorideLitmus paper redChemistryElectrodeExcessMeasures hydrogenCalciumInverseAbsorbsDetermines the pHAcidosisDissociationAlkalosisSodiumRatioElectrodesMolesSubstanceNitrateMeasurementPneumococcusCarbonRelatively highSeawaterParticlesWastewater
Hydroxide ion1
Logarithm1
Decreases1
Acid4
Solution1
Atoms1
  • When we find some atoms and ions which contain the same number of electrons, we call them isoelectronic species. (aglasem.com)
Equilibrium1
Buffer1
Hydroxyl9
Hydroxide7
Alkalinity4
Free hydrogen ions1
Acids6
Atoms5
Higher the hydrogen ion concentra1
Aqueous solution1
Compounds1
Cations1
  • Roots of high-yielding grain and forage crops remove basic cations from the soil and release hydrogen into soil solution to maintain an ionic charge balance within the tissue. (osu.edu)
Chloride8
Litmus paper red1
  • having a sour taste and capable of neutralizing alkalis and turning blue litmus paper red, containing hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal or an electropositive group to form a salt, or containing an atom that can accept a pair of electrons from a base. (thefreedictionary.com)
Chemistry1
Electrode3
Excess1
Measures hydrogen1
Calcium2
Inverse1
Absorbs1
Determines the pH1
Acidosis2
  • Acidosis during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been related to the strong ion difference (SID) and the composition of intravascular fluids that are administered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to explore the role of CPB in the development of acidosis by comparing changes in hydrogen ion concentration ([H + ]) and electrolytes in patients undergoing on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
Dissociation1
Alkalosis2
Sodium2
Ratio1
  • The ATP concentration, just as the ATP/ADP ratio, as well as an exercise-induced increase in this ratio, correlates with the VO 2max level in these subjects which allows them to be considered as the important factors characterising physical capacity and exercise tolerance. (springer.com)
Electrodes1
Moles1
Substance3
Nitrate1
Measurement1
Pneumococcus5
Carbon3
Relatively high2
Seawater1
Particles1
Wastewater3
  • Users whose wastewater exceeds the concentrations for any one of these parameters shall be in Category B. (ecode360.com)
  • Wastewater with concentrations of BOD no greater than 250 mg/l, total suspended solids (TSS) no greater than 200 mg/l, and phosphorus (P) no greater than eight milligrams per liter (mg/l). (ecode360.com)
  • Wastewater which has a pollutant concentration greater than that defined for domestic strength waste and not otherwise classified as an incompatible waste. (ecode360.com)